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J ./ 


EXPLANATIONS  AND  SAILING  DIRECTIONS 


TO  ACCOMPANY   THE 


WIND  AND   CURRENT  CHARTS, 


APPKOVED    BY 


4~H         i        T-V   m        k        -«-    -»T  -W-^  -»  T 


ERRATA. 

Page  226,  line  1,  for  ''Jamiary'^  read  May. 

Pages  843,    844,    846,   and  848,   4tb,    6th,   8th,    10th,    12th,    14th,  and  16th  columns,  for 
latitude"  read  longitude  W. 

Page  868,  in  the  table,  column  8,  "course"  for  "NW.  by  W."  read  W.SW. 
Page  868,  column  16,  for  "W.SW."  read  NW.  by  W. 

Note. The  navigator  will  please  make  these  corrections  when  he  receives  this  volume. 


BY 

M.  F.  MAURY,  LL.D.,  U.  S.  N., 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  U.  S.  OBSERVATORY  AND  HYDROGRAPHICAL  OFFICE, 

WASHINGTON. 


VOLUME  II. 

EIGHTH  EDITION-ENLARGED  AND  IMPROVED. 


WASHINGTON: 

CORNELIUS    WENDELL,    PRINTER, 

1859. 


/ 


'.r.f    .'-II 


EXPLANATIONS  AND  SAILING  DIRECTIONS 


TO  ACCOMPANY   THE 


WIND  AID  CURRENT  CHARTS, 


APPROVED    BY 


CAPTAIN  D.  N.  INGRAHAM, 

CHIEF  OP  THE  BUREAU  OF  ORDNANCE  AND  HYDROGRAPHY, 


AND  PUBLISHED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF 


HON.  ISAAC  TOUCEY,, 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  NAVY. 


BY 

M.  F.  MAURY,  LL.D.,  II.  S.  N., 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  U.  S.  OBSERVATORY  AND  HYDROGRAPHICAL  OFFICE, 

WASHINGTON. 


VOLUME  II. 

EIGHTH  EDITION-ENLARGED  AND  IMPROVED. 


WASHINGTON: 

CORNELIUS    WENDELL,    PRINTER, 

1859. 


VKsoz 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 
From  the  AUardic  to  thl  Gtdf  ports. . ............. . ..  1 

Monthly  averages,  p.  16. 

From  Europe  to  the  Oidf  ports .... ----  — ....--..--..-..-.         17 

To  the  Caribbean  sea,  p.  17  ;  bottle  papers,  pp.  17,  227,  607,  680 ;  currents,  p.  19  ;  storms  of  Chiriqui,  p.  19  ; 
the  Coatzacoalcos,  p.  20. 

Bowtes  to  and  from  Europe. . - 21 

Eoute  tables  explained,  p.  21 ;  best  average  routes,  p.  24  ;  computed  routes  from  New  York,  p.  26  ;  ditto  to 
New  York,  p.  31 ;  tables  of  times  and  crossings  from  New  York  to  Europe,  p  36  ;  ditto  from  Europe 
to  New  York  and  ports  East,  p.  48  ;  the  computed  routes  tested,  p.  61 ;  a  shoal  {?),  p.  63. 

Sailing  Directions  from  Sea  to  Sandy  Hook . 64 

Steam  Lanes. . ..... 71 

Yearly  wrecks  and  collisions,  p.  80. 

Sailing  directions  for  the  voyage  between  ports  south  of  the  Delaware  and  the  North  of  Europe ......... 81 

Crossings,  p.  81  ;  ditto  of  the  best  for  the  month,  p.  91. 

From  Europe  to  the  West  Indies  and  ports  south  of  the  Chesapeake..  1 92 

Trade-wind  route,  p.  93  ;  beautiful  performance  of  the  Georgia,  p.  94  ;  crossings  from  Europe,  p.  96  ;  averages 
by  north  and  south  routes  compared,  p.  103. 

To  Gibraltar. — Crossings,  p.  105  ;  ditto  of  313  ships,  p.  110  ;  ditto  from  Gibraltar,  p.  Ill ;  different  routes  compared 
and  performance  of  vessels  discussed,  p.  115  ;  crossings  north  of  40°,  p.  117  ;  ditto  between  30°  and  40o,  p. 
118  ;  ditto  south  of  30°,  p.  119  ;  best  route  from  Gibraltar  to  the  United  States,  p.  120. 

Between  the  United  States  and  Africa 121 

Crossings  to  Cape  Verde  Islands,  p.  121 ;  ditto  to  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone,  p.  122  ;  ditto  from  Cape  Verde  Islands 
and  Africa,  p.  123  ;  from  Cape  de  Verdes  to  southwest  coast  of  Africa,  p.  124. 

To  the  White  sea 125 

Commodore  Irminger  on  currents 126 

The  Arctic  current 133 

To  the  South  Atlantic 138 

Sixteen  days  to  the  Line _ 140 

From  the  United  States  to  the  "Fair  Way"  off  St.  Roque 143 

Time  table  by  different  routes 144 

Average  speed  and  difficult  passes - 147 

Gains  by  the  new  route  to  the  Line  since  the  publication  of  the  preceding  edition  of  this  work 148 

Computed  route  to  the  Fair  Way  off  St.  Roque— December 149 

Table  of  crossings  for  ditto,  p.  152;  current  off  St  Roque 158 

Texeiros  shoal ,.       162 

Tide  rips 162,322,572 


K}.'Xi'i/%  s^^n 


ly  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Crossings  for  January. - -- - -- 168, 170 

Difficulties  of  crossing  the  Line  to  the  W.  of  long.  32o  examined,  p.  172 ;  Commodore  Mervine's  opinion,  p. 
173. 

Crossings  for  February . 180 

Coming  out  of  port,  how  to  steer —  --. 191 

Crossings  for  March . 192 

A  lesson  for  navigators .- - -- 194 

An  easterly  current 209 

Crossings  for  April - - 211 

Keeping  the  man-of-war  log. 220 

Doubters  and  their  mistakes --. -- 221 

Crossings  for  May - 224 

Captain  Windsor  and  Cape  St.  Roque 235 

His  track  discussed — --  238 

Two  lee  sides  to  Cape  St.  Roque.. 240 

Crossings  for  June 245 

A  whirlwind .. . 254 

Crossings  for  July 258 

The  best  runs  in  July - — 264 

Crossings  for  August 275 

Falling  to  leeward  in  the  doldrums,  p.  277  ;  how  to  cross  the  calm  belts,  p.  280. 

Crossings  for  September 289 

The  myths  of  St.  Roque .• 292 

Beating  by  St  Roque 306 

Crossings  for  October - 310 

The  famous  voyage  of  Captain  Hildreth,  in  the  Sancho  Panza,  discussed 330 

How  false  dread  of  St.  Roque  has  prolonged  many  a  voyage.. _ 333 

Barometric  tide .- 335 

Crossings  for  November - 337 

Review -- — - 342 

Rocas,  cocoa-nut  trees  to  be  planted  on _.  343 

Mean  crossings  of  281  vessels  by  old  and  new  routes 35O 

Crossings  W.  of  33°  and  E.  of  25°  30'  compared 35I 

Mistakes  in  the  route 1.  356 

Old  and  middle  route  crossings - 357 

Frmi  Europe  to  the  South  Atlantic - 365 

From  the  Lizard  to  the  Line .--. ^.  ...... 869 

Dutch  and  American  crossings 370 

Average  miles  from  the  Lizard  to  30°  N 37I 

Average  daily  runs  through  the  trades  by  several  routes . 373 

The  run  of  the  Aetos  to  Bombay 373 

Passage  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  ought  to  be  shorter ...... 374 

The  best  route 376 

Red  fogs 377 


/ 


CONTENTS.  V 

Page. 
Crossings  from  the  Lizard  to  the  line  for  December,  p.  381 ;  January,  p.  386  ;  February,  p.  391 ;  March,  p.  396  ; 
April,  p.  400  ;  May,  p.  404 ;  June,  p.  410 ;  July,  p.  415 ;  August,  p.  421 ;  September,  p.  427  ;  October, 
p.  433  ;  November,  p.  440. 

Barometric  anomalies  off  Cape  Horn 446 

Opinions  of  shipmasters -. 447 

Mean  height  of  the  barometer 450 

Dove's  "Law  of  Eotation" -^■=^-. 451 

The  importance  of  the  magnetic  telegraph  to  meteorology  and  navigation - 453 

Commodore  Wiillerstorf  on  the  winds  in  South  Latitudes - 454 

Difficulties  with  the  Cyclone  theory 457 

Veering  of  the  wind  in  a  storm  may  be  due  to  one  or  all  of  three  causes. 458 

Ihrni  St.  Roque  to  Cape  Horn -. .  — .._-- 459 

Opinions  of  navigators --  466 

Straits  of  Le  Maire 471 

Nassau  Bay 473 

Crossings  for  January,  p.  475  ;  February,  p.  483  ;  March,  p.  490  ;  April,  p.  499  ;  May,  p.  508  ;  June,  p.  516 ; 
July,  p.  523 ;  August,  p.  530 ;  September,  p.  539  ;  October,  p.  547  ;  November,  p.  554 ;  December,  p.  564. 

Eesum 6  of  Cape  Horn  Crossings —  569 

The  Straits  of  Magellan _. ' — - - 570 

The  South  Atlantic  from  lat.  0°  to  long.  0° 571 

Kelative  speed  of  American  and  Dutch  vessels . 575 

Equatorial  crossings  by'!A.merican  and  Dutch  vessels 576 

Best  crossing  place  of  lat.  0° . -- 577 

Jansen'  s  diagram  of  the  SE.  trades ...... 578 

Equatorial  crossings  for  Cape  Horn  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  the  same 579 

Ice  table  for  Australia.. ---..... ..... -. 580 

The  barometer  in  high  southern  latitudes  again 583 

To  Australia .... .... .- . 584 

The  great  circle  to 585 

Distances - 586 

The  new  route - 587 

The  Admiralty  Sailing  Directions 588 

How  the  passage  to  Australia  has  been  shortened 691 

Value  of  time  saved. , 592 

Amount  of  cooperation -. - 593 

Difficulties  interposed  by  ignorance ..  595 

Crossings  south  of  40° . . 598 

Eoyal  Charter,  Cosmopolite,  and  Tarret 601 

Opinions 605 

Admiralty  route  ;  logs . 607 

Outward-bound  Crossings  from  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian  for  January,  p.  629  ;  for  February,  p.  633  ;  for  March,  p.  637  ; 
for  April,  p.  639  ;  for  May,  p.  642  ;  for  June,  p.  650  ;  for  July,  p.  655  ;  for  August,  p.  659  ;  for  September, 
p.  662  ;  for  October,  p.  665  ;  for  November,  p.  669  ;  for  December,  p.  675. 

Ta  (he  East  Indies 678 

Currents  by  the  way 679 


▼I  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Agvlhas  current... .~^. 683 

NW.  Monsoon  of  Sumatra — wood  cut 685 

Catherine  Shoal  of  Horsburgh  a  myth .... 689 

Water  Spouts i ..._ 691 

Dangers 693 

Time  table  to  Bombay,  Zanzibar,  and  Mocha 695 

To  Calcuita — . . 696 

Average  miles  per  day  from  long.  0° 697 

Specimens  in  natural  history  from  the  sea,  p.  699  ;  time  tables  to  Calcutta,  p.  701 ;  streaks  of  cool  and  warm 
water,  p.  707. 

To  the  Straits  of  Sunda .. . .....       708 

Best  route,  p.  709  ;  Cochin  China  current,  p.  712  ;  gales  of  the  China  sea,  p.  713  ;  to  Manilla,  China,  Japan, 
and  the  Amoor,  p.  715  ;  average  of  the  Dutch  crossings,  p.  716. 
From  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific  to  Calif omia  and  the  Northwest  Coast,  p.  717  ;  where  to  take  the  SE.  and  lose  the  NE.  trades, 
p.  718  ;  various  crossings  of  the  Line  compared,  p.  720-7^7  ;  crossings  from  50°  south  to  the  Line,  p.  721 ; 
gain  on  the  voyage  to  California,  p.  736  ;  monthly  averages  arranged  according  to  crossings,  p.  746  ;  length 
of  passage  by  the  old  route,  p.  749  ;  two  hundred  and  eight  of  the  best  runs,  p.  750  ;  best  crossing  of  the 
equator,  p.  753  ;  table  of  monthly  averages  from  the  Line  to  California,  p.  765. 

From  the  Sandtvich  Islands  to  California...... . . 756 

Crossings 760 

Between  the  Northwest  Coast  and  Asia . . ..       764 

Crossings  from  China  to  California 768 

Between  California  and  Australia . 768 

What  the  passage  ought  to  be 771 

Panama,  California,  and  the  Northwest,  p.  773  ;  more  logs  wanted,  p.  776  ;  Panama  to  Valparaiso,  p.  777  ;  to  Panama 
from  the  South,  p.  779  ;  from  San  Bias  to  Panama,  p.  780. 

From  California  to  CaUao ....... .--- —  --       782 

How  the  passage  has  been  shortened  by  increase  of  knowledge,  p.  784 ;  time  tables,  p.  785. 

Between  the  Sandwich  and  Society  Islands . . . .- 790 

A  strong  current 792 

From  Australia  to  Callao .- — 792 

IVom  the  Socidy  and  Sandwich  Islands  to  CaUao  and  Valparaiso 793 

From  Callao  and  Valparaiso  to  India 795 

From  Australia  to  China ... ..... 796 

IVom  Australia,  via  Cape  Horn,  homeward —  ....... ...... . 798 

From  the  Sandwich  and  Soddy  Islands  home ._ 800 

A  great  change  of  temperature  in  the  sea,  p.  801 ;  homeward  from  the  intertropical  islands  of  the  Pacific,  p.  801; 
running  to  the  east  in  the  South  Atlantic,  p.  806  ;  the  Great  Circle  from  the  Society  Islands,  p.  807  ;  route 
from  Valparaiso  around  Cape  Horn,  p.  807. 

From  Calcutta  homeward .... ... .......       808 

Time  tables  to  the  offings  of  the  Cape,  p.  809. 

From  the  Straits  of  Sunda  homeward. 814 

Tables  of  crossing,  p.  815  ;  runs  of  Dutch  and  American  vessels  in  the  Indian  ocean,  p.  820  ;  average  runs,  p. 
831 ;  the  strongest  trades  along  the  route,  p  832  ;  average  gain  by  American  vessels  from  crossing  to  crossing, 
p.  833. 


CONTENTS.  VII 

Page. 
Doubling  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  homeward  hound 834 

Crossings,  p.  835  ;  from  30°  S.  to  the  line,  American  route,  p.  837 ;  ditto  crossings  from  the  Line  to  350  N. ,  p. 
843  ;  average  Dutch  and  American  runs  through  the  trades'of  the  Atlantic,  p.  850  ;  the  freshest  trade-wind 
belt,  p.  850  ;  Dutch  and  American  crossings  from  30°  S.  to  the  Line,  monthly  means,  p.  851 ;  from  the  Line 
to  35°  N.,  p.  852  ;  the  freshest  trades  in  the  North  Atlantic,  p.  852  ;  average  strength  of  the  trade-winds, 
p.  853  ;  from  the  Line  to  the  Lizard,  p.  855  ;  time  in  the  doldrums,  p.  855  ;  the  run  from  the  Line  to  the 
Lizard  ought  to  be  made  in  less  time  than  it  is,  p.  856. 
Average  force  of  the  trade-winds,  discmsion  of  ... 857 

Force  of  the  NE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic,  p.  858  ;  ditto  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic,  p.  860  ;  ditto  of  S.  Indian  ocean, 
p.  861 ;  rate  of  sailing  through  the  NE.  and  SE.  trades,  p.  864 ;  tabular  statement  of  sailing  along  the  home- 
ward route,  p.  865  ;  ditto  across  the  NE.  trades  by  different  routes,  p.  867;  ditto  across  the  trades  of  the 
South  Indian  and  South  Atlantic  oceans,  p.  868  ;  the  importance  of  determining,  with  the  assistance  of  local 
observations,  the  prevailing  force  of  the  wind  in  all  latitudes,  p.  869. 
QmdUions  on  which  navigators  receive  the  Wind  and  Currerd  Charts . 870 

General  order  to  the  navy,  p.  870 ;  cooperating  nations,  p.  871 ;  claim  to  charts  forfeited  by  failxire  to  keep 
abstract  according  to  form,  p.  871 ;  form  of  receipt,  p.  872  ;  a  list  of  the  Charts  published,  p.  873. 


% 


FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS. 


I 


I 


The  Gulf  Steeam,  with  its  eddies  and  counter  currents,  renders  the  navigation  of  the  Florida 
pass  one  of  the  most  dangerous  in  the  world.  These  currents  have  strewn  the  Florida  Reefs 
with  carcasses  of  ships  and  men,  and  have  caused  the  loss  of  many  millions  worth  of  property. 

At  the  instance  of  one  of  the  marine  insurance  offices  of  New  York,  I  undertook  in 
the  summer  of  1857,  with  the  assistance  of  Lieutenant  Young,  to  examine  the  time  by  the 
several  routes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  if,  without  any  consid- 
erable lengthening  of  the  passage,  the  Gulf  bound  vessels  might  not  enter  this  Mediterranean 
sea  of  America  by  the  Yucatan  instead  of  the  Florida  pass. 

All  vessels  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Gulf  ports  have  to  cross  the  parallel  of  30°  N. ,  and 
from  this  parallel  the  way  into  the  Gulf  is  the  same  for  all.  I  therefore  prepared  a  table  to 
show,  first,  these  ports,  the  time  from  them  to  the  parallel  of  30°  N. ,  and  the  place  of  crossing 
this  parallel ;  and  second,  the  time  thence  by  the  different  "passages"  to  the  destined  Gulf 
port.  With  this  formula  in  hand,  all  the  log-books  in  the  office  were  overhauled,  and  the 
' '  crossings ' '   and  time  tabulated  according  to  the  month. 

I  The  result  of  this  examination  does  not  encourage  the  hope  of  any  change  of  route.  The 
entrance  by  the  Yucatan  pass  is  the  safer,  but  it  prolongs  the  voyage  ;  and  in  this  age,  when 
"time  is  reckoned  as  money,"  to  ships  as  well  as  to  men,  I  know  not  how  any  change  in  the 
present  routes  between  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  of  the  country  is  to  be  ejffected  without  the 
aid  of  underwriters  themselves.    It  is  safer  to  enter  by  the  Yucatan  pass,  but  it  takes  more  time. 

Routes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico^  from  latitude  30°  north. 

JANUARY.— via  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

1 

o 
6 

cs 

Barque  Attica 

Jan.  24,  1844 
Jan.     5,  1834 
Jan.     4,  1835 
Jan.     4,  1836 
Jan.  13,  1839 
Jan.   13,  1841 
Jan.   13,  1842 
Jan.   19,  1850 
Jan.  30,  1849 
Jan.   11,  1848 
Jan.   12,  1848 
.Jan.   12,  1831 
Jan.   19,  1832 
Jan.     6,  1832 
Jan.     5,  1848 
Jan.  27,  1831 
Jan.   19,  1837 
Jan.  22,  1838 

13  days  from  Portland          in  71  04  W. 
11                    P'ortland               68  56 
9                    Portland               71  34 

8  Portland               68  15 

9  Portland               69  13 
11                    Portland              75  14 
10                    Portland               66  GO 

10  Portland              70  20 
4                    New  York            70  40 

7  Boston                  71  00 
6                    Bath,  Me.  -          72  50 

11  Port'and               67  51 
10                    Portland               71  58 

9                    Portland               70  04 

8  Portland              68  15 
8                    Portland               66  20 
6                    Portland              72  03 

12  Portland               73  18 

To  Matanzas. 

Matanzas 

Havana 

Havana  

12 
14 
7 
29 
15 

13 

25 
2*1 

Brig  Blakeley 

Barque  William  Smith 

Barque  William  Smith 

16 
37 

Brig  Motto .. 

Havana  

24 
20 

Brig  Hogan 

Brig  Hogan 

23 

Brig  Portland 

Cardenas . 

Ship  Ohio 

Apalachicola 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

14 
12 

8 
24 
13 
22 

9 
27 
13 

8 

18 
19 

Ship  Tarquin 

Ship  Milan . 

14 
35 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Havana 

23 

Brig  Washington 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

Matanzas 

Matanzas -- 

31 

Barque  Mary  Lowell 

Barque  Statia 

17 
35 

Brig  Henrietta 

19 

Brig  Henrietta 

20 

WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Routes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  January — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ship  Aspasia 

Ship  Orion 

Ship  Ionia 

Ship  Thomas  Perkins  . 

Ship  Zephyr 

Ship  Woodside . 

Ship  Aberdeen  . 

Ship  Creole 

Ship  Princeton 

Ship  Albion 

Brig  Nun . 

Brig  Samuel  and  John . 

Ship  Franconia 

Barque  Statira 

Ship  John  Marshal 

Ship  President .. 

Barque  Octavia 

Brig  Agenoria 

Brig  Mary  J.  Sargent.. 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  John  Browner. 
Barque  Herkle 


Brig  Catharine  .  . , 
Barque  Wagram., 
Brig  Washington , 


Ship  Mary. 

Barque  American. 
Barque  American. 


SchooLer  Dorsas 

Schooner  Barnstable 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30O  N. 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


Schooner  Mary  E.  Balch  , 

Brig  Hellen  Jane Jan. 

BiigNora.. Jan. 


Jan.  28 

Jan.  7 

Jan.  22 

Jan.  31 


Jan.  9 
Jan.  6 
Jan.   13 


Barque  Delaware  .. Jan.  20 


Jan.  23 
Jan.  25 


1826 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1855 
1849 
1849 
1850 
1854 
1833 
1839 
1840 
1847 
1833 
1855 
1843 
1848 
1839 
1840 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1846 
1854 

1849 
1848 
1824 

1852 
1855 
1848 
1807 
1844 
1845 

1851 

1850 

1852 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


6  days  from  Newport 


5 
6 
5 
7 
6 
5 
5 
7 
3 
7 

10 
5 
9 

12 


14 
8 
9 
9 

10 
6 
9 


Boston 

Boston 

Boston 

Boston 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Charlestown 

Portland 

Frankfort 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

New  York 


in  69  00  W. 
73  00 

68  44 

69  25 

70  23 
73  00 

71  00 

72  25 

73  52 

74  41 

72  41 
70  05 

73  50 

68  54 

70  34 

71  00 
71  50 
73  14 

05 

69  59 

71  30 

72  44 
67  10 
72  22 


VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 
5  days  from  New  York       in  66  06 


8 

6 

4 
13 

7 
13 

VIA  MONO  PASSAGE. 
11  dajsfrom  New  York       in  65  52 


Boston 

67  34 

Wilmington, 

75  30 

N.C. 

Boston 

69  10 

Boston 

68  14 

Philadelphia 

73  00 

Portland 

64  22 

Portland 

65  40 

Portland 

66  40 

3 
12 


Wilmington 
Boston 


63  47 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans- 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans- 
New  Orleans. 

Mobile 

Apalachicola. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 

Mobile 

Havana 

Havana . 

New  Orleans. 

Mobile 

New  Orleans. 

Matanzas 

Matanzas..  .. 

Matanzas 

Matanzis 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Apalachicola. 
Cardenas 


To  St.  Jago. 
St.  Jago. 
Jamaica 


Jamaica  .. 
Truxillo... 
Cienfuegos 
Jamaica. .  . 
Trinidad  .  . 
Trinidad  .  . 


To  St.  Juan  de  Nica- 
ragua. 

Mayagues  

Aux  Cayes 


19 
15- 
14 
12 
27 
11 

6 
10 

9 

14 
16 
11 
14 
20 


9 
13 
15 
10 
11 

9 

8 
12 

7 

5 

9 

19 

13 
12 
11 
20 
12 
11 

10 

10 
12 


Average  crossing  of  30°  N.  latitude  :— From  Boston  and  Maine 
(mean  of  34  passages,)  a. 6  days,  between  70°  and  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  17  best :— 6.9  days,  near  70°  W.  longitude. 

New  York,  (mean  of  7  passages,)  5.8  days,  between  72°  and  73°  W- 
longitude.    Mean  of  4  best: — 4.7  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude. 

AVERAOK  FROM  30°  N.  LATITUDE  : — To  Matanzas,  (mean  of  13  pas- 


sages,) 11.9  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  6  best: — 8. 8  days,  near 
71°  W.  longitude. 

Mobile,  (mean  of  5  passages,)  16.8  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  3  best :— 12.3  days,  73°  near  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  9  passages,)  14.2  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude 
Mean  of  4  best :— 9.7  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. 


FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS. 


Routes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico- — Continued. 

FEBRUARY.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ship  Louisville 

Ship  Chasco 

Ship  Houston 

Ship  Senator 

Ship  Richard  Alsop 

Ship  Alleghany 

Ship  Hobart 

Ship  Adelaide 

Ship  St.  Louis 

Ship  Chasco 

Barque  Elizabeth  _  - 

Brig  Athens 

Barque  Montauk  .  . 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Ship  Sarah 

Ship  Edwina 

Barque  Brilliante.. 

Barque  Mexico 

Ship  Jessore 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Barque  Mopang 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Ship  Sarah  Boyd  _  . 

Barque  Nimrod 

Ship  Burmah 


Brig  Sublime 

Brig  Erie 

Ship  Tarolinta 

Ship  Tarolinta 

Ship  Thomas  Wright. 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Samuel 

Brig  Virginia  Packet. 

Brig  Albion 

Brig  Turner 

Brig  Merida 

Barque  John  Brown.. 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Feb, 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb 
Feb. 
Feb. 

Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 


Brig  Catherine 

Barque  A.  B.  Sturges. 

Barque  American 

Barque  A.  B.  Sturges. 


Feb.  22 
Feb.  13 
Feb.  4 
Feb.  12 


1840 
1852 
1S55 
1855 
1850 
1844 
1834 
1848 
1852 
1852 
1849 
1823 
1853 
1845 
1847 
1843 
1849 
1852 
1830 
1845 
1851 
1851 
1848 
1852 
1851 
1835 

1838 
1838 
1843 
1846 
1848 
1834 
1841 
1834 
1835 
1837 
1840 
1847 

1850 
1851 
1847 
1852 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


4 
7 
G 
5 
6 
4 
7 
6 
6 
7 
6 
7 
4 
5 
6 
13 
5 
8 
6 
7 
5 
5 
7 
8 
7 
7 


5 
16 

1 

9 
12 
13 
11 
10 
15 
10 
13 

VIA 

6 

6 


from  New  York  in  75 

New  York  71 

New  York  72 

New  York  73 

New  York  72 

Philadelphia  73 

New  York  71 

Philadelphia  70 

New  York  72 

New  York  71 

Philadelphia  74 

Boston  70 

New  York  73 

New  York  74 

New  York  7 1 

Portland  74 

New  York  72 

New  York  76 

Portland  74 

New  York  72 

New  York  75 

New  York  74 

New  York  74 

New  York  68 

New  York  71 

Portsmouth,  70 

N.  H. 

Portland  73 

New  York  74 

Boston  78 

Charleston  76 

New  York  68 

Portland  68 

Portland  64 

Portland  69 

Portland  72 

Portland  60 

Portland  72 

Boston  64 

WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 

from  New  York  in  66. 

New  York  70. 

Portland  67. 

New  York  74. 


30  W. 

53 

00 

14 

00 

37 

04 

08 

20 

53 

32 

39 

57 

00 

52 

20 

38 

10 

34 

41 

27 

04 

40 

30 

38 

50 

59 
22 
38 
50 
53 
35 
15 
47 
23 
51 
30 
06 

00 
32 
00 
01 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Galveston 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Vera  Cruz ... 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

Havana .... 

Galveston  _ 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Mobile 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Cardenas 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Havana  ... 

Apalachicola 

Apalachicola  ..  .. 

Matanzas 

Vera  Cruz ... 

Matanzas 

Havana 

Havana 

Matanzas 

Matan  zas --. 

Havana 

Apalachicola 

To  St.  Jago  de  Cuba. 
St.  Jago  de  Cuba. 

Trinidad 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 


10 
10 
15 
12 
10 
10 
10 
19 
12 
13 

7 
10 
14 
11 
10 
21 
15 
11 
17 
15 

9 
17 
12 
13 

9 
18 

18 
10 

9 

5 
19 
14 
15 
15 

9 
20 

7 
20 

8 
5 

12 
6 


WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 
Routes  into  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  February — Continued. 

GULF  STREAM. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

'   Ix)ngitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

02 

6 

3 

Barque  Erie 

Feb     9,  1851 

4  days  from  New  York         in  72.  09  W. 

To  Apalachicola 

9 

13 

VIA  MONO  PASSAGE. 
Ship  Corsair I  Feb.     9,  1849  I  7  days  from  Boston  in  62.  00         I  To  Chagres 1     15     I         22 


Average  crossing  of  30°  N.  Latitude  from  : — Boston  and  Maine, 
(mean  of  13  passages,)  10.8  dajs,  near  70°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  6  best: — 
8  days,  between  72°  and  73°  W. 

New  Yorx,  (mean  of  20  passages,)  6  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 
Mean  of  10  best : — 5  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  12  days,  between  69  and  70  W. 
longitude.    Mean  of  two  best : — 7  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude. 

Mobile,  (mean  of  2,)  18  days,  between  73  and  74  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  17,)  11.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  8  best:— 9.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


MARCH:- VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


12, 

1846 

14, 

1847 

10, 

1845 

5, 

1854 

8, 

1857 

23, 

1853 

25, 

1841 

12, 

1827 

16, 

1830 

9, 

1844 

31, 

1846 

1, 

1834 

5, 

1838 

17, 

1840 

7, 

1844 

8, 

1833 

9, 

1840 

19, 

1846 

17, 

1835 

16, 

1847 

10, 

1842 

30, 

1841 

4, 

1848 

30, 

1851 

5, 

1850 

23, 

1855 

5, 

1857 

9, 

1854 

Whither  bound. 


Ship  Mary  Francis  . . 
Ship  Mary  Francis  - , 

Sliip  Warsaw 

Ship  Panchita . 

Barque  Apollo 

Barque  Hecla 

Brig  Flora 

Ship  Washington  .  . . 

Brig  Argo.  _ 

Ship  Sarah 

Barque  Nautilus 

Ship  Burmah 

Ship  Tarolinta 

Ship  Tarolinta 

Ship  Tarolinta 

Schooner  Emeline  . . 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Harriet 

Brig  Emeline 

Barque  Mary  Lowell 

Ship  Walpole 

Ship  Medford 

Ship  Wisconsin 

Ship  Antarctic 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Ship  Cynthia 

Barque  Montauk 

Ship  Nabob.... 


Mar, 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


4  days  from  New  York 


13 

9 

16 

7 

10 

10 

4 

5 

5 

6 

9 

10 

14 

5 

9 

2 

5 

6 

5 

7 


New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Boston 

Boston 

New  York 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Savannah 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Boston 


in  76 
74 
73 
70 
73 
71 
70 
69 
72 
76 
71 
74 
72 
71 
70 
74 
70 
66 
68 
74 
72 
78 
74 
73 
75 
75 
72 
71 


00  w, 

16 

12 

25 

42 

00 

45 

16 

09 

03 

22 

01 

30 

30 

00 

09 

19 

25 

34 

12 

45 

06 

00 

00 

22 

20 

42 

49 


To  Mobile 

Mobile 

New  Orleans. 
Cardenas . - . . 

Havana  

Cardenas 

Havana 

Havana  

Havana  

Mobile 

Havana  . .  . . . 

Havana  

New  Orleans. 

Mobile 

Apalachicola. 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Havana 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 

Galveston 

New  Orleans. 


10 

8 

10 

8 

7 

7 

12 

12 

9 

17 

4 

8 

10 

14 

7 

9 

11 

13 

23 

4 

8 

10 

12 

15 

10 

13 

17 

27 


14 
13 
17 
16 
15 
15 
25 
21 
25 
24 
14 
18 
14 
19 
12 
15 
20 
23 
37 
9 
17 
12 
17 
21 
15 
21 
25 
34 


FEOM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  POETS. 


Eoutes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  March — Continued. 

Nik  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ship  Bostonian 

Ship  J.  W.  Fannin. 
Brig  Washington.. 

Ship  Creole 

Barque  Cordelia 

Ship  Fanshon 

Ship  Arcole 

Brig  Chinchilla 

Ship  Mary  Ann 

Ship  St.  Louis 

Barque  Eienzi 

Schooner  Emeline  . 

Brig  Morgiaua 

Brig  Henrietta 

Barque  Macedonia  . 

Brig  Henrietta 

Barque  Attica 

Brig  Emiline 

Ship  Clinton 

Ship  Clinton 

Barque  Catharine.  . 

Brig  Henrietta 

Barque  Attica.  .  _  .  . 


Bhip  Panther 

Brig  Gratia 

Barque  American 

Barque  J.  W.  Blodget 
Brig  Hellen  Jane 


Steamer  Philadelphia 

Brig  Tarquina 

Barque  American 

Barque  American 


Date  of  crossing 
30O  N. 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


1854 
1854 
1842 
1850 
1851 
1844 
1847 
1852 
1845 
1851 
1851 
1834 
1834 
1836 
1848 
1841 
1845 
1836 
1845 
1846 
1844 
1842 
1845 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. , 


7 
6 

13 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
7 
7 

10 

15 
8 
7 
9 

10 
5 

10 
7 

10 


I  from  Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

New  York 

Philadelphia 

New  York 

New  York 

Baltimore 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Portland 

Boston 

Portland 

Bath,  Me. 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

Boston 


in  68 
67 
70 
74 
75 
71 
73 
73 
70 
71 
69 
69 
72 
71 
71 
72 
67 
72 
71 
71 
75 
72 
67 


30  W. 

58 

00 

38 

45 

20 

03 

00 

55 

30 

08 

03 

44 

35 

15 

23 

39 

51 

33 

14 

57 

30 

39 


VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 


Mar. 

12, 1854 

7  days 

from  Boston 

Mar. 

4, 1852 

2 

Baltimore 

Mar. 

21,1848 

7 

Boston 

Mar, 

31,1848 

7 

Boston 

Mar. 

14, 1852 

7 

Boston 

Mar. 

31,1850 

3 

New  York 

Mar. 

26, 1845 

4 

New  York 

Mar. 

24, 1843 

6 

Portland 

Mar. 

27,1845 

7 

Portland 

in  66  57 

71  52 

68  20 

69  10 
67  40 

72  41 

70  43 
72  20 
66  38 


VIA  MONO  PASSAGE. 
Brig  Captain  Tom I  Mar.    5,1850  1     5  days  from  New  York      in  67  51 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans.. 

Galveston 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans.. 

Havana 

Mobile -. 

Vera  Cruz 

Cardenas 

New  Orleans^. 
New  Orlean's.. 
New  Orleans. . 

Matanzas 

Havana . 

Matanzas . 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Apalachicola  . 

Matanzas 

Havana  

Havana  

New  Orleans.. 

Havana 

Apalachicola  , . 


To  New  Orleans 

Port  Maria,  Ja 

Trinidad  . - . 

St.  Jago .. 

Turk's  Island  and 
Truxillo. 

Chagres 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 

Trinidad 

Trinidad 


14 

10 

5 

10 

13 

9 

9 

11 

12 

11 

8 

6 

8 

8 

11 

7 

9 

8 

15 
16 
11 


26 
10 
11 


8&6 


6 
20 
10 


To  Chagres I     12 


15 


27 

14 

9 

14 
17 
13 
16 
18 
22 
26 
16 
13 
17 
18 
16 
17 
16 
18 
23 
24 
16 


32 
12 

18 
15 
21 

11 
10 
26 
17 


17 


Average  crossing  of  30°  N.  from  :— Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  28 
passages,)  9.1  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  14  best :— 7  days, 
near  71°  W.  longitude. 

New  York,  (mean  of  20,)  6  days  between  72°  and  73°  W.  longitude. 
Mean  10  best,  4.8  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 

Average  from  30°  N.  to  :— Matanzas,  (mean  of  10,)  10  days  between 


71°  and  72°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  5  best :— 6.6  days  between  71°  and  72° 
W.  longitude. 

Mobile,  11.8  days,  near  74*  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  3  best:— 9.3  days 
near  74°  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  11  days,  near  70°  W.  longitudei 


WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Routes  to  ports  in  the  Oulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 
APKIL.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vesseL 


Ship  Sultana 

Brig  R.  H.  Douglass.. 

Brig  Samuel 

Ship  Tarquin — 

Brig  Oxford 

Ship  Neutrality 

Ship  Creole -- 

BrigBlakely 

Brig  Charlotte- 

Barque  Macedonia..  . 

Barque  Macedonia 

Barque  Henrietta 

Barque  Samuel .  - 

Barque  Samuel 

Barque  Washington.. 
Barque  Washington.. 
Barque  Washington.. 
Barque  Washington . . 

Barque  Henrietta 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Henrietta. 

Brig  Washington. 

Brig  Washington. 

Brig  Samuel 

Barque  John  Browner 

Ship  St.  Louis 

Brig  Washington —  . 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  Octavia 

Ship  Peparter . 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Barque  Attica 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Brig  Samuel.  .. 

Ship  Jessore. 

Ship  Mary  Ann 

Barque  Hecla 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  Mopang .  _ . 

Barque  American 

Barque  American 

Brig  Catherine 

BrigG.  W.  RuEsell... 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30©  N. 


April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 
April 


April  6 
April  27 
April  10 
AprU  13 


1851 
1848 
1843 
1845 
1853 
1809 
1849 
1835 
1841 
1846 
1847 
1843 
1839 
1840 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1839 
1840 
1844 
1848 
1852 
1844 
1828 
1848 
1854 
1846 
1846 
1848 
1842 
1846 
1849 
1854 
1828 
1851 

1844 
1847 
1849 
1851 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


9  days  from  New  York 


6 

12 

11 

12 

11 

6 

13 

10 

6 

12 

8 

20 

15 

10 

16 

10 

11 

10 

10 

6 

14 

9 

13 

6 

4 

10 

9 

7 

7 

5 

6 

5 

12 

8 

6 

7 

12 

4 


New  York 

Portland 

Boston 

Portland 

Portland 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Boston 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

New  York 


in  75 
72 
69 
70 

64 
75 
70 
72 
72 
68 
73 
69 
63 
72 
73 
66 
73 
72 
70 
72 
67 
71 
72 
70 
73 
72 
71 
73 
71 
75 
74 
75 
69 
72 
70 
70 
69 
72 


VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 
6  days  from  Portland         iu  69 
10  Portland  60 

6  New  York  72 

3  Baltimore  71 


51  W. 
20 
25 
40 

25 
40 
11 
18 
23 
48 
00 
52 
46 
31 
31 
14 
31 
31 
23 
00 
00 
46 
13 
10 
55 
24 
17 
34 
20 
50 
00 
10 
39 
33 
23 
48 
37 
52 

10 
20 
27 
34 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

Havana 

Havana 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas- 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

Havana  

Havana .  . . 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas . 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Havana  

Apalachicola 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas •-. 

Matanzas 

Cardenas 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Havana . 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Cardenas  

Havana 

Cardenas  

To  Trinidad 

Trinidad 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba 
Port  Mario,  Ja.. 


I'ROM    THE   ATLANTIC    TO    THE    GULF    PORTS. 


Routes  to  2^orts  in  the  Gulf  of  3Iexico — Continued. 

APitlL :— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30O  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

O 

6 

bo 

Brig  Helen  Jane ....__. 

April  24, 1853 

April  27, 1850 
April  15, 1851 
April  21, 1854 
April    5,1809 
April  11, 1839 

o    , 
9  days  from  Boston             in  66  17  W. 

6                    New  York            67  03 

To  Turk's  Island  and 
Truxillo. 

St    .Tacrn  Ap.  f!nhn. 

8&8 

8 

8 

13 

15 

17 

25 

Brig  Catherine.  ....... 

14 

Barque  A.  B.  Sturges 

Barque  Sarah  Chase _ . 

Brig  Crocket........ 

5                    New  York            74  18                 St.  Jago  de  Cuba . 

9                    New  York            66  40                 Cienfuegos 

11                    Portland               64  25                 St.  Jago  de  Cuba . 
9                     Portland               70  43                  Trinidad.     _   _. 

13 
22 
26 

Brig  Leo ...... . 

26 

Average  crossings  of  30°  N.  from  :— Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  29 
passages,)  10.4  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  14  best:— 8.4  days' 
near  71°  W.  longitude. 

New  York,  (mean  of  9  passages,)  6  days,  between  73°  and  74°  W- 
longitude.    Mean  of  4  best : — 4.5  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  (mean  of  15  passages,)  9  days 
near  71°  W.  longitude.    Mean  of  7 best: — 7.6  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  10  passages,)  15.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longi- 
tude.   Mean  of  5  best: — 12,6  days,  near  75°  W.  longitude. 


MAY :— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ship  Senator 

Ship  Lowell 

Ship  Hobart 

United  States  ship  Cyane  . 

Ship  Diadem 

Ship  Diadem ... 

Barque  William  Smith  ... 

Brig  Merida ... 

Schooner  Emeline 

Brig  Albion 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Plato 

Ship  Mary  Francis 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Barque  Octavia . 

Brig  Agenoria 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  American 

Steamer  Philadelphia 

Brig  Cuba 

Schooner  Mary  E.  Balch.. 
Barque  Panchita 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


May  15 

May  7 

May  7 

May  1 

May  26 


1854 
1848 
1835 
1855 
1852 
1849 
1836 
1840 
1834 
1835 
1833 
1834 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1846 
1845 
1847 
1839 
1824 

1842 
1850 
1856 
1852 
1854 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


6  days  from  New  York 


in  73 
75 


12  New  York 

9  New  York 

6  Boston 

6  New  York 

6  New  York 

12  Portland 

13  Portland 
15  Portland 
11  Portland 

11  Portland 

12  Portland 
9  Boston 

21  Portland 

15  Boston 
9  New  York 
5  New  York 

16  Portland 

13  Portland 
11  Portland 

VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 
11  days  from  Portland  in  67 

4  New  York 

9  Boston 

15  Boston 

7  New  York 


19  W. 

00 

25 

54 

30 

20 

10 

43 

18 

26 

53 

05 

48 

09 

59 

04 

39 

48 

44 

15 

58  W. 

07 

15 

59 

00 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans 

Galveston 

New  Orleans 

Key  JVest. 

Mobire 

Mobile 

Havana .. 

Havana 

Matanzas ... 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas^ 

Havana _. 

Matanzas 

Havana ... 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Havana.  ...... 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

To  Trinidad 

Chagres 

Kingston,  Jamaica 

Jeremil,  Hayti 

Santa  Cruz,  Cuba.; 


14 
14 

8 
14 

9 
11 

9 

17 
12 
18 
18 
15 
17 
15 
11 

7 

15 
14 
10 

11 
6 
11 
11 
16 


14 

26 
23 
14 
20 
15 
23 
22 
32 
23 
29 
30 
24 
38 
30 
'20 
12 
31 
27 
21 

22 
10 
20 
26 
24 


WIND    AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 


Boutes  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

MAY.— VIA  GULF  STREAM. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

00 

-a 
o 
d 

6 
1 

Ship  Hindoo 

May   15,1848 

O      / 

6  days  from  Philadelphia   in  74  00  W. 

To  New  Orleans 

12 

18 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  Eachelle..  -  . 
Ship  George  Porter. . 
Barque  Minatononi.  . 

Ship  Burmah 

Brig  Erie --. 

Brig  Nunn -. - 

Brig  Samuel  &  John  . 

Barque  Apollo. 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Steamer  Philadelphia. 

Ship  Pelm 

Ship  Ocean 


May 

6,1826 

May 

17,1847 

May 

8, 1847 

May 

31,1852 

May 

13,1836 

May 

4, 1838 

May 

31,1838 

May 

24, 1840 

May 

9,1850 

May 

10, 1830 

May 

3,1831 

May 

6, 1832 

May 

7, 1850 

May 

25, 1851 

May 

31,1841 

VIA.  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 
14  days  from  Portland  in  70  38 


4 
7 
6 

11 
5 

14 
6 
8 
7 

13 

15 
4 
4 
9 


New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

New  York 

Baltimore 

Boston 


73  30 

75  38 
68  31 
73  47 

71  02 
•70  00 

73  33 

72  07 
75  00 
66  50 

71  47 

72  07 

73  20 

74  32 


To  Matanzas 

Havana 

New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 

Havana 

Apalachicola. 

Havana 

New  Orleans. 

Havana . 

Mobile 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 


New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 


14 

9 

21 

16 

5 

13 

11 

22 

11 

'23 

17 

10 


9 
19 


28 
13 
28 
22 
16 
18 
25 
28 
19 
30 
30 
25 


13 

28 


AvERAQE  cRossiNB  OF  30°  N.  FROM : — Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  22 
passages)  11.7  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  11  bett  9  days, near 
72°  W.  longitude. 

New  York,  (mean  of  12  passages)  6.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 
Mean  of  6  best  5  days,  near  7o°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  (mean  of  10)  14.7  days,  near  69° 
W.  longitude.    Mean  of  5  best :— 12  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 

Mobile,  (mean  of  4)  14.2days,  near  75°  W.longitude.  Meanof  2best:— 
10  days,  near  76°  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  8)  14.5  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  4  best : — 9.5  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude. 


JUNE.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

d 

3 

Ship  Genesee 

Brig  Mar}'  Ann 

June    5 
June    8 
June  12 
June    9 
June  17 
June    2 
June    6 
June    6 
June  14 
June    2 
June    4 
June  13 
June  14 
June  14 

1848 
1847 
1856 
1836 
1846 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1851 
1838 
1851 
1837 
1841 
1844 

9  days  from  New  York       in  75  15  W. 

7                    Philadelphia        70  00 

7                   Boston                 71  17 

20                    Boston                  72  40 

13                    Portland               68  49 

7                    New  York            74  51 

6                    New  York            72  26 

6                    New  York            72  16 

10                    New  York            69  30 

20                    Portland              70  41 

5                    Philadelphia        72  11 

9                    Portland              73  59 

15                    Portland              69  41 

12                    Boston                 74  06 

To  New  Orleans .; 

Sisal 

9 
13 
18 

9 

18 
8 
7 
6 
7 

11 
9 

15 

14 
6 

18 
20 

Ship  Zephyr. ........ 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas.. 

New  Orleans 

25 

Brfg  Henrietta ....... 

29 

Barque  Macedonia 

Ship  Sarah  Boyd ..... 

31 
15 

Barque  Panchita .. 

Cardenas 

Matanzas 

Cardenas  

Matanzas 

Havana .. 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Havana  

13 

Barque  Hecla  ............ 

12 

Barque  Mopang  ... ... 

17 

Brig  Agenoria. . . ... 

31 

Barque  Cordelia ....... 

14 

Barque  Wm.  Smith 

24 

29 

Ship  Medora 

18 

ft 


FROM   THE    ATLANTIC    TO   THE    GULF    PORTS. 
Monies  to  ports  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

JUNE.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


Whither  bound. 


s 


Brig  Portland 

Brig  Abeona  ......  . 

Ship  Warsaw 

Ship  Geneva 

Barque  Apollo 

Barque  Mary  Lowell  . 
Brig  Washington.  ... 

Barque  J.  W.  Blodget. 

Brig  Helen  Jane 

Steamer  Philadelphia 

Barque  American 

Barque  A.  B.  Sturges. 

Brig  Catherine.  . 

Ship  Affghan. . ...... 

Schooner  Catherine.  . 


June  24,  1849 
June  12,  1852 
June  24,  1846 
June  6,  1848 
June  14,  1844 
June  6,  1847 
June    2,  1827 


June  25,  1854 
June  25,  1856 
June  16,  1850 
June  30,  1843 
June  14,  1851 
June  29,  1849 
June  16,  1852 
June    8,  1847 


8  days  from  Portland 

8  New  York 

9  New  York 
9  Boston 

8  Boston 

10  Portland 

13  Portland 


in  68  27  W. 
72  03 
72  15 
67  45 

70  00 

71  27 
74  00 


VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 


7  days  from  New  York 

10  Boston 

3  New  York 
13  Portland 
10  New  York 

1  Bermuda 

6  New  York 

4  New  York 


in  67  00  W. 

65  36 

73  58 
68  35 
67  22 
64  17 
70  30 

74  02 


To  Cardenas 

Cardenas 

New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 

Havana 

Matanzas 

Havana 


To  Sisal,  Yucatan 

Truxillo,  Hondu's 

Chagres 

Trinidad 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 
St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 

Navy  Bay 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 


13 
5 
19 
12 
5 
11 
12 


30 

17 

6 

13 


17 
13 


21 
13 
28 
21 
13 
21 
25 


37 
27 

9 
26 
10 

9 
23 
17 


Average  CROSSING  of  30°  N.  Latitude  from  :— Boston  and  Maine, 
(mean  of  12  passages,)  12  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  6 
best : — 8.  5  days,  near  70°  W.  longitude — 

New  York,  (mean  of  7  passages,)  7.    8  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude. 


Average,  (mean  of  6,)  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  11  days,  near  72* 
W.  longitude.    Mean  of  3  best : — 8.6  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude- 
Mean  of  5  to  New  Orleans,  15.2  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. 
Mean  of  3  best : — 13  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. 


JULY.— VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE.  <» 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

'fV^hither  bound. 

d 

6 

Ship  Montreal  . . 

July    4,  1848 
July    2,  1848 
July  23,  1848 
July  26,  1850 
July  20,  1845 
July  30,  1842 

O         / 

9  days  from  New  York       in  65  25  W. 
9                    New  York           71  45 
12                   New  York           70  01 
7                    Baltimore            68  40 

12  Calais,  Me.           62  24 

13  Portland              67  48 

To  Vera  Cruz 

Vera  Cruz 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 
Kingston,  Jamaica 
Kingston,  Jamaica 
Trinidad 

29 
21 
8 
11 
20 
13 

.^fi 

Ship  Nebraska 

30 

Brig  Orbit 

20 
18 
32 
26 

Brig  G.  W.  Russell 

Brig  Harriet 

Barque  American 

Ship  Streglite 

Ship  Vicksburg  .. 

Ship  Montreal 

Ship  J.  W.  Fanin. 
Barque  Montauk  . 
Ship  Vicksburg  . . 


July  17,  1842 
July  10,  1848 
July  4,  1848 
July  1,  1854 
July  6,  1850 
July     7,  1850 


VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 

18  days  from  Boston 

19  New  York 
10  New  York 

7  New  York 

8  New  York 
12  New  York 


in  70 

31 

W. 

74  28 

65 

25 

72 

30 

68 

00 

73 

19 

To  Havana 

New  Orleans. 
Vera  Cruz  ... 

Galveston 

Galveston 

New  Orleans . 


11 

9 

21 

16 
24 
24 


29 
28 
31 
23 
32 
36 


*  No  routes,  via  Gulf  Stream  or  Mona  passage,  during  the  month  of  July. 
VOL.   II 2 


10 


WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHARTS. 


Boutes  to  portes  in  the  Oulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

JULY.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL— Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

i 

o 

6 
"A 

6 

1:8 
ft 

3 

Barque  Monsoon .._... 

July  28,  1848 
July  14,  1848 
July    4,  1851 
July  27,  1848 
July  11,  1837 
July  14,  184« 
July  17,  1843 
July  10,  1829 
July  21,  1848 
July     8,  1848 
July  15,-  1839 
July  31,  1835 

17  days  from  New  York       in  73  o'o 
10                    New  York           74  30 

14  New  York            72  23 
12                    Portland              73  01 

15  Portland              70  20 
8                    Boston                  75  02 

12                    Boston                  74  08 
26                    Portland               68  06 

7  New  York            71  15 

8  New  York           71  30 
20                    Portland              69  12 

18  Portland              67  28 

To  Matanzas 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Cardenas 

Havana . 

13 
15 
19 
15 
29 
18 
10 
17 
9 
12 
16 
15 

30 

Ship  Sarah  and  Eliza 

Ship  Sultana. ............ 

25 
33 

Barque  Octavia 

27 

Brig  Susan  Jane.......... 

44 

Brig  Tjiiry  Ann           ....... 

Vera  Cruz 

Havana . 

26 

Barque  Oxford . 

22 

Brig  Washington 

Havana . 

43 

Ship  Cvffnet ... ... 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

16 

Ship  Silas  Holmes  ... 

Brig  "Dante" 

20 
35 

Brig  Washington ...... 

Matanzas  . 

33 

Average  crosbino  from  30°  N.  latitude  from  : — Boston  and  Maine, 
(mean  of  8  passages,)  16  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude  ;  Mean  of  4  best : — 
11.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude — 

New  York,  (mean  of  10,)  11.2  days,  between  71°  and  72°  W.  longitude ; — 


Mean  of  5  best : — 8  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude. 

Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas  (mean  of  2,)  14  days,  70°  W.  lon- 
gitude— 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  6)  14.7  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


AUGUST.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


Whither  bound. 


Brig  Washington 

Barque  Montauk 

Barque  Genesee  .... 

Ship  Ashland 

Ship  Rajah  ........ 

Brig  Lowell 

Barque  Erie 

Barque  Tedesco. 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Hogan 

Brig  Albion 

Brig  Sublime 

Barque  Mary  Lowell 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Barque  A.  B.  Sturges 
Barque  American — 
Barque  American 


Aug.  21, 1824 
Aug.  '6,1853 
Aug.  13,1845 
Aug.  30,1849 
Aug.  13,1856 
Aug.  22,1847 
Aug.  5, 1850 
Aug.  3, 1847 
Aug.  8, 1828 
Aug.  20,1840 
Aug.  12,1835 
Aug.  10,1838 
Aug.  11,1848 
Aug.  22, 1836 
Aug.  10,1837 


Aug.  23,1851 
Aug.  17,1845 
Aug.     2, 1848 


11  days  from  Portland 


10 

9 

6 

14 

8 

13 

24 

28 

12 

15 

11 

13 

12 

13 


New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 

Portland 


in  74 
72 
74 
74 
72 
72 
76 
75 
76 
74 
72 
69 
69 
71 
70 


35  W. 

07 

28 

27 

31 

00 

15 

55 

41 

59 

12 

32 

04 

27 

50 


VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 


8  days  from  New  York       in  71  40 
14  Calais,  Me.  67  28 

18  Portland  69  10 


To  Havana 

Galveston 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Galveston 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas ... 

Havana 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas .  . 

Havana  .. .... 

Matanzas . 

Matanzas . 

Matanzas ..  . 

To  St.  Jago  de  Cuba 

Jamaica 

Trinidad  .... 


22 
20 
17 
17 
26 
13 
16 

6 
31 
22 

6 
34 
16 
19 
17 


33 
30 
26 
23 
40 
21 
29 
29 
69 
84 
21 
46 
29 
31 
30 


16 

23 

17 

31 

14 

32 

FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS. 


n 


Boutes  to  ports  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 
AUGUST.— VIA.  WINDWARD  PASSAGE— Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  hound. 

1 

O 

6 

1 

Brig  Mary  Ann. __..._..-. 

Aug.  18, 1847 
Aug.     5, 1847 
Aug.  16,1848 

4  days  from  New  York       in  69  40  W. 
11                    New  York            69  46 
11                    New  York            75  18 

To  Balize,  Hs 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 
Belize     .._.. 

22 

8 

22 

26 

Schooner  Catharine . 

Barque  J.  A.  Gardiner 

19 
33 

Average  crossing  of  30°  N.  from: — Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  9 
passages,)  15.4  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. — Mean  of  4best: — 11. 5, near 
73°  W.  longitude.— 

New  Yorlc,  (mean  of  6,)  10  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  3 
best : — 9  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.to  :— Matanzas,  (mean  of  5,)  12.6  days,  near72° 
V(.  longitude.    Mean  pf  3  best :— 9  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.— 

New  Orleans  (mean  of  5,)  19.6  days,  near  75°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of 
the  3  best  passages  :— 16.6  days, near  75°  W.  longitude. 


SEPTEMBER.— VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Barque  American.., 

Brig  Helen  Jane 

BrigG.  W.  Russell.. 
Schooner  Catherine . 
Schooner  Catherine . 

Brig  Blakely 

Ship  Lebanon 

Ship  Clinton  . 

Ship  Mary  Francis.. 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Washington 

Ship  Chasca 

Brig  Jane. . . 

Ship  Garrick 

Ship  Milan 

Brig  Washington... 

Brig  Angeline 

Barque  Mary  Adelia 

Brig  Hogan 

Ship  Vicksburg 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30O  N. 


Sept.  26, 1843 
Sept.  15, 1854 
Sept.  25, 1850 
Sept.  28, 1847 
Sept.  20, 1848 


Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 


1835 

1849 
1846 
1846 
1837 
1844 
1852 
1841 
1855 
1849 
1830 
1850 
1850 
1841 
1845 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


8  days  from  Portland 

9  Boston 

7  Baltimore 

5  New  York 

6  New  York 


in  68  59  W. 
62  21 

71  40 

72  01 
70  37 


Whither  bound. 


VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


9  days  from  Portland 


5 

4 

6 

12 

10 

10 

7 

6 

5 

17 

5 

8 

7 

4 


New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Portland 

Portland 

Boston 

Portland 

New  York 

Philadelphia 

Portland 

New  York 

Boston 

Portland 

New  York 


in  71 
71 
75 
73 
73 
72 
74 
72 
72 
73 
72 
74 
72 
74 
75 


15  W. 
12 

20 
48 
34 
58 
09 
10 
26 
19 
28 
48 
35 
10 
05 


To  Trinidad 

Truxillo,  Hs 

Kingston,  Ja 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba. 
St.  Jago  de  Cuba. 


To  Havana 

New  Orleans 

Brazos  St.  Jago 

Mobile 

Havana 

Matanzas  . 

New  Orleans... 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 

Havana  . 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

New  Orleans 


22 
22 
7 
15 
13 


10 
15 

9 
12 
10 
11 

7 
15 
14 
17 
18 
12 
16 
12 
12 


30 
31 
14 
20 
19 


19 
25 
13 
18 
22 
21 
17 
22 
20 
22 
35 
17 
24 
19 
16 


Average  crossing  of  30°N.  from  .—Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  8 
passages,)  10  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  4  best:— 7.7  days, 
near  7i°  W.  longitude. 

New  York  ,(niean  of  6,)  5  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  3 
best  4.3  days,  75°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  (mean  of  2,)  13  days,  73*  W 
longitude. 

Mobile,  (mean  of  2,)  12  days,  between  74°  and  75°  W.  longitude. 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  5,)  14.8  days,  near  73'  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  3  best :— 13,6  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


12 


WIND   AND   CUEEENT   CHAETS. 


Routes  to  ports  in  tJw  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

OCTOBER.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Brig  Washington  .--.. 

Brig  Albion 

Brig  Henrietta 

Barque  Octavia .. 

Ship  Reporter 

Barque  Mopang 

Barque  Nimrod 

Brig  Argo  _ 

Barque  Fenelon 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Ship  Mary  Ann 

Ship  Gallia 

Brig  Dante 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Brig  Flora 

Ship  Walpole 

Brig  Margaret  and  Sarah 

Ship  Walpole 

Ship  Thos.  Wright 

Ship  Walpole 

Barque  Montauk 

Ship  Herculean 

Ship  Tarquin  . 

Brig  Washington 

Ship  Winfield  Scott , 

Ship  Neptune 

Ship  Champlain 

Ship  Malabar 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N, 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


,1840 
,1834 
,  1836 
,1847 
,1853 
,1851 
,1850 
,1820 
,1850 
,1850 
,1848 
,1851 
,1835 
,1848 
,1840 
,1842 
,1816 
,1843 
,1847 
,1845 
,1856 
,1854 
,1845 
,1842 
,1854 
,1841 
,1841 
,1843 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


Brig  "Catharine"  .... 

Barque  Macedonia 

Ship  John  H.  Stephens 


Oct.  8, 1849 
Oct.  20,1847 
Oct.  28,1847 


Ship  Rajah I  Oct.      9,1848 


from  Portland  in  72  40  W. 

9  Portland  72  49 

7  Portland  72  19 

16  Portland  68  54 

6  Boston  70  16 

6  New  York  74  49 

7  New  York  74  07 
10  .  Portland  74  00 

6  New  York  74  17 

7  New  York  74  02 
6  New  York  72  38 

4  New  York  74  40 
12  Portland  73  14 

5  New  York  74  57 
16  Portland  72  25 

6  Boston  73  14 

7  Boston  71  25 
7  Boston  73  39 
7  New  York  73  29 
6  Boston  72  58 
4  New  York  74  52 
6  New  York  74  40 
6  New  York  73  27 

14  Portland  72  14 

6  New  York  74  54 

6  Portsm'th,N.H.  71  00 

4  Philadelphia  75  10 

9  Waldoboro'  74  28 

VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 

6  days  from  New  York  in  70  58 

9  Portland  70  08 

9  Lubeck,  Me.  67  20 

VIA  GULF  STREAM. 

4  days  from  New  York  in  75  36 


Whither  bound. 


To  Matanzas 

Havana 

Havana 

Havana 

New  Orleans 

Cardenas 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

Apalachicola. 
New  Orleans, 
New  Orleans, 

Mobile 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans 
Cedar  Key. . 
New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 
Galveston  _. 

Mobile 

Mobile 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 
New  Orleans 


10 
6 

11 

9 

6 

10 

5 

9 

7 

12 

12 

17 

12 

36 

13 

28 

10 

9 

7 

22 

7 

9 

9 

8 

15 

9 


To  St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 

9 

15 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 

16 

25 

Montegobay 

18 

27 

To  New  Orleans 

19 

23 

16 
19 
13 
27 
15 
12 
17 
15 
15 
14 
18 
16 
29 
17 
42 
19 
35 
17 
16 
13 
26 
13 
15 
23 
14 
21 
13 
17 


Average  crossinos  of  30'  N.  from: — Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of  14 
passages,)  9.3  days,  near  72°  W,  longitude.  Mean  of  7  best :— 6.4  days, 
near  72°  W.  longitude. — 

New  York,  (mean  of  12,)  5.8  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  6 
best :— 5.2  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  : — Matanzas,  (mean  of  3,)  11.3  days,  near  73° 
W.  longitude.    Mean  of  2  best : — 8.5  days,  near  73  W.  longitude. — 

Mobile,  (mean  of  4,)  9  days,  near  75°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  2  best : — 
7.5,  and  75°  W.  longitude. — 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  13,)  10  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of 
6  best:— 8  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude. 


FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS. 


Boutes  to  ports  in  the  Gulf  of  Ilexico — Continued. 

NOVEMBER.— VLi  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Brig  Washington 

Ship  Vicksburg . 

Ship  Toronto 

Ship  Albania . 

Barque  Attica 

Barque  Warwick. 

Brig  Portland _' 

Brig  Argo 

Brig  Samuel .  . 

Barque  John  Broiiwer 

Ship  Burmah . 

Ship  Burmah . 

Ship  Burmah 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Henrietta . 

Brig  Washington 

Schooner  Emeline 

Ship  Memphis 

Barque  Montauk 

Ship  Diadem 

Barque  Commerce 

Brig  Washin  gton 

Brig  Henrietta 

Ship  Warsaw . 

Ship  Vicksburg 

Brig  Samuel 

Ship  Alleghany' 

Ship  Plymouth 

Brig  Lowell , 

Ship  Sarah 

Ship  Zephyr .  _ . 

Ship  Ashland , 

Ship  Tarquin , 

Ship  Nebraska , 

Ship  Reporter , 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


1827 
1847 
1848 
1848 
1846 
1846 
1848 
1819 
1844 
1848 
1833 
1834 
1836 
1833 
1835 
1841 
1833 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1851 
1826 
1839 
1845 
1846 
1840 
1843 
1834 
1847 
1845 
1855 
1850 
1842 
1848 
1854 


Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


9  days 
4 
4 
6 
12 
9 


10 
7 
6 
6 
6 

13 
7 
7 

10 
6 
7 
5 
8 
9 
7 
6 
5 

12 
4 

12 
5 
8 

10 
6 
8 
4 
6 


from  Portland 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Boston 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Boston 
Boston 
Boston 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
New  York 
New  York 
Portland 
Philadelphia 
Bath,  Me. 
New  York 
Portland 
Boston 
New  York 
Boston 
New  York 
Boston 


in  7 1  47  W. 
74  45 

74  35 

75  36 
63  08 

75  18 
73  00 

69  34 
71  12 
71  07 

71  80 

72  45 

73  53 
65  47 

74  47 

71  35 

70  54 

76  05 

75  20 

72  20 

70  05 
69  16 

73  23 

71  49 

72  36 

69  33 

74  00 
71  00 
74  00 
71  30 

71  02 

76  08 

70  28 

72  30 
74  00 


Whither  bound. 


To  Havana 

New  Orleans. 
NewOrle  ^s. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 

Cardenas 

Havana 

Havana 

Apalachicola. 
New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans - 
New  Orleans- 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans. 

St.  Mark's 

Mobile 

New  Orleans. 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 

Havana 

New  Orleans. 
New  Orleans. 
Galvestoji.  .. 

Mobile 

New  Orleans. 

Mobile 

Mobile 

Apalachicola  _ 
New  Orleans. 


22 

8 

9 
14 
22 
12 

9 
10 

9 
20 
11 
10 

9 
10 

9 
11 
19 

7 
16 

9 
16 
13 
10 
18 
10 
14 

9 
16 
11 
17 
18 
15 
10 
15 
12 


31 
12 
13 
20 
34 
21 
17 
18 
19 
27 
17 
16 
15 
23 
16 
18 
29 
13 
23 
14 
24 
21 
17 
24 
15 
26 
13 
28 
16 
25 
21 
21 
18 
19 
18 


Average  crossing  from  30°  N.,  from  :— Boston  and  Maine,  (nifeans 
of  23  passages,)  8.6  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  11  best :— 6.9 
days,  near  72°  W.  longitude 

New  York,  (mean  of  11,)  5.3  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  5 
best :— 4.4  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to:— Matanzas,  (mean  of  6,)  12  days,  near  71° 
W.  longitude.    Mean  of  3  best  :~6.9  days,  npar  71°  W.  longitude 

Mobile,  (mean  of  4,)  12.7  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  2 
best: — 9.5  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. — 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  15,)  11.9  days,  near  73°  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  7  best : — 9  days,  near  74°  W.  longitude. 


14 


WIND  AND   CUKRENT  CHARTS. 


Boutes  to  ports  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

DECEMBER.— VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Name  of  vesseL 


Barque  Attica 

Brig  Charlatta 

Barque  American — 
Barque  Macedonia  .  . 

Ship  Sarah 

Ship  John  Knox 

Barque  F.  A.  Perley 
Barque  Macedonia.- 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Henrietta 

Brig  Turner 

Barque  Mary  Lowell 

Brig  Samuel 

Ship  Mary  Francis. - 

Brig  Emeline 

Brig  Emeline -- 

Brig  Washington — 

Brig  Washington 

Ship  Athens 

Barque  Fenelon 

Ship  Aberdeen 

Ship  Senator 

Ship  Cornelia 

Ship  Richard  Alsop  . 

Ship  Walpole 

Brig  Samuel 

Brig  Samuel 

Brig  Washington  — 
Ship  John  Marshall . 
Ship  John  Marshall. 

Ship  Sabina 

Ship  Uncas 

Brig  Samuel 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Brig  Washington 

Ship  Morgiana 

Ship  Mas.  Livingston 
Brig  Washington — 
Schooner  Emeline  . . 


Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 


Dec.  9 
Dec.  31 
Dec.  28 
Dec.  13 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  29 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec, 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


1845 
1840 
1842 
1845 
1844 
1854 

1848 
1846 
1840 
1842 
1832 
1846 
1839 
1846 
1834 
1835 
1843 
1824 
1848 
1850 
1850 
1856 
1848 
1849 
1841 
1841 
1842 
1829 
1837 
1838 
1837 
1845 
1843 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1852 
1833 
1848 
1829 
1832 


longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 


6 
11 

9 
11 

9 

9 

9 

9 
II 

6 
10 

5 

8 
12 
13 

8 

6 

9 

7 

4 

6 

6 

6 
II 
12 

7 

6 

7 

3 

7 
12 

8 

14 
14 

9 

4 

7 

8 

10 
19 


from  Boston 
Boston 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Bucksport, 

Maine. 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
New  York 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Boston 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Boston 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Baltimore 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
Portland 
New  York 
Portland 
New  York 
Portland 
Portland 


in  73  43  W. 
69  40 

67  30 

69  30 

68  29 

70  46 

69  39 
66  08 

72  23 

71  40 

69  46 

70  24 

70  39 
75  10 

72  38 
65  38 

74  20 

73  45 

69  03 

73  25 

75  21 

74  07 

71  55 

73  52 

74  33 

70  57 

71  13 

71  50 

75  40 

70  56 
74  24 

72  03 

71  05 

72  54 

63  01 
69  17 

64  29 
68  20 

71  46 

72  38 

68  19 

69  44 


Whither  bound. 


To  New  Orleans. 
^Matanzas  .  . . 

Trinidad 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

Havana 


Havana 

Mobile 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas  . 

Havana .... 

Mobile  ......  ... 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Mobile.. 

New  Orleans  .  . 

New  Orleans 

Havana 

Matanzas 

New  Orleans 

Mobile - 

Mobile 

Mobile 

New  Orleans 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Mobile 

Havana  

Apalachicola ■ 

Matanzas .' 

Matanzas 


17 
7 
12 
14 
14 
6 

9 
13 

9 

9 
13 

8 
17 
10 
16 
13 
10 
13 
10 
14 
15 
18 
II 
10 
13 

7 
10 
17 
II 
19 
14 
14 
10 
25 
18 

9 
14 

9 
II 
11 
17 

7 


FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS. 


15 


Boutes  to  ports  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — Continued. 

DECEMBER.— VIA  WINDWARD  PASSAGE. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing 30°  N. 

Longitude  of  crossing  30°  N. 

Whither  bound. 

OS 

O 
O 

6 

1 

P< 
1 

Baroue  American __-..---. 

Dec.    11,1848 
Dec.   28,1847 
Dec.     8, 1847 
Dec.   20,1828 
Dec.  25,1832 
Dec.     4, 1855 
Dec.   19,1848 

O       / 

8  days  from  Portland          in  70  05  W. 

10  Boston  68  40 
6                    New  York            72  00 

12  Portland  65  14 
8  Boston  65  00 
6  New  York  68  23 
8                    Portland               65  15 

To  Trinidad 

Trinidad 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 
St.  Jago  de  Cuba  . 

New  Orleans 

Nicolo  Mole 

Trinidad.. 

12 
11 

6 
12 
19 

6 
12 

20 

Barque  J.  W.  Blodget 

Schooner  Catharine. 

Brig  Washington 

Ship  Saphire --•-__.. 

21 
12 
24 
27 

U.  S.  Frigate  Potomac 

Barque  American- 

12 
20 

Average  crossing  of  30"  N.  from:— Boston  and  Maine,  (mean  of 30 
passages,)  9.7 days,  between  71°  and  72°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  15  best : — 
7.5  days,  between  70°  and  71°  W.  longitude. — 

New  Yorlf,  (mean  of  12,)  6  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude.  Mean  of  6 
best,  4.8  days,  near  73'  W.  longitude. 


Average  from  30°  N.  to  :— Matanzas,  (mean  of  18,)  12.3  days,  near 
70°  W.  longitude.    Mean  of  9  best:— 8.9  days,  near  71°  W.  longitude. — 

Mobile,  (mean  of  10,)  12.5  days,  between  71°  and  72°  W.  longitude. 
Mean  of  5  best: — 10.2  days,  near  72°  W.  longitude. — 

New  Orleans,  (mean  of  27,)  14.7  days,  near  73*  W.  longitude.  Mean 
of  4  best:— 12.7  days,  between  73°  and  74°  W.  longitude. 


16 


WIND  AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Monthly  averages  of  passages  from  Atlantic  to  Gulf  ports. 

VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Months. 


January 


February . , 
March  .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December  . 


Number  of- 


Vessels  to  30°  N.  li 


-do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 


19 

20 

11 

12 

5 

6 

5 


..  17 
..  20 
.-  17 


Number  ofi— 


Days  to  30°  N.      6.  0 


-do.... 
.do.... 
.do-... 
.do.-.. 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
-do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 


6.2 
6.0 
7.2 
6.7 
9.4 
1L6 
10.8 
6.7 
6.1 
6.5 
6.1 


Number  of  days- 


From  30°  N.  to  New  Orleans  and 

Mobile 15.1 

do do 12.4 

.....do do 12.  0 

do do o  15.  1 

do ..do 14.4 

do do 15.2 

do do 14.7 

do do 19.  6 

do do 13.2 

do do 10.9 

do do 12.  6 

do do 1^.4 


Days. 


Total  passage  .. 

21.1 

do 

18.6 

do 

18.0 

do 

22.3 

do 

21.1 

do .„. 

24.6 

do 

26.3 

do 

30.4 

do 

19.9 

do 

17.0 

do 

19.1 

do 

19.5 

Monthly  averages  of  passages  from  Atlantic  to  Cuban  ports. 

VIA  HOLE  IN  THE  WALL. 


Months. 


Number  of — 


Number  of — 


Number  of  days — 


Days. 


January 


February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August  ■  . 
September. 
October  _ 
November  . 
December 


Vessels  to  30°  N.  23 


.do..., 
.do.... 
.do..., 
-do--., 
.do-.., 
.do..-, 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.-.. 
.do-... 


12 
25 
27 
19 
15 


11 


Days  to  30°  N.     9. 5 


.do 23 


.do.... 
.do..-, 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 

-do 

-do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do 


..  9.5 
..  9.0 
..  10.4 
.-  12.6 
..  10.5 
..  17.3 
._  15.9 
..  10.5 
.-  9.0 
.-  8.3 
..  10.6 


From  30O  N.   to  North  Cuban 

ports 12,9 

do do 12.5 

do do 9.4 

do..._ do 9.  6 

do do 13.  0 

do do 9.2 

do do 15.  6 

do do 18.  7 

do do 12.  7 

do do 10.  2 

do do 12.3 

do do 11.8 


Total  passage... 

22 

4 

do 

22 

0 

do 

18.4 

do 

20 

0 

do 

25 

6 

do 

19 

7 

do 

32. 

9 

do 

34. 

6 

do 

23. 

2 

do 

19. 

2 

do 

20. 

6 

do 

22. 

3 

i 


FROM  EUEOPE   TO   THE   GULF   POETS.  17 


The  passage  to  30°  N.  is  most  tedious  in  June,  July,  and  August ;  and  from  30°  N.  the 
passage  both  to  the  Cuban  and  Gulf  ports  is  most  tedious  during  the  same  months.  The 
passage  during  this  season  ought  not  to  be  so  long  :  with  proper  use  by  navigators  of  the 
lights  before  them,  and  an  attentive  study  of  the  Pilot  and  Trade-Wind  Charts,  time  can  be 
saved,  and  the  voyages  considerably  shortened  in  summer. 

tFROM  EUROPE  TO  THE  GULF  PORTS,  AND  FROM  ASPINWALL. 
Vessels  bound  from  Europe  to  any  of  the  Gulf,  or  Central  American,  Caribbean,  or  West 
India  ports  should  proceed  as  though  they  were  bound  to  ports  beyond  the  equator,  until  they 
cross  the  calms  of  Cancer.  The  Trade-Wind  Chart,  together  with  the  winds,  the  barometer, 
and  the  weather  at  the  time,  will  enable  the  navigator  to  judge  when  he  has  crossed  this  belt, 
and  when  he  may  "stick  her  away  west :" — rwhen  and  how  to  cross  the  calms  of  Cancer,  &c. 

How  to  proceed  thus  far  on  the  route,  full  instructions  are  given  in  the  chapter  on  the  route 
from  Europe  to  ports  beyond  the  equator. 

The  intelligent  navigator,  however,  will  take  care  not  to  follow  those  directions  blindly. 
Suppose,  for  instance,  after  getting  his  oflfing,  the  winds  should  be  fresh  and  fair  for  making 
westing,  he  should  avail  himself  of  all  such  favorable  opportunities  to  make  the  best  of  his  way 
westward.  In  crossing  the  place  where  the  calm  belt  ought  be,  even  with  a  ' '  smashing  breeze, ' ' 
care  should  be  taken  to  run  slantingly  across,  and  having  crossed  it,  the  only  further  caution 
necessary  is  for  the  navigator  to  place  himself  fairly  within  the  northeast  trades  and  then  ' '  run 
them  down"  into  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

From  Aspinwall,  and  all  the  Caribbean  ports  to  the  west,  vessels  bound  to  Europe  or  the 
ports  of  North  America,  instead  of  taking  a  dead  beat  to  the  eastward  of  Carthagena,  are 
recommended,  having  a  due  regard  to  the  shoals  off  the  Central  American  coast,  to  do  precisely 
as  they  are  advised  to  do  with  regard  to  Cape  St.  Roque,  when  they  cross  the  line  well  to  the 
west,  viz:  stand  boldly  on,  take  advantage  of  slants,  and  do  not  beat  until  the  shoals,  or  the 
land,  compels  you  to  stand  off. 

There  is  little  difference  as  to  currents,  no  odds  where  you  beat ;  perhaps  the  currents 
along  the  Central  American  coast  are  a  little  more  favorable  than  those  on  the  Carthagena 
coast.  But  there  is  this  gain  by  the  northern  route  at  least,  viz  :  you  need  not  beat  any 
further  than  it  may  be  necessary  to  weather  the  diflSculties  in  sight. 

Having  gained  an  offing,  the  route  is  then  via  the  Yucatan  pass  and  so  out  upon  the 
Atlantic  with  the  Gulf  Stream. 

There  is  a  constant  set  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  into  the  Mexican  Gulf  to  feed  the  Gulf 
Stream.  Vessels  passing  up  to  the  northward  may  take  advantage  of  it.  It  is  bifurcated 
just  after  entering  the  Gulf. 

The  bottle  paper  of  the  Hermes  followed  this  Yucatan  current  to  the  "fork"  and  then 
took  the  western  branch: — "Her  Majesty's  ship  'Hermes,'  15th  of  April,  1856,  latitude  17° 
59'  N. ;  longitude  78°  50'  west. 

"J.  E.  SOLFLEET,  Master.  "HENRY  CONGTON,  Commander.'' 

This  paper  was  found  on  the  23d  of  August,  1857,  on  the  south  point  of  Padre  Island, 
latitude  26°  05'  N.,  longitude  97°  10'  W.,  and  forwarded  to  this  office  from  Point  Isabel  by 
Mr.  John  R.  Butler.     The  following  is  an  extract  from  his  letter  accompanying  it : 

The  drift  shown  by  the  course  of  this  bottle  confirms  my  own  observation  since  I  have 
been  here,  viz  :  that  the  current  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  divides  between  Cape  Antonio,  west 
VOL.  II 3 


18  THE   WIND   AND    CUREENT   CHARTS. 

end  of  Cuba,  and  Cape  Catoche,  east  end  Yucatan ;  the  eastern  part  of  it  rounding  Cape 
Antonio,  and  passing  out  by  the  Gulf  Stream ;  while  the  western  part  of  it,  after  following  the 
northeastern  coast  of  Yucatan,  turns  westward  round  Cape  Catoche,  and  keeps  a  westerly 
course  until  it  reaches  this  coast  between  San  Fernandino,  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  and  Corpus 
Christi  on  our  coast,  where  it  meets  the  southwesterly  current  from  the  coast  of  Florida  and 
Louisiana.  And  it  is  strange  to  remark  the  mixture  of  floating  objects  thrown  on  the  beach 
of  this  coast  by  this  meeting  of  the  currents.  Flat-boats,  oars,  saw-logs,  clap-boards,  old 
skiffs,  &c.,  from  the  Mississippi,  mixed  up  with  branches  of  mangrove,  mahogany,  bay-cedar, 
young  cocoa-nuts  blown  from  the  trees,  canoe  paddles  of  mahogany,  &c.,  from  the  Caribbean 
Sea  and  coast  of  Honduras. 

' '  You  will  perceive  that  this  paper  was  thrown  overboard  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  southwest 
of  Jamaica,  sixteen  months  ago,  and  has,  no  doubt,  travelled  along  the  whole  coast  of  Hon- 
duras and  Yucatan." 

This  current  is  well  and  happily  described  Mr.  Butler.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Yucatan 
Pass  there  may  often  be  found  an  eddy  from  the  Gulf,  setting  back  into  the  Carribean  Sea, 
and  vessels  bound  south  may  use  it. 

The  bottle  paper  of  the  "Admiral"  took  the  same  fork  ;  so  also  did  one  from  the  United 
States  brig  Dolphin  thrown  over  in  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  by  Capt.  Lee,  in  1852.  It  was 
also  picked  up  in  Texas. 

"Ship  Admiral,  for  London,  Samuel  Picken,  commander.  On  the  equator  longitude  30° 
45' W.;  sixty-five  days  out  from  Melbourne;  all  well,  I7th  February,  1856." 

Came  ashore  at  Aransas  Pass,  Texas,  24th  October,  1856 ;  and  forwarded  by  D.  M.  Has- 
tins,  postmaster.  This  bottle,  like  that  of  the  May  Queen,  (see  routes  to  Rio,  for  February,) 
appear  to  settle  very  nearly  the  rate  of  the  great  equatorial  drift  which  feeds  the  Gulf 
Stream.  They  were  both  thrown  overboard  on  the  equator  in  February.  This  was  in  the  water 
250  days,  that  58.  This  drifted  about  4,300  miles,  that  1,400.  This  averaged  about  |  of  a 
knot,  that  a  knot  an  hour.  It  is  probable  that  the  Texas-bound  bottle  after  passing  Yucatan  and 
turning  off  to  the  west  from  the  main  feeder  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  lessened  its  speed  very  much. 

From  the  Bight  of  Benin,  via  the  Caribbean  Sea,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  equatorial 
drift  may  be  reckoned  with  considerable  accuracy  on  the  average  at  about  20  miles  a  day. 
As  far  as  Jamaica  its  general  direction  is  about  "W.NW.  Shipmasters  trading  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  or  any  port  west  of  the  Amazon,  will  do  well  to  bear  this  in  mind. 

Barh  ^ ^ Arethusa^' '   {Charles  A.  Homans^)  from  "  Gloucester,^ ^  Mass. 

^'■Paramaribo,  January  9,  1867. — I  thought  by  seeing  the  water  colored  so  far  at  sea  to 
have  found  the  coast  current  unusually  strong,  I  found  it  so  in  some  measure,  but  yet  not  so 
much  so  as  I  would  have  expected.  About  75'  N.  by  W.  of  the  Marowyne  Eiver  I  passed 
a  large  tree,  which  had  not  been  long  in  the  water,  the  coast  current  was  here  full  two  miles 
per  hour  setting  NW.  by  N.  In  6°  30'  I  felt  no  more  current,  but  made  my  course  south, 
steered  at  the  time  as  straight  as  possible. 

•'The  water  was  much  clearer  on  the  coast  than  I  ever  saw  it  before,  and  looked  more  like 
rain  or  river  water  than  is  usual  with  this  muddy,  dirty  water,  all  along  this  coast.  In 
certain  months  (I  believe  from  August  to  December)  there  is  very  little  coast  current,  though 
this  year  may  well  prove  an  exception,  as  there  has  not  been  more  than  a  dozen  days  without 
rain,  for  we  have  had  no  dry  season  for  a  twelve  month." 


BOTl'LE   PAPER.  19 

Capt.  Wm.  C.  Berry  says  :  "Having  had  long  experience  in  the  trade  between  New  York 
and  New  Orleans,  I  herewith  furnish  you  with  a  few  remarks  on  wind  and  currents.  For  the 
last  six  years  I  have  commanded  the  ship  Vicksburgh,  constantly  trading  between  these  two 
ports.  In  making  the  passage  out,  after  passing  the  Hole-in-the-Wall,  I  have  frequently 
found  a  current  from  one  to  three  miles  per  hour,  setting  to  the  eastward  through  the  northwest 
channel  of  Providence,  particularly  after  the  wind  has  prevailed  from  the  westward  a  few  days. 
This,  no  doubt,  has  been  the  cause  of  putting  a  number  of  vessels  on  shore  among  the  Berry 
Islands.  I  have  latterly  made  it  a  point  to  take  the  last  bearings  of  the  light  on  the  Hole-in- 
the-Wall,  and  either  haul  up  or  keep  off  as  I  found  the  current ;  generally  running  on  a  west 
course  until  quite  down  with  Little  Stirrup  Keys,  then  steering  W.  by  N.  ^  N.,  by  compass, 
if  in  the  night,  until  I  was  up  with  the  Great  Isaacs.  The  last  three  voyages,  having  reached 
the  vicinity  of  the  Little  Isaacs  in  the  day-time,  I  have  hauled  in  on  the  bank  between  the 
western  Little  Isaacs  and  the  east  Brother  Rock,  and  steered  SW.  by  W. ,  by  compass,  which 
has  brought  me  out  in  good  passing  distance  from  the  Moselle  Shoal.  During  one  of  my 
summer  passages  out,  after  passing  the  above  shoal,  I  was  compelled  to  anchor,  and  remained 
there  for  six  days.  The  wind  during  all  this  time  was  light  from  the  southward,  and  I  could 
not  help  remarking  the  regularity  of  the  current  setting  along  the  Bemini  Islands  ebb  and 
flow,  about  two  miles  per  hour.  This  continues  as  far  as  Gun  Key,  when  it  is  broken  off  by 
the  Gulf  which  sets  close  in  to  the  Key.  From  this  point  up  to  Orange  Key,  when  close  in, 
little  or  no  current  is  experienced,  except  the  ebb  and  flow,  which  is  directly  off  the  bank. 
In  crossing  the  Santaren  Channel,  the  current  is  governed  greatly  by  the  winds ;  with  strong 
southerly  winds  the  current  sets  about  N.NW.,  two  miles  per  hour;  on  the  other  hand,  with 
strong  northerly  winds,  little  or  no  current  is  felt.  After  leaving  the  Double-headed-Shot  Key  ,1 
have  generally  hauled  over  for  the  Florida  Reef,  and  in  the  daytime  kept  close  in,  when  I  have 
frequently  found  an  eddy  current  setting  to  the  westward  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  miles  per 
hour.  After  passing  the  Tortugas,  I  have  invariably  felt  a  southerly  current  until  I  had 
reached  the  longitude  of  84°  30'  W.,  and  even  further  than  thi^  at  times,  as  will  be  seen  by 
referring  to  my  journals,  particularly  in  November,  1848.  Returning  from  New  Orleans,  I  have 
always  made  it  a  point  to  keep  to  the  wetsward  until  I  had  reached  the  longitude  85°,  latitude 
28°  before  keeping  off.  My  object  in  doing  this  is,  that  the  wind  here  generally  prevails  from 
the  northward  and  eastward,  and  that  the  current  generally  sets  to  the  southward  and  east- 
ward, which  generally  facilitates  the  passage.  After  rounding  the  Tortugas.  with  the  wind 
from  the  eastward,  I  have  generally  beat  down  on  the  Florida  side,  knowing  that  the  strongest 
current  prevails  on  that  shore,  unless  too  close  in.  From  Carysfort  Reef  to  Mantanilla,  I  have 
always  endeavored  to  keep  in  the  centre  of  the  stream.  During  all  my  voyages,  I  have  made 
it  a  rule  to  steer  from  Mantanilla  to  latitude  22°  N.  by  W.,  and  then  north  to  latitude  31° 
before  hauling  up  NE.  by  N. ;  by  so  doing  I  have,  with  a  few  exceptions,  kept  the  strongest 
current.  On  some  other  occasions,  I  have  hauled  up  on  a  NE.  by  N.  course,  when  in  latitude 
30°,  longitude  79°  40',  an  have  soon  found  myself  on  the  eastern  edge  of  the  gulf.  After 
rounding  Cape  Hatteras,  it  is  advisable  to  keep  to  the  westward,  especially  in  the  winter 
season,  on  account  of  the  prevailing  westerly  winds." 

Lieut.  Vaneechout,  of  the  French  navy,  mentions  a  singular  use  of  the  hygrometer,  as 
per  following  extract  of  a  letter  dated  iParis,  December  8,  1857  : 

"During  our  sojourn,  in  the  roads  of  Chiriqui  (New  Grenada)  in  December,  1853,  and 
January,  1854,  we  had,"  says  he,  "at  different  times  violent  gales  from  north  and  northeast 
which  deserve  especial  mention,  for  the  reason  that  no  variation  of  the  barometric  column 


20  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

indicated  their  approacli.     I  may  add  that  on  this  side  we  have  constantly  found  these  variations 
scarcely  sensible. 

' '  These  storms  sometimes  last  two  or  three  days  and  announce  themselves  like  a  hail,  by 
gales  followed  by  intervals  of  calm,  but  their  most  remarkable  characteristic  is  the  influence 
which  they  exert  upon  the  hygrometer.  This  instrument,  which,  during  the  strongest  rains, 
has  never  reached  beyond  40°  or  50°,  and  which  during  the  dryest  and  hottest  days  never  fell 
below  29°  or  30,  descended  at  the  commencement  of  these  gales  to  10°,  then  to  5°  and  marked 
0°  when  they  attained  their  maximum.  Some  hours  before  the  storm  commenced  to  abate,  it 
had  already  arisen  again  several  degrees,  and  when  it  became  really  diminished  it  rose  to  20° 
then  to  30°   and  35°. 

' '  During  these  storms,  the  sky  very  clear  ;  it  showed,  in  the  direction  of  the  sea  only,  a  free 
horizon  and  some  light  white  cirri ;  on  the  mountains,  however,  from  base  tatop  were  great 
immovable  clouds,  white  and  cottony,  seeming  as  though  compressed  at  their  summits,  and 
leaving  nothing  visible  but  the  summit  of  the  volcano  of  Chiriqui.  It  is  by  the  appearance  of 
these  clouds,  upon  the  mountains  forming  the  back  ground  in  this  direction,  by  their  form,  and 
especially  by  the  isolation  of  the  summit  of  the  volcano,  that  the  people  of  the  country  foretell 
the  approach  of  these  north  winds. 

"We  had  only  the  now  obsolete  'horse-hair  hygrometer.' 

"The  barometer  was  silent  during  all  our  stay.  It  indicated,  as  usual  in  the  gale,  30.36 
inches.  The  thermometer  stood  at  86°  before  the  gale,  and  went  up  to  89°.  5  at  its  height ; 
some  hours  before  the  wind  began  to  abate,  the  temperature  began  to  fall,  and  went  back  to 
86°  when  the  gale  was  over." 

SAH^ING  DIRECTIONS  FOR  THE   COATZACOALCOS   RIVER. 

Capt.  Foster,  of  the  Alhama,  to  Lieut.  Maury. 

"Sailing  vessels  bound  for  the  Coatzacoalcos  ought  to  make  the  land  to  the  .eastward.  This 
precaution  is  necessary  on  account  of  the  prevailing  trade-winds,  which  cause  a  strong  westerly 
current ;  also  in  case  of  a  norther,  to  have  the  advantage  of  sea-room.  The  entrance  to  the 
river  may  be  known  by  the  virgia  or  tower  situated  upon  the  western  side ;  likewise  from  the 
sand  cliffs  extending  from  that  point  to  the  westward. 

"The  best  mark  for  crossing  the  bar  is  to  bring  the  tower*  to  bear  S.  |  W.,  by  compass. 
Having  passed  the  bar,  haul  up  to  the  east  of  south,  and  steer  in  midway  between  two  points 
that  form  the  entrance  to  the  river.  The  wind,  after  crossing  the  bar,  often  falls  to  calm ; 
for  this  reason  it  is  necessary  to  have  an  anchor  ready  to  let  go,  as  the  current  on  the  ebb, 
even  in  the  dry  seasons,  sets  out  strong. 

' '  The  extent  of  the  bar,  eaat  and  west,  is  about  220  fathoms,  and  the  width,  by  "actual 
measurement,  108  feet.  The  bottom,  composed  of  sand  and  clay,  is  hard,  on  which  account  it 
is  not  reliable  to  shift.  It  forms  in  hard  northerly  gales  a  narrow  barrier  of  breakers,  and 
cannot  be  crossed  without  imminent  risk.  The  depth  at  high  water,  on  full  and  change,  is  about 
13  feet,  and  falls  as  low  as  10^  feet.  The  general  depth,  however,  is  twelve  feet,  from  which 
it  suddenly  deepens  to  5  or  6  fathoms. 

' '  Except  in  heavy  weather,  there  prevails  a  regular  land  and  sea  breeze.  The  latter  sets 
in  between  the  hours  of  9  A.  M.  and  noon." 

April,  1851. 

*  This  tower,  of  great  solidity,  is  destined  to  last  for  ages. 


ROUTES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE.  21 

ROUTE  TABLES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE.* 

The  information  contained  under  this  heading  relates  to  the  best  routes,  under  canvas, 
between  New  York  and  Europe. 

Upwards  of  thirty  thousand  observations  on  the  winds  in  this  part  of  the  ocean  alone, 
have  been  collated,  compared,  and  discussed  for  these  routes. 

The  best  average  route,  each  way,  as  it  regards  the  winds,  independent  of  currents,  is 
only  indicated,  not  established,  by  the  "route  tables." 

The  routes  therein  indicted  are  the  results  of  this  mass  of  materials,  and  these  routes  are  to 
be  looked  upon  as  the  mean  or  average  track  of  all  the  vessels  engaged  in  making  the  voyages 
which  have  afforded  these  observations,  supposing  that  each  vessel,  under  all  circumstances 
and  on  every  occasion,  had  made  the  most  judicious  courses. 

My  information  is  yet  quite  meagre  in  many  portions  of  this  part  of  the  ocean,  and  the 
present  routes  should  be  regarded  not  as  fixed  and  final  determinations;  they  are  rather 
approximations. 

Though  they  be  approximations  to  those  routes  which  further  investigations,  based  on 
more  ample  materials,  may  establish  as  the  best,  their  importance  will  no  doubt  be  readily 
appreciated  when  it  is  considered  that  the  average  per  centum  of  calms,  head  and  fair  winds, 
is  itated  for  each  district  of  5°  square  of  ocean  through  which  the  vessel  is  recommended 
to  pass ;  and  that  they  are  so  stated  in  the  tables,  and  exhibited  on  the  Charts,  the  navigator, 
who  pursues  these  routes  and  consults  the  authorities  before  him,  will  be  freed  from  all  doubt 
and  perplexity  which  tack  to  take  when  the  wind  comes  out  dead  ahead. 

Upon  a  right  decision  in  such  cases  often  depends  the  success  of  the  voyage  as  to  time. 
I  have  now  before  me  the  log-books  of  two  vessels  which  afford  a  case  in  point ;  they 
were  bound  to  Europe — were  together,  and  had  accomplished  more  than  half  the  voyage ;  the 
wind  came  out  ahead ;  one  stood  off  to  the  northward  on  the  starboard  tack,  the  other  to  the 
southward  on  the  opposite  tack  5  one  was  right,  and  the  other  wrong ;  for,  in  consequence,  one 
got  into  port  ten  days  before  the  other. 

In  such  cases,  those  who  pursue  these  routes  with  the  Pilot  Charts  on  board,  would  be 
left  in  no  doubt  as  to  the  tack  having  the  greatest  number  of  chances  in  its  favor. 

Permit  me  to  call  attention  to  a  very  remarkable  part  of  the  ocean  through  which  these 
tracks  pass.  It  is  about  45°  N.  and  50°  W.  The  water  here  is  permanently  cold ;  so  cold 
that  the  water  thermometer  is  sometimes  found,  within  the  distance  of  a  few  miles,  to  fall  40° 
of  Fahrenheit;  and  I  notice  in  many  log-books  the  remark,   "water,  colored." 

The  spot  is  also  remarkable  for  its  fogs  and  its  disturbed  atmospherical  conditions.     If  a 

i   vessel  could  be  sent  to  examine  into  it,  important  service  might  be  rendered  to  navigation,  by 

t!   showing  how,  when  the  heavenly  bodies  are  obscured,  the  mariner  may  determine  the  position 

' !    of  his  ship  by  dipping  his  thermometer  into  the  water  ;  or  the  examination  might  lead  to  other 

.   results  not  less  important.     It  is  probably  the  centre  of  great  atmospherical  disturbances. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  ROUTE  TABLES. 

The  computed  routes  of  the  tables  have  been  "got  out"  according  to  the  method  de- 
scribed pp.  300-2,  vol.  1.  The  tables  of  crossings  are  the  actual  tracks  of  ships,  with  this 
remark  columns  1,  2,  and  3  of  the  Computed  Route  tables  explain  themselves. 

Columns  1,  2,  and  3  (see  Tables  of  Routes,  pp.  26  to  35 ;  also  those  of  the  route  to  Rio) 
explain  themselves. 

*Ijetter  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  January  1,  1850. 


22  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Column  4  gives  the  distance  by  middle  latitude  sailing,  to  be  run  on  the  course  in  column 
3,  when  the  winds  are  fair. 

Column  5  shows  the  per  centage  by  which  the  distance  in  column  4  is  to  be  practically 
increased  on  the  average,  by  adverse  winds.  The  numbers  in  this  column  are  obtained  upon 
this  principle  :  That,  if  a  ship  sail  with  the  wind  dead  ahead,  and  within  six  points  of  it,  she 
loses  62  miles  in  every  hundred — that  is,  she  has  to  sail  100  to  make  38  miles  good ;  when  she 
sails  within  4  points  of  her  course,  that  is,  when  she  has  a  slant  wind,  that  will  allow  her  to 
lay  within  4  points  of  her  course,  she  loses  29  miles  only  in  100 ;  and  when  she  sails  within 
two  points  of  her  course,  that  is,  when  she  has  a  slant  wind  4  points  from  the  course  she  wishes 
to  steer,  she  then  loses  only  7.6  miles  in  100. 

This  problem,  ^.  e.  the  calculating  from  the  Pilot  Charts,  the  best  route  across  the  sea, 
involves  many  conditions  ;  which  conditions  are,  and  must  of  necessity  be,  made  up  of  chances 
and  averages  ;  and  it  is  precisely  one  of  those  problems  which  would  be  exceedingly  refractory 
under  any  attempt  to  treat  it  rigidly  or  to  subject  it  to  exact  formulge.     For  instance  : 

We  discover  that  the  wind  on  the  average  blows  thus  and  so  in  square  B,  (Plate  I ;)  and 
we  can  say  that,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  chances  any  ship  in  endeavoring  to  sail  on  any 
particular  rhomb  through  B,  must  make  so  many  miles  "good"  with  fair  winds,  and  so  many 
miles  ' '  good' '  with  adverse  winds  ;  and  to  do  this  she  must  make  a  detour  of  so  many  miles. 
If  that  were  all,  the  problem  would  be  easy ;  but  the  winds  differ  in  force,  and  the  ships  vary 
in  speed  not  only  as  compared  one  with  another,  but  also  with  themselves  as  they  may  be 
sailing  close  or  large,  <fec.,  and  exact  calculation  is  difficult* 

To  comprehend  and  appreciate  more  fully  the  nature  of  the  problem,  let  us  suppose  100 
vessels  be  required  to  make  each  100  miles  "good"  on  a  due  west  course  through  square  B ; 
that  16.5  of  the  100  find  the  wind  dead  ahead,  that  another  16.5  would  find  it  within  4  points 
of  the  intended  course  ;  that  22  would  find  it  within  two  points  ;  and  that  the  rest,  forty-five, 
would  find  it  fair.     To  make  good  their  westing 

Each  of  the  22  would  have  to  sail  108.2  miles. 

Each  of  the  16.5  (4  points)  would  have  to  sail  141.4  miles. 

Each  of  the  16.5  (6  points)  would  have  to  sail  261.2  miles. 

Or  conversely  and  by  averages  each  of  the  100  ships  would  have  to  make  "good"  16.5 
miles  with  the  wind  dead  ahead  (6  points;)  16.5  miles  with  4  point  "slants;"  22  miles 
with  2  point  "slants;"  and  45  miles  with  free  winds.  Here  is  the  rule  by  which  the  detour 
for  any  course  through  any  given  ' '  field' '  was  calculated  : 

To  the  per  centum  of  head  winds  on  any  given  course  add  \  the  sum  of  the  4  point 
courses,  and  |  the  sum  of  the  2  point  courses.  The  sum  total  multiplied  by  the  constant 
number  1.6,  is  the  per  centum  of  increased  distance. 

This  rule,  though  accurate  enough  for  all  practical  purposes,  will  be  a  little  nearer  the 
mark  by  taking  -/o,  instead  of  |,  of  the  2  point  courses. 

The  origin  of  this  rule  will  be  readily  understood  by  navigators,  if  I  state  it  in  this 
form,  i.  e.,  that  a  ship  in  turning  to  windward  has,  for  every  mile  she  makes  good,  to  lose — 

1.6  miles  when  sailing  within  6  points  of  her  course. 

0.4      "     when  sailing  within  4  points  of  her  course. 

0.08      "     when  sailing  within  2  points  of  her  course. 

Thus  we  assume  that  the  average  time  during  which  a  vessel  is  in  any  square,  may  be 


EOUTES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE. 


23 


divided  into  100  parts,  answering  to  the  per  cents  of  the  winds,  and  that  the  per  cents  of  the 
distance  to  be  made  "good"  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  per  cents  of  the  winds. 

Column  6  shows  the  distance  in  column  4,  after  the  per  cent,  in  column  5  has  been  added 
to  it.     It  is  the  average  distance  to  be  sailed  from  point  to  point,  not  allowing  for  currents, 
^nd  supposing  the  vessel  to  sail  within  6  points  of  the  wind  when  close  hauled. 
^K     Column  7  shows  the  average  per  centage  of  winds  that  are  dead  ahead. 

Column  8  shows  the  average  per  centage  of  slant  winds  from  the  northward  or  eastward 
that  will  head  a  vessel  off  the  course  given  in  column  3. 

Column  9  shows  the  average  per  centage  of  slants  from  the  southward  or  westward  that 
will  head  a  vessel  off  the  course  given  in  column  3. 

Column  10  shows  the  average  per  centage  of  winds  that  are  entirely  fair  for  the  course 
given  in  column  3. 

Column  11  shows  the  average  per  centage  of  calms  for  each  district  of  5°  square  through 
which  the  course  in  column  3  leads. 

Column  12  shows  the  number  of  observations  from  which  the  figures  in  the  other  columns, 
and  the  courses  recommended,  have  been  obtained. 

When  the  winds  are  fair,  and  the  vessel  is  near  the  route  recommended,  she  should  steer 
straight  from  d  to  cZ,  instead  of  making  a  zigzag  track,  as  by  the  projection. 

The  letter  w,  where  it  appears  in  column  8  or  9,  means  that  that  side  is  the  windward 
side.  But  it  is  not  necessary  so  to  designate  the  windward  side.  It  is  obvious  from  mere 
inspection. 

The  letter  e,  in  the  column  of  calms,  means  that  this  part  of  the  route  is  through  the 
I  region  of  calms  that  border  the  northeast  trade-winds,  north  and  south,  or  that  that  part  of 
the  ocean  is  peculiary  liable  to  calms. — (See  Trade-wind  Chart.) 

The  courses  given  are  true. 

It  will  be  perceived  by  the  tables  that  the  average  European  passage  in  February  ought 
to  be  nearly  two  days  shorter  than  it  is  either  in  January  or  March. 

According  to  the  Pilot  Charts,  I  make  the  average  distance  to  be  sailed  by  a  New  York 
packet  ship  by  the  routes,  from  January  to  April,  not  estimating  for  the  set  of  currents,  to  be, 
when  bound — 

To  Liverpool. 

In  January  3,075  miles  to  10°  W.,  for  250  of  which  a  vessel  will  have  winds  dead  ahead. 

February  3,015         *•  '*  234  '*  "  "  " 

March  3,150         "  "  231  "  "  *'  '« 

April  3,051         "  "  244  "  "  "  «' 

To  English  Channel. 

In  January  3,300  miles  to  5°  W.,  for  293  of  which  a  vessel  will  have  winds  dead  ahead. 

February  3,245       "  "  261  "  "  "  «« 

March  3,448       "  "  249  "  "  '«  tc 

April  3,275       "  "  265  "  "  "  «« 

It  is  important  that  navigators  should  bear  in  mind  that,  when  the  winds  are  fair,  they 
I  are  not  expected  to  make  the  zigzag  track  of  the  Tables,  but  to  steer  straight  from  diod. 


24  THE   WIND   AND   CUREENT   CHARTS. 

THE   BEST  AVERAGE   ROUTES  TO   AND    FRO   BETWEEN   NEW    YORK,    CAPE   CLEAR,    AND   THE   ENGLISH 

CHANNEL. 

The  route  tables  are  as  just  stated  calculated  from  the  Pilot  Chart ;  and  they  represent 
each  for  its  month  the  best  track  on  the  average  which  a  vessel  can  make. 

The  navigator  who  intends  to  follow  any  one  of  these  routes  should  lay  it  down  on  his 
Chart  from  the  table  ;  and  when  he  gets  thrown  off  of  his  track  by  the  winds  and  currents,  as  he 
often  will,  he  should  then,  instead  of  turning  out  of  his  way  to  get  back  to  it,  recollect  that  if  a 
special  route  were  now  calculated  for  him  from  this  position,  it  probably  would  not  touch  the 
projected  route  at  all.  He,  therefore,  is  in  a  new  position,  and  must  consult  his  Pilot  Chart 
as  to  future  courses  and  route.  In  recommending  these  routes,  and  in  speaking  of  them,  I 
wish  navigators  to  understand  and  bear  in  mind  always,  that  I  am  speaking  from  the  informa- 
tion before  me,  which  is  sometimes  imperfect  and  often  deficient.  When  full  and  complete, 
it  may  modify  present  conclusions  ;  present  conclusions,  therefore,  must  be  regarded  only  as 
approximations. 

If  every  vessel,  whose  log  between  this  and  Europe  has  afforded  materials  for  the  Pilot 
Chart,  had  always  taken  the  most  judicious  course ;  and  when  she  was  headed  off,  if  she  had 
in  every  instance  taken  that  tack  which  was  really  the  best ;  and  then,  if  a  line  had  been 
drawn  to  represent  on  the  Chart  the  average  or  mean  track  of  all  those  vessels  for  January, 
February,  March,  or  April,  and  the  other  months,  then  that  line  would  be  represented  by  the 
route  as  given  in  the  tables  for  that  month. 

In  other  words,  the  vessels  that  shall  pursue  the  routes  here  given,  will  pursue  exactly 
that  course  which  the  experience  of  all  has  shown  to  be  the  best  on  the  average. 

By  consulting  the  Pilot  Chart,  or  the  column  "Total  Number  of  Observations,"  in  the 
Table  of  Routes,  it  will  be  observed  that  for  the  months  for  which  the  routes  are  given  for 
European  traders,  I  have  not  observations  enough  to  the  north  of  45°  N.,  and  west  of  45°  W., 
to  enable  me  to  speak  of  the  advantages  or  disadvantages  of  making  that  part  of  the  ocean  a 
greater  thoroughfare  than  it  is. 

Take  the  computed  route  from  New  York  in  March  for  illustration :  It  will  be  seen  by  the 
table  that  the  course  recommended  from  longitude  55°  to  50°  is  east,  and  that  the  winds  are 
from  E.  on  the  average  1.9  per  cent,  of  the  time,  and  that  a  vessel  in  steering  E.  there, 
would  be  headed  off  from  her  course  by  slant  winds  from  the  northward,  2.8  times;  and  by 
slant  winds  from  the  southward,  15.9  times  in  the  hundred — and  that  these  proportions  are 
derived  from  the  records  of  108  vessels  between  these  meridians  in  that  month,  or,  which  is 
the  same,  by  108  observations  there,  during  the  month  of  March  of  different  years. 

The  south,  therefore,  is  the  windward  side  then  and  there ;  therefore  these  facts  thus 
presented  will  leave  the  navigator,  when  he  comes  to  be  headed  off  in  that  part  of  his  route,^ 
in  no  doubt  as  to  which  tack  to  go  upon  ;  with  the  wind  directly  ahead  or  east,  he  should  stand 
to  the  southward  or  to  windward,  because  the  probabilities  of  the  wind's  coming  out  from  that 
quarter  are  greater  than  they  are  that  it  will  come  from  the  northward.  At  least  such  is  the 
rule  •  it  has  its  exceptions,  and  should  yield  to  the  rules  of  the  storm  when  the  occasion  arises, 
and  leave  the  shipmasters  take  that  tack  which  safety  and  the  march  of  the  gale  indicate  as 
proper.  I  am  not  prepared,  for  I  have  not  the  materials,  and  if  materials  in  sufiicient  quan- 
tity, not  the  force  to  go  into  a  discussion  as  to  the  rules  of  the  storm ;  and  until  the  time 
for  that  discussion  shall  arrive,  I  refer  the  navigator  to  Piddington,  Redfield,  and  other  writers 
upon  the  subject. 


ROUTES  TO  AND  FEOM  EUROPE.  25 

Again,  from  the  meridian  of  35°  to  30°  W.,  the  best  average  course  in  March  is  E.NE. ; 
1.3  per  cent,  of  the  winds  are  dead  ahead,  and  19  are  slant  from  the  northward,  against  4.3 
from  the  other  side.  Here,  then,  it  is  shown,  from  the  records  of  80  vessels,  that  the  northward 
is  the  windward  side. 

I  have  the  records  of  two  vessels  which  were  together  in  this  part  of  the  ocean,  on  their 
way  to  Europe ;  they  had  kept  together  so  far  on  their  way ;  they  sailed  alike ;  when  they 
arrived  here,  the  wind  came  out  ahead — one  went  off  on  the  larboard  and  the  other  on  the 
starboard  tack  ;  the  latter  arrived  in  port  ten  days  before  the  other.  With  the  Pilot  Charts  on 
board,  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  the  other  vessel  so  to  have  mistaken  the  chances  in 
favor  of  her  proper  course.  Captain  Hartshorn,  of  the  E.  Z.,  informs  me  that  on  his  voyage 
from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  he  made  these  Charts  his  guide  ;  that  he  made  the  most  remark- 
able passages  of  the  season  (19  days,)  and  that  vessels  which  sailed  about  the  same  time  he 
did,  did  not  arrive  for  twenty  days  or  more  after  he  did.  He  attributed  his  success  to  the 
lights  which  the  experience  of  others,  as  expressed  by  these  Charts,  afforded  him. 

I  have  not  calculated  the  track  beyond  10°  W.  off  Cape  Clear  for  the  Liverpool  track, 
nor  beyond  5°  W.  for  the  English  Channel,  because,  beyond  these  meridians,  the  best  course 
to  steer  is  indicated  by  the  land  and  the  winds  that  happen  to  prevail. 

These  tracks  were  computed  and  given  to  navigators  several  years  ago.  The  data  for 
the  calculation  were  derived  from  the  Pilot  Charts.  Passages  enough  have  since  been  made 
to  prove  them  fully.  These  routes  have,  therefore,  been  submitted  to  the  test  of  experience, 
and  the  agreement  of  the  mean  route  actually  pursued  by  the  best  navigators,  with  the  com- 
puted route,  is  really  surprising.  The  tables  of  "Crossings"  (p.  36)  afford  the  means  of 
comparison. 

These  tables  {i.  e.,  those  only  from  New  York  to  Europe,  pp.  26-30,)  contain  only  the 
shortest  passages — none  over  28  days. 

All  over  28  days  are  excluded  from  those  tables,  for  the  reason  that  this  route,  of  all 
others,  across  the  ocean,  is  best  understood,  and  that  nothing  is  to  be  gained,  in  a  practical 
way,  by  the  study  of  long  passages  on  such  a  voyage.  There  are  no  calm  belts  to  be  crossed, 
and,  by  an  inspection  of  the  crossings,  it  will  not  appear  that  any  one  part  of  the  passage  is 
more  difficult  than  the  other. 

Let  us  assume  the  longitude  of  40°  to  be  midway  the  meridians  of  Cape  Clear  or  the 
Lizard  on  the  one  hand,  and  Sandy  Hook  on  the  other.  The  mean  monthly  crossings  of  this 
meridian  fall  in  between  43°  30'  and  45°  30' — that  is,  43°  30'  is  the  average  crossing  for  April, 
and  45°  30'  the  average  crossing  for  each  of  the  months  of  August,  September,  and  December. 
We  see,  from  a  study  of  these  crossings,  that  the  Steam  Lanes,  as  they  are  projected  on  the 
Charts  and  in  this  work,  are  laid  off  so  as  to  interfere,  to  the  least  possible  extent,  with  the 
best  sailing  route  ;  both  Lanes  are  to  the  north  of  the  best  average  crossing  of  40°  W.  for 
any  month.  The  highest  average  crossing  for  any  month  is  45°  30';  the  crossing  of  the  Steam 
Lane  going  is  45°  46',  and  of  the  Steam  Lane  coming,  48°  33'. 

These  tables  show  that  in  mid-ocean  the  sailing  vessels  require  a  belt  of  sea  room  about 
120  miles  broad.  This,  the  Steam  Lanes  leave  them.  Indeed,  it  is  seldom  that  vessels,  while 
standing  on  the  same  course,  come  into  collision  at  sea.  It  is  those  which  are  standing  in 
opposite  directions  or  athwart  each  other's  tracks,  that  "collide,"  and,  therefore,  the  mean 
passage  belt  for  vessels  bound  under  canvas  to  Europe  comes  nearest  the  Lane  for  steamers 
bound  in  the  same  direction. 

VOL.  II 4 


26 


THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 


EOUTES  BETWEEN  NEW  YORK  AND  EUROPE. 

Computed  routes  and  actual  crossings  between  Neiu  York  and  long.  10°  W. ,  for  vessels  hound  to 
and  from  Liverpool;  also,  between  New  York  and  long.  5°  W.,for  vessels  bound  in  or  out  of  the 
English  Channel. 

JANUARY.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE. —Computed. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTiLNCES. 

WINDS — PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 

Latitude. 

Slants  from— 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

tions. 

' 

Northw'd. 

Soulhw'd. 

40"  SB/ 

74"'  00'  to 

40    38 

70    00 

E, 

182 

6.2 

193 

6.2 

6.0 

5.0 

83.8 

2.1 

97 

43    03 

65    00 

E.N-.E 

345 

10.4 

371 

2.8 

5.6 

to  13.3 

78.3 

3.6 

143 

43    33 

60    00 

E.N.E 

238 

20.8 

287 

8.0 

12.8 

12.8 

66.4 

3.2 

64 

43    33 

55    COi 

E; 

217 

4.2 

226 

0.0 

toll.O 

4.4 

84.6 

4.4 

94 

45    03 

50    00 

E.N.E 

233 

14.4 

366 

4.8 

to  13.3 

8.4 

73.6 

8.5 

89 

45    03 

45    00 

e'. 

213 

11.4 

236 

0.0 

14.3 

14.3 

71.4 

0  0 

T 

45    28 

40    00(2 

E 

313 

6.8 

226 

0.0 

3.1 

1C18.6 

78.3 

0.0 

32 

45    27 

?5    00 

B 

312 

5.1 

233 

1.5 

3.0 

4.5 

91.0 

9.2 

71 

46    30 

30    00 

E.N.E 

227 

8.5 

246 

2.2 

9.9 

9.9 

78.0 

2.1 

94 

47    55 

25    OOd 

E.N.E 

221 

5.6 

233 

0.0 

4.8 

10  13.2 

83.0 

7.0 

92 

47    55    ' 

20    00 

E 

301 

8.1 

317 

1.5 

9.0 

10  12.0 

77.5 

3.1 

67 

49    17 

15    00 

E.N.E 

214 

2.2 

319 

0.0 

1.4 

w   8.4 

90.2 

2.8 

74 

50    00 

12    20 

E.N.E 

113 

6.3 

120 

2.1 

4.3 

4.2 

89.5 

0.0 

43, 
105) 

50    38 

10    00 

E.N.E 

98 

15.1 

112 

5.8 

trl3.6 

3.9 

77.7 

1.9 

To  Liverpool. 

2825 

3075 

49    17 

10    00 
5    00 

E 

196 
196 

8.0 
24.9 

212 
245 

4.3 
8.3 

t»   4.2 
0.0 

0.0 

to  41. 5 

91.6 
50.2 

0.0 
0.0 

43  1 
12) 

49    36 

E.JN 

To  Channel. 

3006 

3300 

ROUTES   TO   AND   FROM   EUROPE. 

FEBRUARY.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE.— Computed. 


27 


DISTXNCKS. 

WINDS— PER    CENT. 

Total  No. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

Slants  from— 

observa- 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

tions. 

Northw'd. 

Southw'd. 

From 

■  40°  27' 

74°  00'  to 

40    45 

70    00 

E.  JN.* 

182 

7.7 

196 

1.0 

8.7 

iclO.5 

79.8 

1.9 

106 

41    42 

65    00 

E.  by  N.iN.. 

233 

8.2 

252 

3.4 

w   8.5 

3.4 

84.7 

6.6 

62 

43     13 

60    00 

E.N.E 

23« 

5.7 

251 

0.0 

1C12.0 

8.4 

79.6 

0.0 

84 

44    42 

55    00 

E.NK 

234 

10.8 

259 

2.2 

11.0 

11.0 

75.8 

7.8 

96 

44    42 

50    OOd 
45    00 
40    00 

Ef 

213 
213 
212 

9.0 
7.4 
5.9 

232 
228 
229 

3.3 

0.0 
2.8 

W12.1 

^13.0 

1.4 

3.3 
8.0 

w  3.8 

81.3 
79.0 
93.0 

2.3 
2.9 
4.4 

88 
105 
70 

44    42 

B-.'. 

45    00 

E.iN 

46    26 

35    00 

E.N.E 

225 

6.1 

235 

0.0 

3.2 

u)19.2 

77.6 

3.1 

65 

47    50 

30    00 

E.I«;E 

221 

7.8 

239 

1.0 

7.0 

10 13.0 

79.0 

4.9 

106 

49    13 

25    00 

E.N.E 

217 

3.6 

225 

0.9 

2.7 

w   4.5 

91.9 

4.3 

111 

49    13 

20    OOd 
15    00 

E. 

197 
200 

10.3 

8.5 

216 
217 

3.0 
4.2 

8.0 
4.2 

8.0 
w  5.6 

81.0 
86.0 

4.0 
1.4 

103 
69 

50  oa 

E.  by  N.iN.. 

50    50 

10    00 

E.  byN.  iN.. 

196 

11.2 

217 

3.6 

5.4 

to  16.2 

74.8 

3.5 

118 

To  Liverpool. 

2781 

2996 

49    30 

10    00 

E.  f  S 

200 

16.7 

233 

5.7 

10  22.8 

w  7.6 

63.9 

1.9 

1( 

To  Channel. 

49    30 

5    00 

E 

195 

9.9 

214 

0.0 

16  6 

16.6 

66.8 

0.0 

2980 

3226 

Average  sailing  distance  to  10°  W.,  by  this  route,  to  Liverpool,  2,996  miles  ;  for  215  of  which  the  winds,  on  the  average,  are  dead  ahead. 
Average  sailing  distance  to  5°  W.,  English  Channel,  3,226  miles ;  for  246  of  which  the  winds,  on  the  average,  are  dcai  ahead.  ^ 

*  Nantucjcet  Shoals  are  in  the  way  of  an  E.N.E.  course,  which  would  be  the  best. 


MARCH.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE  —Computed. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from— 

Fair. 

Calms. 

/ 

Northw'd. 

Southw'd. 

40°  27' 
40    27 

74°  00'  to 
70    00 
65    00 
62    30 
60    OOd 
55    00 
50    00 
45    00 
40    00 
35    00 
30    00 
25    OOd 
20    00 
15    00 
11    45 
10    00 

10    00 
5    00 

15 

182 
245 
119 
119 
238 
217 
217 
217 
217 
233 
226 
206 
221 
181 
81 

12.4 
7.2 
13.1 
13.7 
13.2 
7.9 
9.4 
3.7 
7.6 
4.3 
8.4 
3.2 
6.7 
5.4 
10.8 

11.8 
10.0 

.   205 
'     263 
134 
135 
269 
234 
238 
225 
234 
243 
245 
212 
236 
191 
90 

6.2 
7.2 
2.5 
4.2 
9.6 
1.9 
1.7 
1.6 
0.0 
1.3 
4.4 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
5.4 

3.0 
17.0 

2.8 
7.1 
13.2 
13.3 
7.1 
2.8 

to  10.3 
2.1 
2.9 

to  19.0 
4.4 

to    7.0 

to  12.0 
4.0" 
6.0 

9.0 
25.0 

10    6.9 

10  15.8 

to  15.0 

13.0 

to  15.1 

u>  15.9 

8.5 

3.2 

7.6 

4.3 

1.1 

2.2 

6.3 

10  12.0 

to    8.4 

9.0 
8.3 

84.1 
69.9 
69.3 
69.5 
68.2 
79.4 
79.5 
93.1 
89.5 
75.4 
90.1 
90.8 
81.7 
84  0 
80.2 

79.0 
49.7 

4.1 
1.4 

}4.1 

5.3 
0.9 
2.5 
5.0 
4.8 
3.9 
1.1 
2.2 
0.0 
0.0 
3.5 

0.0 
0.0 

151 
206 

126 

118 
108 
121 
200 
109 

80 

90 

90 

74 

67 
116 

67    , 
12    f 

40    00 
42    45 

42  00 

43  31 
43    31 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E.S.E 

E.N.E 

B 

43    31 

B 

43    31 

K 

43    31 

B 

45  00 

46  27 
46    27 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E 

47    52 
50    00 

E.N.E 

N.E 

50    44 

N.E.byE 

E 

To  Livefpool. 

50    00 

2919 

67 
194 

3099 

3154 

75 
213 

49    40 

E.iS 

To  Channel. 

3352 

28 


THE   WIND   AND    CURKENT   CHAETS. 


APRIL.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE.— Computed. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from— 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Northw'd. 

Southw'd. 

40°  27' 
40    27 

74'>  00'  to 
70    00 
65    OOd 
60    00 
55    00 
50    00 
45    OOd 
40    00 
35    00 
30    00 
25    00 
20    OOd 
15    00 
10    00 
5    00 

13    06 
10    00 

E. 

182 
244 
223 
237 
233 
226 
207 
207 
207 
221 
215 
196 
196 
196 

9.2 

12.3 

12.7 

7.9 

5.0 

3.3 

6.6 

5.5 

10.1 

15.6 

12.9 

8.8 

4.6 

20.9 

4.0 
3.6 

199 
274 
251 
256 
244 
233 
320 
218 

sas 

255 
242 

213 
205 
237 

3.0 
3.2 
5.2 
2.4 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
3.5 
0.0 
5.3 
4.2 
3.6 
1.1 
5.5 

1.1 
0.0 

9.6 
8.3 
7.8 
6.4 

w  9.9 
0.0 

10  5.5 
5.0 
8.8 
11.8 
6.7 

IT  13.2 
1.1 
11.0 

4.4 
3.6 

wUA 
wll.l 
w  9.1 

5.7 
tc7  2 

8.3 
u>16.5 

0.0 
i»20.9 
u>16.3 
tolO.g 

3.6 
w  7.7 
«;33.0 

5.5 
3.6 

76.0 
77.4 
77.9 
85,5 
83.9 
91.7 
78.0 
92.5 
70.3 
66.7 
78.3 
79.6 
90.1 
50.5 

89.0 
93.8 

7.1 
2.5 
7.3 
4.1 
10.1 
0.0 
5.6 
7.6 
5.5 
7.4 
5.9 
7.5 
0.0 
5.6 

0.0 
0.0 

180 

161 

88 

126 

120 

12 

19 

43 

92 

145 

125 

86 

89 

12 

89 
80 

42    00 
42    00 

E.N.E 

E 

43    31 

45  00 

46  21 
46    27 

E.N.E. 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E 

46    27 

E 

46    27 

E 

47    52 
49    14 
49    14 
49    14 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E 

E. 

49    30 

E.iN 

E.N.E. ...... 

E.N.E 

To  Channel. 

50    00 
Cape  Clear 

2990 

79 
130 

3375 

82 
135 

j- To  Liverpool. 

2807 

3150 

MAY.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE— Computed. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PER   CENT. 

Total  No. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

tions. 

Sandy  Hook  to— 

40°  27' 

74°  00' 

42    00 

70    00 

E.J  8 

185 

14.4 

211 

5.4 

9.1 

7.7 

77.8 

4.0 

235 

41    34 

65    00 

E.N.E 

246 

10.2 

271 

2.7 

11.0 

6.8 

79.5 

7.3 

281 

43    06 

60    00 

E.N.E 

240 

10.4 

265 

1.2 

18.2 

7.8 

62.8 

3.9 

189 

44    36 

55    00 

E.N.E  

234 

8.8 

254 

1.2 

4.3 

11.0 

83.5 

3.0 

170 

44    36 

50    00 
45    00 
40    00 
35    00 

E-. 

214 
214 
214 
215 

11.5 
7.3 
5.6 
4.3 

238 
229 
226 
224 

3.9 
2.2 
1.1 
0.0 

8.5 
7.6 
6.8 
5.3 

8.5 
6.0 
5.1 
10.1 

79.1 
84.2 
87.0 
84.6 

3.9 
4.8 
2.9 
1.5 

160 

44    36 

E 

195 

44    36 

E 

180 

45    00 

E.J  N 

136 

45    00 

30    00 
25    00 
20    00 

fi 

212 
212 
290 

4.8 
5.1 
9.6 

222 
223 
318 

0.7 
0.8 
3.0 

7.8 
6.4 
9.0 

4.3 
4.0 
9.0 

87.2 
88.8 
79.0 

4.8 
5.6 
3.0 

132 

45    00 

E 

131 

48    25 

N.E 

137 

48    25 

15    00 
10    00 

El 

198 
198 
210 

11.5 
16.8 
16.8 

220 
231 
245 

2.9 

4.8 
2.8 

10.9 
21.6 
11.3 

10.2 
10.4 
33.6 

76.0 
63.2 
52.3 

3.6 
3.2 

5.5 

142 

48    25 

E 

129 

To  Channel 

E.N.E 

38 

30K 

3377 

50    16 

15  do 

E.N.E 

213 

16.4 

246 

8.7 

8.7 

75,3 

3.6 

142 

To  Liverpool . . . 

10    00 

E.N.E 

194 

14.0 

221 

4.4 

13.2 

79.1 

1.1 

96 

2882 

3148 

> 

EOUTES   TO   AJI^D   FROM   EUEOPE. 

29 

JUNE.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUEOPE.— Computed. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PER   CENT. 

Total  No. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

tions. 

Sandy  Hook  to— 
40°  08' 

73'  00- 

E.S.E 

50 

9.7 

55 

1.7 

11.0 

9.2 

78.1 

[    2.7 

232 

41     13 

70    00 

E.N.E. 

170 

8.7 

185 

1.8 

4.8 

10.9 

82.5 

42    45 

65    00 

E.N.E 

241 

8.5 

261 

1.8 

3.5 

3,9 

90.8 

3.5 

235 

42    45 
44    15 

60    00 
55    00 

B.; 

220 
236 

10.9 

8.5 

244 
256 

4.5 
3.3 

8,0 
3.8 

4.5 
7.1 

83.0 

85.8 

3.8 
1.1 

216 

E.N.E 

184 

45    43 

50    00 

E.N.E 

230 

5.1 

242 

0.5 

5.8 

8.2 

85.5 

3.1 

202 

47    10 

45    00 

E.N.E 

224 

5.9 

237 

2.3 

0.0 

6.8 

90.0 

0.0 

44 

48    33 

40    00 

E.N.E 

217 

4.8 

227 

1.4 

0.9 

7.0 

91.6 

9.9 

78 

49    54 

35    00 

E.N.E 

212 

10.7 

234 

3.1 

5.0 

11.9 

80.0 

3.1 

165 

51    13 

30    00 

E.N.E 

207 

2.0 

211 

4.0 

0.0 

2.0 

94.9 

0.0 

47 

51    13 
51    13 
51    00 

25    00 
20    00 
15    00 

B. 

188 
188 
190 

0.8 
2.2 
15.4 

189 
192 
218 

0.0 
0.0 
7.2 

9.0 
0.0 
6.0 

2.0 
6.9 

4.7 

98.0 
93.1 
82.1 

6.1 
2.3 
0.0 

52 

E.' 

44 

E.iS 

82 

50    40 

10    00 

E.i  S 

194 

10.0 

214 

4.9 

13.3 

15.4 

66.4 

5.6 

150 

209 

5.1 

219 

3.9 

18.2 

1.3 

76.6 

0.0 

78 

2976 

3184 

Accon 

ling  to  the  Obai 

ts,  this  is  the 

best  track  y« 

't  developed. 

and  ought 

to  give  the  shortest  passages. 

JULY.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE.— Computed. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PER   CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

40°  27' 

74°  00'  to 

• 

40    27 

70    00 

E.. 

182 

12.0 

204 

3.6 

7.2 

5.1 

84,1 

4.2 

322 

Calms. 

42    00 

65    00 

E.N.E 

246 

5.0 

260 

3.0 

7.0 

9.1 

80.9 

8.7 

414 

Calms. 

43    30 

60    55 

E.N.E 

237 

4.2 

247 

0.9 

3.3 

4.8 

91.0 

8.4 

350 

43  30 

44  59 

55    00 
50    00 

e; 

218 
233 

10.3 
5.9 

240 
244 

4.4 
0.4 

5.6 

8.8 

8.0 
7.6 

82.0 
83.2 

5.6 
5.4 

263 
236 

e.nCe 

44  59 

45  40 

45    OQd 
40    00 

E.' 

212 
214 

12.6 
8.0 

238 
231 

4.4 
1.0 

8.1 
8.0 

8.1 
3.0 

79.4 
88.0 

8.1 
4.0 

173 

103 

E.byN 

47    06 

35    00 

E.N.E 

224 

3.3 

231 

0.0 

2.2 

11.0 

86.8 

4.6 

95 

47    06 
47    06 

30    00 
25    00 

E. 

204 
204 

5.9 
9.0 

216 
222 

1.1 
2.1 

10.6 
10.6 

4.1 
8.2 

84.2 
79.1 

3.2 
6.5 

77 
100 

^ 

48    29 

20    00 

E.N;E , 

218 

8.8 

237 

4.2 

2.1 

6.3 

87.4 

9.4 

105 

49    50 

15    00 

E.N,E 

213 

8.5 

231 

2.5 

13.2 

3.3 

81.0 

2.5 

125    ) 
92    ) 

50    30 

10    00 

To  Liverpool.. 

195 

13.4 

220 

5.7 

5.6 

9.1 

79.6 

4.5 

Liverpool. 

2800 

3021 

48    29 

15    00 

E 

198 

5.8 

209 

2.5 

5.8 

0.8 

90.9 

2.5 

125  ■» 

48    29 

10    00 

E 

198 

17.8 

234 

6.5 

17.5 

3.2 

72.8 

2.2 

94  I 

Channel. 

49    00 

To  Channel 

E.N.E 

213 

12.8 

240 

0.0 

28.0 

8.0 

64.0 

0.0 

24  J 

30 


THE  WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHAETS. 


AUGUST.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE— Computb!d. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PER   CENT. 

Total  tMo. 
observa- 
tions. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

Nortli. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

40°  27' d 
40    00 
39    12(2 
39    12 

74°  00'  to 
70    00 
67    30 
65    00 
62    30 
60    00 
55    00 
50    00 
45    00 
44    26 
40    00 
35    00 
30    CO 
25    00 
20    00 
15    00 
10    00 
5    00 

e:j8 

E.S.E 

E 

186 
125 
116 
116 
125 
246 
241 
235 
34 
260 
201 
201 
201 
201 
201 
214 
195 

3098 

13.0 
8.7 
6.6 
8.0 
7.6 
7.1 
11.1 
14.3 
9.4 
7. 
8.2 
8.0 
3.0 
8.4 
3.0 
3.7 
5.0 

209 
135 
123 
125 
134 
263 
268 
268 
37 
279 
217 
217 
207 
218 
207 
221 
205 

3.0 
3.1 
1.6 
3.0 
2.0 
7.1 
3.0 
4.8 
2.8 
0.0 
2.4 
3.0 
0.0 
3.0 
0.0 
0.8 
0.0 

9.5 
2.9 

17.0 
6.5 
9.5 
7.0 
6.5 

12.0 
4.5 

11.4 
7.2 
4.0 
5.0 
9.0 
8.0 

11.2 
5.1 

18.0 

10.7 

7.1 

5.5 

5.0 

8.4 

11.0 

12.6 

11.2 

12.6 

7.2 

5.0 

6.0 

1.5 

2.0 

0.0 

8.4 

69.5 
83.3 
74.3 
85.0 
83.5 
77.5 
79.5 
70.6 
81.5 
76.0 
83.2 
88.0 
89.0 
86.5 
90.0 
88.0 
86.0 

6.0 
l  3.6 

!" 

6.8 
6.5 
3.7 
5.0 
7.9 
9.4 
2.9 
1.1 
7.8 
4.2 
3.2 
0.0 

194 
229 

193 

157 
213 
166 
147 
123 
129 
106 

69 
100 
130 

36 

39    12 

E 

40  00 

41  34 

43  06 

44  36 

45  00 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

E.N.E 

N.E 

48    08 

N.E 

48    00 

E 

48    00 

E 

48    00 

E 

48    00 

E 

48    00 

E 

49    23 
49    30 

E.N.E 

E 

Liverpool. 

3333 

SEPTEMBER.— NEW  YORK  TO  EUROPE.— Computed. 


DISTANCES 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

observa- 
tions. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

40°  27' 

74"  00'  to 

40    00 

72    35 

E.S.E 

71 

5.4 

75 

0.0 

9.9 

5.4 

84.7  1 
59.5) 

4.5 

115 

40    49 

70    00 

E.N.E 

128 

15.3 

147 

0.9 

30.6 

9.0 

40    49 

65    00 
60    00 
55    00 

E; 

227 
227 
243 

10,4 
15.5 
5.6 

250 
261 
256 

4.2 
6.3 
0.0 

9.0 
13.3 
13.8 

3.6 
4.9 
5.4 

83.2 
75.5 
80.2 

5.3 
5.3 
3.7 

178 
159 
167 

40    49 

E 

42    22 

E.N.E 

42  -22 

50    00 

E 

222 

16.3 

257 

6.0 

14.4 

9.6 

70.0 

6.2 

172 

43    53 

45    00 

EN.E 

237 

15.0 

272 

4.9 

11.2 

14.0 

69.9 

5.8 

147 

45    22 

40    00 

E.N.E 

232 

9.8 

255 

4.2 

8.4 

4.2 

83.2 

2.2 

138 

46    48 

35    00 

E.N.E 

225 

8.9 

245 

2.6 

9.1 

7.8 

80.5 

1.3 

78  1 

' 

48    12 

30    00 

E.N.E 

220 

4.7 

229 

1.2 

6.3 

5.1 

87.4 

6.2 

85 

49    35 

25    00 

E.N.E 

213 

4.2 

222 

0.0 

9.0 

5.0 

86.0 

8.0 

109 

Liverpool. 

49    35 

20    00 
15    00 

E 

192 
201 

12.2 
7.6 

216 
216 

3.6 
1.8 

11.7 
3.6 

15.3 
19.2 

69.4 
75.4 

0.9 

1.8 

111 
64 

50    33 

E.byN 

60    33 

10    00 

E 

191 

12.8 

213 

3.3 

7.7 

17.6 

71.4 

1.0 

96  J 

2830 

3114 

45    22 

35    00 
30    00 

E 

211 
211 

9.9 
5.3 

222 

3.9 
1.3 

5.2 
2.5 

6.5 

8.8 

84.4 
87.4 

1.3 
6.2 

78  ■ 
85 

45    22 

E 

46    48 

25    00 

E.N.E 

225 

4.2 

234 

0.0 

9.0 

5.0 

86.0 

8.0 

109 

46    48 

20    00 
15    00 

E 

205 
220 

12.2 
11.4 

230 
245 

3.6 
3.6 

11.7 
2.4 

9.0 
9.6 

75.7 
84.4 

0.9 
1.2 

111     • 

81 

To  Channel. 

48    12 

E.N.E 

48    12 

10    00 
5    00 

E 

200 
213 

14.8 
15.0 

230 
245 

3.6 
0.0 

21.6 
10.0 

5.4 
40.0 

69.4 
50.0 

1.8 
0.0 

57 
20  . 

49    34 

E.N.E 

ROUTES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE 


31 


JANUARY.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK,— Comptjtbd. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER    CENT.' 

Total  No 
observa- 
tions. 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from— 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Northw'd. 

Southw'd. 

49°  30' 
49    30 

5°  00' to 
10    00 
15    OOd 
10    00 
15    OOd 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    00 
40    00 
45    00 
50    COd 
55    00 
60    00 
65    00 
70    OOd 
74    OOd 

w 

192 
192 

202 
213 
219 
226 
211 
211 
232 
215 
237 
244 
225 
225 
183 

0.0 
30.2 

36.1 
37.1 
24.0 
29.3 
22.7 
28.8 
18.0 
19.6 
17.0 
22.1 
16.3 
26.8 
24.4 

192 
250 

275 
293 
272 
292 
259 
270 
276 
256 
277 
298 
261 
285 
226 

3540 

0.0 
12.6 

16.5 
14.0 
9.0 
10.8 
6.6 
9.0 
5.5 
4.4 
3.6 
5.5 
6.4 
9.1 
9.0 

0.0 
16.8 

15.5 

to  30.8 

to  22.5 

18.0 

15.5 

12.0 

to  18.7 

to  20. 9 

13.2 

to  25.3 

to  14.8 

to  21.0 

to  23.0 

0.0 
16.8 

17.5 

23.8 

7.5 

to  24.0 

to  20. 9 

to  28.5 

16.5 

13.2 

to  19.2 

15.7 

12.8 

16.7 

11.0 

100.0 
53.8 

50.5 
31.4 
61.0 
47,2 
57.0 
50.5 
59.3 
61.5 
64.0 
53,5 
66.0 
53.3 
57.0 

0.0 
0.0 

1.9 
2.8 
3.1 
7.0 
2.1 
9.2 
6.8 
0.0 
8.5 
4.4 
3.2 
3.6 
2.1 

12, 
43) 

105' 

74       - 

67 

92 

91 

71 

78 

91 

89 

94 

64 
143 

97 

From  long.  5°  W. 

49    30 

w 

50    40 
49    30 
48    08 
46    45 
45    18 
45    18 

W.  byS.  JS.. 

w.s.w 

w.s.w 

w.s.w 

w 

From  long.  10°  W. 

45    18 

w 

43    49 
43    49 

w.s.w 

w 

42    19 
40    46 
40    46 

w.s.w 

w.s.w 

w 

40    46 

w 

40    27 

W.iS 

2843 

Average  sailing  distance,  from  5°  W.,  by  this  route,  3,707  miles ;  and  from  10°  W.,  coming  out  of  Liverpool,  3,540.  The  aggregate  of  adverse 
winds,  expressed  in  their  equivalents  of  winds  dead  ahead,  give  697  miles  from  Liverpool,  and  687  from  the  Channel,  for  the  average  number  of  miles  to 
be  overcome  by  a  dead  beat  during  the  voyage.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  most  difficult  parts  of  the  route  are  between  longitudes  15°  and  20°,  25° 
and  30°,  and  35°  and  40°  W. ;  and  that  calms  are  most  prevalent  between  longitudes  25°  and  30°,  35°  and  45°,  and  50°  and  55°  W. 


FEBRUARY.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER   CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from— 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Northward. 

Southward. 

49°  00' 
47    38 

47    38 

d  10°  00'  to 
15    00 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    00 
40    00 
45    00 
50    OOd 
55    00 
60    00 
65    OOd 
70    00 
74    00 

W.S.W 

w 

216 
202 
202 
202 
225 
208 
208 
230 
213 
234 
239 
233 
184 

9.9 
18.8 
16.6 
24.8 
22.2 
29.4 
17.1 

5.5 
23.9 
16.7 
20.9 
24.1 
11.3 

237 
239 
235 
242 
275 
269 
244 
242 
264 
275 
288 
290 
204 

1.9 
5.6 
4.0 
6.3 
4.0 
11.2 
3.0 
0.0 
8.8 
4.4 
6.0 
8.5 
0.0 

to  20.9 

11.2 

15.0 

17.2 

to  27.0 

12.8 

16.5 

9.1 

to  22.0 

to  25.3 

to  31 .2 

10  27.2 

10  21.1 

0.0 
to  19.6 
to  21.0 
to  25.4 

24.0 
to  19.2 
to  22. 8 
to  27.3 

16.5 
7.7 
8.4 

11.9 

13.5 

77.2 
63.6 
60.0 
51.1 
45.0 
56.8 
57.7 
63.6 
52.7 
62.6 
55.0 
52.4 
65.4 

1.9 
1.4 
4.0 
4.3 
4.9 
3.1 
1.5 
9.0 
2.3 
7.8 
0.0 
6.6 
1.9 

52 

69 

47    38 

W 

103 

47    38 
46    12 
46    12 

w. 

w.s.w 

w 

111 
106 
65 

46    12 

w 

66 

44    44 
44    44 

ws.w 

w 

12 

88 

43    15 

41    44 
40    44 
40    29 

w.s.w 

w.s.w 

W.  by  S.  iS.... 
W.  i  S 

96 
84 
62 
106 

2796 

3304 

Average  sailing  distance,  from  10°  W.,  by  this  route,  3,304  miles ;  for  308  of  which  the  winds  average  ahead.  It  will  be  observed  that,  from  longi- 
tude 25°  to  35°,  a  vessel  is  more  liable  to  adverse  than  fair  winds  ;  and  further,  that  in  this  month  the  winds  prevail  very  much  from  the  westward, 
though  not  80  much  so  as  in  some  of  the  other  months.    From  port,  steer  for  longitude  10'  in  latitude  49°. 


^ 


32 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


MARCH.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

Slants  from — 

Total  No. 
observa- 

Average. 

Head. 

Northw'd.  Southw'd. 

49*  30' 

5"  00' to 

50    00 
50    49 

6    54 
10    00 

W.N.W 

W.N.W 

79 
128 

6.6 
15.4 

85 
147 

0.0 
3.0 

to  16.6 
14.0 

8.3 
14.0 

75.1 
69.0 

0.0 
2.7 

38    i 

rrom  Channel. 

50    00 

13    06 

w.s.w 

128 

25.9 

161 

10.0 

16.4 

18.0 

55.6 

8.5 

110 

49    30 

15    00 

w.s.w 

79 

23.0 

97 

3.0 

UJ38.0 

21.0 

38.0 

0.0 

67 

49    30 

2a    00 
25    OOd 
30    00 
35    00 

w 

195 
195 
290 
208 

24.6 
17.5 
26.5 
14.8 

244 
228 
366 
238 

6.0 
3.3 
9.0 
3.4 

to  26.0 
17.0 

to  30.8 
15.4 

23.0 

to  25.3 

8.2 

to  21.0 

46.0 
54.4 
52.0 
60.2 

0.0 
2.2 
1.1 
1.7 

74 
90 
90 
59 

49    30 

w 

46    05 

w 

4C    05 

s.w 

46    05 

40    00 
45    00 
50    00 
53    40d 
55    00 

w 

208 
208 
208 
170 
61 

25.0 
22.6 
12.6 
10.0 
13.9 

260 
253 
234 

187 
148 

9.1 
6.0 
6.0 
0.0 

4.7 

7.0 

19.0 

to   6.0 

to  25.0 

to  12.3 

to  25.0 

20.0 

3.0 

0.0 

8.4 

58.9 
55.0 
85.0 
75.0 
74.6 

1.2 
1.5 
0.0 
8.3 
0.9 

82 
67 
36 
13 
108 

46    05 

w 

46    05 

w 

45    00 

w 

44    37 

W.S.W 

43    08 

60    00 

w.s.w 

234 

8.9 

255 

0.9 

to  16.9 

8.9 

73.3 

5.3 

118 

41    36 

65    OOd 

w.s.w 

239 

17.3 

280 

4.2 

to  18.2 

14.1 

63.5 

4.1 

126 

40    02 

70    00 

w.s.w 

245 

17.2 

286 

4.1 

to  18.8 

12.8 

64.3 

1.4 

200 

39    37 

71    00 

w.s.w 

65 

19.4 

77 

5.7 

15.2 

14.4 

64.7 

2.0 

457 

40    27 

74    OOd 

W.  by  N.  J  N  . 

146 

20.7 

176 

0.5 

to  20.0 

15.6 

58.9 

3.0 

304 

3086 

3722 

Average  sailing  distance,  from  5"  W.,  by  this  route,  3,722  miles.  The  average  per  centum  of  adverse  winds  is  equivalent  to  winds  dead  ahead  for 
636  miles.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  most  diihcult  part  of  this  route  is  between  longitude  10'  and  30°  W.,  where  there  are  few  calms,  but  a  great 
prevalence  of  westerly  winds. 


APRHi.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Compdted. 


Latitude. 


49°  30' 

49  30 

49  30 

50  40 
49  30 
46  06 
45  00 

44  46 

45  00 
44  46 
44  46 
44  46 
44  46 
43  16 
41  43 
41  43 
40  27 
40  27 


Long 

itude. 

5° 

00'  to 

10 

00 

15 

OOd 

10 

00 

15 

00 

20 

00 

21 

34 

25 

00 

3D 

00 

35 

00 

40 

00 

45 

00 

50 

OOd 

55 

00 

60 

00 

65 

OOd 

70 

00 

74 

00 

Course. 


W. 
W. 


W.JS... 

S.W 

s.w 

W.  iW.. 
W.  i  N.. 
W.  i  S.. 

w 

w 

w 

w.s.w. . 

W.S.W... 

w 

W.i  .-•.. 
w 


DISTANCES. 


Direct.  Per  cent.   True 


195 
195 


205 
289 
93 
147 
147 
147 
313 
213 
213 
234 
242 
223 
240 
182 

2973 


213 
230 


317 
104 
168 
171 
172 
256 
271 
253 
268 
276 
272 
268 
210 


WINDS — PER   CENT. 


Head.       North. 


5.5 
1.1 


7.5 
9.8 
2.5 
0.0 
6.0 
6.7 
12.4 
7.1 
5.2 
8.9 
4.1 
6.5 
7.3 
3.6 


toll.O 
14.7 


17.1 

to  18.0 

to  14.3 

14.0 

7.5 

8.6 

12  5 

23.9 

14.7 

tol8  1 

14.7 

19  5 

iol4  8 

10.2 


South. 


5.5 
13.2 


18.2 

13.2 

11.7 

to  33.6 

to  13.0 

to  10.5 

to  23. 9 

24  0 

tol7.3 

10.0 

10  26.2 

19.5 

12.8 

to  19.8 


Fair.      Calms. 


78.0 
71.7 


57.2 
49.0 
71.5 
52.4 
73.5 
74.2 
.52  2 
45.0 
6-3.8 
63  7 
55.0 
54.5 
66.4 
60.4 


5.6 
0.0 


4.0 
7.5 
5.9 
5.7 
4.5 
1.0 
2.7 
2.7 
6  9 
10. 1 
4.1 
7.5 
2.5 
7.1 


Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 


85 
86 
125 
37 
70 
104 
115 
115 
115 
120 
126 
86 
161 
180 


Prom  Channel. 


Average  sailing  distance  from  5°  W.,  3,437  miles  ;  average  per  centum  of  adverse  winds  equivalent  to  winds  dead  ahead  for  464  miles.    Frequent 
calms  in  this  mouth. 


ROUTES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE. 


33 


MAY.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PEK  CENT. 

Total  No. 

observa- 

tioiiS. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Channel  to 
50°  50' 
50    50 
50    50 

10    00 
15    00 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    OOd 
40    00 
45    00 
50    OOd 
55    00 
60    00 
65    00 
70    00 

W.N.W 

w 

209 
191 
191 
191 
191 
209 
286 
228 
213 
213 
234 
239 
245 
184 

7.8 
17.6 
13.2 

8.2 
20.5 
14.1 
18.2 
15.2 
21.3 
22.3 
18.0 
21.7 
27.2 
10.0 

225 
226 
216 
206 
228 
237 
337 
261 
258 
260 
276 
282 
310 
202 

2.8 
5.5 
4.4 
0.0 
9.6 
2.9 
5.0 
0.0 
7.0 
7.2 
3.1 
7.2 
10.6 
2.5 

11.2 
18.7 

5.5 
12.0 

6.4 

5.9 
20.0 
24.0 

9.8 
13.7 
15.8 
17.1 
17.1 
10.8 

2.8 
11.5 
15.4 

9.6 
12.8 
17.7 

9.0 
28.0 
23.2 
22.2 
21.3 
11.0 
13.0 
14.5 

83.2 
64.3 
74.7 
78.4 
71.2 
73.5 
66.0 
48.0 
60.0 
56.9 
59.8 
64.7 
59.3 
.72.2 

5.5 
l.l 
6.7 
0.0 
3.2 
0.0 
5.0 
3.9 
4.8 
3.9 
3.0 
3.9 
7.3 
4.0 

38 

96 

95 

42 

32 

17 

104 

53 

195 

160 

170 

189 

281 

235 

w 

50    50 

W 

50    50 
49    30 
46    08 

W 

w.s.w 

s.w 

44    41 
44    41 

w.s.w 

w 

44    41 

w 

43    11 

41    39 

40    05 

Port 

w.s.w 

w.s.w 

W.S.W 

W.i  N 

3034 
2815 

3524 
3299 

From  Liverpool. 

Aim  to  make  a  straight  course  from  dto  d. 

Captain  Oliver  Eldridge,  of  the  Liverpool  packet  ship,  the  Garrick — to  whom  I  am 
indebted  for  much  valuable  information,  and  who  is,  moreover,  a  most  zealous  and  efficient  co- 
operator  in  collecting  materials  for  these  Charts — reports,  on  a  recent  voyage  from  Liverpool, 
two  deep-sea  soundings.  They  were  without  bottom ;  but  they  are  the  first  I  have  received 
from  a  merchant  ship,  and  I  quote  them  as  well  for  their  value  as  for  the  example  which  they 
afford  to  the  industrious  and  intelligent  navigator,  as  to  what  he  may  do  in  assisting  men  of 
science  to  solve  this  interesting  problem — the  depths  of  the  sea.  A  line  of  deep-sea  sound- 
ings hence  to  Europe  would  be  of  great  value  and  interest.  It  is  supposed  that  the  depth 
of  the  sea  in  that  quarter  is  not  very  great,  and  that,  therefore,  these  soundings  may  be  had 
without  much  trouble  to  those  who  may  be  disposed  to  undertake  them. 

The  following  is  from  the  abstract  log  of  the  Garrick,  on  her  voyage  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York,  May  and  June. 

''3Iay  30.— Latitude,  48°  5'  N. ;  longitude,  41°  39'  W. ;  temperature,  55°;  let  1, 150  fathoms 
line  run  out  without  finding  bottom. 

''June  2. — Latitude,  45°  14' N.;  longitude,  46°  36' W.;  temperature,  48°;  no  soundings 
with  450  fathoms  line,  and.  a  strong  current  setting  SE.  by  E." 

His  distance  per  log  was  3,385  miles,  being  only  86  miles  more  than,  according  to  the 
above  route  for  May,  he  should  have  logged.  This  is  but  one  of  the  many  instances  that  I 
continually  receive,  illustrative  of  the  correctness  of  the  routes  recommended.  Steer  such 
courses,  the  tables  say,  and  you  will  meet,  on  the  average,  such  and  such  winds  ;  and  the 
distance  which  you  will  have  to  sail,  in  order  to  accomplish  your  voyage,  will  be  so  many 
thousand  miles.  The  navigator  does  it,  and,  in  some  instances,  the  computed  distance  and 
the  actual  distance  by  the  log,  will  be  found,  after  a  voyage  of  4,000  or  5,000  miles,  to  differ 
only  a  few  leagues.  In  this  case  of  the  Garrick,  the  difference,  though  comparatively  large, 
is  leas  than  30  marine  leagues. 

VOL.  II 5 


-^ 


34 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


JUNE.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Channel  to 

48°  18' 

10°  00' 
15    00 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    00 
40    00 
45    00 
50    00 
55    00 
60    00 
65    00 
70    00 

W.S  W 

S.W 

S.W 

W.S.W 

w 

213 
292 
310 
247 
230 
230 
230 
230 
2.30 
230 
247 
226 
231 
184 

29.4 
12.1 
2.4 
14.2 
23.2 
12.5 
26.0 
18.3 
13.2 
22.3 
20.4 
25.3 
30.0 
19.3 

276 
327 
316 
281 
283 
259 
290 
272 
263 
281 
297 
283 
300 
220 

9.1 
1.7 
0.0 
4.0 
7.1 
0.0 

11.0 
5.0 
2.8 
7.2 
7.6 
8.0 

14,0 
6.2 

16.9 

21.0 

3.0 

18  0 

14.3 

12.0 

15.8 

8.0 

6.0 

10.0 

3.1 

7.0 

7.5 

11.5 

35.1 
9,3 
6.0 
11.4 
22.0 
20.0 
17.3 
24.5 
22.8 
22.3 
22.0 
36.0 
19.4 
23.3 

0.0 
8.4 
0.0 
0.0 
4.4 
5.6 
3.4 
3.4 
2.5 
4.1 
0.9 
3.8 
3.5 
2.7 

78 

44    52 

129 

41     13 

33 

39    39 

51 

39    39 

57.0 
68.0 
55.9 
62.5 
78.4 
65.5 
67.3 
49.0 
59.1 
59.0 

189 

39    39 

w 

200 

39    39 

w 

215 

39    39 

w 

213 

39    39 

w 

251 

39    39 

w 

281 

41    13 
41    13 

W.S.W 

w 

925 

210 

40    28 
Port 

W.byS 

w 

235 
232 

3330 

3948 

A  tedious  time  of  the  year  is  the  month  of  June  to  the  homeward  bound. 


JULY.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Comptjted. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course, 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True, 

Head. 

North. 

South. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

\ 

49°  40' 
48    18 
48    18 

5°  00'  to 
10    00 
15    00 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    00 
40    CO 
45    00 
50    00 
55    00 
60    00 
65    00 
70    00 
74    00 

W.S.W 

w 

213 
200 
295 
212 
212 
212 
212 
212 
212 
233 
240 
245 
230 
183 

15.6 
23.0 
14.2 
37.8 
18.5 
11.0 
24.9 
14.8 
24.2 
20.0 
26  9 
35.0 
27.8 
29.9 

245 

246 

336 

292 

251 

235 

264 

244 

263 

279   ■ 

305 

330 

294 

237 

4.2 

5.5 

1.6 

15.0 

5.0 

3,0 

10.5 

5.4 

8.7 

5.5 

8.3 

13.6 

10.7 

11.2 

25.0 

27.5 

27.8 

15  0 

14.9 

4.0 

5.6 

8.1 

10.0 

17,8 

21.2 

19.8 

10.8 

7.7 

0.0 
14,3 

8.2 
30.0 
16  2 
14.0 
18.2 

8.7 
20.0 
17.1 
19.2 
21.3 
26.0 
35.9 

70.8 
52.7 
62.4 
40.0 
63.9 
79.0 
65.7 
77.8 
61,3 
59.6 
51.2 
45.3 
52.5 
45.2 

0.0 
2.2 
2.5 

2.8 
16,2 
7.4 
6.3 
4.7 
8.1 
5.4 
5.6 
8-4 
8.7 
4.2 

24 

94 

125 

36 

93 

104 

151 

155 

173 

236 

263 

350 

314 

^2 

44    50 

S.W 

44    50 

W 

44    50 

w 

44    50 

W 

44    50 

w 

44    50 

w 

44    50 

w 

43    20 
41    48 
40    14 
40    14 

W.S.W 

W.S.W 

W,8,W 

w 

Port 

w 

3131 
2950 

3821 
3623 

From  Channel. 
From  Liverpool. 

Ik* 


ROUrES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE 


36 


AUGUSr.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS — PER  CENT. 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from — 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

N'dorE'd. 

S'dorW'd. 

49''  40'' 
48    20 
44    55 

5°  00' to 
10    00 
15    00 
20    00 
25    00 
30    00 
35    00 
40    00 
45    00 
50    00 
55    00 
60    00 
65    00 
70    00 
74    00 

W.S.W 

S.W 

210 
291 
234 
238 
223 
223 
223 
223 
223 
244 
250 
250 
229 
183 

19.0 
22.4 
14.9 
15.6 
16.8 
21.4 
18.6 
18.1 
16.3 
17.9 
22.7 
10.8 
19.0 
16.3 

250 
255 
269 
275 
260 
270 
264 
263 
259 
268 
306 
277 
272 
208 

5.6 
7.2 
6.2 
1.7 
5.8 
6.0 
4.8 
5.6 
7.8 
3.5 
6.6 
2.0 
7.5 
7.0 

11.2 
26.4 
12.4 
28.9 
11.6 
15.0 
12.0 
9.8 
4.2 
19.5 
12.6 
7.0 
9.6 
8.0 

16.8 

5.6 

0.0 

11.9 

11.6 

22.0 

20.8 

19.6 

7.2 

17.0 

20.4 

17.5 

16.2 

12.5 

6G.4 
60.8 
81.4 
58.5 
71.0 
57.0 
62.4 
65.0 
80.8 
60.0 
64.4 
73.5 
66.7 
72.5 

0.0 
3.2 
6.2 
0.0 
2.9 
1.9 
4.7 
5.0 
3.7 
6.5 
7.9 
4.3 
6.3 
6.0 

36 
130 

43    25 
41     54 
41    54 

W.S.W 

W.S.W 

w 

17 
60 
35 

41    54 

w 

106 

41    54 

w 

133 

41    54 

w 

147 

41    54 

w 

166 

40    20 
38    44 

W.S.W 

W.S.W 

213 
164 

40    20 
40    20 

W.N.W 

w 

193 
336 

40    20 

w 

194 

3244 

3696 

SEPTEMBER.— EUROPE  TO  NEW  YORK.— Computed. 


I.idtitude. 


49°  30' 

46  09 

45  00 

44  00 

44  00 

40  18 

40  18 

40  18 

39  42 

39  42 

39  42 

39  42 

39  43 

40  39 
38  45 
40  30 


Longitude. 


5°  00'  to 

10  00 

11  38 
15  00 
30  00 
25  OOd 
30  00 
33  00 
35  OOd 
40  00 
45  00 
50  00 
55  00 
58  09 
65  00(2 
70  00 


Course. 


S.W... 
S.W... 
W.S.W 

W 

S.W... 

w 

w 

W.S.W, 

w 

w 

w 

w 

W.N.W. 
W.S.W. 
W.N.W. 
W 


DISTANCES. 


WINDS — PER  CENT. 


True.  Per  cent.       Average        Head.       North.     |    South.         Fair 


284 
98 
155 
216 
314 
229 
143 
94 
230 
330 
230 
230 
149 
349 
250 
183 

3384 


3.0 

13.3 

3.6 

7.7 

6.2 

19.6 

6.8 

14.0 

15.2 

14.2 

16.7 

13.9 

16.1 

14.0 

19.1 

16.4 


292 
111 
160 
231 
333 
274 
152 
107 
265 
263 
269 
262 
173 
398 
298 
212 

8800 


0.0 
l.S 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
6.8 
1.3 
6.2 
4.4 
3.2 
6.3 
5.6 
4.4 
3.5 
6.5 
6.3 


0.0 
12.6 
18.0 

5.5 

7.7 
10.2 

7.5 
11.3 
13.2 
20.8 
16.8 
10.5 
16.0 
16.1 
16.5 
20.7 


90.0 
65.8 
82.0 
72.5 
84.6 
64.3 
83.4 
79.9 
69.2 
68.0 
73.4 
77.6 
68.8 
69.9 
67.5 
67.6 


0.0 
1.8 
0.0 
0.0 
7.7 
7.0 

8.7 

0.0 
7.7 
5.1 
3.6 
4..0 
3.4 
5.4 
4.5 


Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 


20 
57 
17 
18 
14 
62 

87 

95 

139 
145 
144 
148 
154 
194 
115 


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56 


THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


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ROUTES  TO  AND  FEOM  EUROPE. 


57 


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VOL.  II- 


58 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


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ROUTES  TO  AND  FROM  EUROPE. 


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60  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

The  routes  to  and  fro,  between  Europe  and  the  United  States,  do  not  require  any  further 
explanation.  If  the  navigator  will  consult  the  foregoing  tables  and  crossings,  these  pages  and 
the  Pilot  Charts,  he  will  never  be  at  a  loss  as  to  his  best  course  on  the  average.  In  projecting 
the  computed  tracks  (pages  26  to  35)  on  his  Chart,  he  will  find  them  running  sometimes  incon- 
veniently near  the  land  or  over  shoals.  Of  course,  he  will  not  infer  that  he  is  recommended 
actually  to  stand  over  such  places.  The  computed  route  of  the  tables  being  intended  merely 
as  a  guide,  from  which  the  land,  as  well  as  the  winds  and  currents,  will  sometimes  turn  him  aside. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  practical  navigator  should  have  a  proper  understanding  of  these 
computed  routes ;  for  then  when  he  undertakes  to  follow  them  he  will  be  able  to  give  them  as 
much  weight  as  they  deserve,  but  no  more  than  is  due.  By  studying  them  beforehand,  he 
will  avoid  perplexities,  and  be  able  to  see  his  way  more  clearly.  As  an  illustration,  and  by  way 
of  explanation,  let  us  refer  to  the  computed  route  for  January,  page  26.  As  a  rule,  a  vessel  sailing 
by  one  of  these  routes  will  find  herself  farthest  from  it  in  mid-ocean,  say  between  the  meridians 
of  40°  and  45°  W.,  for  all  the  routes  come  together  at  the  two  ends.  It  is,  therefore,  in  the 
middle  that  they  may  be  expected  to  separate  most  widely.  The  best  crossing  of  the  meridian 
of  45°  for  the  January  route  going,  (page  26,)  appears,  according  to  calculation,  to  be  in  latitude 
45°  3'  on  an  east  course.  Now,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  chances,  it  is  highly  improbable 
that  any  one  vessel  should  cross  the  meridians  of  70°,  65°  60°,  55°,  50°,  and  45°,  and  so  on, 
exactly  at  the  computed  intersections,  and  then  steer  through  each  field  successively  and 
exactly  on  the  courses  and  distances  of  the  computed  route,  as  given  in  the  tables.  The 
chances  are  not  one  in  many  that  any  one  vessel  should  do  this  for  the  entire  route.  But 
if  the  tracks  of  two  or  more  vessels  that  are  following  the  computed  route  be  traced  across 
any  meridian,  as  that  of  45°  for  instance,  the  chances  are  that  the  mean  crossing  place  of  the 
whole  will  be  not  far  from  that  of  the  table,  if  that  of  the  table  be  really  the  best  route. 
Thus  the  computed  route  for  January,  (page  26,)  intersects  the  meridian  of  65°  and  30°  W.  in 
latitude  42°  02'  and  46°  30'.  Two  vessels,  A  and  B,  may  attempt  to  follow  this  route.  A  may 
cross  65°  as  much  too  far  to  the  north  as  B  does  to  the  south  of  it ;  and  yet  their  mean  crossing 
will  coincide  with  the  calculation ;  but  when  they  come  to  30°  W.  the  positions  may  be 
reversed,  and  B,  instead  of  A,  may  now  be  too  far  north.  Still,  the  average  crossing  in  this  case 
may  also  agree  with  the  crossing  of  the  tables,  while  the  actual  route  of  each  vessel  singly  is 
quite  different.  Thus  the  Gladiator,  (page  36,)  crossed  65°  W.  in  latitude  36^°,  and  30°  W.  in 
latitude  49°;  while  the  Splendid  crossed  the  former  meridian  to  the  north  of  the  Gladiator's 
track,  viz :  in  latitude  40j°  and  the  latter  on  the  parallel  of  44°  or  5°  to  the  south  of  the 
Gladiator. 

These  computed  routes,  (pages  26  to  33,)  both  going  and  returning,  have  been  before 
navigators  for  some  years.     Let  us  see  how  they  have  stood  the  test  of  experience  : 

It  has  been  claimed  that  the  computed  routes  would,  on  trial  and  the  long  run,  actually 
prove  the  shortest.  They  have  done  so.  The  crossings  of  the  "best  six"  passages  for  each 
month,  going  and  coming  are  given  in  the  tables.  The  extreme  difference  between  the  crossings 
on  the  meridians  of  40°  and  45°  for  each  month,  both  going  and  coming,  are  also  given  in  the 
subjoined  table.  For  the  sake  of  the  comparison,  the  difference  between  the  mean  crossing  of 
the  best  six  and  the  computed  crossings  are  there  given  also.  The  crossings  of  40°  and  45°  W. 
are  taken  as  the  test,  because,  as  already  stated,  they  are  about  midway  the  ocean,  where  the 
departure  of  the  actual  from  the  computed  route  should  be  a  maximum.  It  is  a  minimum 
at  the  ends,  for  there  they  all  come  together. 

Thus,  in  January,  onthe route /rom Europe,  (page 48,)  the  "London,"  the  "Moneynick,"  and 


ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK  AND  PORTS  EAST  TO  EUROPE  AND  BACK. 


61 


the  ' '  Driver' '  are  among  the  best  six.  They  crossed  the  meridians  of  40°  and  45°  on  the  extreme 
north  and  the  extreme  south,  the  rest  of  the  six  crossing  between  them.  Thus  the  ' '  Money- 
nick"  crossed  40°  west,  14°  to  the  south  of  the  London,  and  the  meridian  of  45°,  9°  to  the 
south  of  the  "Driver  ;"  whereas,  the  mean  crossing  of  the  best  six  is  1°  to  the  south  of  the 
computed  route  on  40°  W.,  and  0°,  i.  e.,  coincident  on  45°  west. 

Hence  the  following  tabular  statement  showing  the  degrees  of  latitude  between  extreme 
crossing  to  the  north  and  to  the  south,  on  the  meridians  of  40°  and  45°  W.  by : 


Months. 

Meridians. 

The  best  six. 

Degrees  of  latitude  between  mean 
of  best  six  and  computed  cross- 
ing. 

Going. 

Returning. 

Going. 

Returning. 

January 

Do 

40° 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

40 

45 

60 

2 

5 

4 

8 

6 

2 

3 

4 

4 

7 

6 

4 

5 

5 

4 

1 

1 

14° 

9 

5 

4 

4 

3 

8 

6 

5 

5 
10 

5 

7 

7 

3 

2 

8 

6 

lo 
0 

1 
1 

0 

2 

3 

2 

1 

0 

4 

4 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

lo 
0 

February ... 

0 

Do 

1 

March 

3 

Do 

4 

April 

1 

Do 

0 

May...... 

1 

Do 

0 

June .__._. 

7 

Do 

6 

July ... 

1 

Do 

0 

August 

4 

Do 

3 

September  . . 

4 

Do 

4 

Now,  if  we  divide  the  ocean  out  into  lanes,  so  as  to  include  the  tracks  of  the  ' '  best  six' '  for 
each  month,  within  the  lane  for  that  month,  we  may  see  by  the  Table  of  Crossings,  (pages  36 
to  59,)  for  any  month,  as  for  January,  that  the  lane  going  would  be  6°  broad  when  it  crosses 
40°  W.,  2°  broad  when  it  crosses  45°  W.,  and  that  the  computed  route  (page  26)  would  cross 
45°  W.  in  the  middle  of  this  lane,  and  40°,  1°  N.  of  the  middle  ;  that  the  lane  returning  (page 
48)  would  on  45°  "W.  be  9°  broad,  and  14°  broad  when  it  crosses  40°  W.,  while  the  computed 
route  (page  31)  would  be  in  the  middle  of  the  lane  at  the  crossing  of  the  45°  meridian  and 
1°  to  the  north  of  the  middle  at  the  crossing  of  40°  W. ;  and  that  for  every  month,  going, 
and  for  every  month,  save  June  and  August,  returning,  the  lane  traversed  by  the  "best  six," 
in  the  Tables  of  Crossings,  includes  the  computed  route. 

This  coincidence  between  the  computed  routes  and  the  mean  of  the  "best  six,"  each  way, 
may  be  taken  as  an  indication  that  the  computed  routes  are  cast  along  that  part  of  the  ocean 
where  winds,  weather,  and  sea  are,  on  the  average,  most  favorable  for  quick  passages. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  greatest  difference  between  the  computed  route  and  the 
average  of  the  "best  six,"  both  going  and  coming,  is  in  June  ; — that  in  June  calms  and  fogs 


63  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

are  most  prevalent ;  and  that  June,  July,  and  August  have  the  highest  average  for  the  "best 
six, ' '  both  coming  and  going. 

Navigators  who  pursue  these  computed  routes  will  confer  a  favor  by  making  a  note  of 
the  fact  in  their  abstracts,  accompanied  with  an  expression  of  their  opinion  as  to  the  advantages 
of  them ;  mentioning  also  the  distance  logged,  and  whether  they  have  had  any  longer  or 
shorter  passages  than  vessels  sailing  about  the  same  time  without  the  Wind  and  Current 
Charts  on  board. 

Captain  Oliver  Eldridge,  of  the  Roscius,  writes  :  "In  reply  to  your  inquiries  as  to  my 
opinion  in  regard  to  the  New  Sailing  Directions  and  Routes,  recommended  by  yourself,  I  would 
say,  that,  as  far  as  I  have  had  opportunity  of  judging,  I  think  they  will  be  of  great  advantage, 
and  in  particular  to  that  part  of  the  commercial  community  who  depend  upon  wind  as  a 
propelling  power. 

' '  On  my  last  passage  to  Liverpool,  I  think  it  was  lengthened  some  two  or  three  days  by 
not  following  more  closely  the  directions  recommended  by  you,  in  your  number  for  January, 
1850  ;  as  a  ship  that  left  New  York  with  us,  kept  in  company,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  longitude  of 
25°.  The  wind  then  came  out  ahead  ;  we  stood  on  the  southern  tack,  and  she  on  the  northern, 
(as  recommended  by  you.)  The  wind  afterwards  came  N.NE. ;  she  brought  up  to  Cape  Clear, 
and  we  200  miles  south  of  it." 

Captain  Samuel  Clark,  of  the  James  Wright,  says:  "As  an  instance  of  their  use  [the 
Pilot  Charts,]  after  examining  them  in  Liverpool,  previous  to  the  last  passage  to  New  Orleans, 
I  made  up  my  mind  to  take  the  northern  route,  via  the  Hole  in  the  Wall,  and  the  southern 
edge  of  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland  ;  and  on  stating  my  intention  to  several  shipmasters  of  my 
acquaintance,  they  unanimously  told  me  that  I  should  miss  it,  and  that  they  should  take  the 
trades  for  it.  And  although  the  most  of  them  sailed  from  five  to  fifteen  days  before  me,  I 
arrived  at  New  Orleans  four  or  five  days  before  the  first  of  them,  and,  in  several  cases,  ten  to 
fifteen  days.  On  the  3d  of  October,  I  dined  in  company  with  a  New  Orleans  merchant,  who 
was  interested  with  my  friends  in  the  shipment  of  cotton,  and  he  asked  me  about  what  time 
he  might  expect  me  in  New  Orleans.  I  told  him  that  I  expected  to  be  there  on  the  10th 
November,  and  by  the  abstract  that  I  presented  you,  you  will  see  that  on  that  day  I  was  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  It  was  my  intention  to  have  gone  to  the  northward  and  west- 
ward of  Bermuda,  but  was  prevented  by  light  westerly  winds,  when  I  had  expected  easterly  winds; 
still,  you  will  see  that  the  daily  distances  sum  up  under  5,000  miles,  which  is  near  1,000  less 
than  the  common  route,  via  the  trade-winds  and  the  south  side  of  Cuba.  You  will  see  by  the 
enclosed  abstract  that  I  made  the  return  passage  to  Liverpool  in  a  little  over  4, 600  miles, 
which,  I  think,  is  about  as  short  as  a  cotton  loaded  ship  can  well  make  it,  as  they  have  to  make 
a  free  wind,  of  what  a  stiff  heavy  loaded  ship  would  go  by  the  wind.  I  have  no  abstract  of 
my  passage  from  Liverpool,  as  the  weather  on  this  passage  has  been  so  variable  that  I  could 
not  keep  one  to  my  satisfaction  for  want  of  observations." 

So,  also,  Capt.  Myrick,  of  the  Diadem : — 

"I  am  firmly  convinced  of  the  utility  of  the  Pilot  Charts  of  Mr.  Maury  in  shortening 
passages  across  the  Atlantic,  and,  had  I  not  had  one,  should  have  probably  prolonged 
the  passage  several  days.  In  consulting  the  Chart  for  the  prevailing  winds  for  the  month,  I 
found  that,  from  the  Azores,  the  wind  prevailed  from  the  NE.  quarter  to  the  longitude  of  10° 
west,  and  then  from  W.NW.  to  W.SW.  After  leaving  the  Islands,  we  had  to  brace  sharp  up, 
and  had  strong  breezes,  bringing  us  to  two-reefed  topsails  ;  so  that,  in  12°  west,  we  were  to 


ROUTES   FROM  NEW   YORK   AND   PORTS   EAST    TO    EUROPE   AND   BACK.  ^B 

leeward  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  ;  and,  had  I  not  had  a  chart  on  board  relating  to  the  winds, 
should  have  tacked  to  avoid  falling  upon  the  African  coast.  But,  having  firm  conviction  that 
a  different  wind  would  be  found  in  10"^  west,  I  kept  on  the  port  tack  and  eventually  found  my 
anticipations  correct,  the  wind  hauling  to  the  westward  and  carrying  us  through  the  straits  with 
a  fair  wind.  I  think  every  master  should  provide  himself  with  the  Charts,  as  he  thereby  has 
the  experience  of  many  in  a  condensed  form  ;  and  has  an  opportunity  of  placing  his  vessel  on  the 
weather  side  and  avoid  falling  to  leeward. 

"N.  B. — I  am  firmly  of  the  opinion  that  there  is  a  bank  between  the  latitude  of  39°  30' 
and  37°  00',  and  longitude  65°  W.,  as  I  have  always  found  the  water  much  colder  than  the 
surrounding  water.  There  appear  to  be  very  irregular  currents  between  60°  and  55°  longitude  ; 
some  to  the  westward  and  others  to  E.SE.  I  think  there  must  be  some  very  irregular  forma- 
tions of  the  bottom  in  this  vicinity,  as  the  sea  is  always  much  agitated,  streaks  of  very  green 
water  and  blue." 


04  THE   WIND   AND   CUEEENT   CHAETS, 


SAnJNG  DIRECTIONS  FROM  SEA  TO  SANDY  HOOK. 

The  better  to  show  what  excellent  and  safe  landmarks  nature  has  afforded  the  navigator 
for  making  Sandy  Hook  and  its  lights,  I  have  resorted  to  the  expedient  of  a  colored  chart. 
Plate  VI  has  been  constructed  by  Lieut.  Porter  and  Professor  Flye,  who  have  for  the  purpose 
been  furnished  with  the  best  data  extant,  which,  though  not  as  complete  as  I  could  wish,  are 
nevertheless  supposed  to  be  sufficient,  in  the  main,  to  bring  out  the  most  striking  of  these 
marks  with  truthfulness  enough  to  enable  one  readily  to  recognize  them. 

By  coloring  the  bottom  instead  of  shading  the  depth,  the  excellent  character  of  the 
landmarks  which  are  afforded  by  the  hind  of  bottom,  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  depth, 
becomes  very  striking. 

The  coast  line,  the  soundings,  and  the  bottom,  are,  on  the  authorities  of  the  charts  of  the 
Coast  Survey,  entitled  General  Chart  of  the  Coast  from  Gay  Head  to  Cape  Henlojpen^  published 
in  1852,  and  Preliminary  Sketch  of  Davis'  South  Shoal  and  other  Dangers,  1853,  et  al.  Where 
these  do  not  apply,  the  chart  of  E.  and  G.  W.  Blunt,  entitled  The  Coast  of  the  United  States, 
Sheet  No.  1,  from  Point  Judith  to  Cape  Lookout,  1854,  has  been  consulted.  The  lights  have 
for  their  authority  the  publications  of  the  Ligh-thouse  Board ;  and  the  in-shore  limits  of 
the  Gulf  Stream  are  projected  according  to  data  derived  from  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts 
of  this  office.     Where  any  of  these  authorities  are  wrong,  Plate  YI  is  also  wrong. 

With  all  the  information  to  be  derived  from  these  sources  collected  together  and  spread 
out  on  a  chart  before  him,  the  navigator  who  uses  the  lead,  keeps  his  run,  and  pays  attention 
to  the  water  thermometer,  will  not  be  in  much  need  of  written  sailing  directions.  To  such  an 
one  Plate  VI  itself  is  sailing  directions  enough,  for  it  shows  that  there  are  no  hidden  dangers 
to  apprehend — that  the  leading  marks  make  the  way  plain — and  the  log,  lead,  and  look-out 
will  not  fail  to  point  them  out,  or  to  certify  him  as  to  the  position  of  his  ship  before  she  nears 
the  land  too  closely. 

As  the  navigator  approaches  the  western  shore  of  the  Atlantic  from  any  port  beyond  the 
Gulf  Stream,  he  is  or  may  be  warned  of  the  fact  by  the  water  thermometer.  The  inner  edge 
of  the  Gulf  Stream  is,  with  rare  exceptions,  well  marked.  The  eastern,  or  the  outer,  edge 
is  not  so  well  marked.  But  though  the  navigator  may  not  be  able  always  to  say  at  what  time 
his  vessels  entered  the  stream  from  the  east,  yet,  when  he  gets  well  into  it,  he  will  generally 
have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  the  fact.  Being  in  it,  he  should,  however  good  his  chronometer 
and  accurate  his  reckoning  may  be  supposed  to  be,  have  frequent  recourse  to  the  water 
thermometer,  for,  by  a  little  attention  to  it,  he  may  often  tell,  within  a  few  miles,  when  he 
leaves  the  inner  edge  of  the  stream,  and  enters  the  cold  water  between  it  and  the  shore. 

Being  thus  put  upon  his  guard,  he  has  in  the  lead,  and  the  look-out,  and  the  water 
thermometer  sure  guides  for  conducting  his  vessel  safely  thence  to  the  offings  of  Sandy  Hook, 
and  of  placing  her  so  near  the  entrance  that  when  the  fog  lifts,  or  daylight  appears,  he  will  be 
in  the  fair  way  to  port,  and  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  his  position. 

I  have  traced  in  black  and  red,  on  Plate  VI,  the  mean  in-shore  limits  of  the  Gulf  Stream, 
for  the  various  months,  and  at  different  temperatures.  Navigators,  however,  are  cautioned 
not  to  regard  these  limits  as  fixed  lines,  for  they  are  fluctuating.  Sometimes  they  are  much 
nearer  to  the  shore,  at  others  further  from  it  than  they  are  represented  on  the  chart  to  be  ; 


SAILING  DIEECTIONS   FROM    SEA   TO    SANDY   HOOK.  65 

but  the  lines  there  drawn  show  the  average  limits  of  the  inner  edge,  traced  with  a  free  hand, 
from  the  mean  of  a  great  number  of  observations,  which  limits  are  near  enough  to  the  actual 
mean  monthly  limits  to  put  navigators  on  their  guard,  for  they  should  be  on  the  lookout  for 
the  inner  edge  of  the  stream  always,  and  for  a  considerable  distance  before  they  reach  the 
position  assigned  to  it  on  the  chart. 

Being  warned  by  the  water  thermometer  and  the  deep-sea  lead  that  he  is  inside  the  Gulf 
Stream,  or  that  he  has  passed  the  forty  and  the  thirty  fathom  curve,  and  is  nearing  Sandy  Hook, 
the  lead  should  be  kept  constantly  going,  especially  in  the  night,  or  foggy  or  threatening 
weather  ;  by  referring  to  the  soundings,  his  rate  of  sailing,  and  Plate  VI,  the  navigator  will 
be  certified  still  more  surely  as  to  the  position  of  his  vessel — for  the  approaches  are  shown  on 
this  chart  to  be  so  well  marked  by  the  kind  of  bottom,  and  the  depth  of  water,  that  nothing 
but  stress  of  weather  or  the  utmost  recklessness  should  hereafter  be  regarded  either  as  cause 
or  excuse  sufficient  for  putting  a  vessel  ashore  there.  She  may  have  lost  her  reckoning,  and 
the  weather  may  be  never  so  thick,  still,  the  marks  underfoot  are  so  plain  that  she  cannot,  if 
her  master  will  try  them,  get  into  any  danger  from  the  shore  without  his  knowledge. 

As  one  approaches  Sandy  Hook  from  seaward,  and  shoals  the  water  to  less  than  fifty  or 
sixty  fathoms,  the  bottom  is  either  mud,  ooze,  or  sand — that  is,  these  are  its  chief  charac- 
teristics. The  mud  or  ooze  may  be  blue,  black,  or  green  ;  or  it  may  be  mixed  with  sand  ;  or 
the  sand  may  be  gray,  white,  or  yellow,  and  be  mixed  with  shell — broken  or  whole,  or  with 
specks,  black  or  yellow.  These  colors,  shells,  and  mixtures  are  disregarded  in  the  construction 
of  Plate  VI.  It  gives  only  the  predominating  character  of  the  bottom,  sand  and  mud  being 
colored  as  sand ;  mud  and  sand,  as  mud ;  thus  recognizing  the  main  features  only.  Sometimes 
there  are  well-marked  patches  of  pebbles,  gravel,  or  rocks ;  in  such  cases  the  chart  is  so 
delineated  as  to  bring  them  out  also,  and  to  show  where  they  are. 

Between  the  shore  and  the  twelve  fathom  curve  the  kind  of  bottom  is  not  given.  This 
space  is  left  blank,  to  warn  navigators  to  keep  out  of  it  until  they  be  certified  by  the  lights, 
or  other  landmarks  ashore,  as  to  their  position.  There  is  some  doubt,  also,  as  to  the  kind  of 
bottom  m  the  neighborhood  of  Block  Island,  and  thence  towards  the  Nantucket  Shoals,  for  the 
authorities  do  not  give  the  kind  of  bottom  there  with  sufficient  distinctness  to  make  my  mind 
clear  upon  the  subject.  But  that  happens  to  be  not  very  material  to  the  purpose  now  in  view, 
for  this  chart  is  only  intended  to  illustrate  the  approaches  to  Sandy  Hook  from  the  sea,  and 
it  is  presumed  that  no  vessel  from  the  sea  will  get  upon  tlie  ground  represented  by  this  part 
of  the  chart  without  first  crossing  the  Nantucket  Shoals,  or  passing  over  muddy  bottom,  or 
recognizing  some  of  the  landmarks  alluded  to  which  will  certify  her  as  to  position.  There 
is  a  large  space  between  these  shoals  and  Block  Island,  in  which  there  are  no  soundings,  and 
in  which  I  have  supposed  the  bottom  to  be  sandy,  though,  for  aught  that  the  charts  consulted 
show  to  the  contrary,  it  may  be  mud. 

Though  the  depth  and  bottom  are  given  with  as  much  accuracy  as  the  present  state  of 
our  information  will  admit,  nevertheless  a  caution  is  necessary  ;  navigators  are  not  to  suppose 
that  the  sand  and  the  mud,  even  in  other  parts  of  the  chart  where  there  is  no  want  of  soundings, 
are  separated  from  each  other  as  distinctly  and  sharply  as  the  colors  for  mud  and  sand  would 
indicate.  The  soundings,  for  a  considerable  extent,  are  occasionally  a  mixture  of  sand  and 
mud,  and  the  change  from  all  mud  to. all  sand  is  often  so  gradual,  and  the  dividing  line  is  in 
some  places  so  jagged  and  irregular,  and  at  others  even  uncertain  as  to  place,  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  exactly  where  the  mud  ends  and  the  sand  begins.  These  dividing  lines,  therefore,  it 
VOL.  II 9 


66  THE   WIND   AND   CUREENT   CHAETS. 

should  be  recollected,  are  not,  by  any  means,  as  sharp  as  shore  lines,  nor  are  their  positions  as 
well  determined  ;  for  they,  like  the  forty,  the  thirty,  twenty,  and  the  twelve  fathom  curves, 
are  necessarily  drawn  somewhat  with  a  free  hand. 

Therefore,  when  the  navigator,  consulting  this  chart,  finds  his  soundings  to  change  from 
mud  to  sand,  he  is  not  to  infer  that  he  knows  exactly,  and  to  the  very  spot,  where  he  is ;  but, 
on  the  contrary,  he  should  proceed,  even  in  the  best  certified  cases,  as  though  he  had  reason 
to  doubt  as  to  his  position  by  several  miles  at  least,  and  continue  to  feel  his  Avay  cautiously 
until  the  rate  at  which  he  is  shoaling  his  water,  taken  in  connection  with  the  course  he  has 
been  steering,  the  distance  he  has  run,  or  the  mud-holes  or  the  gullies  which  connect  them, 
or  the  pebble  or  gravel  banks  which  stand  both  as  a  beacon  and  fender  to  the  Long  Island  and 
Jersey  shore,  or  the. lights,  or  the  unmistakable  landmarks  ashore  or  at  the  bottom,  make 
assurance  doubly  sure,  and  leave  him  no  room  to  doubt  where  he  is. 

The  navigator  bound  into  New  York  is  requested,  before  he  reaches  the  offings  of  Sandy 
Hook,  to  make  himself  familiar  with  Plate  YI  and  its  leading  features  ;  and,  that  he  may  do 
this  the  more  readily,  he  will  perhaps  allow  me  to  call  his  attention  to  a  few  more  of  the 
striking  characteristics  that  nature  has  placed  as  beacons  at  the  bottom,  to  warn  him  of  danger, 
and  guide  him  safely  where  he  would  be. 

The  40,  30,  20,  and  12  Fathom  Curves. — The  40  fathom  curve,  coming  from  the  south 
and  trending  along  with  the  Jersey  ^ore  pretty  well,  takes,  upon  reaching  the  parallel  of 
Sandy  Hook,  a  turn  to  the  eastward,  and.  runs  off"  the  chart  where  the  bottom  is  very  uneven. 

The  30  fathom  curve  conforms  more  nearly  with  the  Jersey  and  Long  Island  shore  lines 
in  its  direction.  Starting  from  the  parallel  of  39°,  it  runs  along  with  the  Jersey  shore  line 
until  it  approaches  within  15  or  20  miles  of  the  parallel  of  Sandy  Hook.  Here  it  turns  to  run 
irregularly  with  the  Long  Island  shore  line  until  Montauk  Point  is  brought  to  bear  northwest, 
where,  in  muddy  bottom,-  it  makes  a  turn  east.  After  running  some  distance  by  irregular 
curves  over  muddy  bottom,  it  dips  down  over  sandy  bottom  to  clear  the  Nantucket  Shoals. 

From  Cape  May  to  Barnegat,  the  Avater  between  the  20  and  12  fathom  curves  shoals  so 
gradually  that  the  depth  is  not  a  very  good  guide  as  to  the  distance  from  the  shore,  at  least  it 
should  not  be  considered  a  nearer  guide  than  10  or  12  miles.  Off  Barnegat,  the  20  fathom 
curve  turns  to  the  westward,  gradually  approaching  the  Jersey  shore  until  it  strikes  that 
singular  range  of  holes  (they  are  shaded  on  the  plate)  which  seem  to  be  connected  by  a  gully 
or  channel-way- — -also  shaded  on  the  chart — not  so  deep  as  the  holes,  but  deeper  than  the 
surrounding  water.  Here,  at  the  distance  of  24  or  25  miles  due  south  from  Hog  Island  Inlet, 
it  turns  and  runs  northeast  towards  Block  Island,  passing  within  6  or  8  miles  of  Montauk 
Point,  and  so  on  above  and  beyond  Block  Island,  where  it  becomes  irregular,  with  sandy 
bottom  all  the  way. 

From  Montauk  Point,  the  12  fathom  curve  runs  along  the  shore  until  it  gets  off  Fire 
Island  Inlet ;  here,  making  a  bight,  it  runs  close  in  with  the  beach,  thence  it  gradually  recedes 
until  it  gets  6  or  8  miles  off  from  it.  Turning  it  front  of  the  entrance  to  Sandy  Hook,  it 
sweeps  down  inside  of  the  light-boat,  and  runs  very  nearly  along  with  the  Jersey  shore,  which  it 
gradually  approaches — except  where  it  makes  another  bight  marked  on  the  chart — until  you 
reach  the  head  of  Barnegat  Bay,  where  it  is  close  in ;  it  then  gradually  recedes  until  you 
approach  Cape  May,  where  it  is  10  or  12  miles  from  the  land. 

It  may  be  well  to  call  the  attention  of  navigators  to  these  two  bights  in  the  12  fathom 
curve.     They  are  very  close  in,  one  off  Fire  Island,  and  the  other  off  Squam  Beach — the  most 


SAILING   DIRECTIONS   FROM   SEA   TO    SANDY   HOOK.  67 

famous  places  for  wrecks.  Do  these  two  beaches  owe  their  celebrity  to  this  fact?  Deep  water 
so  close  in  seems  sufficient  to  explain  why  more  vessels  are  lost  at  these  particular  places 
than  elsewhere  along  the  same  shores.  It  is  well,  therefore,  for  the  navigator  to  take  warning, 
and  make  it  a  rule  to  feel  cautiously  along  after  getting  in  15  fathoms,  and  nevei'  to  get  into 
kss  than  12,  unless  he  hioivs  where  he  is.  The  bebbly  bottom  off  the  Jersey  shore  affords 
warning  of  the  approach  to  the  Squam  Beach  bight ;  and  the  lead,  with  proper  caution,  even 
when  the  light  cannot  be  seen,  will  enable  any  one  to  keep  out  of  the  Fire  Island  bight. 

The  Deep  Holes. — Lying  to  the  southward  and  eastward  from  Sandy  Hook  are  six  remark- 
able holes — shaded  on  Plate  VI — having  in  their  deepest  parts  from  10  to  12  fathoms  more 
water  than  is  found  immediately  around  them.  Beginning  with  the  outer  one — for  the  one  to 
the  south  of  it,  that  is  surrounded  by  pebbles,  is  not  connected  with  it  by  the  gully — and 
taking  them  in  order  from  seaward,  comes  j^rs^  the  "38  fothom  hole"  of  Blunt' s  chart,  with 
mud  in  the  deepest  part  surrounded  by  sand.* 

Second  and  Third  (or  second  and  first  37  fathom  holes  of  Blunt' s  chart ;)  the  first  named 
having  from  28  to  37  fathoms  of  sand,  the  other  from  25  to  39  fathoms  of  blue  mud,  surrounded 
by  from  18  to  22  fathoms  of  sand.  These  two  holes  are  connected  by  a  gully  having  26  or  27 
fathoms  in  it,  principally  sand,  with  from  20  to  22  fathoms  on  the  edges.  This  gully,  with 
the  two  holes,  lies  northwest  and  southeast,  and  is  20  miles  long  by  2^  broad,  the  northwest 
extremity  being  about  20  miles,  southeast  by  south  from  the  light-boat. 

Fourth  (32  fathom  hole  of  Blunt' s  chart.)  Depth  from  20  to  32  fathoms — sand  or  shells, 
pebbles,  and  gravel — surrounded  by  from  16  to  18  fathoms ;  length,  north-northwest,  4  miles  ; 
breadth,  1  mile.  This  is  connected,  by  a  gully  of  from  18  to  19  fathoms,  with  the  "first 
37  fathom  hole,"  and  may  be  considered  as  a  bight  in  the  20  fathom  curve,  reaching  up 
towards  Sandy  Hook,  and  coming  within  about  12  miles  southeast  of  the  light-boat. 

Fifth  and  Sixth  (21  and  23  fathom  holes  of  Blunt.)  These  two  holes  appear  to  be  joined 
together.  They  lie  north  and  south,  and  are  7  miles  long,  by  1|  broad ;  depth,  from  19  to  32 
fathoms,  muddy  bottom,  with  from  13  to  17  fathoms  of  sand  or  sand  gravel  near  the  edges.  Fifteen 
fathoms  may  be  carried  nearly  up  to  the  light-boat.  To  repeat :  this  range  of  holes — with  the 
light-boat  at  one  end,  and  the  38  fathom  hole  at  the  other — is  55  miles  long  and  14  broad  at 
the  outer  end,  and  the  inner  end  only  1  or  2  miles  broad.  It  has  in  it  from  3  to  18  fathoms 
more  water  than  is  to  be  found  on  either  side  of  it,  and,  therefore,  in  connection  with  the 
pebble  banks  to  the  southward  and  westward  of  them,  constitute  the  best  land  marks  possible 
for  guiding  in  the  dark  and  through  fogs,  safely  into  12  or  15  fathoms,  and  within  sight  or  hail 
of  the  light-boat. 

Now,  studying  the  peculiarities  which  mark  the  series  of  holes,  and  which  are  denoted  by 
the  kind  of  bottom  as  well  as  the  depth,  and  observing  also  the  fact  that,  with  barely  an 
exception,  all  the  pebbly  patches  of  note  are  off  the  Jersey  shore,  inside  the  30  fathom  curve, 
and  to  the  southward  or  westward  of  this  range  of  holes,  and  noting  also  the  long  gravel  bed 
south  of  Mo.ntauk  Point,  it  will  be  at  once  obvious  to  the  navigator  how  well  the  approaches 
from  the  sea  to  the  light-boat  are  marked.  His  guides  here,  log  and  lead,  are  better  than  any 
landmarks  ashore,  because  landmarks  ashore  may  be  hidden  in  fogs  and  the  dark ;  but  here  the 
navigator  has  them  under  foot,  and  can,  by  feeling,  tell  within  a  very  little  compass  as  to  his 
true  place. 

When  the  navigator  finds  his  vessel  in  20  fathoms,  and  is  still  doubtful  as  to  her  position, 

*  Sand  and  mud  are  represented  on  the  chart  as  sand  ;  mud  and  sand,'  as  mud  ;  the  predominating  character  giving  the  color. 


68  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

let  her  always  steer  north  or  north-northeast,  never  west  of  north.  Now,  noting  the  rate  at 
which  she  shoals  her  water — for,  if  she  be  off  the  Jersey  shore,  she  will  shoal  it  slowly,  if  at  all — 
and  recollecting  the  course  she  has  been  steering,  the  water  she  brought  along,  and  the  bottom 
she  has  had,  he  will — generally  before,  but  always  by  the  time  she  gets  into  12  fathoms — have 
no  difficulty  in  judging  pretty  accurately  where  she  is,  no  matter  how  thick  the  weather  may  be. 

Coming  from  the  Eastward. — To  a  vessel  coming  from  sea,  Avith  Sandy  Hook  bearing 
anywhere  between  NW.  and  W.SW.,  the  Block  Island  soundings,  (mud  and  ooze,)  in  blue  on 
the  chart,  are  an  excellent  guide.  If  she  gets  out  of  this  mud  and  into  sand  in  less  than  40 
fathoms,  she  will  probably  be  somewhere  to  the  north  of  latitude  40°.  But  if  she  have  more 
than  40  fathoms  when  she  gets  out  of  the  mud,  then  she  is  probably  south  of  that  parallel. 
The  course  and  distance  sailed  through  the  mud,  the  depth  and  the  distance  run  between  the 
mud  and  the  30  fathom  curve,  and  then  the  gravel  beds,  the  20  fathom  curve,  <fec.,  will  leave 
but  little  doubt  as  to  position. 

Coming  from  the  Southward  and  Eastward. — Suppose  a  vessel  to  be  coming  from  the 
southward  and  eastward,  so  as  to  cross  the  parallel  of  40°  latitude  somewhere  between  71° 
and  73°  W.  Here,  though  she  may  not  sound  deep  enough  nor  far  enough  out  for  the  mud, 
yet  supposing  she  misses  also  the  long  gravel  bed  south  of  the  east  end  of  Long  Island,  even 
then,  her  rate  of  shoaling  from  40  to  30  fathoms,  compared  with  that  from  30  to  20,  will  leave 
but  little  doubt  as  to  the  bearing  of  Sandy  Hook.  But,  suppose  the  navigator,  when  he  gets 
into  20  fathoms  from  this  direction,  should  still  feel  in  doubt  as  to  his  position.  In  such  a 
case,  he  must  either  have  passed  to  the  eastward  of  the  shaded  holes  and  their  connecting 
gullies,  and  be  somewhere  between  them  and  the  Long  Island  shore,  or  he  must  be  very  much 
out  of  his  reckoning,  and  is  somewhere  between  these  holes  and  the  Jersey  shore.  Being  in 
doubt  and  in  20  fathoms,  let  him  steer  N.NE.,  and  he  will,  by  keeping  the  lead  going,  soon 
find  out  upon  which  shore  he  is.  If  on  the  Jersey  shore,  a  N.NE.  course  will  take  him  along 
parallel  with  it,  or  divergent  from  it,  and  the  water  will  shoal  very  gradually  and  slowly, 
if  at  all.  But  if  he  be  on  the  Long  Island  shore,  the  bottom  will  be  steeper.  The  distance 
that  he  carries  water  between  20  and  12  fathoms  will  indicate,  beyond  all  doubt,  when  he 
is  off  that  shore. 

Coming  from  the  Southward. — To  a  vessel  coming  from  the  southward,  and  crossing  the 
parallel  of  39°  to  the  west  of  73°,  a  north  course  or  a  course  a  little  to  the  west  of  north, 
according  to  her  distance  from  the  shore,  will  carry  her  safely  until  attention  to  the  lead  shall 
have  warned  the  navigator  of  her  position,  either  by  the  pebble  patches,  or  the  shaded  holes 
and  their  connecting  channel.  Suppose  that  all  these  marks  escape  detection,  and  leave  the 
navigator  still  doubting  as  to  his  position,  and  in  the  dark,  there  is  yet  left  a  last  and  safe  and 
decisive  recourse  :  being  between  12  and  20  fathoms,  he  has  but  to  steer  N.NE.,  as  vessels 
coming  from  SE.  have  been  recommended  to  do,  and  the  lead  and  log  together,  in  connection 
with  the  soundings  and  bottom,  the  distance  run,  and  the  course  steered  on  soundings,  will 
very  soon  make  all  clear. 

Should  the  mariner,  notwithstanding  all  these  signs,  marks,  and  beacons,  find  himself  in  12 
fathoms,  and  still  be  in  any  doubt  as  to  his  position,  he  should  Tiever  venture  into  less  than  12 
fathoms,  nor  allow  his  ship  to  get  into  the  space  represented  by  the  white  band  along  the 
shore,  until  he  knows  exactly  where  he  is.  His  only  prudent  or  safe  plan  in  such  a  case  is  to 
anchor,  or  to  put  the  head  of  his  vessel  off  shore  and  wait  until  the  fog  lifts,  the  pilot  boards 
him,  or  until  he  learns,  in  some  other  way,  exactly  how  Sandy  Hook  bears. 


SAILING   DIRECTIONS   FROM   SEA   TO    SANDY   HOOK.  69 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  remind  the  commanders  of  steamers  and  of  other  vessels  from 
Europe,  of  the  excellent  beacons  which  the  Nantucket  Shoals  and  light  afford  for  them,  nor  of 
the  unerring  landmark  which  the  mud  from  30  to  40  fathoms,  the  long  gravel  bed,  &c.,  make 
for  them.  The  commanders  of  steamers  coming  in  and  running  between  the  parallels  40°  30' 
and  40°  50',  who  take  care  to  notice  when  they  first  get  mud,  and  when  they  leave  it,  and 
where,  and  in  what  water  they  cross  the  gravel  bed  G,  will  have  very  little  room  to  doubt  as 
to  their  longitude. 

In  approaching  Sandy  Hook,  the  variation  changes  very  rapidly,  the  total  change  from 
one  part  of  the  chart  to  another  exceeding  a  quarter  of  a  point.  Vessels  may  have  fallen 
into  difficulty,  and  possibly  been  wrecked,  by  neglecting  to  allow  for  this  change.  The  Roman 
numerals  IV,  YI,  and  VIII,  slioAV  the  degrees  of  westerly  variation  for  the  places  they 
represent. 

A  chart  of  the  whole  coast,  representing  the  bottom  in  colors  after  this  fashion,  would  be 
very  useful.* 

To  illustrate  the  importance  of  a  careful  lookout,  and  attention  to  the  log  and  lead,  when 
approaching  the  land  when  it  cannot  be  readily  seen,  it  may  be  well  to  state  here  that  investi- 
gations made  in  France  some  years  since  showed  that  of  the  shipwrecks  upon  that  coast  for  a 
term  of  several  years,  ninety-five  in  one  hundred  occurred  in  the  night  or  in  thick  weather. 
And  the  statistics  of  wrecks  about  Sandy  Hook  would,  I  imagine,  show  that  but  very  few  are 
owing  to  stress  of  weather,  but  nearly  all  to  neglect  of  the  landmarks  which  it  is  the  object  of 
Plate  VI  to  bring  out.      (May  1,  1855.) 

This  chart  has  been  in  use  for  several  years ;  with  it  some  navigators  have  not  hesitated 
to  run  for  the  light-boat  in  the  thickest  and  darkest  weather,  and  always  successfully  ;  they 
find  no  difficulty  whatever  in  the  way.  To  use  it,  they  cut  a  slip  of  paper,  lay  off  on  it  the 
scale  of  the  chart,  and  mark  on  the  edge  the  soundings  at  the  intervals  at  which  they  are 
taken.  After  they  have  taken  several,  they  lay  this  paper  upon  the  chart,  according  to  the 
course,  true,  the  ship  steered  from  sounding  to  sounding.  Then  sliding  it  up  and  down,  until 
the  soundings,  including  the  distance  between  them,  the  depth,  and  the  bottom,  all  "hit," 
they  find  out  exactly  the  position  of  the  ship. 

"I  think  the  sailing  directions  from  sea  to  New  York,"  says  Captain  Ginn,  of  the  John 
Knox,  ' '  are  very  good  ;  but  for  me,  I  think  the  chart  is  sailing  directions  enough.  I  think 
there  can  be  no  sailing  directions  that  can  be  equal  to  a  good  chart  of  the  soundings.  It  may 
be  my  misfortune  some  day  to  lose  a  ship  on  the  Jersey  or  Long  Island  shore,  even  with  your 
charts  on  board  ;  but  I  am  not  able  to  conceive  of  any  ordinary  circumstance  in  which  I  could 
exculpate  myself,  in  my  own  opinion,  from  the  charge  of  mismanagement  after  such  an  accident. 

"The  only  improvement  that  I  could  suggest  in  the  charts  would  be  to  enlarge  the  scale. 
I  believe  that,  with  the  chart,  you  might  place  me  anywhere  within  a  line  from  Nantucket 
South  Shoal  to  Cape  May,  in  anything  over  12  fathoms  water,  and  I  could  £nd  the  light-ship 
off  Sandy  Hook  in  any  ordinary  thick  weather;  yet  I  might  find  myself  mistaken." 

*  la  1839  I  proposed  to  the  National  Institute  to  undertake  the  collection  of  materials  for  a  colored  chart  of  the 
approaches  to  our  coast,  and  I  am  now  happy  to  have  an  opportunity  of  showing  the  advantages  of  it  to  the  navigator  as 
well  a.s  to  the  geologist. 


70 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


This  matter  is  so  plain  and  simple  that  it  speaks  for  itself,  and  in  its  own  quiet  way  tells 
of  its  usefulness  as  well  as  the  power  of  the  navigator  in  describing  it ;  and  therefore  it  is 
needless  to  quote  other  positive  authority  in  favor  of  it. 

NOTICE  TO  MAEINERS. — ADMIRALTY  OFFICE. 
VARIATION  OF  THE  COMPASS,  1858. 
"The  following  information  respecting  the  variation  of  the  compass  in  the  North  and  Baltic 
seas — in  continuation  of  that  relating  to  the  British  Isles,  published  by  order  of  the  lords  com- 
missioners of  the  admiralty,  in  August,  1857 — is  made  public  in  order  to  apprize  mariners  of 
the  decrease  in  the  variation,  which,  in  the  North  Sea,  at  present  averages  7  minutes  annually, 
and  in  the  Baltic  Sea  abotit  5  minutes ;  as  also  to  enable  mariners  and  agents  for  the  sale  of 
charts  to  correct  the  numerous  sailing  directions  and  charts  now  in  use,  in  which  the  variation 
is  erroneously  noted. 

From  the  eastern  coast  of  the  British  Isles  to  the  Kattegat,  the  present  general  direction 
of  the  lines  of  equal  variation  is  N.  by  E.  and  S.  by  W.,  (true,)  ranging  in  amount  from  25° 
to  16°;  and  from  the  Kattegat  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  the  lines  of  equal  variation  are  nearly 
north  and  south,  (true,)  ranging  from  16°  to  5°  westerly. 


EASTERN    COAST   OF    BRITISH   ISLES. 


At  Lerwick  and  Sumburg  Head  •  •  •  •   25  °  W. 

At  Pentland  and  Moray  Firths 25|°  W. 

At  Buchanness  and  Fifeness 24|°  W. 

At  Holy  and  Farn  Islands 24  °  W. 

At  Shields,  Sunderland,  and  Hartle- 
pool    23^°  W. 


COASTS    OF    BELGIUM,    NETHERLANDS,    HANOVER   AND   WESTERN   SHORES   OF    DENMARK. 


22|°  W. 


At  Flamborough  Head 

At  the  Wash  and  Dudgeon •  •    22  °  W. 

At  Leman  and  Ower,  Yarmouth  and 

Orfordness 2U°  W. 


At  Ostende 20  °  W. 

At  River  Schelde  entrances  and  Texel  19^°  W. 
At  Ems  River  and  Hantsholmen  light  18^°  W. 


At  Helgoland  Island 18  °  W. 

At  Elbe  River  entrances,  Cuxhaven 


and  Tonning 


17^°  W. 


S.  W.  AND    SOUTH    COASTS    OF   NORWAY,   AND   THE   SKAGERRAK 

At  Fens  Fiord,  to  Bucke  Fiord  21^  to  20^°  W. 

At  Eggersund 20  °  W. 

At  Naze  of  Norway 19^°  W. 


At  Christiansand 18^°  W. 

At  Christiania,    Bohus    Bay   or    the 

Sleeve  and  Skaw  light 17  °  W. 


KATTEGAT,   LITTLE   AND   GREAT   BELTS,   AND   THE   SOUND. 


At  Loeso  Island • 16|°  W. 

At  Gottenburg  and  Anholt  Island-  •   16  °  W. 
At  Little  Belt  and  Kiel 16|°  W. 


At  Great  Belt  and  Lubeck 16^°  W. 

At  Copenhagen  and  the  Sound 15^°  W. 

At  Bornholm  Island 14  °  W. 


COASTS   OF   SWEDEN. 

At  Carlskrona 13|°  W.       At  Soderarm  and  Understen  lights  •  •   11^°  W. 

At  Oland  Island  and  Nykoping 13  °  W.       At  Gothland,  south  point :   12  °  W. 

At  Landsort  light  and  Stockholm 12^°  W.       At  Faro  and  Gottska  Sando 11^°  W. 


STEAM   LANES   ACROSS   THE   ATLANTIC. 


71 


COASTS   OF    PRUSSIA. 


At  Bugen  Island  •  •  ■  < 14|°  W. 

At  Stettin 14^°  W. 

At  Jershoft  light 


At  Danzig  .  •  • .  ■ 

At  Konigsberg 

At  Memel 


13  °W. 

COASTS    OF    COURTLAND    AND    LIVONIA. 


12  °W. 
11  °W. 
lO^o  W. 


At  Entrance  to  Gulf  of  Riga- 
At  Riga 


9^°  W. 
8P  W. 


At  West    Coast  of   Osel    and    Dago 
Islands 


GULF    OF   FINLAND. 


At  Hango  Head  and  Odensholm  light     8|°  W. 
At  Helsingfors  and  Revel 7|°  W. 


At  Hogland  Island 6|°  W. 


At  Kronstat 

At  St.  Petersburg 


5i°W. 


GULF    OF    BOTHNIA. 


At  Aland  Islands 11  °  W. 

At  Soderhamn 13  °  W. 

AtUmea 11  °  W. 

At  Biuro  Head 10  o  W. 


At  Tornea  and  Brahestad 

At  Gadd,  and  Norr  Skar  lights  •  •  •  • 
At  Waso,  Biorneborg,  and  Nystad^ 


8  °W. 
10i°W. 

10  °w. 


STEAM  LANES  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC. 

The  disaster  which  befell  the  United  States  mail  steamer  Arctic,  on  her  passage  from  Liver- 
pool to  New  York,  in  the  month  of  October,  1854,  in  consequence  of  her  coming  in  collision 
with  the  French  steamer  Vesta,  in  a  thick  fog,  forty  or  fifty  miles  to  the  eastward  of  Cape 
Race,  first  appalled  the  public  mind  with  its  enormity,  and  then  aroused  it.  Men  inquired  of 
each  other  if  science  or  ingenuity  could  not  devise  means  or  invent  plans  for  preventing  the 
recurrence  of  similar  accidents  ;  or,  in  case  of  their  recurrence,  of  providing  against  the 
terrible  loss  of  life  which  attended  the  foundering  of  that  noble  ship.  Of  passengers  and  crew — 
men,  women,  and  children — there  perished,  on  that  occasion,  with  her,  to  the  number  of  about 
three  hundred,  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  to  improper  management,  and  to  the  dastardly 
conduct  of  a  part  of  the  officers  and  crew. 

Among  the  many  benevolent  persons  who  favored  the  public  with  the  results  of  their  thoughts 
upon  the  subject,  some  suggested  measures  remedial,  and  some  preventive.  Life-boats  and 
life-preservers,  water-tight  compartments,  station-bills  for  passengers  and  crew  to  "  save  ship," 
were  among  the  remedial  plans ;  and  among  those  for  prevention  were,  fog-signals,  true 
compasses,  rate  of  sailing,  lookout,  and  lanes,  or  a  double  track  for  the  steamers  crossing  this 
part  of  the  Atlantic,  viz.  :  a  lane  for  them  to  go  in  and  another  for  them  to  come  in. 

All  or  any  of  these  plans  would,  if  adopted,  tend  more  or  less  to  diminish  or  mitigate  the 
dangers  of  steam  navigation,  and  the  risk  of  life  that  passengers  incur  at  sea ;  but  those  plans 
which  tend  to  prevent  accident,  rather  than  those  that  look  to  affording  relief  after  the  occurrence 
of  accident,  seemed  to  come  within  the  scope  and  objects  of  this  work  ;  and  among  these  the 
lanes  were  most  inviting.     It  will  be  found  that  by  establishing  a  lane  or  strip  of  ocean  for 


72  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

the  steamers  to  go  in,  and  another  for  them  to  come  in,  the  liability  to  danger  from  collision 
between  steamer  and  steamer,  as  well  as  between  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  will  not  only  be 
lessened,  but  a  new  resource  upon  the  high  seas  will,  in  many  cases  of  wreck  and  disaster,  be 
aJBForded  to  those  in  distress. 

By  examining  Plate  V,  carefully,  any  one  may  satisfy  himself  as  to  the  extent  to  which  the 
adoption  of  these  lanes  will  lessen  the  liabilities— which  now  are  very  great — to  collision  in 
fog,  between  steamers  and  sailers.  The  curves  on  that  plate  show  that  fogs  and  calms  are, 
along  these  lanes  at  least,  almost  correlative  terms  j  that  is,  they  often  occur  together,  and  in 
proportion  as  they  do  occur  together  just  in  that  proportion  accidents  from  collision  between 
sailing  vessels  are  lessened  ;  for  vessels  moved  by  canvas  cannot  well  run  foul  of  each  other  in 
a  calm,  and  in  calms  with  thick  fogs  is  precisely  the  time  when  such  vessels  are  in  the  greatest 
danger  of  being  run  into  by  a  steamer  ;  for,  being  helpless  then,  they  cannot  get  out  of  the  way  ; 
consequently,  if  they  will  agree  to  avoid,  as  much  as  possible,  the  steam  lanes  as  they  are  marked 
on  the  chart,  by  making  it  a  rule  never  to  attempt  to  beat  along  in  them,  but  to  cross  them  quickly, 
when  they  have  to  cross  them,  and  to  edge  along  out  of  them  when,  being  in  them,  the  wind 
changes  and  comes  out  fair.  If  those  public  spirited  shipmasters  who  are  co-operating  with 
me  will,  in  this  way,  lend  a  hand,  by  giving  the  force  of  their  example  and  precept,  to  dedicate 
to  the  use  of  the  steam  navigation  between  Europe  and  America  the  very  narrow  slip  of  ocean 
included  within  these  lanes,  they  will  do  much,  in  addition  to  what  they  have  already  done, 
toward  improving  navigation,  and  lessening  the  dangers  of  the  sea.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
captain  of  every  steamer  should  as  scrupulously  aim  to  keep  within  the  lanes,  and  never  to 
suffer  his  vessel  to  get  out  of  them,  except  she  be  compelled  to  turn  aside  on  account  of  ice, 
or  gales  of  wind,  or  unless  she  get  out  of  them  for  want  of  observations  after  a  succession  of 
cloudy  days. 

I  earnestly  appeal  to  the  fleets  of  observers,  to  whom  I  owe  so  much,  and  to  whose  enlightened 
zeal  and  generous  labors  for  the  advancement  of  science  and  the  improvement  of  navigation 
this  work  bears  witness,  to  second  this  recommendation,  and  make  it  a  rule  to  observe  the  lanes. 
This  appeal  is  made  especially  to  those  who  are  in  the  European  trade.  They  will  render  a 
service  to  be  most  gratefully  acknowledged,  if  they  will  always,  whenever  they  enter  the  lanes, 
either  make  haste  across  them,  or  run  obliquely  out  of  them,  according  as  their  course  may  lie, 
or  as  the  winds  may  allow  ;  and,  when  they  do  find  it  necessary  to  enter  one  of  these  lanes, 
they  will  please  note  the  fact  in  their  abstract  log  kept  for  this  office  ;  and  state  also  the  time 
and  distance  sailed  in  each  lane,  with  such  remarks  as  circumstances  may  suggest. 

The  more  sailing  vessels  will  agree  to  keep  out  of  the  lanes  the  more  will  it  concern  the 
steamers  to  keep  in  them,  and  the  greater  becomes  the  danger  at  night,  or  in  a  fog,  to  the 
hapless  sailing  vessel  that  shall  needlessly  thrust  herself  into  one  of  them.  Practically,  their 
adoption  will  be  attended  on  one  hand  with  so  little  inconvenience  or  loss  of  time  either  to 
sailers  or  steamers  ;  while,  on  the  other,  it  will  be  attended  with  so  many  advantages,  and  so 
much  less  risk  to  vessels,  crews,  and  passengers,  that  I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  add  another 
word  to  induce  all,  I  hope,  who  follow  the  sea,  but  certainly,  and  at  least,  those  who  are 
co-operating  with  me,  to  favor  the  lanes,  and  do  all  that  is  proper  to  establish  them. 

I  therefore  content  myself  with  laying  before  them,  for  their  information,  the  following 
correspondence,  and  to  say  that  the  recommendation  therein  contained  has  met  with  favor  from 
the  right  quarter,  both  in  Boston  and  New  York,  and  with  every  sea  captain  with  whom  I  have 
had  an  opportunity  of  consulting. 


STEAM  LANES  ACEOSS  THE  ATLANTIC.  73 

From  3Iessrs.  John  S.  Sleeper,    C.   W.   Cartwright,  J.  tngersoll  Bowditch,  E.  B.  Forbes,  and 
others,  under tvriters,  ship-owners,  and  merchants  of  Boston. 

January  8,  1855. 

Sir  :  In  connection  with  the  discussion  respecting  the  dangers  of  crossing  the  Atlantic, 
and  the  modes  of  diminishing  them,  we  have  observed  a  suggestion  contained  in  your  letter  to 
Walter  R.  Jones,  esq.,  of  New  York,  proposing  one  route  for  steamers  to  go  and  another  for 
them  to  come,  of  which  idea  you  cite  our  fellow-citizen,  R.  B.  Forbes,  esq.,  as  the  original 
author. 

Permit  us  to  hope  that  this  project  may  receive  your  further  attention,  and  that  you  will 
prepare  a  chart,  exhibiting  the  routes  suggested,  so  laid  off  as  may,  in  your  judgment,  best 
answer  the  purpose  in  view,  of  lessening  the  liability  of  collision,  without  materially  lengthening 
the  passage. 

By  thus  carrying  out  a  proposition  which  strongly  recommends  itself  to  many,  you  will 
add  another  important  service  to  the  many  for  which  we  would  express  our  thanks. 

Lieut.  M.  F.  Maury,  National  Observatory,   Washington. 

Beply  to  the  above,  dated  February  15,   1855. 

"  Gentlemen  :  I  duly  received  your  communication  of  the  8th  ult.  requesting  me  to  carry 
out  the  proposition  contained  in  my  letter  of  the  8th  of  November  last,  to  Walter  R.  Jones, 
esq.,  of  New  York,  by  projectitig  the  two  steam  lanes  across  the  Atlantic,  viz  :  one  for  the 
steamers  to  go  in,  and  the  other  for  them  to  come  in. 

"I  at  once  addressed  myself  to  the  task,  and  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  somewhat 
ample  materials  afforded  by  this  office,  I  have  at  length  the  pleasure  to  submit  charts  with  the 
lanes  projected  on  them,  together  with  other  matter  bearing  upon  the  subject. 

"I  have  examined  a  number  of  the  logs  both  of  the  Collins  and  the  Cunard  lines.  The 
part  of  the  ocean  used  by  them  in  their  voyage  to  and  fro,  between  the  meridians  of  15°  and 
and  65°  west,  is,  for  the  American,  300  miles  broad,  and  for  the  English,  150  miles  broad. 
The  American  road-way  overlaps  and  includes  the  English.  Consequently  there  is  a  breadth 
of  ocean  300  miles  wide,  in  any  part  of  which  a  sailing  vessel,  by  night  or  in  the  fog,  is  now 
liable  to  be  brought  into  collision  with  the  steamers. 

' '  Now,  suppose  we  take  this  same  breadth  of  ocean  and  lay  off  a  lane  twenty  or  twenty- 
five  miles  broad  near  its  northern  border,  and  another,  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  broad  near  its 
southern  border,  and  recommend  the  steamers,  when  coming  westwardly,  to  use  the  former, 
and  when  going  eastwardly,  to  take  the  latter ;  would  not  the  adoption  of  the  recommendation 
contribute  to  the  safety  both  of  steam  and  sailing  vessels,  of  passengers  and  crews  ?     I  think  so. 
j           "I  do  not  mean  to  create  the  impression,  by  anything  I  say  or  do,  that  the  adoption  of  these 
lanes  would  do  away  with  collisions,  or  call  for  less  vigilance,  or  relieve  in  any  manner  the 
shipmaster  from  his  obligations  to  look  closely  to  the  navigation  of  his  vessel,  to  be  watchful, 
I  prudent,  cautious,  and  careful.     On  the  contrary,  he  must  never  relax  his  attention  to  the 
seaman's  three  Ls,  nor  slight  his  water  thermometer.     The  adoption  of  the  lanes  will  simply 
I  lessen  the  liabilities,  by  dimishing  the  chances  of  collision,  and  to  that  extent  make  the  naviga- 
j  tion  of  the  Atlantic  less  dangerous.     So  far  from  relaxing  attention  to  the  log,  lead,  and  look- 
'I  out,  these  lanes  call  for  increased  diligence  on  the  part  of  the  master,  for  that  breadth  only 
I  is  given  to  them  which  will  just  make  them  broad  enough  to  cover  the  probable  errors  in 
J  VOL.  II 10 


74  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

latitude  of  a  good,  careful  navigator,  after  he  has  been  two  or  three  days  without  an  observa- 
tion. A  narrower  lane  would  be  forbidding,  from  the  difficulties  of  keeping  in  it;  a  broader  lane 
would  be  mischievous  by  relaxing  its  calls  upon  the  attention  of  the  master  to  keep  his  steamer 
in  it,  and  by  occupying  so  much  of  the  ocean  that  sailing  vessels  would  not  so  willingly, 
because  they  could  not  so  conveniently,  give  it  up  to  the  steamers. 

"If  these  lanes  be  adopted  by  the  steamship  companies,  aiad  engraved  on  the  general 
charts  of  the  Atlantic  that  are  used  by  the  vessels  of  the  different  nations,  and  marked,  as  they 
are  on  the  Track  Charts,  series  A,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  aiid  as  they  are  on  Plates  II  and  III, 
I  have  very  little  doubt  that  sailing  vessels  would,  in  the  process  of  time,  make  it  a  rule  to 
edge  off  from  the  lanes,  especially  at  night  and  in  thick  weather.  In  the  first  place,  the  lanes 
are  so  narrow  that  if  the  sailing  vessel  has  to  cross  them,  as  in  head  winds,  and  in  the  pro- 
gress of  her  voyage  she  not  unfrequently  will,  she  will  be  but  a  little  while  in  them,  and  her 
master  will  then  know  on  which  side  to  watch  for  the  danger.  In  the  next  place,  if  his  course 
lie  along  the  lane,  and  the  winds  be  fair,  he  will,  as  night  comes  on,  or  as  the  weather  grows 
thick,  begin  to  think  of  the  steamers  and  collision,  and  his  own  responsibilities,  and  then  feel 
much  more  comfortable  by  edging  off  to  one  side  and  leaving  the  steam  track  clear. 

' '  The  average  route  of  the  steamers  coming,  as  determined  by  the  abstract  logs  on  file 
here,  crosses  the  meridians  of  40°,  45°,  and  50°,  from  forty -five  to  sixty  miles  north  of  the  lane 
to  America,  and  joins  it  on  the  meridian  of  55°,  and  then  runs  nearly  along  with  it  to  Sandy 
Hook. 

' '  The  lane  coming  is,  therefore,  a-  better  road  than  the  average  route  at  present  used, 
and  for  these  reasons,  viz  :  It  is  thirty  miles  shorter  ;  it  runs  so  far  south  of  Cape  Race  and 
the  Virgin  Rocks  that  no  time  need  ever  be  lost  in  turning  aside,  when  fogs  prevail,  to  avoid 
these  dangers,  for  it  passes  one  hundred  miles  south  of  Cape  Race. 

'*  This  statement,  without  any  explanation,  might  appear  paradoxical,  for  the  nearer  to 
Cape  Race  the  shorter  the  distance  ;  yet,  practically,  it  has  not  proved  so,  because  vessels, 
especially  in  the  fog,  as  they  near  this  cape,  have  frequently  to  run  one,  two,  three,  or  more 
hours  to  the  southward  to  be  sure  of  clearing  it.  When  they  are  so  running  they  are  not 
making  much  headway  towards  their  port.  So,  on  the  long  run,  the  attempt  to  shave  Cape 
Race  makes  the  average  distance  practically  greater  than  it  is  by  the  lane.  Indeed,  it  is 
greater  than  the  statement  above  implies,  for  the  distance  which  I  have  taken  as  the  average 
by  present  routes  is  measured  by  straight  lines  from  position  to  position,  at  noon. 

"Congress  has  given  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  authority  to  employ  three  vessels  in  assisting 
me  in  my  researches,  by  testing  new  routes,  and  perfecting  discoveries.  They  can  be  very 
usefully  employed  just  at  this  time.  Perhaps  he  may  find  it  convenient  in  the  spring  to  detail 
one  or  two  of  them  for  this  service.  If  so,  I  shall  urge  upon  his  attention  the  importance  of 
completing  the  deep-sea  soundings  across  this  part  of  the  Atlantic,  and  also  ask  for  an 
examination  of  the  Virgin  Rocks,  with  the  view  of  planting  on  them,  or  just  under  their  lee, 
a  bell  buoy.  In  that  case,  this  lane  might  be  lifted  up  so  as  to  shorten  the  distance  and  save 
time,  by  bringing  this  buoy  on  the  edge  of  it,  and  thus  provide  a  landmark  that  would  be  very 
useful  in  all  weather  and  to  all  classes  of  vessels. 

"The  shortest  distance  possible  for  a  steamer  between  Liverpool  and  Sandy  Hook  is  3,009 
miles;  the  average  distance  actually  accomplished  is  3,069  miles,  and  the  distance  by  the 
middle  of  the  lane  coming  is  3,038.  There  is  also  another  recommendation  in  favor  of  this 
lane  to  the  west,  which  is  this  :  It  lies  along  the  northern  edge  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  where 


STEAM   LANES   ACROSS   THE   ATLANTIC.  75 

there  is  an  eddy  setting  westward  often  at  the  rate  of  a  knot  an  hour.  On  the  average,  I 
assume  that  the  set  of  this  eddy  will  amount  to  twelve  miles  a  day  for  three  days  and  a  half, 
or  say  forty  miles.  This  makes  the  distance  by  the  lane  coming  practically  about  2,998  miles ; 
or,  allowing  twenty  miles  for  detour,  we  shall  have  3,018  miles,  which  will  shorten  the  average 
time  of  the  passage  this  way  three  or  four  hours,  with  less  risk  of  collision,  and  less  danger 
from  Cape  Race  by  the  way. 

"It  may  be  urged  against  this  lane  that  it  cannot  always  be  followed  on  account  of  the  ice, 
and  that,  inasmuch  as  it  crosses  the  Grand  Banks,  the  steamers  that  ply  in  it  may  now  and 
then  run  down  a  fishing  vessel.  The  reply  is  that,  as  far  as'  the  fishermen  are  concerned,  they 
are  now  liable  to  be  run  down  by  the  steamers  both  going  and  coming.  Whereas,  with  the 
lane,  that  liability  is  incident  to  the  steamers  alone  that  are  westwardly  bound,  and  the 
fishermen  will  have  the  advantage  of  knowing  pretty  nearly  where  the  steamer  will  pass,  and 
which  way  she  will  be  coming.  And  as  for  its  being  obstructed  by  ice,  so  as  to  compel  the 
steamers,  as  it  occasionally  will,  especially  in  May  or  June,  to  turn  out  of  it  now  and  then,  the 
Erie  Canal,  of  New  York,  is  obstructed  by  ice  the  whole  of  every  winter,  but  that  does  not 
prove  it  to  be  of  no  value  ;  it  only  shows  that  it,  like  this  lane,  would  be  of  more  value  to 
commerce  if  it  were  never  obstructed  by  ice,  or  anything  at  all. 

"You  will  observe,  by  looking  at  this  lane  upon  Plates  II  and  III,  that  the  Grand  Banks 
afford  a  pretty  good  landmark,  which  can  be  used  in  the  thickest  weather.  Generally,  the 
water  thermometer  is  found  to  fall  as  soon  as  you  near  these  Banks  ;  it  is  generally  a  good 
landmark  for  them.  The  eastern  edge  runs  north  and  south,  and,  therefore,  affords  an 
excellent  correction  for  longitude.  Having  ascertained,  by  the  lead,  when  the  vessel  first 
strikes  this  edge,  then  noting  the  soundings  and  the  distance  run  before  clearing  the  Grand 
Banks,  the  latitude  will  also  be  known  with  accuracy  sufficient  to  enable  the  navigator  to 
decide  whether  he  be  in  or  out  of  the  lane,  and  if  out,  on  which  side.  The  lane  crosses  the 
Banks  near  their  greatest  width,  275  miles.  If  a  steamer  be  crossing  there  in  a  fog,  and  in 
doubt  as  to  her  position,  she  can  judge,  by  their  breadth  and  the  soundings,  pretty  nearly  as 
to  latitude.  For  instance,  if  the  breadth  of  the  Banks,  when  crossed,  be  less  than  275  miles, 
but  the  soundings  not  less  than  forty  fathoms,  the  Vessel  has  crossed  the  Bank  to  the  north  of 
the  lane  ;  but  if  she  find  herself  in  less  than  thirty  fathoms,  then  she  has  crossed  to  the  south 
of  it.  Should  she,  however,  find  herself  in  water  that  suddenly  shoals  to  less  than  twenty 
fathoms,  and  as  suddenly  deepens  again,  then  she  is  near  the  Virgin  Rocks,  or  the  rock  and 
Nine-fathom  Bank  to  the  east  of  them,  and  her  position  is  immediately  known. 

' '  It  should  be  recollected,  however,  that  these  lanes  are  not  channel-ways  in  which  steamers 
must  keep  or  be  lost.  Gales  of  wind,  ice,  and  other  things,  will  now  and  then  force  a  steamer 
out  of  them,  and  in  such  cases  she  will  actually  be  where  she  is  now,  for  she  will  then  be  in 
no  more  danger  than  she  is  now  ;  only  when  she  gets  back  into  the  lane  she  will  be  in  less. 

' '  You  will  doubtless  observe  the  advantageous  position  of  the  fork  to  Halifax,  in  the  lane 
from  Europe.  As  this  lane  approaches  Newfoundland,  it  edges  off  to  the  south,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  a  vessel  so  to  miss  her  way  as  to  get  ashore.  Suppose  a 
steamer  attempting  this  lane  to  be,  when  she  nears  the  Grand  Banks,  100  miles  out  in  position, 
(a  most  extravagant  case,)  and  that  she  be  out  on  the  Newfoundland  side,,  she  would,  if 
behaving  properly,  be  steering  parallel  with  the  lane,  and  if  bound  to  New  York,  she  would 
go  clear  of  Cape  Race.  But  she  might  be  bound  for  Halifax,  and  by  steering  west  too  soon, 
might  run  upon  the  land ;  but  recollect  that  the  land  to  Halifax  turns  off  on  soundings^  and  £^ 


76  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS- 

west  course  from  where  the  lane  from  England  strikes  soundings  on  the  Grand  Banks  will  take 
you  clear  of  everything.  So  without  the.  most  gross  neglect  of  the  lead  and  all  the  proper 
precautions,  which  it  is  the  duty  of  the  shipmaster  to  take,  it  would  seem  impossible  for  him 
to  run  his  steamer  into  danger  here. 

"In  the  longitude  of  the  Grand  Banks,  the  lane  to  Europe  is  200  miles  south  of  the  lane  to 
America.  As  a  rule,  this  lane  for  the  eastern  bound  steamers  can  be  followed  always,  admitting 
that  an  exception  now  and  then  in  practice  will  make  the  rule  general.  It  will  be  observed 
that  this  lane  runs  E.  15°  S.  from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  meridian  of  70°,  where  it  takes  a- course 
E.  12°  N.,  towards  its  junction  with  the  arc  of  a  great  circle,  south  of  the  Grand  Banks. 
Though  the  distance  by  this  lane,  from  Sandy  Hook  to  this  junction,  is  a  few  miles  longer  than 
the  direct  line,  yet  on  account  of  the  Gulf  Stream  it  is  in  time  the  shortest  distance  that  a 
steamer  can  take.     From  the  Capes  of  Delaware  it  is  obviously  the  shortest. 

"The  distance  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Liverpool,  by  this  lane,  is  106  miles  greater  "than  it  is 
by  the  lane  coming.  But  the  lane  going  is  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  of  itself  will  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  make  up  for  this  difference.  The  San  Francisco  steamer  was  wrecked  in  the  Gulf 
Stream,  and  from  the  time  she  was  disabled  till  she  was  abandoned  she  drifted  at  the  rate  of 
two  knots  an  hour.  When  the  Great  Western  steamship  first  came  over  she  Stemmed  the 
Gulf  Stream,  and  was  set  back  in  it  175  miles  during  the  voyage.  Now,  from  the  Grand  Banks 
west,  the  track  of  the  Great  Western  was  not  as  "much  in  the  strength  of  the  stream  as  this 
lane  is,  for  she  passed  to  the  north  of  it.  This  trip,  too,  was  in  April,  when  the  middle  of  the 
stream  is  well  south.* 

' '  I  may  be  excused  for  mentioning,  in  this  connexion,  an  incident  relating  to  the  early 
history  of  ocean  steam  navigation.  After  this  passage  of  the  Great  Western,  I  wrote  a  paper 
on  the  achievements  of  the  New  York  packet  ships,  and  pointed  out  on  a  chart  the  great  circle 
route  from  New  York  to  England,  and  commended  it  to  the  attention  of  those  concerned  in 
this  new  navigation.  The  paper,  with  the  chart,  was  published  in  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger^  (Richmond,  Ya.,)  for  January,  1839.  The  editor  sent  a  capy  to  Captain  Hoskins, 
and  he  ever  afterwards  went  by  the  route  recommended  on  that  chart.  His  competitors  stuck 
to  the  old  rhumb-line  route,  and  from  that  time  Hoskins  generally  beat  them,  this  way,  about 
a  day ;  and  here  is  the  explanation : .  They  were  sent  back,  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  150  or  more 
miles  ;  he  was  sent  forward  forty  or  more,  by  the  eddy,  and  gained  some  fifty  or  sixty  additional, 
by  the  great  circle,  which  made  altogether  about  one  good  day's  sail  in  his  favor.  The  great 
circle,  or  Cape  Race  route,  was  not  generally  adopted,  however,  even  when  he  left  the  line  ; 
and  it  has  been  mischievous  by  tempting  navigators  to  shave  the  cape  too  closely. 

' '  The  current  of  the  Gulf  Stream  is  not  only  in  favor  of  the  lane  going,  but  the  gales  are 
more  favorable,  and  the  fogs  less  frequent  than  they  would  be  by  a  more  northerly  route. 

' '  In  order  to  enable  you  to  judge  knowingly  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  these  two  lanes  in 
this  respect,  I  have,  with  the  help  of  the  most  willing,  zealous,  and  able  corps  of  assistants 
that  one  ever  had,  and  such  as  can  be  formed  only  of  navy  officers,  examined  and  discussed 
abstract  logs  containing  observations  for  no*  less  than  46,000  days,  on  the  winds,  weather,  the 
sea,  and  the  currents,  in  the  parts  of  the  ocean  through  which  these  lanes  pass.  The  result 
of  that  discussion  I  submit  herewith  for  information,  on  a  chart  of  engraved  squares,  (Plate  Y.) 
The  horizontal  lines  are  there  marked  as  per  cents.,  each  being  counted  as  one,  and  every  fifth 

*  The  thread  or  axis  of  the  Gulf  Stream  moves  up  and  down  in  declination  as  the  sun  does,  being  furthest  north  in 
•  September,  furthest  south  in  March.     Its  limits  are  not  accurately  described  on  any  general  chart  that  I  have  seen. 


STEAM   LANES   ACROSS   THE   ATLANTIC.  71 

one  being  a  little  more  heavily  ruled  than  the  rest.  The  vertical  lines,  marked  70°,  65°,  60°, 
&c.,  are  meridians  of  longitude  between  which  the  lanes  pass.'  Between  each  two  of  these 
meridians  are  twelve  columns  for  the  twelve  months,  beginning  always  with  December,  the 
first  winter  month.  Thus,  the  navigator  wishes  to  see  what  is  the  most  foggy  month  in  the 
lane  to  America  between  the  meridians  of  70°  and  75°.  He  finds  on  the  plate  the  fog  curve 
for  that  lane,  and  his  eye  is  immediately  attracted  to  the  remarkable  peak  formed  by  this 
curve,  in  the  July  column  between  these  meridians ;  the  meaning  of  which  is  that,  according 
to  the  averages  derived  from  these  46,000  days,  the  probabilities  are  that  if  he  were  to  pass 
along  this  part  of  that  lane  one  hundred  times,  in  the  month  of  July,  but  in  diflferent  years,  he 
would  find  it  foggy  twenty-eight  times ;  or,  in  other  words,  twenty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  days 
in  July  are  foggy  along  that  part  of  the  lane.  ^  Casting  his  eye  further  along,  he  will  see  that 
fog?,  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  are  astonishingly  prevalent  from  long.  55°  to  long.  45° 
(on  the  Grand  Banks ;)  and  when  he  comes  to  count  the  columns,  he  will  find  that  June  is  the 
foggiest  of  months.  But  the  relief  and  the  consolation  is,  that  that  is  precisely  at  the  season 
of  the  year  when  daylight  is  the  longest,  so  that  even  here  there  is  compensation. 

"Now  he  looks  at  the  fogs  for  the  lane  going,  and  he  is  struck  with  the  more  modest 
flexures  of  the  curve,  and  particularly  with  the  fact  that  both  the  fog  curves  almost  invariably 
come  down  to  the  zero  (0)  line  near  the  meridians.  In  other  words,  that  the  fogs  are  less  pre- 
valent in  both  lanes,  during  the  autumn  and  winter,  when  there  is  least  daylight. 

"In  like  manner,  he  wishes  to  know  ^s  to  his  chances  for  meeting  with  a  gale  of  wind,  as  he 
passes  along  in  the  lane  to  Europe,  and  whether  these  gales  will  be  adverse  or  fair  ;  in  other 
words,  whether  they  will  have  easting  or  westing  in  them.  Now,  he  sees,  under  the  head  of 
"Lane  to  Europe,"  (Plate  Y,)  by  the  curve  marked  "fair  gales,"  that  the  most  stormy  part 
along  this  line  is  between  the  meridians  of  35°  and  40°;  that  here.,  in  January,  it  is  blowing  a 
gale  of  wind  half  the  time,  (fifty-two  per  cent.,)  while  at  certain  other  seasons  of  the  year  gales 
seldom  or  never  occur.  But  these  gales  all  have  westing  in  them,  and  are  therefore  fair.  The 
preponderance  of  fair  gales  along  the  lane  to  Europe,,  viz.,  all  gales  having  westing  in  them, 
is  very  striking.  The  vessel  will  be  running  with  these  gales,  and  therefore  diminish  their 
strength.  In  like  manner  the  gentle  flexures  in  the  curve  marked  "head  gales"  denote  how 
much  less  frequently  gales  with  easting  in  them  are  to  be  met  Avith  in  the  regions  through 
which  this  lane  passes.  Now  he  will  be  struck  with  another  remarkable  physical  fact  which 
experience  has  proved  and  these  statistics  have  developed  :  that  fogs  and  gales,  in  certain 
parts  of  the  lanes,  seldom  come  together  ;  for  instance,  as  the  fog  curves  run  up,  the  gale 
curves,  both  for  coming  and  going,  come  down,  and  vice  versa.  This  feature  is  very  striking 
all  the  way  from  the  meridian  of  25°  to  that  of  55°.  These  curves  are  both  suggestive  and 
instructive.  Others  have  been  added  to  show,  also,  the  per  cent,  of  calms,  rains,  and  thunder 
and  lightning,  by  each  lane. 

"That  you  may  judge  also  as  to  the  relative  frequency  with  which  the  parts  of  the  ocean  in 
which  these  two  lanes  are  traversed  by  sailing  vessels,  I  have  projected  them  also  on  series  A 
■  of  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts. 

"You  will  observe  by  referring  to  this  series,  that  the  part  in  which  the  lane  going  lies  is 
very  much  frequented,  but  it  is  frequented  mostly  by  vessels  going.  (See  also  Plates  II  and 
III.)  Those  that  are  coming  this  way,  that  is,  to  the  west,  seek,  for  the  most  part,  to  avoid 
the  Gulf  Stream,  either  by  going  to  the  north  or  by  taking  what  is  called  the  southern  route, 
which  is  very  common,  especially  in  winter.     So  that  steamers,  when  in  the  lane  going  to 


78  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Europe,  will  find  the  vessels  generally  all  bound  the  same  way,  and  likewise  in  the  lane  coming 
to  America,  the  vessels  seen,  though  not  so  many,  will,  for  the  most  part,  be  steering  to  the 
westward.     And  when  all  are  bound  the  same  way  collisions  are  rare. 

"According  to  the  tables  given,  pp.  293  to  304,  the  best  routes  for  sailing  vessels  to  Europe, 
as  there  determined,  run  along,  for  the  most  part,  south  of  the  line  going,  until  you  reach  the 
meridian  of  45°,  between  which  and  40°,  they  cross  this  lane  and  run  along  between  it  and  the 
other.     These  are  the  tracks  that  are  projected  on  Plates  II  and  III. 

"Lwill  close  this  report  with  a  recapitulation  as  to  distances  and  courses  by  each  lane, 
between  New  York,  Halifax,  and  Philadelphia,  on  one  side,  and  Cape  Clear  and  the  Scilly  Isles 
on  the  other  ;  first  begging  leave  to  say  that,  according  to  my  computation,  founded  on  such 
statistics  as  I  have  touching  the  velocity  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  if  two  steamers  bound  for  Cape 
Clear,  and  of  exactly  equal  speed,  were  to  start  from  Halifax,  to  see  which  should  first  get 
into  the  great  circle  part  of  the  lane  to  Europe  from  New  York,  and  if  one  were  to  go  straight 
for  it  by  steering  east,  and  the  other  were  to  follow  the  European  lane  from  Halifax  as  projected 
on  tlie  Chart,  this  one  would  reach  the  point  of  destination  quite  as  soon  as  the  other,  the  drift 
of  the  Gulf  Stream  compensating  for  the  greater  distance. 

"DISTANCE   BY   LANE   TO   AMERICA. 

By  Great  Circle. 

."From  Scilly  Isles  to  Halifax 2,351  2,305 

Capes  of  Delaware ,-.2,948  2,909 

Sandy  Hook 2,882  2,840 

"From  Cape  Clear  to  Halifax  •  •  •  • 2, 192  2, 170 

"             "               Capes  of  Delaware 2,789*  2,765 

Sandy  Hook '.  2,723  2,695 

"             "                      Do.         by  actual  average  •  •  2, 754 

' '  This  statement  shows  that  by  the  lane  to  America  the  distance  is  actually  shorter,  both  to 
Sandy  Hook,  and,  we  may  infer  also,  to  the  Delaware,  than  the  average  distance  by  present 
route ;  for  the  route  actually  pursued  by  the  steamers  now,  both  to  Sandy  Hook  and  the  Dela- 
ware, may  be  considered  the  same  from  Cape  Clear  or  the  Scilly  Isles,  as  far  west  as  long.  70°. 

"DISTANCE   BY   LANE   TO   EUROPE. 

To  Scilly  Isles.  To  Cape  Clear. 

"From  Halifax •  •  •    2,436  2,285 

"     Capes  of  Delaware 3,024  2,873 

"     Sandy  Hook •2,-980  2,829 

"  Besides  the  detour  from  the  great  circle  which  a  vessel  from  New  York,  Halifax,  Boston, 
or  Philadelphia  would  necessarily  make  by  following  the  European  lane  to  Cape  Clear,  it  would 
require  an  additional  detour  of  only  15  miles  for  vessels  bound -into  the  English  Channel  to  use 
it  also  as  far  as  Cape  Clear.  This  lane,  therefore,  will,  in  consequence  of  the  favorable  currents 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  put  a  vessel  into  Southampton  quite  as  soon  as  she  could  reach  that  port 
from  New  York  or  Philadelphia  by  the  great  circle  route.  Vessels  from  Halifax  will  have  to 
make  the  greatest  detour  jDf  any  by  adopting  the  lane  to  Europe  ;  but  for  them  it  is  less  than 
100  miles  out  of  their  way  as  they  now  go,  and  it  will  prolong  their  average  passage  eastwards, 
perhaps,  two  or  three  hours.     I  say  perhaps,  because  I  am  not  sure  but  that  the  steamers  from 


STEAM  LANES  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC. 


79 


Halifax  and  New  England  are  set  back  by  the  cold  current  20  or  30  miles  on  the  route  now 
used  for  the  eastern  passage.  The  Gulf  Stream,  even  from  where  they  will  join  it  by  this 
lane,  will  not  set  them  forward,  on  an  average,  40  or  50  miles  at  the  least.  It  seems,  there- 
fore, •  that  the  attractions  of  this  lane  as  it  regards  safety  should  more  than  outweigh  the 
probable  loss  of  an  hour  or  two  during-  the  passage.  When  I  speak  of  distances  by  the  lanes, 
it  should  be  recollected  that  the  middle  of  the  lane  is  meant,  as  per  following  table  of  courses 
and  distances  : 

"  LANE  TO  AMERICA. 


From  Scilly  Isles  to  Cape  Clear,** 

"     Cape  Clear  to  lat.   51°., 23',  long.  15°. 0 

"     lat.  51°. 23',  long.   15O.0     to  lat.  51o.l6',  long.  20o.O' 

50.56  "  25.0 

50.23  "  30.0 

49.36  "  35.0 

48.33  "  40.0 

47.15  "  45.0 

45.38  "  50.0 

45.00  "  51.45 

44.10  "  55.0 

42.40  "  60.0 

41.42  "  65.0 

40.30  "  70.^ 
dy  Hook, 
70.0     to  Capes  of  Delaware, 


"       51.16 

20.0 

"       50.56 

25.0 

"       50.23 

30.0 

"      49.36 

35.0 

"       48.33 

40.0 

"       47.15 

45.0 

"       45.38 

50.0 

"(a.)45.00 

51.45 

"       44.10 

'    .    55.0 

"       42.40 

60.0 

'"       41.42 

65.0 

"       40.30 

'         70.0 

"       40.30 

70.0 

"(a.)45.0 

51.45 

Course. 
W.  330.7  N. 

10.55'  N. 

2°.  17'  S. 

6.5 

9.50 
13.41 
17.45 
"21.8 
25.10 
27.13 
19.45 
22.27 
14.34 
17.45 

0.43  S. 
W.  22.8     S. 

3.53  S. 


Distance. 
159  miles. 

187  " 

187  " 

189  " 

193  " 

199  .  " 

207  " 

216  " 

228  " 

83  " 

148 

236  " 

231 

236  " 

183  " 

249 

503  " 


"LANE  TO  EUROPE. 

"From  Capes  of  Delaware  to  lat.  39O.40',  long,  70o.0' 

"  Sandy  Hook  to  lat.  39^.40',  long,  70o,0' 

"  lat,  390. 40',  long.  70°. 0'     to  lat.  40o.31',  long.   65°. 0' 
"      "       40.31       "■        65.0         "  41.9         ' 

■     "      "       41.09       "         60.0         '•  41.33 

"      "       41  33       "         55.0         "  41.53       ' 

"      "(6.)41.53       "         50.0         "  43.55 

"      "       43.55       "         45.0         "  45.46       ' 

"      <'       45.46       "         40.0         "  47.18       ' 

"      "       47.18       "         35.0         "  48.32       ' 

"      "       48.32       "         30.0         "  49.30 

"       "       49.30       "         25.0         "  50.14 

"      "       50  14       "         20.0         "  50.45 

"       "       50.45       "         15,0  to  Cape  Clear, 

"  Cape  Clear  to  Scilly  Isles, 
"      "  (6.)Halifax  to  lat   43°. 30'  long.   60°. 0' 

••  lat.  430. 30',  long.   60^.0'     to  lat.  42°. 30,  long.  55O,0' 
"      "       42.30       "         55.0         »'  4L53 

•  The  courses  and  distances  are  for  the  middle  of  the  lanes 


Course. 

Distance. 

E.    100,46'  N, 

236 

miles 

E.    14.29  S. 

192 

'^ 

550.0' 

12.24  N. 

237 

K 

60.0 

9.39 

227 

" 

55.0 

6.5 

225 

i( 

50.0 

4.57 

232 

l< 

45  0 

29.6 

251 

X 

40,0 

27.28 

241 

" 

35.0 

24.4 

226 

" 

30.0 

20.18 

212 

" 

25.0 

16.21 

206 

<( 

20.0 

12.46 

199 

" 

15.0 

9.17 

192 

" 

E.  4,34  N. 

189 

(( 

' 

E.   27.39  S. 

151 

(t 

E,   20.7  S. 

163 

"      - 

50,0' 

15,17 

181 

u 

50,0 

9,28 

•    225 

(1 

of  the  lanes. 

—(See  Charts.) 

"Thus  it  appears  that  one  lane  will  practically  shorten  the  distance  from  Cape  Clear  to 
Sandy  Hook  and  the  Delaware,  by  30  miles,  while  the  other  prolongs  the  distance  going  to 
Europe  75  miles ;  which  prolonged  distance,  when  measured  not  by  safety,  but  in  time  alone, 


*f 


THE   WIND   AND   CUKRENT   CHARTS. 


the  Gulf  Stream,  better  weather,  and  diminished  frequency  of  fogs',  will  more  than  compensate 
for.  In  my  judgment,  these  lanes,  if  properly  followed,  will  make  the  average  length  of 
passage,  as  determined  by  the  mean  of  all  for  the  year,  probably  less  each  way,  certainly  not 
more  than  an  hour  or  two  longer  than  it  now  is.  Individual  passages  coming  will,  perhaps, 
not  be  made  so  quickly  as  they  have  been,  but,  on  the  average,  trips  will  be  shortened. 

"For  a  better  understanding  of  the  whole  subject,  I  beg  to  refer  t&  Plates  II,  III,  and  V." 

The  increasing  number  of  steamers  tends  still  further  to  prove  the  importance  of  these 
lanes  upon  the  commercial  interests  of  the  world.  The  merchant  steamers  plying  between 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  during  the  year  1857,  made  no  less  than  374  passages.  This  is 
exclusive  of  man-of-war  steamers.  There  was,  therefore,  on  the  average,  no  less  than  14 
steamers  in  transit  on  the  .high  seas  during  the  whole  year,  which  would  give  7  for  each  lane 
all  the  time.  These  steamers  transported,  besides  their  own  crews,  54,700  persons,  as  passen- 
gers, which  is  more,  by  24,500,  than  were  transported  by  steam  during  the  year  1856.  One 
of  these  steamers,  (screw,)  the  Tempest,  sailed  from  New  York  for  Glasgow,  in  February, 
1857,  and  was  never  heard  of.  Now,  if  these  lanes  had  been  used  by  all  of  them,  she  could 
not — whatever  it  was  that  caused  her  loss — have  survived  her  injury  more  than  48  hours  without 
being  passed  by  some  other  steamer. 

Screw  steamers  are  rapidly  on  the  increase.  They  do  not  make  as  much  noise  with  the 
propellers  as  the  side-wheel  steamers  dp  with  their  paddles,  consequently,  in  thick  weather 
they  do  not  give  as  much  warning  of  meir  approach  as  the  others  with  their  paddles.  In 
this  circumstance  I  find  another  plea  in  favor  of  the  lanes.  ' 

Three  years  have  now  (1858)  passed' since  these  lanes  were  projected.  The  shadows  cast 
by  the  lights  of  experience  from  them  are  before  us.  Wrecks  and  collisions  at  sea  have 
greatly  increased,  especially  about  the  British  islands.  The  crowded  state  of  the  sea  renders 
the  recognition  and  use  of 'these  lanes  a  matter  of  more  and  more  importance  every  year. 

The  following  summary  of  wrecks  and  collisions  ought  to  plead,  trumpet-tongued,  in  favor 
of  our  lanes.  They  are  derived  from  the  public  statements  made  by  a  humane  society  in 
England,  and  is  copied  from  the  Wreck  Register  of  the   ' '  Life  Boat.' ' 


Year. 

Wrecks. 

Collisions. 

Total. 

Total  lives 
lost. 

1852       

958 
759 
893 
894 
837 

57 

73 

94 

247 

316 

1,015 

832 

987 

1,141 

1,153 

829 

1853 

989 

1854       

1,549 

1855 

469 

1856 

521 

Total 

4,341 

787 

5,128 

4,348 

Thus  we  find  that  no  less  than  220  ships  were  totally  lost  or  stranded  in  1856  from  errors, 
unseamanship,  or  drunkenness,  or  other  preventable  causes,  in  addition  to  those  from  stress  of 
weather. 


ROUTES  BETWEEN  PORTS  SOUTH  OF  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE. 


81 


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ROUTES  BETWEEN  POETS  SOUTH  OP  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE. 


91 


The  crossing  at  the  meridian  of  15°  W.  is  the  same  for  all  vessels,  whether  from  the 
Atlantic  or  the  Gulf  ports ;  and  the  route  from  15°  into  port  is  also  the  same. 

The  average  crossing  of  70°  W.  for  the  "best  six"  of  each  month  is  in  latitude  36°  12 
from  the  Atlantic,  and  in  34°  42'  from  the  Gulf  ports. 

Mea7i  crossing  of  10°  W.  by  the  '■'best  six''  for  each  of  the  following  named  months: 


Months. 


January  . , 
February  _ 

March 

April 

May 

June 

September . 
November . 
December  . 


FROM  THE  A 

TLANTIC  PORTS. 

FROM  GULF  POETS. 

Crossing  of 

Day8tol50W. 

Crossing  of  Days  to  15oW. 

TOO  w. 

70°  W.. 

360  N. 
35 

19.1 
17.  3 

340  N. 
34 

16.  9 

16.7 

36 

19.9 

34 

16.9 

36 

17.4 

35 

17.6 

37J 

17.3 

37 

16.2 

35 

19.6 

36 

17.6. 

37 

34J 

17.8 

37 

18.4 

34J 

18.1 

37 

21.2 

33 

19.5 

36°  17' 

18.9 

340  40' 

.17.  5 

Thus  we  are  suprised  to  find  that  the  average  passage  to  the  chops  qf  the  channel,  or  to 
Liverpool,  is  from  the  meridian  of  70°  W.,  one  day  nine  hours  less  when  you  cross  70°  W.  in 
34°  40',  than  it  is  when  you  cross  it  in  36°  17'.  The  difference  between  the  two  crossings 
is  a  degree  and  a  half,  and  the  longest  passage  is  from  the  northern  crossing  in  36°  17'.  ^his 
difference -is  worth  tracing  up.  Therefore  we  make  from  the  "best  six"  for  each  month  the 
following  statement  showing  the  crossings  and  the  time  between  longitude  70°  and  15°: 

MEAN  CROSSINGS  iND  TIME  OF  "BEST  SIX"  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


Monthf. 


January  .. 
February  . 
March  ... 

April 

May 

June 

September 
November 
December 


70°  W. 


40°  N. 

39.9 

40.1 

38.8 

39.6 

39.8 

39.9 

40.0 

39.8 


Days. 


3.9 
4.8 
5.1 
3.7 
4.8 
4.7 
4.3 
4.2 
4.1 


55°  W. 


43°  N. 

40.6 

41.7 

40.3 

40.3 

40,8 

41.1 

41.3 

42.2 


Days. 


5.4 
5.8 
4,7 
5.0 
6.5 
5.2 
5.7 
5.6 
5.3 


35°  W. 


■46.8°  N. 

45.4 

46.4 

46.0 

45.2 

45.8 

46.8 

46.6 

47.0 


Days. 


4.2 
4.7 
4.1 
5.4 

5.0 
4.8 
4.4 
5.8 
4.5 


15°  W. 


Days. 


49.7° 

49.2 

49.3 

50.9 

48.4 

48.9 

49.7 

50.5 

50.1 


13.5 
15.3 
13.9 
14.1 
16.3 
14.7 
14.4 
15.6 
13.9 


MEAN  CROSSINGS  AND  TIME  OF  "BEST  SIX"  FROM  ATLANTIC  PORTS  SOUTH. 


Months. 


January  . 
February  . 
March.... 

April 

May 

June 

September 
November 
December 


70°. 

Days. 

55°. 

Days. 

35°. 

Days. 

15°. 

36° 

5.1 

39* 

7.3 

44° 

6.7 

50° 

35 

4.9 

39 

7.5 

46 

4.9 

49 

36 

5,5 

37 

7.1 

43 

7.3 

48 

36 

4.5 

39 

6.4 

441 

6.1 

49 

37 

5.2 

41 

6.2 

46 

5.9 

49i 

35 

5.7 

40 

6.9 

46 

6.0 

49 

37 

5.7 

40i 

7.8 

48 

6.5 

48 

37 

5.1 

41 

6.6 

45 

6.4 

48i 

37 

6.1 

40 

8.3 

46 

6.8 

49i 

Days. 


11.2 
11.4 
19.0 
13.6. 
12.4 
17.2 
14.3 
10.1 
11.7' 


92 


THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


MEAN  CROSSINGS  AND  TIME  OF  "BEST  SIX"  FROM  GULF  PORTS. 


Months. 

70°. 

Days. 

55°. 

Days. 

35°. 

Days. 

15°. 

34° 

34 

34 

35 

37 

38 

34i 

34i 

33 

5.4 

4.9 

4.6 

5.8  , 

4.5 

4.5 

7.0 

6.1 

6.7 

38° 

37 

37 

39 

40 

40 

39i 

39 

3d 

6.4 
5.7 
6.5 
6.2 
5.8 
6.0 
6.1 
6.7 
6.6 

46°  ' 
43 
45 
45i 
45 
45 
•  46i 
44i 
44 

5.1 
6.1 
5.8 
5.6 
5.1 
5.1 
4.7 
5.3 
5.7 

50» 

49 

March 

49 
48 

May 

48i 

49J 

50 

49 

49 

TOTAL  DAYS  FROM  70°  TO  15°: 


Months. 


Niew  York. 


January  , . . 
February  .. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

September. 
November. 
December . 


13.5 
15.3 
13.9 
14.1 
]4.7 
14.7 
14.4 
15.6 
13.9 


Atlantic  Ports 
South. 


Gulf  Ports. 


19.1 
17.3 
19.9 
17.0 
17.3 
18.6 
20.0 
18.1 
21.2 


"16.9 
16.7 
16.9 
17.6 
15.4 
15.6 
17.8 
)8.1 
19.0 


To  what  is  this  difference  of  time  from  70°  to  15°  W.  by  the  vessels  from  New  York, 
from  ports  south,  and  from  the  Gulf,  due?  Can  it  be  due  to  the  sailing  qualities  of  the  vessels, 
or  to  the  skill  of  masters,  or  to  a  difference  of  winds  ? 

From  the  crossing  of  70°  to  that  of  15°  W.  the  sh(^rtest  distance  is  2,365  miles  by  the 
New  York  route-  2,485  by  the  route  from  the  Atlantic  ports  south ;  and  2,530  by  the  route 
from  the  Gulf.  That  is,  the  New  York  vessels,  the  best  six  for  each  of  the  months  above  named, 
average  from  70°  to  15°,  162  miles  a  day ;  those  from  the  Gulf,  148  ;  and  those  from  the 
Atlantic  ports  south,  133, 

The  New  York  vessels  in  the  above  quotations  ought  to  make  the  best  time  because  the 
"best  six"  on  this  route  were  selected  from  a  greater  number  than  for  eiUler  of  the  other 
routes.  For  the  other  two  routes  there  is  no  such  difference  as  to  selection,  and  the  anomaly 
remains  to  be  accounted  for. 

The  best  route  from  Eurojoe  to  the  West  Indies,  to  the  Spanish  main,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  ports 

south  of  the  Chesapeake. 

Get  your  offing  and  proceed  as  though  you  were  bound  to  Rio,  until  you  get  into  the  NE. 
trades.  Then  steer  west  until  yoii  fall  in  with  the  track  of  homeward  bound  Rio  traders,  and 
then  take  that.  . 

Shipmasters,  bound  as  above,  should  study  the  trade-wind  chart  carefully,  in  order  to 
ascertain  the  extreme  northern  parallel  near  which  they  may  rely  upon  finding  the  NE.  trades. 
The  limits  of  these  for  the  month  should  then  be  marked  on  the  chart  for  every  day  reference 
and  use.  Having  reached  the  mean  polar  limits  for  the  month,  it  will,  as  a  rule,  be  wise  to  go 
2°  or  3°  further  south  in  order  to  be  sure  of  a  good  time  in  "running  down  the  trades." 

The  average  time  from  Liverpool  or  the  chops  of  the  channel,  or  from  the  Atlantic 
ports   of  France,  Portugal,  and  Spain,  to  30°  N.  in  20*^  W.  may  be  thus  stated  : 


EOUTES   BETWEEN   PORTS    SOUTH    OF    THE    DELAWARE   AND   NORTH    OF   EUROPE.  93' 

January,  12  days,  the  shortest  7  days. 

February,  13  days,  the  shortest  1  days. 

March,  15  days,  the  shortest  6  days. 

April,  11  days,  the  shortest  7  days. 

May,  12  days,  the  shortest  7  days. 

June,  14  days,  the  shortest  8  days. 

July,  12  days,  the  shortest  9  days. 

August,  13  days,  the  shortest  8  days. 

September,  13  days,  the  shortest  9  days. 

October,  13  days,  the  shortest  7  days. 

November,  14  days,  the  shortest  7  days.  - 

December,  14  days,  the  shortest  6^  days. 

Having  reached  the  parallel  of  30°,  between  20°  and  25°  W.,  the  best  course  is  still  a 
little  to  the  west  of  south,  until  the  parallel  of  20°  N.  be  reached.  Do  not  care  to  make  more 
than  5°  of  westing  between  these  two  parallels.  From  30°  N.  to  20°  N.  by  this  route,  the 
average  time  will  be  six  days  in  fall  and  winter  ;  five  in  spring  and  summer  ;  thus  putting" 
you  fairly  within  the  trades  in  18  days,  on  the  average,  from  the  Channel.  It  will  be  less 
from  Lisbon,  the  ports  of  Spain,  and  Gibraltar. 

Now,  suppose  you  enter  the  trades  at  a  mean  between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°  near 
the  parallel  of  20°  N.;  you  should  then  "run  them  down"  on  that  parallel  to  60°  W.  It 
will  take  two  weeks  to  do  this  ;  total,  so  far,  from  the  Channel,  32  days.  Arrived  here,  you 
are  in  the  fair  way  of  homeward  bound  Indiamen  and  Rio  traders  ;  and  from  this  point  every 
navigator  knows  the  way  to  his  port.  If  it  be  on  the  Atlantic,  south  of  the  Chesapeake,  10 
days,  on  the  average,  will  put  him  into  it — total,  42  days  from  the  chops  of  the  Channel,  and 
from  Liverpool  a  day  or  two  more,  from  Spain  and  Portugal  a  day  or  two  less,  to  our  Atlantic 
ports.*  By  this  route  Savannah  is  brought  nearer  than  Charleston  ;  and  Fernandina,  made  for 
the  voyage  from  Europe,  our  nearest  southern  port.  If,  on  the  contrary,  he  be  bound  into 
the  Gulf,  it  will  take  him  15  days,  from  the  homeward  bound  Rio  track  to  put  him  into 
New  Orleans  or  Mobile — total  to  Gulf  ports,  47  days.  These  times  are  for  ordinary  sailers. 
A  smart  ship,  with  a  smart  captain,  will  always  make  the  run  in  less  time. 

This  is  a  mere  general  sketch  of  the  average  route.  Clever  navigators  will  know  from 
the  charts  how  to  vary  it  according  to  the  season,  and  smart  ships  will  gain  upon  the  time, 
especially  in  reaching  and  "running  down  the  trades." 

The  sketch  supposes  the  ship  to  enter  the  trades  near  the  intersection  of  the  meridian 
of  25°  with  the  parallel  of  20°  N.  There  is  no  particular  advantage  in  entering  the  trades 
either  on  that  meridian  or  upon  that  parallel,  or  of  entering  them  at  all,  if  you  happen  to 
find  good  winds  before  you  get  to  the  trades. 

Thus,  suppose  a  vessel  to  be  off  the  Lizard,  bound  to  Charleston,  and  that  she  have  a  7 
or  8  knot  breeze  that  will  enable  her  to  lay  up  direct  for  port ;  why  should  she,  as  long  as  that 
wind  lasts,  run  out  of  her  way  to  find  one  that  will  not  enable  her  to  do  any  better?  On  the 
contrary,  let  her  take  advantage  of  it  to  make  westing  as  fast  as  possible,  and  when  it  grows 
lighter  or  becomes  adverse,  as  it  will,  then  let  her  master  stick  her  away  south  in  search  of  a 
better  wind. 

By  doing  this,  the  voyage,  as  I  have  sketched  it,  may  be  considerably  shortened.     The 

*See  "Tables  of  Crossings"  and  time  from  Straits  of  Gibraltar  to  the  United  States. 


94  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

trade-wind  chart  will  show  the  navigator  exactly  how  far  south  he  ought  to  go  to. look  for  the 
trades  in  each  month.  A  reference  to  this,  with  the  injunction  to  make  the  most  of  a  good 
wind  wherever  he  finds  it,  seems  to  be  almost  the  only  sailing  directions  that  are  required  for 
the-ports  above  named,  especially  in  winter  and  spring. 

In  the  fall  of  1856,  Captain  Macloon,  of  the  "  Georgia,"  asked  to  have  pointed  out  to  him  a 
better  route  from  Liverpool  to  Savannah,  stating  that  he  had  tried  three,  and  had  had  by  them 
two  passages  of  sixty  days  each,  and  one  of  fifty-four.     The  reply  was,  in  substance  : 

"When  you  come  out  of  Liverpool,  make  the  best  of  your  way  to  the  parallel  of  30°  N., 
proceeding  as  though  you  were  bound  to  Brazil,  or  some  other  place  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 
You  will  have  fourteen  days  to  this  place." 

The  Georgia  did  so.  She  cast  off  from  the  steam-tug,  which  towed  her  out  of  the  harbor 
of  Liverpool,  December  24,  1856,  and  on  the-fourteenth  day  she  crossed  the  parallel  of  30°  N. 

"Now  stand  SW.  for  five  days,  when  you  will  be  on  the  parallel  of  20°  N," 

The  Georgia  did  so ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  day  she  had  crossed  the  parallel  of  20° 
and  was  eleven  miles  beyond.  • 

"Now  stand  due  west  for  ten  days,  when  you  will  be  about  the  meridian  of  60°  W." 

The  Georgia  did  so  ;  and  at  noon  of  the  day  mentioned  she  was  on  the  meridian  of  61°  W. 

' '  Now  haul  up  for  Savannah,  and  if  the  '  Georgia'  were  a  clipper  she  would  be  in  in 
seven  days." 

She  did  so  ;  and  at  noon  of  the  ninth  day  anchored  in  Tybee  Roads. 

The  "Georgia"  is  a  sailing  vessel,  but  she  accomplished  this  voyage  with  the  precision 
of  a  steamer,  gaining  from  thirty  to  forty  per  cent,  in  time  over  her  previous  voyages. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Capt.  Macloon' s  abstract  log  : 

"Having  made  three  passages  to  the  westward  by  three  separate  routes,  two  of  which 
exceeded  sixty  days  each,  and  the  third  one  of  fifty-four  days,  I  would  feel  extremely  obliged  to 
Lieut.  Maury  if  he  would  point  out  a  route  by  which  a  more  speedy  passage  might  probably 
be  made,  and  I. would  endeavor  to  follow  it  faithfully,  satisfied  that  I  should  not  be  the  loser, 
at  any  rate.     It  seems  to  me  that  each  time  I  have  taken  the  wrong  route  at  the  wrong  season." 

•         To  which  I  replied : 

"September  9,  1856. 

' '  You  ask  for  a  new  way  to  come  from  Liverpool  to  Savannah.  I  have  often  thought 
that  if  I  were  in  that  trade,  considering  the  passage  is  a  long  and  tedious  one,  I  should  try  it 
on  the  trades  ;  that  is,  when  you  come  out  of  Liverpool,  proceed  as  if  you  were  going  to  cross 
the  line,  for  which  you  will  find  sailing  directions  at  page  475  et  seq.,  6th  edition.  Aim  to 
cross  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  in  about  25°  W.,  and  then  steer  SW.  till  you  get  well  into  the 
trades,  even  if  you  have  to  go  as  far  as  the  parallel  of  20°  N.  Now  steer  west  till  you  get 
about  the  meridian  of  60°,  and  then  haul  up  for  your  port.  If  you  have  a.  smart  ship,  and  will 
try  this  passage  next  November,  you  will  make  something  like  this  run  :  From  Liverpool  to  the 
parallel  of  30°  N.,  fourteen  days  ;  thence  into  the  trades,  say  22° — 20°  five  days  ;  thence  to  the 
meridian  of  60°,  ten  days ;  thence  to  Savannah,  seven  days ;  total,  thirty-six  days. 

"Within  that  time  this  passage  can  be  made  by  this  route  ;  but  as  I  suppose  the  'Georgia' 

is  not  a  clipper,  I  will  give  you  a  week  longer,  or  forty-three  days  ;  and  if  you  do  not  make  it  in 

that  time,  I  shall  be  disappointed. 

M.  F.  MAURY." 


ROUTES  BETWEEN  PORTS  SOUTH  OF  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE.    95 

From  abstract  log  of  ship  "Georgia,"  from  Liverpool  to  Savannah,  after  she  had  tried 
this  route : 

'^At  noon,  January  31,  185T. — Anchored  in  Tybee,  outer  roads,  ending  a  remarkably 
pleasant  passage  of  thirty-nine  days  ;  and  I  would  here  express  my  warmest  thanks  to  Lieut. 
Maury  for  directions,  furnished  me  about  a  year  since,  how  to  make  a  winter  passage  from 
England  to  this  place  in  less  than  sixty  days.  I  have  endeavored  to  conform  to  those  directions, 
and  the  result  has  been  most  gratifying ;  and  I  would  feel  greatly  obliged  if  he  would  furnish 
me  with  some  hints  to  make  a  speedy  summer  passage,  as  I  have  been  singularly  unfortunate 
heretofore  in  all  my  western  passages.  I  should  be  glad  also  of  any  publications  relative  to 
the  road  we  travel ;  for,  although  I  do  not  understand  them  as  well  as  I  ought,  I  take  great 
pleasure  in  studying  them,  and  am  satisfied  that  up  to  this  time,  when  the  directions  have 
been  followed,  it  has  in  every  intance  shortened  the  passages  materially." 

Captain  Macloon  continued  to  follow  this  route  ;  and  as  I  was  preparing  these  pages  for 
the  press,  I  received  the  following  note  (February,  1858)  with  his  abstract  log  : 

"You  will  perceive  that  I  had  a  very  severe  time  in  the  Channel  and  off  to  the  northwest 
of  Ireland ;  but  after  getting  to  the  southward  of  Cape  Clear,  had  a  most  magnificent  passage 
through  the  trades,  following  your  instructions  as  nearly  as  practicable,  and  can  only  say  that 
the  oftener  I  try  that  route  the  more  I  prefer  it,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  again  to  express 
my  thanks  for  your  very  valuable  directions." 

The  following  table  of  crossings  was  compiled  by  Lieut.  Young.  It  will  be  observed  by 
them  that  no  vessel  bound  to  Charleston  or  the  Chesapeake  has  taken  the  southern  route. 
Indeed,  the  table  affords  no  instance  of  any  vessel,  except  the  "G-eorgia"  (Macloon, )  attempting 
the  trade-wind  route  from  Europe  to  one  of  our  Atlantic  ports. 


96 


THE   "WIND   AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 


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ROUTES  BETWEEN  POETS  SOUTH  OF  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE. 


97 


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ROUTES  BETWEEN  POKTS  SOUTH  OF  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE. 


99 


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ROUTES  BETWEEN  PORTS  SOUTH  OF  THE  DELAWARE  AND  NORTH  OF  EUROPE.   103 


Let  us  analyze  these  tables  a  little.  Most  of  the  vessels— indeed  all  except  one— by  the 
southern  route,  are  bound  into  the  Gulf;  whereas  most  of  those  of  the  northern  route 
are  bound  into  some  of  the  Atlantic  ports  ;  therefore,  by  comparing  the  average  length  of 
passage  of  the  southern  route  into  New  Orleans  or  Galveston  with  the  average  length  of 
passage  by  the  northern  route  into  Baltimore  or  Charleston,  we  can  draw  no  correct  conclusion 
whatever  as  to  the  relative  advantages  of  the  two  routes.  Let  us  therefore  compare  the  two 
routes  only  for  so  much  of  the  way  as  is  common,  and  that  will  be  from  port  on  the  other  side 
to  the  meridian  of  75°  on  this.     We  shall  then  have  the  following  averages  to  75°  W  : 


For- 


January . . 
February  . 

March 

April 

September 
November. 
December. 


Northern  route. 


Days. 
50.9 
46.8 
34.6 
36.9 
3t.  7 
36.9 
44.4 


Southern  route. 


Days. 

40 

35.3 

35.5 

30.9 

42.0 

42.0 

30.2 


Thence  to  New  Orleans. 


Days. 
9.6 
9.5 
8.8 

10 
9.1 

10.2 
9 


Assuming  the  above  averages  to  be  derived  from  sufficient  numbers,  and  for  some  months 

they  are  not,  we  shall  see  that  the  southern  route  has  the  decided  advantage  from  December 

to  April,  inclusive.     The  12  monthly  plates  (Gales  of  the  Atlantic,  Yol.  I)  will  explain  this  at 

a  glance.     The  most  stormy  months  are  from  December  to  April,  and  vessels  bound  as  far  south 

as  the  Capes  of  Yirginia  cannot  go  amiss  by  avoiding  the  northern  and  taking  the  southern  route 

during  those  months.     If  they  will  not  in  every  instance  make  shorter  passages,  they  will  at 

least  have  better  weather,  and  that  is  worth  something,  especially  in  the  winter  months. 

From  June  to  October,  inclusive,'*'there  is  not  much  choice  of  routes.     On  the  one  hand 

the  NE.  trades  are  uncertain  at  that  season  of  the  year — the  hurrican  season ;  while  to  the 

north,  calms  are  most  prevalent,  and  gales  less  frequent.     During  these  months,  therefore,  the 

best  route  is  the  straight  course,  for  the  Atlantic  ports  especially,  taking  advantage  of  the 

winds  as  they  present  themselves,  for  they  are  too  unstable  for  one  to  go  either  to  the  north 

or  south  to  look  for  them. 

At  this  season  of  the  year  the  calm  belt  of  Cancer  is  far  north,  and  vessels  that  attempt  to 

make  westing  between  28°  and  34°  will  find  the  winds  more  baffling  than  they  will  either  to 

the  north  or  the  south  of  those  parallels.     I  caution  navigators  to  avoid  the  belt  between  these 

parallels  as  much  as  possible  ;  and  when  they  have  to  cross  it  I  advise  them  to  cross  it  nearly 

on  a  meridian.     The  trade-wind  chart  shows  the  position  of  this  calm  belt  for  each  month.* 

Transient  vessels,  bound  into  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  would  find  the  southern  route, 

in  the  winter  months,  the  most  desirable  on  account  of  the  weather,  but  the  passage  by  it 

would,  at  that  the  most  favorable  season  for  it,  be  prolonged  about  a  week  on  the  average. 

The  mistake  that  has  been  generally  made  by  vessels  taking  the  southern  route  is  in  their  not 

going  far  enough  south  to  get  well  into  the  trades.     The  trade-wind  chart  will  leave  no  one 

in  doubt  upon  that  point,  and  no  vessel  attempting  the  southern  route  should  think  of  steering 

north,  whatever  be  her  port,  until  she  falls  into  the  great  track  followed  by  the  homeward  bound 

vessels  from  the  other  hemisphere.     They  cross  25°  N.  in  about  65°  W.— (See  the  Track  Charts.) 

♦Before  deciding  on  your  route  turn  to  the  time  and  crossings  to  and  from  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar-,  (pp.  105-14,)  and 
see  the  exhibit  that  is  made  at  pp.  117-119. 


104  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Dull  sailing  passenger  ships  from  the  north  of  Europe  would  do  well,  especially  from 
December  to  March,  inclusive,  by  taking  the  southern  route,  even  though  they  be  bound  to 
New  York.  If  they  cannot  gain  time  by  this  route,  they  will  gain  at  least  smooth  water  and 
pleasant  weather  until  they  reach  the  offings  of  our  own  coasts. 

In  summer  the  Great  Circle  route  is  the  best  to  all  the  Atlantic  ports.  Even  for  the  Gulf 
ports  and  Cuba  the  route  in  the  summer  time  should  be  decided  upon  according  to  the  wind  one 
meets  with  while  gaining  an  offing  from  Europe,  rather  than  by  considerations  growing  out  of  any 
fancied  preference  as  to  winds  by  the  way.  If  they  be  such  as  to  force  you  to  the  south,  make 
as  much  westing  as  you  can  before  crossing  the  parallel  of  38°.  Having  crossed  that  parallel 
it  is  then  advisable  to  go  south  in  search  of  the  northeast  trades  to  carry  you  into  the  Gulf. 

The  reason  why  the  north  or  Great  Circle  route  is  recommended  to  vessels  bound  into  any 
of  the  Atlantic  ports  during  the  summer  and  fall  months,  from  May  to  October,  inclusive ; — 
the  reason  why  no  preference  is  given  to  the  southern  route  over  the  Great  Circle  during  th^t 
period,  even  for  Gulf  bound  vessels  ; — and  the  reason  why  such  decided  preference  is  given  to 
the  southern  route,  from  December  to  March,  may  be  gathered  from  a  little  reflection  as  to 
the  course  of  the  trade-winds,  and  a  careful  examination  of  the  twelve  Plates,  Yol.  I,  illustra- 
tive of  the  "  Gales  of  the  Atlantic." 

From  December  to  March  gales  of  wind  are  most  frequent  along  the  northern  route. 
These  are  mostly  from  the  westward.  This  circumstance  therefore  is  against  the  Great  Circle 
route  in  the  winter  time.  But  from  May  to  October  the  case  is  different.  The  gales  along 
the  Great  Circle  are  much  less  prevalent,  as  the  same  plates  conclusively  show. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  trade-winds  being  a  flow  of  air  from  colder  to  warmer  latitudes, 
the  difference  of  temperature  between  the  calms  of  Cancer,  from  which,  and  the  calm  belt  of 
the  equator,  into  which,  the  trade-winds  flow,  is  greater  in  the  winter  than  in  the  summer  time. 
Consequently  the  more  rapid,  constant,  and  steady  is  the  winter  flow. 

In  the  summer,  however,  the  air  in  the  calm  belt  of  Cancer,  though  it  be  as  far  north  as 
35°,  attains  as  high  a  temperature,  especially  on  the  continents  of  Africa  and  America,  as 
it  does  in  the  belt  of  equatorial  calms.  Then  why  should  not  the  air  flow  towards  those 
continental  heated  places  as  well  as  to  that  of  the  equator  ?  It  does  ;  and  thus  the  trade-winds 
are  frequently  broken  up  in  the  summer  time,  and  therefore  they  cannot  be  relied  on  as  in 
winter.  There  is  another  reason  why  the  winter  trades  should  be  fresher,  more  steady,  and 
constant  than  the  summer  trades,  and  it  is  this  :  In  the  winter  time  the  calm  belt  of  Cancer, 
out  of  which  the  trade-winds  flow,  is  some  500  or  600  miles  nearer  than  it  is  in  the  summer  time 
to  the  equatorial  calm  belt  into  which  the  trade-winds  blow — the  places  of  high  and  low 
barometer  are  then  closer  to  each  other — and  no  one  engaged  in  the  business  of  commerce 
need  be  told  that  the  closer  the  place  of  demand  and  supply  be  together  the  more  certain  and 
steady  will  be  the  supply. 

And  there  is  also  another  reason  why  the  southern  route,  even  by  the  Gulf  bound  ships, 
should  be  abandoned,  and  why  the  Great  Circle  route  should  be  preferred  in  the  summer  time, 
which  is  this  :  From  July  to  October  the  hurricane  season  rages  in  the  West  Indies,  while 
from  June  to  October  the  gale  charts  show  the  Great  Circle  route  to  be  the  least  stormy. 

These  remarks  about  the  southern  route,  for  vessels  bound  in  winter  as  far  north  as  the 
Chesapeake  and  New  York,  are  intended  especially  for  the  passenger  ships  from  Bremen, 
Hamburg,  and  other  ports  in  the  north  of  Europe,  and  they  are  earnestly  commended  to  the 
attention  of  the  masters  of  such  ships. 


ROUTES  TO  AND  FROM  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 


105 


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FROM   THE   MEDITERRANEAN   TO   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


KEMAEKS  ON  THE  ROUTES. 


tU 


The  time  which  vessels  that  are  bound  into  the  other  hemisphere  take  from  the  ' '  Chops 
of  the  Channel"  to  reach  the  NE.  trades  is  16  days  on  the  average.  Gibraltar  is  not  quite 
half  way,  and,  allowing  for  an  offing,  we  may  give  from  the  ' '  Straits' '  to  the  trades  two  days 
more  than  half,  i.  e.,  10.  Thus,  an  American  bound  vessel,  sailing  fairly,  well  managed,  and 
skillfully  navigated,  coming  out  of  Gibraltar  and  taking  the  trade-wind  route,  ought  to  make 
something  like  this  passage  : 

From  the  Straits  to  the  trades 10  days. 

Running  down  the  trades  to  60°  W.  in  latitude  20° 16     " 

Thence  to  New  York - ^. 16     " 

Average  passage  by  the  trade-wind  route 42     " 

The  average  passage  by  the  present  route,  as  exhibited  in  the  forgoing  table  of  ' '  Time  and 
Crossings,"  is  also  42  days.  I  think,  with  the  figures  that  are  before  us,  it  can  be  proven  that 
the  trade-wind  route  will,  at  least  from  November  to  April,  inclusive,  give  the  shortest  average  ; 
and  clever  navigators,  who  will  post  themselves  up  as  to  the  winds  for  the  season,  will  make 
it  regularly  within  40  days.  It  appears  that  it  is  a  rare  thing  for  a  Mediterranean  trader 
to  attempt  the  trade-winds.  The  only  vessels  that,  according  to  these  tables,  have  tried  that 
route  are  the  Atalaya,  with  a  passage  of  76  days  ;  the  Winthrop,  with  a  passage  of  53  days  ; 
and  the  Barbara,  with  a  run  of  33  days  ; — all  sailing  in  January  and  bound  into  New  York  ; — in 
March,  the  Levant  had  a  run  of  29  days  into  Norfolk,  and  the  R.  H.  Dixy  one  of  34  days  into 
Mobile  ;  in  December,  the  Supply,  had  a  passage  of  35|  days  to  Noav  Orleans. 

Now,  let  us  examine  with  attention  the  routes  of  these  several  vessels,  taking  them  in  the 
order  named  :  First,  the  January  routes  and  the  Atalaya : — she  had  76  days,  and  the  Globe, 
which  sailed  the  same  month  and  year,  taking  the  usual  route,  had  78^  days.  But  the  Atalaya 
did  not  consult  the  Trade-Wind  Charts.  Instead  of  making  the  best  of  her  way  south,  in  order 
to  get  the  trade-winds  as  soon  possible,  and  she  was  in  search  of  these  winds,  she  went  to 
35°  W. — half  way  across  the  ocean  before  reaching  the  parallel  of  20°.  To  this  point  she  was, 
from  crossing  to  crossing,  after  having  reached  15°  W.,  7,  4,  5,  8  days,  i.  e.,  24  days  in 
making  20°  of  longitude.  The  reason  of  this  is  she  was  attempting  to  make  longitude  in 
the  calms  of  Cancer,  and  that  too  with  unfavorable  winds, — an  attempt  that  is  calculated  to 
bring  discredit  on  any  navigator  and  ruin  his  voyage.  Having  reached  20°  N. ,  she  just  touched 
the  polar  limits  of  the  NB.  trades.  But  they  wafted  her  along  at  the  rate  of  120  miles-  a  day,  on 
the  average,  for  12  days,  when  she  fell  in  with  the  track  of  the  homeward  bound  Rio  trades,  which 
crosses  28°  N.  between  55°  and  60°. — (See  the  Crossings  from  the  Equator  to  the  United  States.) 
She  was  now  only  11|  days  of  average  sailing,  with  average  winds,  from  New  York,  but,  instead 
of  hauling  up  for  her  port,  she  continued  to  poke  along  west  for  17  days,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  she  had,  in  consequence  of  this  course,  really  neared  her  port  not  more  than  two  days. 

The  mistake  of  the  Atalaya  therefore  was  :  she  did  not,  after  gaining  an  offing,  take  the 
shortest  cut  for  the  trades,  from  which  she  was  to  derive  her  propelling  power.  She  did  not, 
considering  the  time  of  the  year,  go  quite  far  enough  south  to  get  the  strength  of  them,  which 
in  winter  is  about  18°,  and  she  did  not  haul  up  for  her  port  soon  enough  ;  she  evidently  ran  to 
get  into  the  Gulf  Stream,  thinking  it  would  help  her.  In  other  words,  she  ran  west  to  get  into 
a  current  that  would  drift  her  back  to  the  eastward  : 

Next  comes  the  Winthrop  :  she  did  better  at  first,  but  worse,  if  possible,  in  the  latter  half 


116  THE    WIND   AND    CUREENT   CHARTS. 

of  the  voyage.  She  reached  the  parallel  of  20°  N.  in  30°  W.  instead  of  in  35°,  and  that  too 
after  a  run  of  19^  days  instead  of  37.  But  from  30°  W.,  instead  of  steering  to  the  south  a 
little  further,  she  turned  about  and  attemped  to  make  westing  in  the  Horse  latitudes,  being 
as  much  as  six  days  from  crossing  to  crossing. 

The  Barbara  did  well ;  she  found  good  winds  on  the  polar  side  of  20°  N.,  and  having  found 
them  she  did  not  neglect  to  use  them  then  and  there.  Had  they  begun  to  die  away,  her  plan 
would  have  been  to  run  as  far  as  18°  to  look  for  them  in  case  she  did  not  find  them  before. 
But  they  held  on  and  she  made  a  fine  run. 

The  R.  H.  Dixey,  in  March,  is  unexceptionable.  Her  route  is  comely  She  ran  down 
with  good  winds,  found  them  steady  before  going  to  the  extreme  south,  and  used  them  wisely. 
The  United  States  ship  Levant  did  the  same,  and  ran  into  the  Capes  of  Virginia  after  a  passage 
of  27|  days  from  Gibraltar.  These  are  the  only  two  of  the  dozen  vessels  of  the  table  that 
attempted  to  take  the  trade-wind  route  in  November,  and  they  made  the  run  from  port  to  70° 
W.  in  23|  days,  while  the  others  took  upwards  of  38  on  the  average. 

No  other  vessel  attemped  the  trade-wind  route  till  October,  when  the  Garland  made  a 
pass  at  it.  The  NE.  trades  are  now  nearer  the  pole  than  they  are  in  the  winter,  and, 
consequently,  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  so  far  south  to  look  for  them,  but  they  are  weaker  than 
they  are  in  spring.     She  was  45  days,  or  a  week  behind  the  average  for  the  month. 

In  November  we  have  the  Barbara  again,  with  the  George  Keynes  ;  the  latter  evidently 
did  not  find  the  regular  trades,  for  she  had  four  days  between  the  crossings ;  the  former,  though 
not  so  far  south,  was  more  fortunate.  She  found  the  trades  good  and  strong  in  24°,  and  ran 
them  down  with  two  days  between  the  crossings. 

For  further  illustration  of  the  trade-wind  route  see  tables  Time  and  Crossings  from 
Europe  to  Ports  south  of  the  Delaware,  pp.  96  et  seq.;  also  the  following  tabular  statements : 


ROUTES   TO   AND    FROM   THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 


117 


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120  THE   WIND    AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


THE  BEST  ROUTE  FROM  GIBRALTAR. 


With  a  view  of  canvassing  more  fairly  tlie  different  routes  across  the  Atlantic,  Lieutenant 
Young  compiled  for  me  the  foregoing  tables.  For  a  thorough  discussion  of  their  merits  the 
navigator  should  examine  the  crossings  from  Europe  to  the  ports  north  and  to  the  ports  south, 
(pp.  48 — 102.)  Those  tables  give  the  time  and  crossing  of  every  5°  of  long,  between  15°  and 
70°  W.  The  time  from  meridian  to  meridian,  or  from  "crossing"  to  "crossing,"  gives  great 
value  to  them.  I  owe  this  feature  to  Jansen,  and  borrow  it  from  the  Meteorological  Institute 
of  Holland.  All  the  Dutch  crossings  have  it.  And  now  a  navigator  with  these  tables  before 
him,  which  show  the  crossing  of  every  5°  of  long,  and  the  time  between  the  "crossings," 
may  tell,  in  any  part  of  the  voyage,  how  much  he  is  behind  or  ahead  of  time,  where  he  lost 
and  where  he  gained.  These  tables  afford,  without  comment,  the  most  reliable  sailing  directions 
that  can  be  drawn.  The  charts  show  the  direction  of  the  winds  ;  and  the  time  between  the 
crossings,  as  shown  in  the  tables,  gives  an  expression  which  conveys  practically  the  best  idea 
as  to  force  of  wind  that  it  is  possible  to  convey  to  the  navigator.  Distance  and  time  from  15° 
to  70°  W. :  By  the  route  north  of  40°,  34.1  days,  and  2,500  miles — northern  route: — By  the 
sj-oute  between  30°  and  40°,  31.6  days,  and  2,600  miles — middle  route  : — By  the  route  between 
30°  and  25°,  36.8  days,  and  2,700  miles — calm  belt  route: — By  the  route  south  of  25^,  28.4 
days,  and  3, 150  miles — trade-wind  route. 

These  averages  as  to  time  are  not  derived  from  a  sufficient  number  of  passages  to  give  this 
conclusion  final  weight.  Such,  however,  as  they  are,  they  may  be  studied  with  advantage.  As- 
suming them  to  be  relatively  correct,  it  appears  that  the  daily  distance  made  good  from  15°  to 
70°  W.  is  on  the  average  :  Seventy-three  miles  by  the  northern,  eighty-two  by  the  middle, 
seventy-two  by  the  calm  belt,  and  one  hundred  and  eleven  by  the  trade-wind  route. 

Hence,  we  may  infer  also,  after  consulting  the  pilot,  the  storm  and  rain,  and  the  Trade- 
Wind  Charts  : 

That  the  northern  route  is  most  boistefbus  ;  that  though  its  averages  are  large,  the 
quickest  runs  may  now  and  then  be  made  by  that  route,  though  it  will,  from  May  to  October, 
probably  yield  the  best  averages  as  to  time  for  all  ports  east  of  New  York : 

That  the  middle  route  will,  on  the  long  run,  afford,  except  perhaps  in  the  winter  months, 
the  shortest  averages  to  New  York  and  ports  south  as  far  as  the  Capes  of  Virginia : 

That  the  calm  belt  route  ought  to  be  tabooed,  so  that  no  ship  during  summer  or  winter, 
spring  or  autumn,  should  ever  attempt  it : 

That  the  trade-wind  route  affords  the  best  breezes,  the  smoothest  sea,  and  the  finest 
weather; — and  that  by  it  the  best  passages,  under  certain  circumstances,  will  be  accomplished 
in  winter  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia, — in  winter  and  March  to  Norfolk  and  Baltimore ;  and 
from  November  to  April,  inclusive,  to  all  Atlantic  ports  between  Fernandina,  Florida,  and 
Beaufort,  North  Carolina ;  while  it  will  be  the  best  for  all  the  Gulf  and  Central  American 
ports  the  year  round.  A  word  of  caution  may  not  be  out  of  place  here,  though  it  may  involve 
repetition :  When  a  vessel  turns  from  her  direct  course  for  a  shorter  route,  it  may  be  inferred 
that  she  so  turns  in  search  of  better  winds.  Suppose,  therefore,  that  a  ship  master  makes  up 
his  mind  to  take  the  trade-wind  route,  but  that  on  entering  the  Atlantic  he  finds  the  winds 
fresh  and  fair — say  a  six  knot  breeze — for  a  direct  course  to  his  port ;  why  should  he  not 
avail  himself  of  such  a  good  breeze,  and  why,  having  so  good  a  one,  should  he  turn  out  of  his 
way  to  look  for  one  no  better?  Thus,  in  the  case  supposed,  the  good  breeze  should  be  made 
the  most  of  while  it  lasts,  and  when  it  begins  to  fail  the  skillful  navigator  will  know  whether 
to  turn  aside  and  run  toward  the  trade-winds  for  better  breezes  or  not.  Therefore,  notwith- 
standing the  recommendation  already  given  advising  ship  masters  to  run  down  to  20°  or  18° 
in  search  of  good  fresh  trades,  if  they  be  found  at  the  north,  why  go  south  and  out  of  the  way 
to  look  for  them  ? 


ROUTES   BETWEEN  THE   UNITED   STATES   AND   AFRICA. 


121 


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124  THE    WIND   AND    CUERENT   CHARTS. 

REMARKS  ON  THE  ROUTE  TO  THE  CAPE  VERDES  AND  COAST  OF  AFRICA. 

The  foregoing  tables  of  time  and  crossings  between  15°  and  70°  W.,  on  the  routes  to  and 
fro  across  the  Atlantic,  cannot  be  studied  too  well.  They  are  most  instructive.  As  before 
remarked,  they,  the  pilot  and  the  trade-wind  charts,  are  in  themselves  the  best  sailing 
directions  that  can  be  written.  The  times  and  crossings  between  New  York  and  the  north 
of  Europe  (pages  36,  48,  81,  and  96)  throw  light  upon  the  passage  to  and  from  the  Straits 
of  Gibraltar;  while  the  times  and  crossings  between  the  United  States  and  "the  Straits" 
(page  105)  throw  light  upon  the  passage  to  and  from  the  coast  of  Africa. 

The  average  time  from  70°  to  15°  W.  is: — along  the  route  to  the  north  of  Europe,  15.7 
days;  to  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  20.6  days;  and  along  that  to  Africa,  30.2  days.  There  is 
this  difference,  however,  in  latitude  : — the  mean  crossing  place  of  15°  W.  being  for  the  route  to 
the  north  of  Europe  about  49°  N. ;  for  the  Gibraltar  route,  37°  N. ;  and  for  the  African  route, 
9°  N.  The  average  distances  being  2,400,  2,550,  and  3, 600  miles,  respectively,  and  the 
mean  daily  distance  made  good  being  153  to  Europe,  123  to  Gibraltar,  and  120  miles  to  the 
coast  of  Africa. 

The  old  route  to  Rio  coincides  for  most  of  the  way  with  the  Cape  Yerde  and  African 
route.  The  old  rule  of  the  route  was  to  cross  30°  N.,  between  25°  and  30°  W.  But  the 
trade-wind  charts  will  teach  the  navigator  how  to  vary  this  crossing  according  to  the  time 
of  the  year.  In  summer  and  fall  the  belt  of  Horse  latitudes  may  be  crossed  further  to  the 
west  than  they  may  in  the  winter  and  spring,  for  in  summer  and  fall  there  is  the  belt  of  SW. 
monsoons,  which  may  be  taken  anywhere  to  the  east  of  25°.  In  that  season  of  the  year 
there  is  no  fear  of  not  being  able  to  fetch  your  African  port. 

In  winter  and  spring,  however,  there  are  no  monsoons  to  fall  back  upon.  And  it  is 
advisable  to  run  as  far  as  35°  W.  to  the  north  of  38°,  then  edge  off,  and  when  you  reach  the 
calms  of  Cancer  cross  them  on  nearly  a  due  south  course,  and  then,  getting  the  NE.  trades, 
haul  up  for  your  port. 

Passage  from  the   Cape  de  Yerdes  to  the  southwest   Coast  op  Africa,  with  Remarks 

UPON  that  Section  of  the  Coast. 

"In  the  season  of  February,  March,  April,  and  May,"  says  Lieut.  W.  C.  B.  S.  Porter, 
United  States  navy,  of  the  United  States  brig  Perry,  ' '  there  is  no  difficulty  in  making  the 
passage  from  Porto  Praya  to  Ambriz  in  thirty  days,  provided  the  run  from  Porto  Praya  to 
Monrovia  takes  not  more  than  eight  days. 

"The  direct  route,  and  that  which  approaches  the  Great  Circle,  leads  along  the  coast, 
touching  the  outer  soundings  of  St.  Ann's  Shoals,  thence  to  Half- Cape  Mount,  to  allow  for  a 
current  when  steering  for  Monrovia.  From  there,  follow  the  coast  along  with  the  land  and  sea 
breezes,  assisted  by  the  current,  until  you  arrive  at  Cape  Palmas  ;  keep  upon  the  starboard 
tack,  notwithstanding  the  wind  may  head  you  in  shore,  (the  laud  breezes  will  carry  you  off,) 
and,  as  the  wind  permits,  haul  up  for  2°  west  longitude  ;  cross  the  equator  here,  if  convenient, 
but  I  would  not  recommend  going  to  the  westward  of  it ;  you  will  encounter  westerly  currents 
from  thirty  to  fifty  miles  a  day.  In  the  vicinity  of  Prince' s  Island,  the  SW.  wind  is  always 
strong.  In  the  latitude  of  about  1°  30' N.,  there  is  a  westerly  current.  Should  it  not  be 
practicable  to  weather  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  stand  on,  approach  the  coast,  and  you  will 
meet  with  north  winds  to  carry  you  directly  down  the  coast.     Our  Salem  vessels  make  the 


THE  WHITE  SEA  AND  THE  CURRENTS  BY  THE  WAY.  125 

passage  from  the  United  States  in  56  days,  arriving  at  Ambriz  in  May.     I  have  made  three 
different  cruises  to  this  coast  in  the  same  season,  in  the  Marion,  John  Adams,  and  Perry. 

"The  impulsive  desire  to  attain  the  object  of  our  duty  will,  as  much  in  nautical  matters 
as  others,  mislead  our  better  judgment,  when  there  is  a  prospect,  or  any  temptation  to  success, 
without  experience  to  forewarn  us.  Thus,  our  vessels,  after  arriving  at  Cape  Palmas,  have 
generally  gone  upon  the  port  tack,  because  the  wind  carried  them  towards  the  coast  or  Gulf 
of  Guinea,  and  seemed  to  favor  them  for  the  port  tack  the  most ;  which,  on  the  contrary, 
although  slowly  veering  towards  the  SE. ,  was  hauling  more  ahead,  and  leading  them  off  into 
a  current,  which,  under  a  heavy  press,  it  is  impossible  to  work  against.  The  consequences 
were,  they  had  to  go  upon  the  starboard  tack,  and  retrace  the  ground  gone  over.  On  the 
starboard  tack,  as  you  proceed  easterly,  the  action  of  the  wind  is  the  reverse,  and  it  allows 
you  to  pursue  the  Great  Circle  course. 

"It  employed  the  Marion  eighty  odd  days  to  Kabenda,  a  port  200  miles  nearer  than 
Ambriz  ;  to  which  port  (Ambriz)  from  Monrovia  in  this  vessel  (the  Perry)  we  went  in  23 — 
making  31  from  Porto  Praya.  In  the  John  Adams,  10  to  Monrovia,  and  46  to  Ambriz,  by  the 
way  of  Prince's  Island;  about  10  of  which  was  lost  working  to  the  south  of  Cape  Palmas. 
From  Cape  Palmas  to  the  point  of  crossing  the  equator  the  current  is  easterly — south  of  that 
westerly. 

' '  The  practice  along  the  coast  in  this  vessel  (the  Perry)  was  to  keep  near  enough  to  the 
land  to  have  the  advantage  of  a  land  and  sea  breeze,  and  to  drop  a  kedge  whenever  it  fell  calm, 
or  we  were  unable  to  stem  the  current.  Upon  this  part  of  the  coast,  near  the  Congo,  the  lead 
line  does  not  always  show  the  direction  of  the  current  which  affects  the  vessel.  On  the 
bottom  there  is  a  current  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  surface  ;  therefore,  before  dropping 
the  kedge,  the  better  way  is  to  lower  a  boat  and  anchor  her,  which  will  show  the  drift  of  the 
vessel.  Between  Ambriz  and  the  Congo,  I  have  seen  the  under  current  so  strong  to  the  SE. 
as  to  carry  a  24-pound  lead  off  of  the  bottom,  while  the  vessel  was  riding  to  a  strong  SW. 
current ;  but  the  under  current  is  the  strongest. 

' '  In  crossing  the  Congo,  I  would  always  suggest  crossing  close  to  its  mouth,  night  or  day ; 
going  north,  with  the  wind  W.NW.,  steer  N.NE.,  with  a  five  or  six  knot  breeze  ;  when  you 
strike  soundings  on  the  other  side  you  will  have  made  about  a  N.  ^  E.  course  in  the  distance 
of  9  miles,  by  log  from  11^  fathoms  off  Shark  Point.  The  current  out  of  the  river  sets  west, 
about  two  knots  the  hour.  With  the  land  breeze  it  is  equally  convenient,  and  may  be  crossed 
in  two  hours.  In  coming  from  the  north,  with  Kabenda  bearing  NE.,  in  13  fathoms,  or  from 
the  latitude  of  5°  48',  wind  SW.,  a  S.SE.  course  will  carry  you  over  in  four  hours  outside  of 
Point  Padron  ;  and  by  keeping  along  shore  the  current  will  assist  you  in  going  to  the  south. 
Vessels  which  cross  to  seaward  from  latitude  of  5°  45',  and  9°  W.,  are  generally  six  days  or 
more  to  Ambriz  ;  by  the  former  method  it  occupied  us  (the  Perry)  only  two  days." 

The  homeward  route  from  Africa  is  through  the  trades  till  you  fall  in  with  the  track  of 
the  homeward  bound  Indiamen,  when  all  is  plain  sailing. 

THE  VOYAGE  TO  THE  WHITE  SEA. 

Vessels  bound  to  Archangel,  and  other  ports  beyond  North  Cape,  should  pass  to  the  north 
of  the  British  Islands,  and  make  the  best  of  their  way  to  their  port.  The  advantages  of 
keeping  close  to  the  Iceland  or  the  European  shore  depend  more  upon  currents  than  upon  winds. 

Commodore  Irminger,  of  the  Royal  Danish  Navy,  has  made  the  currents  of  the  North 


126  THE    WIND   AND    CUERENT   CHARTS. 

Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans  the  subject  of  patient  investigation.  He  calls  attention  to  a  warm 
summer  current  to  the  coast  of  Iceland,  which  I  have  not  seen  mentioned  before,  and  he  has 
been  kind  enough  to  translate  and  send  me  the  following  very  interesting  and  instructive  paper 
on  currents :  ^ 

Copenhagen,  May^  1856. 
g|!i]^j/'The  currents  of  the  ocean,  which  properly  may  be  called  the  arteries  of  our  globe, 
running  through  the  different  regions,  heat  the  cold  regions,  and  cool  the  tropical  ones,  are, 
until  the  present  time,  in  proportion  to  the  navigation  extended  to  every  part  of  the  ocean, 
generally  not  paid  the  due  attention  to. 

The  currents  at  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  though  somewhat  put  in  system,  are,  generally 
speaking,  examined  imperfectly  ;  the  submarine  currents  of  the  ocean  are  nearly  unknown. 

Meanwhile,  knowing  that  the  currents  in  the  depth  are  often  running  in  quite  a  different 
direction  from  those  on  the  surface,  which  often  has  been  ascertained  on  observing  heavy 
icebergs  moving  rapidly  against  the  wind  and  the  current  on  the  surface,  and  it  must  be  pre- 
sumed that  the  currents  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean  have  their  regular  circulation  through  the 
different  zones  as  well  as  the  currents  on  the  surface,  and  are  reciprocally  dependant  on  each  other, 
it  would  be  desirable  to  obtain  more  knowledge  concerning  the  currents  in  the  depth  of  the 
ocean.  Having  means  to  procure  the  desirable  knowledge  of  the  direction  of  these  currents, 
their  temperatures,  &c.,  &c.,  it  would  certainly  not  be  so  difficult  to  put  them  into  system, 
because  they  must  be  supposed  to  be  much  more  constant  than  the  currents  of  the  surface, 
which  so  often  are  submitted  to  irregularity  on  account  of  the  influence  of  winds,  tides, 
the  melting  of  ice  and  snow  in  high  latitudes,  the  flowing  out  of  large  rivers,  hurricanes,  and 
storms,  which  pile  up  the  water  in  certain  places,  and  by  calm  weather  bring  the  water  in 
equilibrium,  <fec.,  &c.,  &c. 

In  the  "Annals  de  Chimie  et  de  Physique  for  the  year  1845"  is  the  description  of  an 
instrument,  invented  by  Mr.  Aime,  which,  under  certain  circumstances,  may  be  used  for  finding 
out  the  direction  of  the  current  in  any  depth  of  the  ocean,  and  which  instrument,  with  the 
description  of  it,  is  represented  in  the  accompanying  printed  treatise. 

If  this  instrument  were  more  known  and  used  by  seafaring  men  wanting  to  study  the 
currents  of  the  ocean,  I  think  that  much,  which  is  at  present  obscure,  would  be  made  plain. 

In  1847,  on  leaving  Copenhagen,  as  commander  of  a  man-of-war  brig,  the  Eagle,  on  a 
cruise  to  the  coast  of  Guinea  and  the  West  Indies,  I  had  this  instrument  with  me.  It  was 
made  by  Mr.  Nissen,  instrument  maker,  in  Copenhagen.  During  the  voyage  I  made  several 
observations  with  it,  and  found  it  well  fit  for  practical  use. 

I  refer  to  the  following  observations  : 

The  14th  September,  1847,  in  the  forenoon,  calm;  in  sight  of  Madeira  in  31°  58'  latitude 
N.,  and  17°  12'  W.  of  Greenwich.  The  instrument  (the  indicator  of  the  current  direction) 
was  lowered  down  to  the  depth  of  1,980  feet.  To  the  instrument  was  tied  a  thermometrograph 
in  a  solid  cylinder  of  metal,  with  a  cover  screwed  upon  it,  to  protect  the  thermometrograph 
against  the  heavy  pressure  of  the  water  in  the  depth. 

In  the  said  depth  the  instrument  marked  the  current  to  be  true  W.SW.  On  the  surface 
of  the  ocean  nearly  no  current  was  found.  According  to  very  minute  observations  the  ship 
only  moved  2'  to  the  eastward  from  7  A.  M.  to  5^  P.  M.  The  line  by  which  the  instrument 
waa  lowered  down  was  entirely  perpendicular. 


THE    WHITE   SEA   AND   THE    CUEEENTS   BY   THE   WAY.  127 

Fahr. 

The  temperature,  in  shade,  on  deck  was • *19°  6     (76°.  1) 

The  water  at  the  surface  was 20°        (77°.  0) 

The  water  at  the  depth  of  1,980  feet  was 8°.  8     (51°.  8) 

At  this  place  the  current  usually  carries  to  the  eastward  towards  the  African  coast. 

Nearly  in  opposition  to  this  the  indicator  showed  the  current  true  W.SW. 

I  leave  it  to  more  experienced  men  to  judge,  if  it  might  not  be  presumed  that  the  powerful 
current  from  the  Davis'  Strait,  which  so  often  carries  those  huge  icebergs  along  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland  to  the  lower  latitudes  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  runs  in  a  SE.  direction ;  passing 
below  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  is  heated  from  the  Mexican  Gujf,  and  is,  consequently,  made 
specifically  lighter  than  the  mentioned  cold  current  from  the  north,  setting  in  its  submarine 
march  towards  the  Southern  Europe  and  Northern  Africa,  then  turning  to  the  southward, 
and  next  taking  a  more  westerly  direction  in  that  region  where  the  observation  was  made. 

Future  observations  concerning  the  currents  in  the  depths  will  show  if  this  supposition  be 
right  or  not. 

Further  :  The  17th  of  March,  1849,  calm  ;  25°  4'  latitude  N.,  and  65°  41'  W.  of  Green- 
wich. The  current  indicator,  as  well  as  the  thermometrograph,  were  lowered  down  to  a  depth 
of  2,934  feet.     The  lowering  down  took  15',  and  the  hauling  up  16^'. 

In  this  depth  the  instrument  indicated  the  current  to  be  NW.  true. 

Fahr. 

The  temperature,  in  shade,  on  deck  was 20°.  8     (78°.  8) 

Surface  of  the  ocean 19°.  75  (76°. 4) 

In  the  depth  of  2,934  feet 6°.2     (46°.0) 

To  assure  myself  of  the  veracity  of  the  instruments  I  ordered  them  to  be  lowered  down 
to  the  same  depth,  directly  after  the  former  observation  was  made,  and  this  second  examination 
gave  exactly  the  same  result  as  above  mentioned. 

Like  observations  made  on  different  places  and  different  depths  will  give  us  a  more 
precise  knowledge  of  the  submarine  currents,  (currents  in  the  deep  of  the  ocean,)  and  though 
the  currents  on  the  surface  only  seem  of  practical  use  to  seafaring  men  at  present,  I  think  it 
probable  that  frequent  observations  concerning  the  submarine  currents  and  their  temperatures 
may  in  future  be  of  practical  use,  by  teaching  us  the  causes  and  reasons  for  the  migrations  of 
cetaceous  animals  and  different  species  of  fish,  which  undoubtedly  are  dependent  on  the  cur- 
rents, which  carry  with  them  the  food  which  these  animals  are  in  search  of  in  the  depth  as  well 
as  in  the  surface,  f 

Page  6,  7,  8,  and  9,  is  a  description  of  some  currents  between  the  coast  of  Guinea  and  the 
West  Indies,  which  I  find  it  superfluous  to  translate,  supposing  you  have  many  observations 
from  that  part  of  the  globe  ;  therefore  I  continue  with  my  translation,  page  9. 

The  currents  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Atlantic  are  still  less  known.  The  reason  of 
which  must  be  presumed  to  proceed  from  the  circumstance  that  this  part  of  the  ocean  is  less 

*  All  mentioned  temperatures  are  calculated  to  the  thermometer  of  Reaumur. 

t  My  honorable  friend,  Professor  Eschricht,  had  asked  me  on  my  leaving  Copenhagen  to  note  the  direction  which 
the  cetacees,  falling  in  with  on  my  voyage,  were  taking ;  these  observations  I  ordered  to  be  taken  down  in  the  log-book. 
Although  it  is  usual  to  fall  in  with  such  animals,  it  was  surprising,  between  the  21st  and  27th  of  September,  1847,  between 
150  and  110  latitude  N.,  and  19°  and  21°  longitude  W.  of  Greenwich,  frequently  to  meet  with  a  great  many,  sometimes 
several  hundred  together,  with  great  speed  running  to  the  N.  or  NE.,  though  most  commonly  in  the  N.NE.  direction. 

On  this  mentioned  place  the  surface  of  the  water  was  between  22 Jo  (82°. 6)  and  23|o,  (850.6,)  which  is  about  2°  (4o.5) 
more  than  the  usual  temperature  of  the  ocean  at  the  surface  in  the  mentioned  latitude. 


128  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

frequented  by  vessels, — that  frequent  gales  succeeding  from  different  points  of  the  compass 
disturb  the  regularity  of  the  current,  usually  not  being  violent  in  this  part  of  the  ocean. 
Besides,  frequent  fogs  and  cloudy  weather  make  it  often  impossible  to  ascertain  the  place  of  the 
ship  by  exact  observations,  and  therefore  it  is  more  difficultio  ascertain  the  currents  in  these  regions 
than  in  lower  latitudes,  where  the  weather  and  atmosphere  permit  a  greater  regularity  in 
ascertaining  the  ship's  position  by  observations.  Still  it  is  evident  that  a  current  from  a  more 
southwardly  latitude  continues  its  run  through  the  Atlantic  between  Shetland  and  Iceland  to 
the  Northern  Icy-Ocean,  (the  ocean  which  surrounds  Spitzbergen. ) 

With  the  examination  of  this  current  I  have  been  occupied  for  several  years,  and  used 
partly  my  own  observations  during  several  voyages  to  and  from  Iceland,  and  partly  the  log- 
books of  several  of  our  men-of-war,  where  the  dead  reckoning,  as  well  as  the  observations, 
with  the  celestial  bodies  were  made  with  great  accuracy. 

I  principally  mention  the  voyages  to  and  from  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands  by 
the  following  men-of-war :  Line-of-battle-ship  Queen  Maria,  1834  ;  Corvette  Najaden,  1834  ; 
brigs  Mercurius,  1845  ;  St.  Croix,  1846 ;  St.  Thomas,  1847  ;  Corvette  Najaden,  1850  ;  Saga, 
1851  ;  &c.,  &c. 

The  observations  of  the  temperature  of  the  water  on  the  surface  were  usually  taken  down 
every  four  hours.  The  observations  to  and  from  Greenland  have  been  given  me  by  Captain 
Halball  and  Lieutenant  Ulrich. 

The  above  mentioned  men-of-war  have,  between  April  and  September,  been  87  days* 
between  the  meridian  of  Fair  Island,  (Fairhill,)  and  18°  west  of  Greenwich,  and  58|°  and  66° 
latitude  north. 

In  this  track  I  often  found  the  current  very  irregular,  now  running  in  one  direction,  and 
then  in  a  contrary  on^  ;  still  a  medium  of  these  87  days  gave  the  current  to  run  2.4  nautical  miles 
per  day  true  N.  52°  E. 

From  18°  W.  of  Greenwich  (very  near  the  longitude  of  the  southernmost  point  of  Iceland) 
and  between  62°  latitude  and  the  south  coast  of  Iceland  to  Cape  Reikianess,  (the  SW.  cape  of 
Iceland,)  a  mean  of  32  days  gave  the  current  to  run  1.91  nautical  miles  per  day  true  N.  33°  W. 

To  examine  if  the  current  has  the  same  rapidity  across  the  whole  distance  between  Fair- 
hill  and  Iceland,  I  have  divided  this  part  of  the  ocean  in  four  squares,  and  the  result  gave 
the  following : 

Square  1,  between  59^°  and  61^°  latitude  N.,  and  2°  and  6°  W.  of  Greenwich  :  a  mean 
of  17  days  gave  per  day  4.7  nautical  miles  true  N.  72°  E. 

Square  2,  between  60°  and  62°  latitude,  and  6°  and  10°  longitude  :  11  days  gave  per  day 
2.5  nautical  miles  true  N.  60°  E. 

Square  3,  between  60^°  and  62^°  latitude,  and  10°  and  14°  longitude  :  18  days  gave  per 
day  0.5  nautical  mile  N.  32°  E.  true. 

Square  4,  between  61°  and  63°  latitude,  and  14°  and  18°  longitude  :  25  days  gave  per  day 
3. 1  nautical  miles  N.  47°  E.  true. 

Between  Fairhill  and  Greenland,  the  weather  often  prevented  the  making  of  minute  observa- 
tions for  ascertaining  the  place  of  the  vessels,  still  the  voyages  made  by  Capt.  Halball  and  Lieut. 
Ulrich  gave  the  result,  that  a  current  in  the  month  of  April,  between  32°  and  39°  "W.  Green- 
wich, and  57°  and  58°  latitude  N.,  according  to  a  mean  of  13  days  was  3.2  nautical  miles  per 
day  to  the  northward,  and  in  the  month  of  September,  between  43°  and  9°  W.  Greenwich  and 
60°  and  58°  latitude  N.,  to  be  about  5  nautical  miles  per  day,  likewise  in  a  northerly  direction. 

«  Equal  24  hours. 


COMMODORE   IRMINGER   ON   NORTH   SEA   CURRENTS.  129 

On  taking  a  view  of  the  plan  it  will  be  seen  :  1.  That  the  ocean  between  the  meridian 
of  Fairhill  and  30°  W.  of  Greenwich,  in  a  line  towards  Cape  Farewell,  has  no  great  difference 
in  the  temperature,  but  that  the  ocean  to  the  westward  of  30°  longitude  is  more  and  more 
cooled  the  nearer  it  is  to  Greenland  ;  2.  That  the  ocean  in  spring  by  no  means  is  cooler 
in  the  neighborhood  of  South  Iceland  than  it  is  at  Fairhill,  though  Iceland' s  situation  is  several 
degrees  more  to  the  north  ;  3.  On  the  contrary,  the  temperature  is  somewhat  higher  near 
Shetland  during  summer  or  the  beginning  of  spring  ;  and  4 : — That  the  temperature  of  the  ocean 
is  2°,  (4°. 5  Far.,)  or  3°   (6°. 7  Far.,)  cooler  in  spring  than  in  the  beginning  of  autumn. 

On  several  voyages  I  have  found,  in  the  beginning  of  May,  the  temperature  of  the  water 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  North  Sea  2°,  (4°.5  Far.,)  and  even  more,  cooler  than  the  ocean  on 
the  west  side  of  Shetland  Islands,  but  later  in  summer  I  have  found  it  more  equal. 

From  the  19th  of  June  to  the  13th  of  July,  1844,  I  never  found  the  temperature  around  and 
between  the  Faroe  Islands  less  than  7|°,  (49°. 5,  Far.)  and  never  more  than  8^°,  (50°. 5  Far. ;)  and 
by  diurnal  observations  made  by  my  friend,  Mr.  Miiller,  three  times  per  day  in  1846  and  1847, 
the  temperature  at  Thorshaon  (principal  place  at  the  Faroe  Islands,  situated  on  Stromoe)  was  : 

R.  Far. 

October,  1846 7°.27  (48°.  4) 

November,  1846 • 6°.79  (47°.2) 

December,  1846 4°.91  (43°.l) 

January,   1847 4°.90  (43°.0) 

February,  1847 4°.  05  (41°.l) 

March,  1847 5°.  08  (43°.  4) 

April,  1847 5°.10  (43°.5) 

May,  1847 6°.28  (46°.l) 

June,  1847 7°.39  (48°.6) 

In  the  month  of  December  an  uncommonly  cold  spell  of  weather,  with  storms  from  NE., 
was  prevailing,  and  this  is  undoubtedly  the  cause  of  the  considerable  cooling  of  the  water  in  this 
month,  in  the  inclosed  and  not  deep  bay  of  Thorshaon,  and  it'  can  be  supposed  that  tempera- 
ture of  the  deep  ocean  around  the  islands  has  been  more  constant.  Still,  the  Faroe  Islands, 
being  about  midway  between  Shetland  and  Iceland,  the  above  noticed  temperatures  may  give 
an  approximate  idea  about  the  temperature  of  this  ocean  in  the  winter  season. 

In  the  ocean  between  Iceland  and  Shetland  there  are  found  cooler  and  warmer  stripes  with  a 
difference  of  temperature  from  1°,  (2°. 2  Far.,)  to  2°  R,  (4°. 5  Far.,)  but  these  stripes  are  not 
limited  to  constant  places.  On  the  plan  I  have  marked  some  of  these  stripes  in  pointed  lines, 
running  in  about  the  direction  of  the  current. 

On  mentioning  these  stripes  of  cooler  and  warmer  water,  I  make  the  observation  that  a 
great  difference  of  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  frequently  is  found  between  40°  and  45° 
latitude  N.,  and  40°  and  50°  longitude  W.  In  this  region  the  ocean  has  often  a  temperature 
of  7°  R.  (47°. 8  Far.)  and  7^°  R.  (48.9  Far.)  below  the  usual  temperature  of  the  ocean,  and 
at  other  times  several  degrees  above  the  usual  ocean  temperature,  caused  by  the  Gulf  Stream 
sometimes  finding  its  way  here.* 

The  considerable  difference  of  temperature  proceeds  undoubtedly  from  the  current  coming 
from  the  Strait  of  Davis.  If  this  current  be  so  very  strong  the  northern  limit  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  must  be  drawn  back,  or  more  southerly  ;  and  if  the  current  from  the  Davis'  Strait  is 

<»  Rennell,  pagep  244  and  248. 
VOL.  II 17 


1^0  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

weak,  the  Gulf  Stream  extends  more  northerly.  On  this  same  place  there  are  often  immense 
quantities  of  icebergs,  carried  down  from  Davis'  Strait,*  which  naturally  contribute  consider- 
ably to  cool  the  temperature  of  the  ocean. 

As  it  can  be  taken  for  granted  that  a  great  deal  of  the  water  which  runs  in  a  northeasterly 
direction  between  Iceland  and  Shetland  comes  from  the  mentioned  place,  t  where  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  ocean  is  so  changeable,  it  seems  probable,  that  this  must  have  a  great  influence  on 
the  temperature  of  the  ocean  between  Iceland  and  Shetland,  and  as  changeable  as  the  limits 
with  their  temperatures  of  the  Gulf  Stream  are  found  in  the  above  mentioned  place,  as  impossible 
it  would  undoubtedly  be  to  ascertain  the  limits  for  the  warmer  or  colder  stripes  running  in 
the  ocean  between  Iceland  and  Shetland,  because  these  stripes  will  vary  or  draw  more  eastwardly 
or  westwardly  more  or  less  cold,  as  the  current  or  the  ice  from  the  Davis'  Strait  acts  more  or 
less  on  the  Gulf  Stream  and  causes  a  change  of  its  limits. 

I  have  mentioned  that  the  current  to  the  southward  of  Iceland  from  18°  W.  of  Greenwich 
runs  in  a  northwestwardly  direction  against  Cape  Reikianess,  (SW.  Cape  of  Iceland.) 

On  the  western  side  of  Iceland,  between  64°  15'  and  65°  50'  latitude  N.,  and  23°  51'  and 
25°  48'  W.  of  Greenwich,  a  mean  of  5  days  in  May  and  June,  1846,  gave  the  current  to  be 
true  N.  15°  west,  with  a  rapidity  of  4.3  nautical  miles  per  day 

During  a  long  stay  on  the  western  part  of  Iceland,  I  have  often  convinced  myself,  and 
what  is  generally  known  by  fishermen,  that  the  current  running  along  the  west  coast  of  Iceland, 
though  there  is  a  regular  tide,  is  considerably  prevailing  to  the  northward. 

The  temperature  of  the  water  in  the  road  of  Reikiavik  (the  principal  place  of  Iceland — 
situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  island)  is  found  from  the  30th  of  May  to  the  16th  of  June, 
1846,  per  mean  6°.85  R.,  (47°  4  Far.,)  from  1st  to  the  14th  of  July,  9°.47,  (53.3  Far.,)  and  from 
the  11th  to  the  31st  of  August,  8°.71,  (51°.6  Far.,)  while  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  on 
the  coast  of  Greenland,  opposite  this  place,  generally  varies  between  1°.8-|-Il.  (28°. 0  Far.) 
and  0°. 9  -f  R. I  (33°. 9  Far.) 

At  Patrix  Fiord,  which  is  situated  a  little  to  the  northward  of  65^°  latitude,  and  less  than 
1°  from  the  Arctic  Polar  Circle,  a  medium,  from  the  18th  to  the  23d  of  June,  gave  the 
temperature  of  the  ocean  in  surface  6°. 7  R.  (47°. 2  Far.) 

By  these  high  temperatures,  combined  with  the  current  running  to  the  northward,  it  is 
evident  that  the  current,  coming  from  more  southerly  regions,  proceeds  its  way  along  the  west 
coast  of  Iceland,  and  to  show  it  more  clearly  how  far  this  warmer  current  proceeds  to  the 
north,  I  cite  the  following : 

1846,  33d  of  June,  6  afternoon,  the  Danish  man-of-war  brig  St.  Oroiz,  Captain  E.  Snenson,  was  in — 

*  I  »  I  OS 

65  54  lat.  N.,  and  25    5  W.  of  Greenwich,  and  found  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  7.6  R.»  (49. 1  Far.) 

24tbofJune,  6  A.  M 66  22 do 26  13 do do do 1.6R.t  (35.6  Par.) 

9  A.  M 66  30 do 26  14 do do do 0.2R.    (32.4  Far.) 

Noon 66  17 do 25  39 do do do 2.5  R.    (37.5  Far.) 

4P.  M 65  53 do 25  11 do do do 6.4  R.    (46.4  Far.) 

8P.M 65  38 do 24  47 do..     do do 6.9R.    (47.5Far.) 

*Thi8  high  temperature  is,  according  to  the  log-book,  only  found  once, 
f  Drifts  of  ice  in  sight  in  NE. 

During  the  brig' s  being  in  the  cold  current  no  observation  could  be  had,  by  which  the 
direction  of  the  current  was  to  be  calculated,  but  by  many  facts,  and  which  likewise  is  shown 
in  my  annexed  treatise  of  the  Arctic  current,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  current  from  the  ocean 

•  Rennell,  245. 

I  On  account  of  many  floating  objectB  from  the  Gulf  being  found  in  North  Europe,  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  other 
northern  places.     (The  '*  mimosa  scanilenB"  is  thrown  ashore  in  all  these  places.) 

:]:  Voyage  of  exploration  along  the  east  coast  of  Greenland  by  Captain  Graah,  Royal  Danish  Navy,  1828-'31. 


COMMODORE   IRMINGER   ON  NORTH   feEA   CURRENTS.  131 

which  surrounds  Spitzbergen  runs  in   a  westerly   and  southwesterly   direction  towards  the 
coast  of  Greenland. 

By  this  sudden  change  of  the  temperature,  the  limit  between  the  warmer  and  the  cooler 
current,  found  in  the  above  observation,  will  be  where  the  northwest  land  of  Iceland  ends  ; 
where  the  mighty  current  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen  stops  the  warmer  current, 
which  runs  to  the  northward  along  the  western  coast  of  Iceland. 

According  to  the  temperature  found  between  the  meridians  of  Cape  Farewell  and  Iceland, 
shown  by  the  plan,  as  well  as  the  current  towards  the  north,  found  on  the  different  voyages  to 
and  from  Greenland,  it  is  probable  that  a  current  to  the  north  runs  over  the  greatest  part  of 
the  ocean  between  West  Iceland  and  Greenland,  except  only  on  that  track,  where  the  much 
stronger  current  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen  proceeds  on  its  way  to  the  SW.  and  along 
the  coast  of  Greenland. 

The  current  which,  as  before  mentioned,  runs  to  the  north  along  the  west  coast  of  Iceland 
is  the  cause  of  the  Greenland  ice  never  being  seen  in  Faxe  Bay,  (the  large  bay  on  the  west 
side  of  Iceland,)  and  the  climate  being  proportionally  mild  on  the  west  coast  of  Iceland. 

If  this  current  did  not  exist  the  ice  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen,  which  is  carried 
to  the  SW.  along  the  Greenland  coast,  would  come  over  to  Iceland  with  the  frequent  predomi- 
nating heavy  westerly  gales,  and  cover  the  great  bays  and  firths  on  the  west  side  of  Iceland, 
where  the  climate  in  that  case  would  be  very  little  different  from  that  on  the  east  coast  of 
Greenland,  where  the  cold  is  so  intense  that  almost  nobody  can  live  there,  and  where  the  ice 
nearly  always  is  found  screwed  together  in  such  a  way,  even  many  leagues  off,  that  it  but  very 
exceptionally  is  possible  to  approach  this  coast. 

During  violent  westerly  gales,  this  range  of  ice  is  at  times  forced  somewhat  away  from  the 
coast,  but  as  soon  as  the  storm  ceases  it  immediately  turns  back  to  the  coast.* 

The  current  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen  carries  the  ice  around  Cape  Farewell  and 
into  the  Davis'  Strait.  In  spring  particularly  this  ice  is  very  abundant,  and  stretches  sometimes 
more  than  60  or  80  miles  off  from  the  cape. 

This  ice  is  usually  not  carried  further  north  than  to  the  parallel  of  64°  latitude,  whereupon  the 
current  takes  it  to  the  westward.  This  current  probably  afterwards  joins  the  current  coming 
from  the  Hudson's  and  Baffin's  Bays,  and  the  western  part  of  Davis'  Strait,  and  proceeds  on 
along  the  coast  of  Labrador  to  the  southward  and  increases  the  enormous  masses  of  ice,  which 
only  by  this  route  are  carried  from  the  Strait  of  Davis  southward  to  Newfoundland  and  further 
down  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  frequently  endangering  the  navigation  between  Europe  and  North 
America. 

On  observing  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  in  its  surface  and  the  air  it  is  surprising  to 
learn  how  much  equality  generally  is  found  between  these  temperatures. 

The  before  mentioned  warm  current,  which  runs  along  the  western  coast  of  Iceland,  is 
undoubtably  the  cause  of  the  annual  mean  temperature  of  Reikiavik  being  3°.2-|-  R.,  (39°.  2 
Far.,)  proportionally  a  mild  climate  in  comparison  to  Godthaab,  (west  side  Greenland,)  1°.86 
-f-  R.,  (27°. 9  Far.,)  in  about  the  same  latitude. 

The  warm  current  along  the  west  coast  of  Iceland  is  a  still  more  convincing  cause  of  the 
mild  climate  here,  because  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  along  which  the  cold  current  from  the 
ocean  around  Spitzbergen  has  its  run,  just  opposite  to  Iceland  and  even  more  to  the  southward 
than  Iceland,  is  uninhabitable  on  acount  of  the  extraordinary  coldness  of  the  climate  there. 

*  Voyage  of  Graah,  page  154. 


132  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

Many  similar  examples  could  be  mentioned,  but  the  clearest  facts  about  the  influence 
on  the  climate  of  the  colder  or  warmer  currents  will  be  found  by  a  look  on  a  map  where  the 
isothermes  are  noted. 

The  principal  currents,  the  colder  as  well  as  the  warmer  ones  maintain,  by  the  perpetual 
renewed  affluence  of  colder  or  warmer  water,  their  cooler  or  warmer  temperature,  at  very 
considerable  distances  through  the  ocean,  and  cool  or  heat  the  atmosphere  far  from  those 
regions  from  which  they  have  their  origin. 

A  remarkable  proof  of  the  circulation  of  the  waters  is  given  by  that  quantity  of  tropical 
productions  which  frequently  are  driven  ashore  on  different  points  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
globe.  Several  kinds  of  mimosas  are  usually  found  on  the  coasts  of  Norway,  the  Faroe 
Islands,  Iceland,  and  Greenland,  where  drift  wood  is  likewise  frequently  thrown  ashore.  This 
happens  in  many  places,  and  is  of  great  utility  for  the  inhabitants  on  those  places,  where  no 
vegetation  of  wood  is  found.  By  inundations  the  trees  are  removed  from  the  banks  of  the 
rivers  and  carried  out  into  the  ocean.  The  trees  of  a  lighter  specific  weight  maintain  their 
floating  quality,  having  been  driven  about  in  the  ocean  for  a  long  time,  and  this  is  the  reason 
of  the  prevailing  part  of  drift  woods  consisting  of  pine  species. 

The  drift  wood  consists  generally  only  of  the  trunks  with  some  roots,  while  the  branches 
usually  are  rubbed  off.  At  the  Faroe  Islands  the  drift  wood  is  most  frequently  thrown  ashore  at 
Kirkeboe,  on  the  SW.  side  of  Stromoe,  and  sometimes  of  considerable  size.  In  1844  I  saw 
in  this  place  between  the  drift  wood  a  trunk  of  a  fir  tree,  which,  a  few  feet  above  the  roots, 
measured  five  feet  six  inches  in  circumference,  whereof  excellent  planks  were  sawed.  The 
owner  of  the  place  told  me  that  the  drift  wood  arrived  most  frequently  in  February  and  March; 
it  gave  him  an  annual  revenue  of  50  or  60  dollars,  still,  he  added,  it  was  diminishing  every  year. 

Yery  considerable  quantities  are  carried  to  the  shores  of  Iceland,  namely,  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  island,  and  principally  on  the  western  sides  of  Langeness,  Meelrakke  Slette,  and 
between  Cape  Nord  and  Adelvig.  In  my  different  travels  in  Iceland  I  frequently  heard  the 
inhabitants  in  North  Iceland  saying  that  a  great  deal  of  the  drift  wood  was  cedar.  Though 
it  be  probable  that  cedar  sometimes  is  thrown  ashore  in  Iceland,  which  then  is  going  the  same  way 
as  the  different  mimosas,  and  other  productions  from  the  tropical  regions,  which  are  thrown  ashore 
here.  As  for  me  I  believe,  by  what  I  have  seen  in  the  north  of  Iceland,  that  the  far  greater 
part  of  that  wood  which  the  inhabitants  call  cedar  is  larch  tree,  carried  from  the  Siberian 
rivers  in  that  ocean  which  arounds  Spitzbergen  ;  and  the  larch  tree,  after  having  been  exposed 
a  longer  time  to  the  water,  takes  a  reddish  color  like  that  of  the  cedar,  what  may  perhaps  be 
the  reason  of  the  mistake  of  the  inhabitants.* 

The  larch  trees,  after  having  been  carried  by  the  rivers  of  Siberia  into  the  ocean,  are 
afterwards,  by  the  southwesterly  current  prevailing  there,  brought  to  the  coasts  of  Iceland,!  &c. 

In  the  Faroe  Islands  I  only  saw  fir  trees  ;  and  I  was  told  that  nearly  all  drift  wood  here 

•  In  "  Le  Nord  de  la  Siberie"  by  Wrangel,  Kozmine,  and  others,  it  is  noted  that  the  larch  trees,  growing  in  the  north 
of  Siberia,  on  the  northern  side  of  their  trunks  are  black,  but  on  that  side  which  turns  against  the  south  of  a  red  color  ;  it 
is  further  mentioned  that  the  banks  of  several  rivers,  particularly  of  the  Lena,  are  covered  with  considerable  wood,  particu- 
larly larch  trees;  and  page  308,  Wrangel  says  :  "  Parmi  les  grands  amasde  troncs  de  mdlfezes  et  de  trembles,  que  Ton  rencontre 
BUT  la  cote,  entre  la  Lena  et  I'lndiguirka,  et  est  rare  que  Ton  trouve  des  pins  et  des  sapins." 

f  On  the  north  side  of  Iceland  I  saw,  in  1834,  in  a  house  belonging  to  a  property  called  "  Geitaskard,"  situated  on  the 
bank  of  the ' '  Blanda  river, ' '  that  the  window  shutters  were  made  of  the  stern  of  a  whaler  called  ' '  Margrethe  von  Gliickstadt, ' ' 
(the  name  was  still  to  read  on  the  shutters.)  This  vessel,  a  few  years  before,  was  left  by  her  crew  near  Spitzbergen,  and  some 
time  after  the  hull  of  this  vessel  was  driven  ashore  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blanda  river. 


COMMODORE  IRMINGEB  ON  NORTH   SEA   CURRENTS.  133 

was  white.  This  is  a  further  proof  that  the  red  wood  which  comes  to  North  Iceland  generally  is 
not  cedar,  or  comes  from  the  south,  because  it  in  such  case  likewise  frequently  would  be  found 
on  the  Faroe  Islands. 

By  the  circumvolution  of  the  waters,  the  drift  wood  which  is  found  in  these  northerly 
regions  can  come  from  many  places  of  our  globe,  and  even  a  tree  grown  at  New  Zealand  could, 
after  a  certain  time,  following  the  different  currents,  land  in  Iceland,  but  it  is  probable  that  the 
greatest  part  of  drift  wood  which  comes  to  these  northern  coasts  is  carried  hither  from  the 
great  American  rivers,  and  brought  out  into  the  Mexican  Gulf  by  the  Mississippi  ;  from  here 
by  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  the  current  between  Shetland  and  Iceland,  to  the  ocean  -around 
Spitzbergen ;  part  of  it  is,  of  course,  likewise  brought  to  the  west  side  of  Iceland  with  the 
currents  already  mentioned,  which  run  to  the  northward  along  the  western  shores  of  Iceland. 
At  the  northern  part  of  Faxe  Bay,  between  Sneefials,  Jokul  and  Budenstad,  I  likewise  saw  a 
good  deal  of  drift  wood  thrown  ashore. 

It  is  probable  that  the  woods  on  the  banks  of  the  American  rivers  are  considerably 
diminishing,  partly  by  the  great  consumption  of  fire  wood  for  the  great  quantity  of  steamers 
on  these  rivers,  and  partly  by  the  great  number  of  settlers  who  clear  away  the  woods  in  the  later 
time,  and  I  think  it  probable  that  the  observation  made  in  the  Faroe  Islands  on  diminishing  of 
drift  wood  is  arising  from  the  destroying  of  the  wood  on  the  banks  of  these  rivers,  and  the 
result  will  be  that  the  drift  wood  accordingly  in  future  time  will  be  more  and  more  scarce. 

THE  ARCTIC  CURRENT. 

Several  hydrographers^  mention  that  a  current  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen 
continues  its  run  along  the  east  coast  of  Greenland,  and  in  a  nearly  straight  line  towards  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland. 

In  this  opinion  I  do  not  agree,  and  I  give  my  reasons  in  the  following  lines  : 

Considerable  masses  of  ice  are  annually  brought  with  the  current  from  the  ocean  around 
Spitzbergen  to  the  S.  and  SW.  along  the  east  coast  of  Greenland,  t  around  Cape  Farewell,  and 
into  the  Strait  of  Davis. 

These  enormous  masses  of  ice  are  frequently  so  close  around  the  southern  part  of  the 
coast  of  Greenland  that  the  navigation  through  it  is  impossible.  Experience  has  learned  the 
captains  who  every  year  navigate  between  Copenhagen  and  the  Greenland  colonies  (which 
are  all  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Greenland)  that  on  going  to  the  colonies  in  order  to  avoid 
to  be  beset,  or  coming  in  the   ice,  they  must  steer  a  couple  of  degrees  to  the  southward  of 

*  Berghaus,  A.  Petermann,  Kerhallet,  and  others. 

f  See  Graah,  Scoresby,  &c.,  as  well  as  the  accounts  of  the  whalers  in  the  year  1777,  by  Larens  Hansen,  director  at  the 
school  at  Ribe,  (a  town  in  Denmark. )  These  last  mentioned  accounts  indicate  ten  whalers,  with  their  captains,,and  printed 
letters  from  several  of  these  captains  to  the  above  mentioned  L.  Hansen  give  a  striking  proof  of  the  current  and  its  rapidity 
from  the  ocean,  around  Spitzbergen,  to  the  SW.,  along  the  east  coast  of  Greenland.  The  said  ten  vessels  w.  re  inclosed  in 
the  ice  June,  1777,  in  about  76°  latitude  north,  between  Spitzbergen  and  San  Mayen  Island,  and  were  carried,  always 
inclosed  by  the  ice,  in  a  southwesterly  direction,  between  Iceland  and  Greenland,  very  often  in  sight  of  the  Greenland 
coast.  By  degrees,  all  vessels  were  lost  between  the  pressed  ice — the  last  vessel,  the  11th  of  October,  in  61°  latitude  N., 
in  sight  of  Greenland,  and  of  the  crew  of  these  vessels,  which  consisted  of  about  450  men,  only  116  (whose  names  I  have 
before  me)  were  so  fortunate  as  to  save  their  lives,  and  got  ashore  from  the  ice  in  the  month  of  October  and  beginning  of 
November,  on  the  coast  around  Cape  Farewell  By  calculating  the  distance  between  Cape  Farewell  and  that  place  where 
the  vessels  were  inclosed  in  the  ice  between  Spitzbergen  and  San  Mayen,  it  gives  a  distance  of  about  1,400  nautical  miles,  and 
the  time  the  ice  required  in  coming  from  the  mentioned  place  to  Cape  Farewell,  being  about  four  months,  the  rapidity  of 
this  current  gave  as  a  mean  at  least  between  eleven  and  twelve  nautical  miles  per  24  hours. 


134  -  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

Cape  Farewell,  as  well  as  after  having  crossed  the  meridian  of  Cape  Farewell,  generally  not 
steer  much  to  the  northward  before  having  reached  the  50°  or  52°  of  longitude  W.  of  Green- 
wich, and  even  sometimes  more  westerly  what  depends  on  wind,  weather,  or  ice,  and  by  this 
proceeding  to  obtain  a  more  navigable  sea  where  either  no  ice  is  to  be  met  with,  or  where 
the  ice  generally  is  found  more  spread,  than,  if  they  approached  the  coast  nearer,  where  the 
vessels  would  be  exposed  to  be  inclosed  in  the  ice  brought  along  the  coast  by  the  current. 

On  the  home  passage  from  the  colonies  a  like  prudence  is  used  by  the  captains  ;  trying, 
firstly,  to  get  away  from  the  land,  and  afterwards  to  steer  a  southerly  direction,  to  find  as  soon 
as  possible  a  more  safe  navigation,  where  no  ice  is  found. 

To  be  enabled  to  give  an  idea  about  the  limits  of  ice  in  these  regions  I  examined  a  set  of 
log-books,  which  were  kindly  given  me  for  perusal,  from  the  directors  for  the  ' '  Royal  Green- 
land Commerce, ' '  viz :  two  log-books  from  every  one  of  the  last  five  years,  which  gives  two 
voyages  to  the  colonies  and  two  home-boiTnd  voyages  every  year,  consequently  in  all  twenty 
voyages,  which,  not  to  make  my  researches  too  vast,  I  found  sufiicient. 

It  is  undoubtedly  beyond  question,  that  great  changings  in  the  limits  of  the  situation  of  the 
ice  sometimes  may  happen  ;  but  still  it  is  probable  that  the  result  of  these  researches,  for  a 
period  of  five  years,  will  not  be  very  much  deviating  from  the  usual. 

From  these  log-books  I  noted  at  which  latitude  the  meridian  of  Cape  Farewell  had  been 
crossed  on  the  passage  to  the  colonies,  and  on  which  place  the  first  ice  was  seen,  and  on  which 
latitude  the  meridian  of  Cape  Farewell  was  crossed  on  the  home  passage,  and  where  the  last 
ice  was  seen. 

In  the  joined  table  A  these  annotations  are  made,  and  to  make  the  view  still  clearer,  the 
places  where  the  first  and  last  ice  was  seen  are  marked  in  the  likewise  joined  plan  B.* 

By  this  examination  it  is  proved  that  the  meridian  of  Cape  Farewell,  according  to  a 
medium  of  the  voyages  on  the  passage  to  the  colonies,  is  crossed  in  57°  46',  and  on  the  home 
passage  in  58°  2'  latitude  N.,  which  gives  123'  and  107'  south  of  Cape  Farewell, t  where  the 
ocean,  relating  to  the  log-books,  has  been  quite  clear  of  ice,  and  where,  under  usual  circum- 
stances, it  can  be  taken  as  a  safe  passage  to  avoid  the  ice,  which  generally  is  carried  round 
the  coast  of  Cape  Farewell,  by  the  current  coming  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen. 

On  the  voyages  from  the  colonies  to  Copenhagen  the  navigation  has  been  somewhat 
nearer  Cape  Farewell,  (16';)  the  cause  of  this  is,  first,  because  the  captains  in  coming  from 
the  Strait  of  Davis  have  a  better  knowledge  of  the  situation  of  the  ice  and  its  distance  from 
the  land,  which  they  cannot  have  on  going  up  to  Greeland  in  coming  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
where  no  ice  was  seen  ;  and  secondly,  because  the  home  passages  are  made  in  a  season  when 
the  ice  generally  is  not  quite  so  abundant  as  in  spring,  the  season  for  the  voyages  to  the 
colonies. 

*  I  likewise  join  the  copies  of  three  current  charts,  showing  how  the  current  of  the  above  mentioned  hydrographers 
is  marlied  to  be  in  that  part  of  the  ocean,  the  opinion  of  whom  I  do  not  share. 

C.  Carte  vom  Atlantischen  Ubersicht  zer  Kronunger  am,  Berghaus  Physical  Atlas,  1837. 

D.  Polar  Chart  illustrating  A.  Petermann's  paper  on  the  opening  into  a  Polar  Sea,  between  Spitzbergen  and  Nowaia 
Zembia,  in  further  correspondence  and  proceedings  connected  with  the  Arctic  expedition,  presented  to  both  Houses  of 
Parliament  by  command  of  her  Majesty,  London,  1852. 

E.  Carte  des  courants  gdn^raux  dans  I'ocfean  Atlantique  d^pot  gfen^ral  de  la  marine,  by  Ch.  P.  de  Kerhallet,  capitaine 
de  vaisseau,  &c.,  &c.,  Paris,  1852. 

f  According  to  the  observations  of  Capt.  Graah,  Cape  Farewell  is  situated  at  69°  49'  latitude  N.,  and  43°  64'  west  of 
Greenwich. 


COMMODORE    lEMINGER   ON   NORTH    SEA    CURRENTS.  135 

The  joined  table  shows  that  the  brig  "Lucinde"  fell  in  with  ice  farthest  to  the  east, 
(4th  of  October,  1851,  in  58°  30'  N.  and  39°  30'  W.  of  Greenwich,)  which  gives  79  nautical 
miles  south  and  about  135  nautical  miles  east  of  Cape  Farewell.  This  ice  consisted  only  of  a 
quite  isolated  flake  of  very  little  extent,  and  it  is  very  seldom  in  this  latitude  to  meet  ice  so 
far  to  the  eastward.*  On  the  passage  from  Julianehaab  to  this  place  very  little  ice  had  been 
in  sight. 

On  these  voyages  the  first  and  the  last  ice  seen  generally  only  consisting  of  isolated 
icebergs  or  flakes,  which  can  be  considered  to  form  the  very  extremity  of  the  ice,  coming  from 
the  NE.  around  Cape  Farewell  and  going  into  the  Strait  of  Davis,  is  a  consequent  cause  that 
the  great  and  more  accumulated  masses  of  ice  carried  by  the  current  from  the  ocean  around 
Spitzbergen,  whereby  this  current  really  is  indicated,  are  between  these  named  utmost  limits 
and  the  coast  of  Greenland. 

The  southerly  and  southwesterly  coasts  of  Greenland  are  most  exposed  to  be  overfilled 
with  these  drifts  of  ice  in  spring,  whilst  these  coasts  generally,  on  the  contrary,  are  pretty 
clear  of  ice  from  September  to  January,  but  in  the  end  of  this  month  the  ice  generally  begins 
to  come  again  in  great  abundance  to  go  round  Cape  Farewell,  t 

Still  further  to  prove  the  existence  of  this  ice  drift,  I  mention  the  following  extract  from 
the  log-book  of  the  schooner  "Actio,"  Capt.  J.  Andersen.  This  vessel  belongs  to  the  colony 
Julianehaab,  and  is  used  as  a  transport  in  this  district : 

"In  1851,  7th  of  April,  the  'Actio'  left  Julianehaab,  bound  to  the  different  establishments 
on  the  coast  between  Julianehaab  and  Cape  Farewell.  The  same  day  the  captain,  forced  by 
the  ice,  was  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  a  harbor.  Frequent  snow  storms  and  frost.  On  account  of 
icebergs  and  great  masses  of  flake  ice  inclosing  the  coast,  it  was  impossible  to  proceed  on  the 
voyage  before  the  23d,  when  the  ice  was  found  to  be  more  spread,  but  after  a  few  hours 
sailing  the  ice  obliged  the  captain  to  put  into  a  harbor  again.  Closed  in  by  the  ice  until  the 
27th.  The  ice  was  now  spread,  and  the  voyage  proceeded  until  the  1st  of  May,  when  the  ice 
forced  him  to  go  into  a  harbor. 

' '  In  this  month  violent  storms,  snow  and  frost.  From  the  most  elevated  points  ashore 
very  often  no  large  sea  in  sight ;  now  and  then  the  ice  spread,  but  not  sufficiently  for  going  on. 

' '  At  last,  the  6th  of  June,  in  the  morning,  the  voyage  was  continued,  but  the  same  evening 
the  ice  inclosed  the  coast,  and  the  schooner  was  brought  into  '  BlaschuUet, '  a  port  in  the  neigh-, 
borhood  of  Cape  Farewell.  The  following  day  the  voyage  was  pursued  between  the  ice,  now 
being  spread,  and,  the  18th  of  June,  the  schooner  arrived  again  at  Julianehaab.  Whilst  the 
masses  of  ice,  as  mentioned,  inclosing  the  coast  between  Julianehaab  and  Cape  Farewell,  the 
brig  'Lucinde'  crossed  the  meridian  of  Cape  Farewell,  the  26th  of  April,  in  58°  8'  latitude  N., 
(101  nautical  miles  from  shore,)  and  no  ice  was  seen  from  the  brig  before  the  2d  of  May,  in  58° 
26'  latitude  N.  and  50°  9'  W.  Greenwich." 

Further,  Captain  Knudten,  commanding  the  "Neptune,"  bound  from  Copenhagen  to 
Julianehaab,  was  obliged,  on  account  of  falling  in  with  ice,  to  put  into  the  harbor  at  Frederiks- 
haab,  (see  the  plan — it  is  further  to  NW.  than  Julianehaab,)  the  8th  of  May,  1852,  and  was  not 
able  to  continue  his  voyage  to  Julianehaab  before  the  middle  of  June,  because  of  the  continued 

•On  the  voyage  to  Greenland,  in  1828,  Capt.  Graah  fell  in  with  the  first  ice  in  68°  52'  latitude  N.  and  41°  25'  W.  of 
Greenwich,  which  is  only  57'  south  and  about  77  nautical  miles  miles  to  the  eastward  of  Cape  Farewell,  and  he  mentions  : 
"Since  1817,  I  do  not  know  that  the  ice  has  been  seen  bo  far  to  the  eastward  of  the  Cape."— (Captain  Graah,  page  23.) 

f  Captain  Graah,  page  59. 


136  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

strong  drifting  of  ice,  icebergs  as  well  as  very  extensive  fields  of  flat  ice,  with  rapidity  was 
carried  along  the  coast  to  the  northward. 

Captain  Knudten,  a  very  trusty  man,  testifies  that  during  the  whole  time  he  was  closed 
in  at  Frederikshaab  he  did  not  a  single  day  discover  any  clear  water,  even  from  the  elevated 
points  ashore,  from  which  he  could  see  about  28  nautical  miles  at  sea. 

Whilst  the  Neptune  was  inclosed  by  the  ice  at  Frederikshaab,  the  brig  "Baldur,"  on  the 
home  passage  from  North  Greenland  to  Copenhagen,  (see  the  joined  table,)  crossed  the 
meridian  of  Cape  Farewell,  the  9th  of  June,  in  58°  9'  latitude  N.  (100'  from  shore)  in  dear 
water,  and  no  ice  in  sight 

Of  the  above  noticed  it  is  evident  that  the  current  from  the  ocean  around  Spitzbergen, 
running  along  the  east  coast  of  Greenland,  turns  Cape  Farewell,  continues  its  run  along  the 
western  coast  of  Greenland  to  the  north,  and  carries  in  this  manner  the  masses  of  ice  from  the 
ocean  around  Spitzbergen  into  the  Strait  of  Davis. 

Provided  that  the  current  existed,  which  the  named  hydrographers  mention  to  have  its 
run  in  a  straight  line  from  east  Greenland  to  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  then  the  ice  likewise 
would  be  carried  with  that  current  from  East  Greenland,  (if  it  were  submarine,  the  deep  going 
icebergs,  if  only  in  the  surface,  the  enormous  extended  masses  of  flat  ice,*)  and  the  vessels 
would  consequently  cross  the  ice  drift  of  this  current,  how  far  they  even  steered  to  the  southward 
of  Cape  Farewell,  but  this  is  Tiot  the  case;  experience  has  learned  that  vessels,  on  coming  from 
the  eastward,  steering  their  course  about  2°  (120  nautical  miles)  to  the  southward  of  Cape  Farewell, 
very  sddom,  or  rather  never,  fall  in  with  ice  before  they  have  reached  the  Strait  of  Davis,  (passed 
the  meridian  of  the  cape,)  which  is  a  certain  proof  that  there  does  not  exist  even  a  branch  of 
the  Arctic  current,  which  from  East  Greenland,  in  about  a  straight  line,  takes  his  run  towards 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 

Along  the  east  coast  and  around  the  southern  and  southwestern  coast  of  Greenland, 
denominated  the  district  of  Julianehaab,  the  ice  is  generally  much  more  accumulatedt  than  is 
the  case  more  northerly  on  the  west  coast,  and  further  out  in  the  Davis  Strait,  where  the  ice 
generally  is  found  more  spread  ;  and  consequently  it  often  happens  that  vessels  bound  to 
Julianehaab  from  Copenhagen  are  obliged,  first,  to  put  in  for  a  harbor  more  northerly,  for 
waiting  here  until  the  ice  is  so  much  spread  round  the  south  coast  that  they  may  continue  the 
voyage  to  Julianehaab. 

In  the  warmer  season,  when  the  ice  and  snow  melts  ashore,  it  occasions  the  waters  from 
the  difi"erent  fiords  or  inlets  to  move  towards  the  sea,  and  cause  the  ice  to  remove  a  distance 
off  the  coast  in  such  a  manner  that  navigation  close  ashore  can  be  executed  in  clear  water. 
However,  continuing  gales,  according  to  their  direction  to  or  from  shore,  have  an  influence 
on  the  situation  of  the  ice. 

Another  proof,  showing  that  the  current  from  East  Greenland  does  not  run  in  a  straight 
line  towards  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  can  likewise  be  derived  from  the  observations  of  the 
temperature  of  the  surface,  made  on  many  voyages  to  and  from  Greenland,  of  which  I  have 
noted  the  observations  of  two  voyages  in  the  joined  plan  B. 

*  An  observation  which  will  be  of  interest  to  be  mentioned  here,  and  which  gives  a  proof  of  the  veiy  little  difference 
of  the  temperature  between  the  surface  and  the  depth,  and  which  proves  that  there  does  not  exist  any  cold  submarine 
current  on  the  following  place  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from  Cape  Farewell,  is  mentioned  in  the  voyage  of  Capt.  Graah, 
page  23,  he  says:  "Tlie  5th  of  May,  1828,  in  51°  35'  latitude  N.  and  36°  36'  W.  of  Greenwich,  the  temperature  in  the 
surface  was  found  6°. 3,  (460.2  Far.,)  and  in  a  depth  of  660  feet  =  5o.5  +  R.,  (U°A  Far.)" 

■J-Capt.  Graah,  page  11,  U,  26,  60,  &c.,  &c. 


COMMODORE    IRMINGER   ON   NORTH    SEA   CURRENTS.  137 

One  vo3^age  by  Capt.  Graah  to  Greenland,  in  May,  1828,  and  the  other  from  Greenland 
to  Copenhagen,  in  September,  1844,  by  Captain  Holball. 

Captain  Graah,  who,  during  his  researches  in  Greenland,  passed  two  summers  and  one 
winter  on  the  east  coast  of  Greenland,  between  Cape  Farewell  and  65^°  latitude,  has  never 
found  the  temperature  of  the  sea  here  higher  than  0°.9  -j-  R..,   (34°.  0  Far."'^) 

Suppose  that  the  Arctic  current  from  East  Greenland  took  its  run  in  about  a  straight 
line  towards  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  it  would  be  crossed  on  the  voyages  from  Copenhagen 
to  the  Danish  colonies  in  Greenland,  between  38°  and  45°  W.  of  Greenwich  ;  and  so  high  a 
temperature  in  the  surface  of  the  ocean  as  from  4°  (41°. 0  Far.)  to  6°  R.,  (45°. 5  Far.,)  as  it  is 
found  on  this  way  and  marked  in  the  plan,  would,  according  to  my  opinion,  be  impossible — 
only  1°  or  2°  to  the  southward  of  the  parallel  of  Cape  Farewell — as  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
the  principal  currents,  the  cold  as  well  as  the  warm  ones,  by  the  constant  renewal  of  colder  or 
warmer  waters,  maintain  their  temperatures  through  very  considerable  distances  of  the  ocean. 

By  this  comparatively  high  temperature  in  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  so  close  to  the  limits 
of  that  current,  which  carries  such  enormous  masses  of  ice  from  the  ocean  around  Spitsbergen, 
turning  Cape  Farewell,  the  idea  is  affirmed  that  the  Atlantic  Ocean  has  here  a  moving  in  a 
northwesterly  or  northerly  direction  towards  the  eastern  and  southern  coast  of  Greenland,  by 
which  the  cold  spreading  from  the  ice  is  prevented  from  extending  through  the  waters  contrary 
to  the  mentioned  moving  of  the  ocean,  f  and  this  draught  towards  the  land  is  undoubtedly  the 
cause  that  the  ice  on  these  parts  of  the  coast  of  Greenland  appears  so  close  pressed,  which  on 
the  south  coast  happens  so  frequently,  and  on  the  east  coast,  in  some  manner,  constantly,  that 
such  screwing  of  ice  makes  it  impossible  for  vessels  to  force  through  the  ice  to  reach  the  land. 

The  log-books  which  I  examined,  to  have  a  proof  of  any  predominating  current  existing 
on  the  mentioned  track  between  38°  and  45°  W.  of  Greenwich,  do  not  give  any  positive 
information  in  that  respect.  Sometimes  the  result  of  the  observations  was  to  the  northward, 
and  at  other  times  to  the  southward  of  the  estimated  place,  and,  I  confess,  it  being  very 
difficult  to  obtain  a  positive  result,  even  after  having  examined  a  great  deal  of  log-books, 
because  this  region  is  exposed  to  gales  and  fogs,  frequently  preventing  observations  for  ascer- 
taining the  place  of  the  ship  to  be  made  for  many  days. 

This  examination,  consequently,  neither  gave  any  proof  of  the  existence  of  an  Arctic 
current  from  East  Greenland  in  a  straight  line  towards  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  this 
with  the  mentioned  facts,  the  drift  of  the  ice  and  the  observed  temperature  of  the  ocean, 
gives  a  conviction  of  such  a  current  not  existing,  at  least  not  between  March  and  November, 
the  period  of  my  examinations. 

During  the  other  season  no  navigation  goes  on  here,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
any  particular  change  might  take  place  during  the  said  season. 

After  this  above  mentioned,  it  seems  to  me  a  fact  that  the  current  from  the  ocean  around 
Spitsbergen,  which  carries  such  considerable  masses  of  ice,  after  its  run  along  the  east  coast  of 
Greenland,  turns  Cape  Farewell  without  detaching  any  branch,   running  in  about  a  straight 

*  Captain  Graah,  page  152,  montions  :   "The  temperature  of  the  sea  was  frequently  observed  during  the  whole  voyage^ 
and  was  always  found  between  28°  and  3i°  Fahrenheit." 

f  Graah  cites  in  his  research  voyage,  page  26 :  "  In  the  mouth  of  the  Strait  of  Davis  I  found  the  temperature  of  the 
surface  of  the  ocean  from  4°  (41O.0)  to  3°.  1 II,  (38°.  7,)  though  we  were  in  the  proximity  of  the  ice.  From  this  I  concluded 
that  a  current  from  south  predominated  here,  because  I  never  before,  in  the  vicinity  of  ice,  had  found  the  temperature  of 
the  water  exceeding  lo.8  R.,  (36°. 0,)  and  this  conclusion  was  affirmed  when,  coming  to  the  northward  of  the  ice,  I  found 
the  temperature  of  the  water  lo.l  -f-  R.  (34°. 3.) 
VOL.  II 18 


138  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

line  towards  the  banks  of  Newfoundland.      This  current  runs  along  the  southwest  coast  of 

Greenland  until  about  the  64°  or  65°  of  latitude,  and  exceptionally  even  up  to  Holsteinburg, 

which  is  in  about  67°. 

The  said  current  afterwards,   in  turning  to  the  westward,  undoubtedly  joins  the  current 

coining  from  the  Baffin's  and  the  Hudson's  Bay,  running  to  the  southward  on  the  western  side 

of  Davis'  Strait,  along  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  increases  in  this  way  that  enormous  quantity 

of  ice   which  only  hy  this  track  is  brought  towards  the  south  to  Newfoundland  and  farther 

down  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  frequently  disturbing  and  endangering  the  navigation  between 

Europe  and  the  Northern  America." 

C.  IRMINGER. 

NoTB. — Commander  Irminger  was  kind  enough  to  illustrate  this  interesting  and  valuable  paper  by  charts  and  diagrams, 
which  I  regret  to  be  compelled  to  omit. 

General  Remarks  on  the  Passage  from  the  United  States  to  Ports  beyond  the  Equator.* 

It  has  now  [January,  1858,]  been  about  ten  years  since  I  first  proposed  a  new  and 
shorter  route  hence  to  the  equator,  for  all  vessels,  whether  bound  around  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Cape  Horn,  to  Rio,  or  to  any  of  the  ports  of  South  America.  The  tracks  of  all  such 
are  the  same  until  Cape  St.  Roque  be  cleared. 

The  W.  H.  D.  C.  Wright,  (Jackson,)  of  Baltimore,  was  the  first  vessel  to  try  the  new 
route.  In  24  days  from  Hampton  Roads,  she  crossed  the  line  in  31°  W.,  and  had  a  passage  of 
13  days  thence  to  Rio.     This  was  in  February,  1848. 

In  May,  she  went  out  again,  had  33  days  to  the  line,  which  she  crossed  in  33°  41'  W. 
In  three  days  after,  she  cleared  St.  Roque.  On  this  passage,  she  was  detained  six  days  by 
calms  between  8°  30'  and  5°  N.  But  she  had  no  difficulty,  it  may  be  observed,  in  weathering 
Cape  St.  Roque.  This  trip  it  took  her  11  days  to  clear  the  equatorial  calms,  which  she 
found  between  9°  N.  and  3°  N. 

In  the  spring  of  1849,  she  went  out  again.  She  had  32  days  to  the  line  in  28°,  after 
having  been  delayed  nine  days  by  calms  between  5°  N.  and  the  line  ;  whence,  in  three  days, 
she  again  cleared  Cape  St.  Roque.  The  average,  therefore,  of  Captain  Jackson's  passages  to 
the  line,  by  the  new  route,  was  30  days,  against  41  by  the  old  route. 

The  Chicora,  the  Helena,  and  the  Midas  tried  this  route  about  the  same  time,  and  all  with 
equal  success  ;  their  average  to  the  line  being  26  days  only. 

These  practical  demonstrations  of  the  advantages  of  the  route  which  I  had  pointed  out 
were  not  wanting  to  satisfy  me  of  their  value,  for  I  had  consulted  many  thousand  records  as  to 
the  winds  encountered  in  this  part  of  the  ocean  by  difierent  vessels  on  difi"erent  occasions. 
These  records  showed  the  number  of  times  on  which  the  winds  had  been  found  to  blow  from 
each  point  of  the  compass  in  difi"erent  parts  of  the  ocean.  And  knowing  the  prevailing 
winds  for  each  5°  square,  the  navigator  could  tell  what  course  it  was  practicable  for  a  vessel 
to  steer  through  these  squares,  as  well  before  as  after  the  trial  had  actually  been  made. 

For  instance,  in  a  certain  square  of  5°  I  obtained  the  records  of  700  vessels  during  the 
month  of  August  in  difi"erent  years.  Vessels  bound  south,  by  the  old  route,  were  in  the  habit 
of  passing  through  this  square,  always  aiming  to  make  a  S.SW.  or  a  South  course  through  it. 
And  of  these  700  records,  as  to  the  wind,  600  gave  the  wind  directly  ahead  for  a  South  or 
S.SW.  course.  To  convince  any  one,  then,  who  believes  in  the  records  examined,  that  a 
vessel  in  this  part  of  the  route  to  Rio  would  generally  find  the  winds  ahead,  did  not  require 

"Originally  submitted  in  1849. 


TO  PORTS  BEYOND  THE  EQUATOR.  139 

that  a  vessel  should  be  sent  there  actually  to  try  it,  for  here  was  the  experience  of  700  vessels, 
600  of  which  had  found  the  winds  adverse  for  a  southerly  course. 

But  certain  navigators  were  not  disposed  to  look  upon  my  investigations  in  this  light. 
Forgetting  that  they  were  the  results  of  actual  observations,  these  persons  were  disposed  to 
consider  those  results,  thus  announced,  as  theories,  or  matters  of  opinion  of  my  own  ;  whereas, 
they  are  no  more  matters  of  opinion  than  the  fact  that  the  trade-winds  blow  is  a  matter  of 
opinion.  They  are  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  sum  of  the  experience  of  some  thousands  of 
navigators,  as  to  winds  and  calms. 

The  effect  has  been  that  though  many  shipmasters  have  at  once  perceived  the  bearing  of 
these  results,  and  the  correctness  of  the  conclusions  derived  from  them,  and  have  readily 
adopted  them,  still,  others  have  rejected  them  altogether,  or  only  partially  adopted  them. 

It  has  not  unfrequently  happend,  as  I  perceive  by  the  log-books  returned  to  me,  that 
occasionally  a  navigator  will  put  to  sea,  and  stand  boldly  out  for  the  new  route.  But  after 
awhile,  the  wind  comes  out  ahead.  He  then  gets  frightened,  abandons  it,  has  a  long  passage, 
and  lays  the  blame  to  the  new  route-. 

I  have  never  claimed  for  any  of  these  routes  an  exemption  from  liability  to  head  winds. 
On  the  contrary,  I  expressly  show  that  a  vessel,  by  any  of  the  routes  proposed  by  me,  is  liable 
both  to  head  winds  and  calms  ;  and  not  only  so,  I  have  shown  the  chances  of  both  against  her. 
The  best  navigators,  even  in  smart  ships,  may  now  and  then  have  tedious  passages  by  following 
these  routes.  It  is  not  claimed  that  they  will,  invariably  and  for  each  ship,  give  short  passages  ; 
but  it  is  claimed  and  has  been  proved  that,  in  the  long  run,  they  will  give  very  much  the 
shortest  passages. 

I  may  here  remark  that  I  have  never  yet  heard  of  a  navigator  complaining  of  the  new 
route,  and  a  long  passage  by  it,  but  what,  when  his  abstract  log  came  to  be  examined,  it  showed 
that  the  fault  was  quite  as  much  with  him  as  with  the  route.  For  instance,  I  have  drawn 
(Plates  II  and  III)  certain  lines  or  tracks  to  explain  the  route  recommended.  These  lines  are 
intended  to  show  the  route  that  vessels  should  take,  not  the  track  that  they  should  make. 
Vessels  taking  such  routes  should  be  guided  by  these  lines  as  to  the  general  direction  which 
they  ought  to  pursue.  It  was  never  intended  that,  with  fair  winds,  they  should  make  the 
zigzags  of  these  lines.  But  some  navigators  have  inferred  that  there  was  virtue  in  these  lines 
themselves  ;  that  they  must  be  followed  as  rigidly  and  as  closely  as  though  they  marked  out  a 
channel-way,  on  either  side  of  which  if  a  vessel  should  fall,  she  would  find  herself  in  difiiculty. 
Accordingly,  abstracts  that  have  been  returned  to  me  show  frequent  instances  wherein  vessels, 
after  having  been  headed  oif  from  the  projected  track,  have  had  the  winds  perfectly  fair  for 
pursuing  their  straight  course  onward  ;  yet  they  have,  nevertheless,  proceeded  to  make  a  head 
wind  of  such,  and  to  beat  back  out  there  on  the  open  sea,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  back  on 
the  track  projected. 

Suppose  that  ship  A  makes  an  uncommonly  quick  run  to  a  given  port,  and  that  she  gives 
her  track  to  B ;  B  attempts  it  but  is  headed  off.  Now  B,  from  this  new  position,  will  not 
attempt  to  go  out  of  his  way  to  get  actually  in  the  wake  made  by  A  ;  but  B  will  shape  his 
course  by  that  of  A,  and  run  by  it  ;  and  consider  that  he  is  following  it  when  he  is  near,  it. 
This  is  what  I  wish  vessels  to  do  with  regard  to  the  routes  that  I  have  projected  for  them. 
Do  not  go  out  of  your  way  to  get  on  those  tracks,  but  consider  yourself,  unless  specially  directed 
otherwise,  to  be  in  good  position,  according  to  the  quantity  of  sea-room,  when  you  are  within 
one  or  two  hundred  miles  of  the  projected  track. 


140  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Therefore,  when  you  are  near  the  projected  track,  consider  yourself  in  as  good  a  position 
as  though  you  were  actually  on  it. 

The  greatest  average  by  the  old  route  is  for  July,  which  is  48  days  ;  the  most  tedious 
month  by  the  new  route  is  August,  which  gives  37  days  as  the  average. 

When  a  vessel  finds  herself  pinched  for  room,  she  should  never  hesitate  to  pass  inside  of 
Fernando  de  Noronha,  and  vessels  bound  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  will  not  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  cross  the  equator  any  further  to  the  east  than  they  would  if  bound  to  South 
America  or  around  the  "Horn." 

The  most  pertinent  question  for  the  navigator  to  ask,  with  regard  to  the  route  hence  to 
the  southern  hemishere,  is  not  "Where  shall  I  cross  the  equator?"  but  "Where  shall  I 
lose  the  NE.  and  where  get  the  SE.  trades?" 

Hence,  it  will  be  observed  that,  by  following  these  Sailing  Directions,  vessels  will  occa- 
sionally be  compelled  to  go  as  far  east  as  longitude  25°  W. ;  but  this  is  north  of  the  equator, 
and  in  those  regions  and  months  when  and  where  the  NE.  trades  usually  fail. 

I  give,  with  all  their  mistakes,  the  passages  of  upwards  of  1, 000  vessels  that  have  attempted 
the  new  route,  compared  with  those  taken  at  random  that  have  gone  by  the  old  route.  The 
result  is,  that  the  routes  which  I  have  proposed,  and  which  were  followed  by  this  large  fleet 
of  vessels — many  of  them  doubtingly — had,  when  the  preceding  edition  of  this  work  went  to 
press,  reduced  the  average  sailing  distance,  from  the  ports  of  the  United  States  to  the  equator, 
as  much  as  two  weeks  for  some  months,  and  from  8  to  10  days  on  the  average  the  year  round. 

The  average  passage  to  the  line,  the  year  round,  by  the  old  route,  is  41  days ;  but  since 
the  old  route  navigators  have  begun  to  use  the  charts  and  to  "split  the  difference,"  the  old 
route  passages  have  been  shortened  somewhat ;  it  is  now  about  40  days ;  by  the  new  it  is  31  f 
thus  exhibiting  a  saving  of  nearly  25  per  cent,  of  the  usual  time  under  canvas  hence  to  the 
equator;  which  saving  is  among  the  first  fruits  of  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  and  of  that  system 
of  investigation,  with  regard  to  the  winds  and  currents  of  the  ocean,  that  the  patriotism,  intelli- 
gence, and  public  spirit  of  American  ship-owners  and  masters  have  enabled  me  to  pursue  with 
such  signal  advantage  to  the  commerce  of  the  country,  and  which  is-  now  attracting  the 
attention  and  labors  of  the  maritime  world. 

Since  the  first  publication  of  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  the  materials  for  improving 
them  have  increased  with  great  rapidity.  These  materials  have  been  so  discussed  and  arranged? 
by  the  officers  at  the  Observatory,  that,  with  the  aid  of  the  Pilot  Charts,  the  navigator  may 
now  calculate  and  project  the  path  of  his  ship  on  an  intended  voyage,  very  much  in  the  same  way 
that  the  astronomer  determines  the  path  of  a  comet  through  the  heavens.  There  is  this 
difference,  however  :  the  Chart  with  its  data  shows  the  navigator  that,  in  pursuing  his  path  on 
the  ocean,  head  winds  and  calms  are  to  be  encountered,  which  will  turn  him  aside,  or  retard 
him  on  his  way  ;  and  that,  therefore,  he  cannot  predict  with  certainty  the  place  of  his  ship 
on  a  given  day.  He  therefore,  in  calculating  his  path  through  the  ocean,  has  to  go  into 
the  doctrine  of  chances,  and  to  determine  thereby  the  degree  of  probability  as  to  the  frequency 
and  extent  with  which  he  may  anticipate  adverse  winds  and  calms  by  the  way. 

.  Thus,  in  the  five  degrees  square  of  the  ocean,  between  latitude  35°  and  40°  N.,  longitude 
70°  and  75°  W.,  the  log-books  of  4,387  vessels,  or  the  records  of  vessels  for  4,387  days  in  this 

*  This  was  written  and  published  several  years  ago.  Since  that  time  navigators  have  learned  to  follow  the  new  route 
better.  Twenty  days  is  now  not  an  uncommon  passage  from  New  York  to  the  line,  and  some  of  the  new  ships  talk  o^ 
making  it  in  16. — (Note  to  7th  edition.)     It  has  been  done  in  less  than  16  days.     The  average  now  (1858)  is  30. 


TO   PORTS   BEYOND   THE   EQUATOR.  141 

square,  have  been  examined  j  323  of  which  were  there  in  the  month  of  February  of  different 
years. 

Now,  supposing  (and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  otherwise)  that  these  observations  give 
a  fair  average  as  to  the  prevalence  of  calms  and  the  direction  of  the  winds ;  we  are  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  if  one  of  these  vessels  had  attempted  to  sail  through  this  square  one  hundred 
times  on  an  E.SE.  course,  in  the  month  of  February,  for  a  series  of  years,  she  would  have  had 
6.2  calms,  fair  winds  85.5,  and  1.3  wind  dead  ahead^  or  at  E.SE.;  that  she  would  have  been 
headed  off  on  the  larboard  tack,  or  by  "slant"  winds  from  the  northward  and  eastward,  7.3 
times ;  and  on  the  starboard  tack,  or  by  "slant"  winds  from  the  southward,  5.9  times. 

From  this,  the  navigator  will  see,  also,  that,  along  this  part  of  the  February  route,  the 
northern  side  is  rather  the  windward  side ;  and  that,  therefore,  when  winds  are  free,  it  is 
better  to  keep  along  this  part  of  the  route  somewhat  to  the  north  of  the  projected  line. 

After  crossing  latitude  20°  N.,  longitude  40°  W.,  he  will  liliewise  see  that  he  is  there  still 
liable  to  be  headed  off  by  winds  from  the  northward  and  eastward  j  and  that,  consequently, 
when  the  wind  comes  out  dead  ahead,  he  should  stand  off  on  the  starboard  tack ;  and  that, 
when  the  winds  are  fair,  he  should  keep  the  projected  track  to  the  southward  and  westward  of 
him,  say  generally  40  or  50  miles. — (See  Tables,  Computed  Routes.) 

He  is  recommended  to  steer  straight  from  d  to  d  when  the  winds  are  fair ;  and  when  he 
gets  thrown  off  his  course,  instead  of  getting  out  of  his  way  to  get  back  to  the  projected 
track,  he  should  be  guided  by  the  Pilot  Chart,  and  run  parallel  to  this  track,  or  otherwise, 
according  to  the  Pilot  Chart. 

Those  who  desire  to  try  these  routes,  should  project  the  route  for  the  month  on  the  Chart 
as  far  as  the  equator  ;  arrived  there,  let  a  line  be  drawn  from  the  point  of  actual  crossing  to 
Cape  St.  Augustine  ;  and  then  aim  to  keep  this  line  under  the  lee,  so  as  to  have  it  at  least  20 
or  30  miles  to  the  westward  when  the  ship  crosses  the  parallel  of  6°  or  7°  south. 

After  that  the  winds  haul  more  to  the  eastward,  and  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  laying 
up  S.SW.,  or  even  as  high  as  south. 

If  the  ship  be  headed  off  to  the  west  of  her  course  or  to  the  west  of  said  line  to  St. 
Augustine,  she  should  take  advantage  of  the  first  ' '  slant, ' '  tack,  stand  east,  and  make  short  and 
long  legs  until  she  can  clear  the  land. 

This  part  of  the  route  is  the  turning  point  of  the  passage.  By  studying  the  Charts  as 
well  as  the  tables,  navigators  will  see  that,  with  attention  and  management  between  the 
equator  and  6°  south,  they  will  have  little  or  no  difficulty  in  making  either  a  S.SW.  course 
good  on  one  tack,  or  an  east  course  on  the  other ;  and  when  they  find  it  necessary  to  stand  to 
the  eastward,  they  should  never  stand  farther,  unless  they  can  make  southing  also,  than  to 
bring,  20  or  30  miles  to  the  leeward  of  them,  a  straight  line,  drawn  from  31°  on  the  equator, 
just  so  as  to  clear  the  land  about  Cape  St.  Augustine.  In  this  part  of  the  route,  more  than  in 
all  others,  the  navigator  should  study  the  slants,  and  take  advantage  of  all  of  them. 

I  recommend  these  routes,  it  should  be  undertood,  only  to  vessels  which  can  sail  within  six 
points  of  the  wind.  I  would  not  advise  any  vessel  that  cannot  do  this  to  attempt  them,  for 
she  will  be  apt  to  fall  to  leeward,  and  then  she  will  find  it  difficult  and  tedious  to  get  up  again. 

There  are  other  parts  of  the  routes  in  which  it  is  also  necessary  to  study  the  "slants." 
For  instance :  take  that  part  of  the  February  route  which  lies  between  the  parallels  of  20° 
and  15°  N.  It  will  be  observed  that  though  but  one  of  the  25  observations  from  which  this 
part  of  the  route  is  determined,  gives  the  wind  directly  ahead,  yet  that  8  per  cent,  of  them  are 


142  THE   WIND   AND   CURBENT   CHARTS. 

"slant"  winds  from  the  eastward,  which  will  prevent  a  vessel  8  times  in  100  from  lying 
S.SE.,  the  course  prescribed. 

After  crossing  15°,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  navigator  will  have,  if  the  observations 
consulted  give  a  fair  average  as  to  the  direction  of  the  wind,  neither  head  winds  nor  "slants," 
until  he  gets  to  5°  N.  Thence  to  the  equator  he  is  liable  to  be  headed  off  to  the  westward 
14.7  times  in  100.  He  should,  therefore,  in  this  month  aim,  if  the  winds  allow,  to  keep  this 
part  of  the  route  under  the  lee,  so  as  to  cross  5°  N.  to  the  east  of  31°. 

By  slants,  I  mean  winds  that,  though  not  dead  ahead,  will,  nevertheless,  head  a  ship  off 
her  course  ;  thus,  for  a  vessel  that  wishes  to  head  E.,  a  wind  at  N.NE.  or  NE.  would  be  what 
here  is  called  a  slant  wind. 

The  route  for  each  month  is  computed  according  to  the  doctrine  of  chances  ;  the  number 
of  observations  from  which  each  part  of  the  route  is  calculated  is  stated  in  the  last  column, 
' '  Total  number  of  observations. ' ' 

It  will,  therefore,  be  perceived  that  some  parts  of  each  route  are  entitled  to  more  weight 
than  others.  Thus,  the  percentage  of  fair  and  adverse  winds  for  the  first  course  on  the 
December  track  is  derived  from  364  observations,  whereas  that  for  the  fifth  course  is  derived 
from  only  26.     All  will  admit  that  364  give  a  better  average  than  do  only  26  observations. 

It  must  be  farther  presumed  and  admitted  that  vessels  may  expect,  in  following  any  one 
of  these  routes,  sometimes  to  encounter  head  winds  and  calms,  and  have  long  passages. 

But,  taking  the  average  length  of  passage  by  these  routes,  the  data  of  the  Charts  lead  us 
to  the  conclusion  that  a  fair  sailer,  under  good  management,  will  require  in  December  from  20 
to  30  days  to  run  from  the  Atlantic  ports  to  the  equator,  averaging  26  ;  in  January,  from  19  to 
30  days,  averaging  25  ;  and  in  February  and  March,  from  19  to  31  days,  against  40  days  by  the 
old  or  usual  route,  as  now  followed. 

Navigators  who  are  disposed  to  try  these  routes  should  have  the  Pilot  Charts  on  board ; 
which  Pilot  Charts  will  be  furnished  to  them  on  application,  either  at  the  National  Observatory 
at  Washington,  or  to  A.  G.  Seaman,  No.  44  Ann  street.  New  York  ;  provided  the  applicant 
will  agree  to  furnish  this  office  an  abstract  of  his  log  according  to  the  form  with  which  he  will 
also  be  gratuitously  supplied,  and  which  form  may  be  found  in  another  part  of  these  Directions. 

Vessels  from  other  ports  of  the  United  States,  besides  New  York,  are  recommended  to 
make  the  best  of  their  way  to  the  track  from  New  York.  They  should  generally  be  governed 
by  the  winds  they  happen  to  meet  as  to  where  they  will  intercept  this  track.  If  vessels  from 
southern  ports  aim  to  intercept  it  to  the  S.  of  33°  N.,  they  will  be  liable  to  encounter  the  calms 
of  the  horse  latitudes. 

National  Observatory,    Washington,  December  14,  1849. 

In  the  above,  the  first  edition  of  the  Pilot  Charts  is  referred  to  for  illustration.  The 
third  edition,  which  is  now  (January,  1858)  out,  contains  more  observations  for  this  part  of 
the  route. 

In  coming  out,  especially  from  New  York  and  Boston,  with  fair  winds,  the  navigator  who 
is  bound  into  the  southern  hemisphere  will  do  well,  as  long  as  the  winds  are  fair,  to  stand  east, 
and  not  to  attempt  to  make  any  latitude  until  he  reaches  the  meridian  of  55°  or  50°  west. 
This  should  be  done  only  when  the  winds  are  fresh  and  fair. 


FROM   THE   UNITED    STATES   TO   THE   FAIR  WAY   OFF   ST.   ROQUE.  143 

FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  THE  FAIR  WAY  OFF  ST.  ROQUE. 

Off  St.  Roque,  in  Brazil,  the  tracks  of  all  vessels  bound  out  of  the  North  Atlantic  ocean 
into  the  southern  hemisphere  fall  in  with  each  other.  This  is  the  great  pass-way  between  the 
North  Atlantic  and  the  other  great  oceans  of  the  world.  Here  the  tracks  of  vessels,  both  from 
Europe  and  America,  come  together,  whether  their  destination  be  around  either  Cape  Horn 
or  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Passing  the  offings  of  this  great  promontory  of  Brazil,  the  highway 
then  forks.  All  vessels  for  India,  China,  or  Australia,  hugging  the  wind,  turn  off  to  the  east ; 
those  that  are  bound  around  Cape  Horn  keep  straight  on  ;  while  those  that  are  bound  to  the 
La  Plata,  to  Rio,  or  any  of  the  South  American  ports,  being  restricted  in  their  courses  by  the 
winds  on  one  hand  and  the  land  on  the  other,  make  the  best  of  their  way  south,  and  turn  off 
to  the  right  as  they  reach  the  proper  parallel.  For  these  last,  no  further  sailing  directions 
are  required  after  passing  St.  Roque.     Their  way  is  plain. 

After  discussing  the  route  from  America  to  St.  Roque,  the  route  from  Europe  thither  will  be 
taken  up  ;  and  then  sailing  directions  from  the  fair  way  of  St.  Roque  to  the  offings  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  or  of  Cape  Horn,  will  answer  for  every  vessel  bound  that  way,  whatsoever  be 
the  port  out  of  which  she  may  have  sailed. 

The  following  time  table,  by  the  new  route,  the  old  and  the  middle,  is  derived  from  the  logs 
of  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty  voyages,  and  it  therefore  may  be  held  to  embody  the 
experience  of  1,160  navigators  touching  the  best  route  hence  to  the  "fair  way  of  St.  Roque." 
The  meaning  of  this  table  is  so  plain  that  analysis  and  discussion  can  add  but  little  to  the  force 
of  its  own  silent  story.  This  table  shows,  for  each  month,  the  average  time  from  port  to  30°  N.; 
the  place  of  crossing  that  parallel,  and  the  time  thence  to  the  equator,  and  the  place  of  crossing 
it,  also,  by  each  of  the  three  routes.  It  shows,  also,  the  distance  from  30°  N.  to  the  Equator, 
and  the  average  number  of  miles  "  made  good"  daily  for  so  much  of  each  route  as  is  included 
between  these  parallels. 

The  daily  distances  give  to  the  navigator  practically  the  best  idea  possible  as  to  the  differ- 
ence in  the  winds  by  these  several  routes  as  they  cross  the  NB.  trade^  wind  belt,  supposing 
that  belt  to  lie  all  the  year  round  between  the  equator  and  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  Thus,  in 
some  months,  as  in  October,  for  instance,  there  appears  to  be  practically  no  difference  in  the 
winds,  the  average  rate  of  sailing  being  87  miles  per  day  by  the  old  route,  88  by  the  new,  and 
90  by  the  middle  j  a  difference  purely  accidental,  for  the  NE.  trades  are,  at  this  season, 
pretty  nearly  broken  up.  The  gain  by  the  new  route,  for  this  month,  is  not  in  crossing  the 
trade-wind  belt,  but  in  reaching  it.  It  takes,  from  our  Atlantic  ports,  12.6  days  to  reach  it  by 
the  new  route,  19  by  the  old,  and  16  by  the  middle  ;  and  having  crossed  30°  N.,  the  trade- 
winds  thence  to  the  equator,  at  this  season,  are  the  same  for  all  routes.    Not  so  at  other  seasons. 

In  illustration  of  this,  let  us  glance  at  the  winter  months.  At  this  season  the  gain  is  for 
the  new  route,  both  in  reaching  the  trades  and  in  running  through  them,  the  average  winter 
gain  by  the  new  route  being,  from  port  to  30°  N.,  3.6  days  over  the  middle,  and  6.3  over  the 
old  ;  while  through  the  trades  the  average  run  per  day  is,  by  the  old  route,  92  miles ;  by  the 
middle,  114  ;  and  by  the  new,  134.  This  statement  is  based  on  facts  derived  from  comparing 
the  records  of  no  less  than  294  ships  that  have  actually  tried  these  routes  in  winter  ;  they  are 
therefore  the  results  of  actual  experience. 

In  the  monthly  tables  of  crossings  to  the  "  fair  way  off  St.  Roque,"  the  tracks  of  all  the 
vessels  that  have  returned  their  abstract  logs  to  this  office  have  been  coordinated  by  Lieuts. 


144 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Kennard,  Carter,  Forrest,  Young,  and  Van  Zandt.  This  was  done  especially  for  the  benefit 
of  those  dullards  and  the  luggards  of  the  sea,  who  doubt  whether  voyages  can  be  shortened  by 
spreading  before  them  the  experience  of  others.  If  these  pages  should  meet  the  eye  of  any 
such,  I  beg  leave  to  refer  him  to  the  following  tables  of  monthly  crossings,  and  to  those  also 
of  crossings  by  the  old  and  middle  route. 

A  few  vessels  with  the  Charts  on  board  still  stick  to  the  old  route.  A  large  number 
attempt  to  "split  the  difference,"  and  to  pursue  a  middle  course  between  the  old  route  and 
the  new.  The  numbers,  however,  who  do  this  will,  it  is  hoped,  with  the  facts  now  presented, 
rapidly  diminish. 

Time  Table  by  the  different  routes. 


LONO.  or  CROSSING — 

DAYS 

FROM— 

Distance  from 

30»N. 

Line. 

Port  to  30°  N. 

■ 
30°  N.  to  Line. 

30°  N.  to  Line. 

Long. 

Long. 

Days, 

Days, 

Total    Average 
miles,    per  day. 

December.. 

,01d   route 

32?2  W. 

^°5  W. 

18.9 

20.4 

1835    =    89 

K 

Middle  " 

36.6 

29.1 

12.5 

20.5 

I860    =    90 

(i 

New      " 

44.7 

31.5 

10.8 

15.0 

1965    =  131 

January . . . 

.Old        « 

34.3 

24.4 

17.1 

17.4 

1885    =  108 

(( 

Middle  « 

34.5 

28.1 

16.2 

14.9 

1830    =  125 

(( 

New      " 

43.2 

3U 

10.9 

14.3 

1960    =  137 

February.. 

.Old        « 

29.5 

22.6 

16.6 

23.2 

1835    =    79 

(( 

Middle  « 

35.1 

25.6 

15.7 

14.6 

1870    =  128 

c< 

New      « 

42.5 

30.2 

11.8 

14.3 

1940    =  135 

March ..... 

.Old        " 
Middle  " 

31.2 
33 

23.7 
28.2 

16.4 
14.2 

20.9 
17.2 

1860    =    89 

« 

1820    =  106 

« 

New      " 

42.5 

29 

11.5 

16.3 

1970    =  121 

April ...... 

.  Old        « 

32.4 

25.6 

17.2 

18.1 

1835    =  101 

« 

Middle  « 

a3.2 

28.1 

16.7 

17.2 

1825    =  106 

(( 

New      « 

40.6 

29.9 

13.7 

15.8 

1910    =  121 

May 

.Old        « 

33 

24 

22.8 

19.4 

1865    =    86 

{< 

Middle  " 

36.4 

29.1 

19.5 

20.2 

1855    =    92 

(1 

New      " 

41.2 

31 

12.9 

16.5 

1890    =  114 

June 

.Old        " 

32.7 

26.4 

21.1 

23.6 

1830    =    78 

(( 

Middle  « 

39.5 

28.2 

17.6 

21.4 

1920    =    90 

(f 

New      « 

43.5 

30.7 

13.8 

21.2 

1945    =    92 

July 

..Old        « 

31.6 

24.2 

24.6 

20.3 

1850    =    91 

» 

Middle  " 

42.1 

27.7 

15.8 

24.4 

1990    =    82 

u 

New      " 

45.2 

3U.5 

13 

20.5 

2000    —    97 

August .... 

.Old        " 

31.6 

25.3 

22 

22 

1830    =    83 

« 

Middle  « 

41.4 

26.7 

16 

22.2 

2000    =    90 

<i 

New      " 

45.7 

30.4 

14.2 

24.4 

2010    =    82 

September. 

..Old        « 

33.8 

25.2 

19.3 

23.0 

1867    =    81 

u 

Middle  « 

38.8 

29 

16.8 

25.6 

1880    =    73 

« 

New      " 

41.7 

31.5 

15.8 

16.4 

1890    =  115 

October.... 

.Old        « 

28.9 

26.7 

19 

20.7 

1810    =    87 

« 

Middle  « 

33 

29.5 

16 

20 

1815    =    90 

(( 

New      « 

43 

31.7 

12.6 

21.9 

1930    =    88 

November. 

.Old         « 

32 

25.8 

17.7 

18.9 

1830    =    97 

(( 

Middle  " 

34.4 

28.9 

20.2 

19.8 

1825    =    94 

« 

New      « 

42.5 

30.7 

11.8 

18.7 

1940    z=  104 

These  figures  are  enough  to  challenge  attention  and  to  startle  all  those  who  decry  this 
system  of  research,  or  who  deny  the  advantages  of  the  new  route.  From  30°  N.  to  the  line, 
the  average  distance  sailed  daily  during  the  winter  months  is  92  miles  by  the  old  route  against 
134  by  the  new.  To  what  is  this  difference  owing  ?  Are  the  ships  that  take  the  new  route 
the  faster?  That  can  hardly  be.  They  are  better  navigated  I  have  no  doubt,  for,  as  a  rule, 
the  log-books  show  that.     But  still  that  is  not  sufficient  to  account  for  all  this  difference.     In 


TO   THE   "FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE.  145 

winter  a  ship  that  takes  the  new  route  from  30°  to  the  line  will  go  nearly  as  far,  on  the 
average,  in  one  day  as  she  could  go  in  a  day  and  a  half  by  the  old  route.  This  is  owing,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  the  fact  that  the  new  route  lies  through  a  region  of  the  ocean  where  the 
breezes  are  brisk,  and  brisk  breezes  always  help  to  make  both  officers  and  crew  brisk.  This 
great  diiference  of  time  and  speed  is  probably  owing  to  this  circumstance  more  than  to  any 
other. 

The  further  from  the  Coast  of  Africa,  both  in  the  North  and  South  Atlantic,  the  fresher 
blow  the  trade  winds.  This  fact  will  be  treated  more  fully  when  we  come  to  give  sailing 
directions  for  the  South  Atlantic.  It  will  then  appear  that  longitude  has  much  to  do  with  the 
"trades,"  and  the  average  difference  of  a  day's  sail  on  routes  diifering  only  a  little  in  longitude 
is  there  made  very  striking. 

The  tables  of  crossing  and  time  to  the  "fair  way"  off  St.  Roque,  of  which  the  above 
statement  is  only  a  synopsis,  appear  to  be  sufficiently  ample  to  remove  from  the  mind  of  the 
most  "old  fashioned"  and  anti-progressive  seaman  all  doubts  as  to  the  advantages  of  the  new 
route  to  Rio. 

These  tables  show  the  tracks  of  more  than  a  thousand  vessels,  and  give  the  time  of  each 
one  from  crossing  to  crossing.  They  are  arranged  not  only  according  to  the  season  and  the 
month,  but  the  day  also.  The  tracks  of  the  "ten  best"  for  each  month  are  marked  with  a 
star  (*),  and  the  means  of  their  time  and  crossing  are  stated.  Thus  we  have  to  guide  us  the 
experience,  and  to  spur  us  on,  the  tracks,  of  120  vessels,  which,  on  the  average,  ran  to  the  line 
in  23.5  days,  and  to  St.  Roque  in  26  days.  Their  mean  crossing  of  30°  N.  is  in  43°  18'  W.  and 
of  the  line  in  31°  12'  W. ;  the  most  westerly  crossings  being  in  July,  August,  November,  and 
December,  for  30°  N. ;   and  of  the  equator  in  July,  September,  October,  and  November. 

For  the  winter  months  the  best  crossing,  on  the  average,  of  30°  N.  and  of  the  line  is,  by 
computation,  between  43°  and  45°  for  the  former;  and  between  31°  20'  and  32°  4'  for  the  latter; 
by  mean  of  "ten  best"  for  each  month  the  crossing  of  30°  N.  is  between  42°  and  46°  of  the  line, 
between  30°  15'  and  32°  15'  W.  Thus  the  best  routes,  according  to  computation,  for  December, 
January,  and  February,  are  included  within  the  breadth  of  ocean  along  which  the  vessels  that 
made  the  best  30  winter  passages  actually  ran. 

Since  the  best  route  to  the  line  from  any  point  between  the  meridians  of  42°  and  46°  on 
the  parallel  of  30°  is  so  well  settled,  it  remains  to  see  what  is  the  best  route  from  port  to  that 
crossing  of  30°  N.  The  tables  show  it;  still  they  show  it  only  on  the  average.  The  navigator 
at  sea  has  not  only  the  charts  and  tables  on  board  to  tell  him  how  the  winds  and  currents  may 
be,  but  he  has  the  wide  ocean  spread  out  before  him  and  the  winds  whistling  by  to  tell  him 
how  they  actually  are — and  when,  on  coming  out  of  port,  he  finds  them  actually  in  his  favor 
for  making  easting,  he  should  take  advantage  of  the  circumstance  and  run  to  the  meridian  of 
50°  W.,  or  there  away,  before  caring  to  cross  the  parallel  of  35°  N.  The  average  time  from 
New  York  to  30°  N.  by  the  30  best  winter  passages  is  8  days  4|  hours. 

It  will  be  seen  by  examining  the  monthly  tables  of  crossing  that,  as  a  rule,  I  have  classed 
all  those  vessels  as  following  the  old  and  middle  routes  which  have  crossed  30°  N.  east  of  35° 
W.,  or  5°  N.  east  of  25°  W.  The  furthest  easting  is  generally  attained  near  5°  N.  and  not 
at  the  equator.  These  tables  show  very  well  where  the  calm  belts  and  difficult  parts  of  the 
route  lie. 

Thus,  in  October,  by  the  old  and  middle  routes,  it  takes,  to  make  10°  of  latitude,  4.3  days 
on  the  north  side  of  the  parallel  of  10°  N.,  and  8.9  days,  or  twice  as  long,  on  the  south  side 
VOL.   II 19 


14f)  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHAETS. 

of  it.  Also  the  tables,  by  any  route,  show  that  in  October  the  most  tedious  part  of  the 
passage  is  between  10°  N.  and  the  equator.  A  tight  place  is  also  often  found  between  the 
parallels  of  25°  and  30°  N. 

Some  vessels  set  off  on  the  new  route,  that  is,  they  enter  the  trades  upon  it  and  then  go 
off  on  the  old.  These  are  one  class  included  under  the  term  "middle  route."  The  Siam  and 
Aldebaran,  both  from  Boston,  in  December,  are  examples  of  this  sort.  All  such  act  unwisely, 
for,  after  entering  the  trades  by  the  new  route,  the  difficulty  is  to  make  easting,  and  this  fact 
will  be  brought  out  more  fully  in  the  discussion  of  the  route  from  the  equator  to  the  "fair  way" 
off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  will  there  be  proved  by  experience  that  this  passage  is  shorter 
from  a  westerly  than  from  an  ■easterly  crossing  of  the  line.  As  a  rule,  it  is  the  vessels  out  of 
Boston  and  other  eastern  ports  that  most  delight  in  the  old  and  middle  routes.  These  tables 
of  time  and  crossings  to  St.  Roque  will  afford  owners  a  very  clear  idea  of  the  loss  and  gain 
by  routes,  if  they  will  convert  the  time  required  by  the  several  routes  into  money.  I  am 
unable  to  account  for  this  "slowness  to  take  hold"  among  eastern  vessels.  It  clearly  indicates 
that  their  masters  are  "behind  the  times." 

Another  class  of  "middle  routes"  enter  the  trades  by  the  old  route,  and  then  glide  oft"  into 
the  new.  These  do  better.  The  "Herald  of  the  Morning,"  from  Boston,  and  the  "Eagle," 
of  New  York,  in  the  January  crossings,  are  both  types  of  this  class.  They  had,  the  one  23 
and  the  other  24  days  to  the  line,  and  they  did  well,  because  before  reaching  30°  north  they 
had  fine  winds  for  making  easting.  In  this  they  followed  the  advice  given  in  the  last  para- 
graph, p.  329,  7th  ed.  Sailing  Directions,  and  which  advice  has  just  been  repeated,  p.  145. 
They  each  crossed  30°  N.,  near  the  meridian  of  32°.  Had  they  crossed  it  about  10°  further  to 
the  west,  they  would  have  saved  time. 

The  other  vessels,  in  January,  which  come  within  this  category  are  the  Dashaway,  from 
Bath,  29^  days;  the  Huguenot,  from  New  York,  29  days;  the  Imaum,  of  Salem,  26|  days; 
the  Emily,  of  Philadelphia,  28|  days;  and  the  Star  of  the  Union,  35  days.  There  are  others 
that  attempt  to  "split  the  difference"  between  the  old  route  and  the  new.  The  vessels  that 
go  by  the  old  route  for  the  first  part  of  the  voyage  and  then  go  off  upon  the  new  make,  as  a 
rule,  shorter  passages  than  those  do  that  commence  with  the  new  route  and  end  with  the  old. 
The  reason  is  obvious.    . 

The  new  routes  were  determined  in  the  first  instance  by  calculation.  They  have  been 
brought  to  the  experimentum  crusis,  and  may  now  be  considered  as  the  result  of  actual  trial. 
Preceding  the  new  route  crossings  ther«  is,  for  each  month  except  October  and  November,  a 
table  giving  the  computed  route,  and  showing  not  only  the  shortest  distance  from  New  York 
to  the  line  for  each  month,  but  the  whole  distance  to  be  actually  sailed  on  the  average,  in 
order  to  reach  the  equator  at  the  designated  crossing.  Thus,  the  true  distance  to  the  equator 
by  the  December  route  is  3,918  miles;~but  the  average  detour  on  account  of  head  winds  calls 
for  197  miles  more,  making  the  total  distance  to  be  actually  sailed  by  vessels  on  the  new  route, 
in  December,  4, 115  miles.  The  average  calculated  distance  for  the  twelve  months  is  4,093 
miles.  The  number  of  vessels  that  have  kept  and  returned  in  their  abstracts  the  distance 
actually  sailed  by  each  one  on  the  new  route  is  105.  The  mean  of  the  whole  is  4,099  miles, 
or  only  6  miles  more  than  the  calculated  distance !     Steam  could  not  run  more  closely. 

The  method  of  computing  these  route  tables  is  explained  at  page  21;  the  only  positive 
data  for  the  computation  being  the  relative  prevalence  of  winds  from  the  different  points  of 
the  compass,  as  shown  by  the  Pilot  Charts.     Many  of  the  arguments  of  the  problem,  such  as 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE 


147 


those  relating  to  the  force  of  the  adverse  winds,  the  state  of  the  sea,  the  sailing  qualities  of 
ships,  the  seamanship  of  masters,  and  the  like,  are  variables  of  such  a  nature  that  several 
friends,  for  whose  opinions  I  have  great  respect,  have  questioned  the  method  or  doubted  the 
utility  of  any  calculation  based  upon  such  variables.  Nevertheless,  these  variables  are  pre- 
cisely those  which  can  be  very  fairly  represented  by  averages,  and  the  problem  itself,  like  that 
of  insurance,  is  one  of  chances. 

Routes  through  other  parts  of  the  sea  more  or  less  stormy,  traversed  by  other  vessels  more 
or  less  weatherly,  commanded  by  other  navigators  more  or  less  skillful,  would,  probably,  if 
calculated  according  to  the  method  adopted  for  the  Rio  routes,  not  prove  so  accurate,  on  the  aver- 
age, as  these  have  done.  In  seas  where  adverse  gales  are  more' prevalent  and  stormy,  instead 
of  assuming  that  a  vessel  can  sail  within  6  points  of  the  wind,  it  would,  perhaps,  in  order  to 
get  at  the  average  detour,  be  necessary  to  assume  that  she  could  not  make  her  course  good  at 
so  small  an  angle;  and  so  with  the  other  averaged  arguments. 

The  monthly  tables  of  "time  and  crossings"  to  the  "fairway  off  St.  Roque"  should  be 
carefully  studied  before  sailing,  for  much  useful  information  may  be  gained  after  closely 
analyzing  them.  Thus,  these  tables  agree  with  the  trade  wind,  the  pilot,  and  the  track  charts, 
as  to  the  places  of  calms,  light  airs,  and  baffling  winds,  which  constitute  the  difficult  passes  on 
the  several  routes. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  parallels  between  which  these  difficult  passes 
lie  during  each  month,  and  the  time  usually  required  to  overcome  them : 

Difficult  passes. 


December 

January  . . , 
February  . . 

Mai'ch 

April 

May 

Jane 

July 

August . . . . 
September . 
October.... 


November . 


New  route. 


.5°    N.  and   0° 


.30,. ..do. 
.  5. ...do. 
.  5.. ..do. 
.  5. ...do. 
.  5. ...do. 


.  5.. ..do....  0. 

.10.. ..do....  5. 

.10. ...do....  5. 

.10.. ..do..  .  5. 

.10.. ..do  .,  5. 


.do. ...25. 


Days. 


3.1 
3.3 

3.9 

4.4 

7 

0.5 

6.0 

5.5 

4.7 


Old  route. 


Between. 


5°   N.    and  0° 


30.. ..do.. 
,  5. ...do. 


.25. 
.  0. 
.  0. 
.  0. 
.  0. 
.10. 
.  0. 


do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do....  5. 

do....  5. 

do....  5. 

10.. ..do....  5. 

5. ...do....  0. 

30. ...do. ...25, 


Days. 


5.1 
5.3 

4.4 
5.1 
5.5 
4.7 
5.9 
13.5 
7.4 
6.9 
7.2 
5.8 
4.6 
5,1 


The  average  speed  in  each  of  the  four  seasons  hy  the  several  routes. 


Old. 

Middle. 

New. 

Winter 

Miles  per  day. 
92 

92 

85 
84 

Miles  per  day. 
114 
101 

86 

87 

Miles  per  day. 
134 

Spring 

119 

102 

Fall 

90 

It  thus  appears  that,  practically,  it  is  nearly  as  easy  to  cross  the  trade  wind  belt  during 
summer  and  fall  by  one  route  as  the  other.  Though  the  new  route  is  a  little  the  best,  yet  the 
difference,  except  in  September,  for  so  much  of  the  way  is  so  trifling  that  it  may  be  regarded 


148 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


as  resulting  rather  from  mere  chance  than  from  any  difference  as  to  force  of  wind  by  the  way. 
The  gain  for  the  new  route  during  this  half  of  the  year  is  chiefly  made  between  port  and  30° 
N.,  that  is,  between  port  and  the  trade  wind  belt. 

The  crossings  by  the  new  route  are  given  for  two  periods :  one  embraces  all  the  passages 
that  were  made  before  the  publication  in  1857  (the  last  edition);  and  the  other  those  that  have 
been  made  with  that  edition  as  their  guide.  This  classification  was  made  in  order  to  show 
what  improvement,  if  any,  navigators  are  making  in  their  time  of  passage,  in  consequence 
of  the  improved  lights  which  each  successive  edition  of  this  work  is  holding  up  for  their 
guide,  and  in  consequence  of  following  the  sailing  directions  with  more  fidelity  and  faith. 
The  result  is  highly  gratifying. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  passage  to  the  line  by  the  new  route  for  each 
month  before  and  since  1855,  the  passage  by  the  old  and  middle  routes,  together  with  the 
total  number  of  passages,  and  the  mean  of  the  best  10,  also,  for  each  month: 


December . 
January . . . 
February.. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July , 

August 

September. 
October. . . . 
November., 


New  route,  1855. — Average  pas- 


Before. 


Days. 
28.2 
29.5 
26.7 
27.1 
31  9 
33.8 
34.8 
33.3 
37.7 
38.4 
34.2 
31.9 


32.2 


Since. 


Days. 
25.8 
25.2 
26.1 
27.8 
29.5 
29.4 
35 
33.5 
38.6 
38.8 
34.5 
30.5 


31.2 


Old  and  middle 
route. — Aver- 
ages. 


Days. 
36.2 
32.5 
32.6 
32 

34.2 
40.4 
40.7 
41.5 
39.7 
42.4 
37 
38.2 


Averages  best  of 

10  per  each 

month. 


Days. 
19.5 
20.6 
19.6 
20.9 
22.4 
23.7 
26 
28 
26.9 
28.2 
25.3 
21.4 


Total  number  of 
passages. 


105 

86 

103 

106 

114 

107 

90 

64 

84 

94 

101 

103 


Total  ships..  1,157 


The  gain  with  the  lights  of  the  last  edition  is  11.8  days  in  the  aggregate,  for  the  12 
monthly  routes,  which,  on  the  average,  is  one  day  by  every  ship  that  sails  from  the  United 
States  on  any  voyage  that  lies  across  the  line ;  the  greatest  shortening  of  the  monthly  average 
being  4.4  days  on  the  May  route — the  gain  being  from  November  to  May,  inclusive,  the  loss 
from  June  to  October  being  less  than  a  day. 

The  column  "old  and  middle  route"  above  gives  the  mean  of  both  of  these  routes  as  one. 
The  average  time  to  the  equator  of  vessels  that  still  pursue  the  old  route  is  40  days,  even  with 
the  wind  and  current  charts  on  board,  so  that  the  old  route  now  is  shorter  than  the  old  route 
used  to  be,  or  is  when  followed  without  the  charts.  The  monthly  averages  by  the  old  route 
and  gain  by  the  new,  as  each  is  now  followed,  may  be  thus  stated : 

By  the  old  routCi  Gain  by  the  new. 

December,  39.3  days. 13.5  days. 

January,      34.5     "      9.3     " 


February,  39.8 

March,  36.3 

April,  35. 3 

May,  42.2 


13.7 

8.5 

5.8 

12.8 


TO   THE   "FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE DECEMBER. 


149 


By  the  old  route. 

June,  44.7  days 

July,  44.9  " 

August,  44.  ' ' 

September,  42.3  " 

October,  39.7  " 

November,  36.6  " 


Gain  by  the  new. 
9.7  days. 
11.4 
5.4 
3.5 
5.2 
6.1 


104.9  days. 


Total  annual  gain 

Average  monthly  gain,  8.7  days. 

That  is,  if  a  merchant  owning  a  monthly  line  of  packet  ships  to  Rio  were  to  despatch  one  on 
the  1st  of  each  month,  the  total  number  of  days  gained  by  the  whole  on  the  outward  voyage 
would  be  104.9,  provided  they  all  took  the  new  route,  instead  of  the  old. 

There  has  been  an  improvement  upon  the  old  route  in  this:  that  vessels  taking  what  is 
now  called  the  old  route  do  not  go  as  far  east  as  they  formerly  did.  In  this  manner  they  avoid 
the  calm  belt  and  save  time.     In  this  the  average  gain  has  been  nearly  4  days. 

The  average  time  from  the  line  to  Rio  is  13  days.  This  gives  vessels  by  the  old  route 
with  the  charts  on  board  53  days  to  Rio,  against  58  days  without  the  charts,  as  per  following 
letter  of  Captain  0.  H.  Saunders,  of  barque  "Rocket:" 

"Rio  de  Janeieo,  January  20,  1855. 
"I  have  had  a  long  passage  to  Rio,  but  I  found  on  my  arrival  here  that  it  was  not  near  as 
long  as  many  of  my  neighbors;  and  a  small  proportion  of  vessels  arriving  here  during  the  last 
six  months  have  beat  me;  the  average  for  the  last  six  months,  from  the  United  StatQS,  as  shown 
on  the  books  at  the  ship  chandlery  here,  is  58  days,  allowing  what  has  been  reported  to  have 
been  the  actual  passage." 

TO  THE  "fairway"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  IN  DECEMBER. 

Computed  route  from  the  Atlantic  ports  of  North  America  to  the  '  ^Fair  Way' '  off  St.  Boque. 

DECEMBER. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS— PER  CENT. 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

SLANTS  FROM 

Fair. 

Calms. 

Total  No. 
observa- 
tions. 

N'dorE'd. 

S'dorWd. 

From 
40"  27'  N. 
39    12 
39    12 

74°  00'  to 
70    00 
65    00  d 
60    00 
59    24 
55    00 
50    00  d 
45    00  d 
43    00 
43    00 
40    00 
37    34  d 
35    24 
35    00  (2 
35    00 
30    00  d 
32    04 

E.S.E 

E 

200 
233 
338 

31 
237 
350 
275 
147 
300 
232 
1^2 
325 

33 
277 
424 
324 

7.0 
6.4 
7.2 

10.9 
6.4 
3.7 
9.3 

24.8 
9.6 
9.0 
7.5 
4.3 

22.9 
1.4 

13.1 
3.0 

214 
248 
363 

34 
252 
259 
300 
183 
329 
253 
206 
339 

41 
231 
479 
334 

2.1 
2.0 
0.8 
4.0 
4.0 
0.0 
3.9 
6.4 
2.0 
3.4 
0.0 
0.0 
11.1 
0.0 
2.0 
1.4 

7.9 
5.0 
8.8 
7.0 
0.0 
0.0 
7.8 
16.8 
12.0 

u-is.e 

u)19.5 
w  7.2 
«)14.8 
w  6.0 
«.26.0 
4.2 

4.5 
7.0 
8.8 
7.0 
0.0 
w  9.2 
6.5 
«)26.4 

12.0 
0.0 
6.5 
4.8 
0.0 
0.0 

14.0 
0.0 

86.2 
86.0 
81.6 
82.0 
96.0 
90.8 
81.8 
50,4 
74.0 
83.0 
74.0 
88.0 
74.1 
87.0 
58.0 
94.4 

3.0 
1.5 
0.8 
1.0 
0.0 
0.0 
7.5  e 
2.4 
6.0 
3.4 
1.3 
2.4 
0.0 
0.0 
10.7  e 
4.0 

364 
195 
119 
100 
26 
44 
75 
121 
48 
29 
79 
42 
27 
25 
50 
71 

35    13 

S.E 

35    00 
33    29 
33    29 

E.S.E 

E.S.E 

E 

31    44 
30    00 

E.S.E 

S.E 

25    00 
22    16 

S 

S.E 

20    00 

S.E 

15    00 
14    37 

8.S.E 

S.E 

10    00 

S 

5    00 

S.E 

Equator... 

S.S.W 

150  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

Shortest  distance  to  the  equator  by  this  route,  3,918  miles ;  average  distance  to  be  sailed 
on  account  of  adverse  winds,  4,115.  Ship  Bothnia,  Captain  Avery,  in  December,  1850,  accom- 
plished it  in  29  days,  and  4,077  miles  per  log.  Schooner  Blackfish  (Hotchkiss)  did  the  same 
in  32  days,  and  3,810  miles.  The  Pleiades  did  it  in  4,190  miles;  the  Fair  Wind  in  4,043;  the 
Lowell  in  4,025  miles. 

It  is  only  about  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  2  that  a  vessel  in  this  part  of  the  ocean  can  make 
a  SE.  course  between  the  parallels  of  10°  to  5°  N.  Therefore,  vessels  going  the  December 
route  should  generally  aim  to  cross  10°  N.  to  the  east  of  35°  W. 


New  Orleans,  March  22,  1853. 
Sir  :  Having  taken  passage  in  the  barque  Hazd-rd,  of  Salem,  George  M.  Pollard,  master,  for 
Rio  de  Janeiro  and  back  to  New  Orleans,  Captain  P.  requested  me  to  keep  an  abstract  journal, 
which  he  received  from  your  agent,  with  a  set  of  wind   and  current  charts,  having  engaged 
that  it  should  be  sent  you  on  his  return  to  the  United  States. 

I  now  take  the  liberty  of  transmitting  it  to  you,  with  the  hope  that  you  may  find  some- 
thing therein  to  repay  the  examination.     I  would  also  take  the  liberty  of  making  some  remarks. 

It  was  Captain  Pollard' s  intention  to  follow  in  the  track  to  the  line  that  you  recommended, 
as  nearly  as  possible ;  but  strong  southerly  winds,  soon  after  leaving  New  York,  drove  the 
barque  to  the  eastward,  and  when  the  track  was  regained,  it  was  impossible  to  cross  the  line, 
as  advised,  without  wasting  time  in  beating  to  eastward  in  the  doldrums.  Having  myself,  in 
1818,  in  ship  Commerce,  of  Salem,  about  same  season,  crossed  the  line  in  about  34°,  and 
although  a  wooden-bottomed  ship,  passed  Pernambuco  in  nine  days  from  the  line,  after  making 
the  land  ten  or  twelve  miles  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque,  I  advised  Captain  Pollard  to  stand  boldly 
across  in  34°,  the  Hazard  being  a  fast  vessel.  The  result  proved  as  was  expected,  passing 
Pernambuco  in  only  4|  days  from  the  equator,  in  longitude  34°,  notwithstanding  falling  20  miles 
to  leeward  of  St.  Roque. 

From  these  examples,  and  the  information  gathered  from  traders  between  Maranham  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  I  should  not  hesitate  crossing  the  line  in  36°,  even  in  a  good  sailing  vessel, 
feeling  confident  of  beating  round  St.  Roque  by  making  short  tacks  on  soundings  which  are 
very  regular  and  may  be  trusted  to.    Off  soundings,  the  current  sets  very  strongly  to  westward. 

On  my  arrival  at  Bahia,  in  December,  1818,  I  found  that  the  passage  from  the  latitude  of 
Cape  Verdes  was  from  10  to  20  days  shorter  than  any  other  vessel's.  The  conclusion  I  then 
came  to  was,  that  the  best  track  was  8°  to  10°  west  of  the  Cape  Verdes,  passing  the  equator 
from  28°  and  32°,  according  to  season.  This  is  now  proved  beyond  a  doubt  by  your  charts, 
which  are  of  incalculable  benefit  to  all  navigators. 

I  would  suggest  more  particular  inquiry  about  the  monsoon,  if  I  may  so  call  it,  that  pre- 
vails along  the  Brazil  coast  from  NE.  to  N.NE.  during  January  and  February,  sometimes  in 
December,  which  makes  it  very  difiicult  to  reach  the  equator  from  Rio.  Dull  vessels  are  often 
30  days  or  more  to  Bahia  and  Pernambuco  from  Rio,  and  should  they  fall  to  leeward  of  St. 
Augustine,  bound  north,  find  it  almost  impossible  to  beat  around,  the  currents  set  so  strong  to 
SW.  During  the  winter  months  the  prevailing  winds  are  southerly  and  SW.,  but  not  so  steady 
and  constant  as  the  NE.  in  summer. 

I  have  added  to  the  journal  an  abstract  of  the  Hazard's  passage  from  New  York  to  Rio,  in 
1851,  in  31  days,  the  shortest  ever  made  by  a  merchant  vessel  loaded  with  a  full  cargo,  or, 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE DECEMBER.  151 

probably,  than  any ;  also,  some  memorandums  of  her  six  passages  from  Boston  and  New  York 
to  the  equator,  showing  an  average  of  only  26|  days,  her  tracks  being  always  those  which  you 
recommend  ;  and  they  are  very  conclusive  evidence  of  the  correctness  of  your  advice,  if  any 
further  evidence  was  wanting  of  its  superiority  over  the  old  ones. 
I  remain,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  and  obliged  servant, 

JOHN  GARDNER. 
Lieutenant  Maury,  U.  S.  N., 

National  Observatory^   Washington^  D.  C. 


I  have  investigated  the  subject  of,  the  so-called  monsoons  along  the  coast  of  Brazil. — (See 
Pilot  Chart  of  the  Coast  of  Brazil.)  I  find  none  upon  a  scale  for  that  chart  of  2°  of  latitude  by 
1°  of  longitude.  During  some  seasons  of  the  year  certain  winds  are  more  prevalent  than  at 
others,  as  winds  with  northing  in  them  are  in  our  winter  and  spring;  but  these  winds  do  not 
partake  of  the  characteristics  of  monsoons. 

Further,  in  reply  to  this  very  clever  letter,  I  may  remark  that  a  vessel  crossing  the  line  as 
far  west  as  36°  may  clear  St.  Roque  in  three  days;  but  on  the  average  it  will  take  longer. 


152 


TUE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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VOL.    II 


154 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


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TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE — DECEMBER.  155 

Clipper  barque  Storm,  J.  J.  Roberts,  for  San  Francisco,  eighteen  days  out  from  New  York. 

"Jan.  7.  Lat.  PIO'N.;  long.  35°  16' W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  first  and  middle  parts,  light  and  baffling  to  south,  and  calms;  latter  part, 
SB.  Fine  weather  and  light  airs.  Looks  rather  dubious  about  clearing  Cape  St.  Roque; 
however,  I  shall  stand  on,  and  trust  to  luck.  [That's  right.]  It  is  my  own  fault  if  I  fall  to 
leeward,  and  get  jammed,  for  I  might  easily  have  made  more  easting  by  sailing  close-hauled. 

Jan.  8.  Lat.  00°  15'  S.;  long.  35°  33' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SB.  by  S.,E.,SE. ;  first  part,  light  breeze.  At  5  P.  M.  a  heavy  squall 
from  E.NB. ;  carried  away  the  larboard  cathead,  from  the  strain  on  the  jib-guys,  and  wrung 
the  bowsprit  head  and  cap  badly.  All  the  trestle-trees,  fore  and  aft,  have  given  away,  owing 
to  bad  material  and  being  too  light,  and  I  am  obliged  to  be  easier  with  her  than  I  should 
otherwise  have  been.  Crossed  the  line  in  IT  days  and  16  hours,  from  Sandy  Hook.  At  10 
A.  M.  took  the  trades  at  SB.  light. 

Jan.  9.  Lat.  2°  14'  S. ;  long.  36°  26'  W.  Current,  |  knot  per  hour,  W.  Barometer, 
30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  SB.  Fine  weather,  and  light  winds; 
observed  westerly  current  for  the  first  time. 

Jan.  10.  Lat.  3°  23'  S. ;  long.  36°  29'  W.  No  current.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of 
air,.  81°;  of  water,  79°.     Winds:  SB.,  E.SB.,  SB.  by  B.     Fine  weather,  and  moderate  breezes. 

Jan.  11.  Lat.  3°  14'  S. ;  long.  36°  08'  W.  Current,  1  knot  per  hour,  W.  Barometer, 
29.93;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds;  E.SB.,  B.SB.,  SB.  by  B.  First  part, 
fresh  breeze,  and  heavy  SB.  swell — tacked  to  NB.,  Point  Tubarao  bearing  south,  35  miles 
distant,  at  8  P.  M.     Latter  part  fine. 

Jan.  12.  Lat.  1°  25'  S. ;  long.  34°  36'  W.  Current  per  hour,  1  mile,  NW.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SB.  by  B.,  SB.,  SB.;  fine  weather 
and  moderate  breezes. 

Jan.  13.  Lat.  1°  27'  S.;  long.  35°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  80°.     Winds:  SB.  by  S.;  S.SB.,  SB.     Light  wind,  and  rain  squalls. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  3°  52'  S. ;  long.  34°  31'  W.  Current,  1  mile  per  hour,  NW.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SB.,  SB.  by  E.,  SB.  by  E. ;  fine  weather 
and  light  breeze;  middle,  fresh.  Twenty-four  days  out,  and  I  shall  be  very  well  satisfied  if  I 
can  lay  along  the  coast. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  5°  55' S. ;  long.  34°  42' W.  Current,  same  as  yesterday.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  84°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  E.SB.;  fine  weather  and  moderate.  No 
sounding  with  90  fathoms. 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  8°  10'  S.;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  85°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NB.,  B.,  S.  by  E.  At  2  P.  M.  made  Point  Pipa,  W.,  13  miles  distant. 
The  more  we  draw  in  shore  the  more  the  wind  favors  us.  At  midnight,  passed  within  5  miles 
of  Cape  Blanco." 

The  Storm  behaved  to  admiration  after  she  found  herself  jammed;  she  followed  her  guide, 
put  off  beating  as  long  as  she  could,  trusting  to  chance  for  a  slant  of  wind.  Though  she 
crossed  the  equator  as  far  as  35°  30' — and  which  is  further  than  is  desirable — yet  in  25  days  out, 
from  New  York,  she  was  clear  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  despite  that  great  old  phantom  of  a  bugbear, 
"the  westerly  current  off  St.  Roque." 


156  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  Great  Bepublic,  Captain  Joseph  Limeburner,  from  New  York. 

"Dec.  1,  1856.  Lat.  39°18'N.;  long.  69°  01' W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air, 
48°;  of  water,  48°.  *Wind,  W.NW.  Fresh  breezes,  variable  wind  with  a  little  snow;  cloudy- 
weather;  water  thermometer  indicates  Gulf  Stream,  as  does  the  weather. 

Dec.  8.  Lat.  39°  06' N.;  long.  65°  39' W.  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  62°.  Wind,  N.  Fresh  breezes,  and  squally  weather  with  snow,  rain,  and  hail; 
ends,  good  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Dec.  9.  Lat.  38°  29'  N. ;  long.  61°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  of 
water,  69.  Wind,  N.NE.  Fresh  squalls  and  cloudy;  heavy  NE.  swell;  ends,  moderate 
breezes. 

Dec.  10.  Lat.  36°  43'  N;  long.  57°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  57°;  of 
water,  66°.  Wind,  E.NE.  Moderate  breezes  with  squalls  and  light  rain;  saw  flying  fish  and 
gulf  weed. 

Dec.  11.  Lat.  35°  18'  N.;  long.  50°  01' W.  Barometer,  30°  10';  temperature  of  air,  60°;  of 
water,  64°.  Wind,  E.NE.  Strong  gales  ^d  heavy  squalls;  ship  under  skysail;  wind  a  point 
for  giving  in  the  squalls  16  and  17  knots;  violent  squalls. 

Dec.  12.  Lat.  31°  20'  N.;  long.  44°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  QG""-  of 
water,  66°.  Wind,  N.E.  Strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls,  with  rain;  wind  backed  in  to  N. 
and  W. ;  ends,  light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Dec.  13.  Lat.  27°  53'  N.;  long.  43°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  69°;  of 
water,  72.     Wind,  SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather;  ends,  light  airs  and  calms. 

Dec.  14.  Lat.  25°  23'  N.;  long.  42°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of 
water,  76°.  Wind,  W.SW.  Light  airs,  increasing  to  gentle  easterly  winds,  with  fine  weather; 
ends,  good  trades  from  about  E.  and  pleasant  weather. 

Dec.  15.  Lat.  22°  57'  N. ;  long.  41°  34' W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  76; 
of  water,  78.  Wind,  E.NE.  Good  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  exchanged  signals  with  an 
unknown  English  ship.  We  have  followed  thus  far,  so  far  as  the  winds  would  permit,  the 
course  laid  down  for  us  by  Mr.  Maury,  and  it  is  believed  that  our  passage  so  far  is  unequalled; 
10  days  out. 

Dec.  16.  Lat.  18°  49'  N.;  long.  39°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78;  of 
water,  78.  Wind,  E.  by  S.  Good  breezes  and  fine  weather  for  most  part;  ends,  fresh  winds 
and  squally;  carried  away  jib-boom. 

Dec.  17.  Lat.  15°  07'  N.;  long.  37°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78;  of 
water,  80.  Wind,  E.  by  S.  Moderate  trades  and  fine  weather.  We  are  quite  anxious,  on 
account  of  the  trades  being  so  southerly,  and  have  been  jammed  on  a  wind  for  the  last  three 
days,  endeavoring  to  get  to  the  eastward.  Since  leaving  the  Gulf  Stream  we  have  not  had  the 
wind  at  any  time  actually  free  for  more  than  a  few  hours. 

Dec.  18.  Lat.  11°  54'  N.;  long.  36°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80;  of 
water,  80.  Wind,  E.  Good  breezes  and  fine  weather  until  3  p.  m.,  when  the  wind  shifted 
suddenly  to  S.SW.,  with  a  squall  of  rain.  At  4,  the  easterly  wind  again  returned.  Moderate 
trades  still  very  southerly,  and  good  weather.  We  have  now  but  a  very  short  distance  in 
which  to  make  easting,  and  our  chance  looks  bad. 

Dec.  19.  Lat.  8°  41'  N.;  long.  35°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.80  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  71°.     Wind,  E.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  hot  weather.     We  are  at  last  favored 

*In  these  extracts,  the  winds  are  quoted  three  times  (first,  middle,  and  latter  part)  for  each  day,  except  when  they  are 
from  the  same  point  for  all  the  24  hours. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE — DECEMBEE.  157 

with  a  slant  to  make  easting,  and  hope  it  is  not  too  late.    Squally  appearance;  large  SE.  swell; 
ends  E.  by  N.  winds  and  fine  weather. 

Dec.  20.  Lat.  6°  05'  N. ;  long.  33°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  "Wind,  E.NE.  Moderate  winds  and  fine  weather.  At  6  p.  m.  smart  squall  from 
E.SE.  At  2  a.  m.  a  squall  and  then  clear  weather  with  wind  from  E.SE.  to  SB.  by  E.,  which 
we  suppose  to  be  the  SE.  trades. 

Dec.  21.  Lat.  3°04'N.;  long.  33°  02' W.  Barometer,  29.74;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind,  SE.  by  E.  Moderate  SE.  trades  and  generally  fine  weather,  with  a  squall 
of  wind  and  rain  at  3  a.  m.  At  meridian  we  are  in  0.05'  N.,  and  with  this  breeze  shall  cross 
the  line  in  about  half  an  hour,  making  the  passage  from  Sandy  Hook  in  fifteen  days  and  nineteen 
Jiours,  believed  to  be  the  shortest  on  record.  [It  is,  as  far  as  I  know.]  We  are,  however, 
in  an  awful  tight  place  as  regards  our  longitude,  and  must  run  for  luck  and  Maury. 

Dec.  22.  Lat.  0°5'N.;  long.  34°  52' W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind,  SE.  Light  SE.  by  S.  winds  and  fine  weather.  At  4  p.  m.  tacked  ship 
to  the  eastward.  At  4  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  southward.  Good  breezes,  and  we  have  got  to 
make  a  beat  of  it. 

Dec.  23.  Lat.  0°  42'  S.;  long.  34°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  ^85°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind,  SE.  Good  trade-winds  and  generally  fine  weather;  the  wind  veers  and 
hauls  a  couple  of  points  and  the  current  is  comparatively  small.  We  shall  see  now  how  the 
plan  works  to  beat  to  windward  here  instead  of  further  north.  At  noon  no  land  in  sight; 
horizon  quite  hazy. 

Dec.  24.  Lat.  4°25'S.;  long.  35°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind,  SE.  Fresh  trades  and  pleasant.  At  3  p.  m.  made  the  land  and  tacked 
ship.  At  11  p.  m.  tacked.  Light  winds  and  variable  from  E.SE.  to  SE.  Tacked  ship  at  10 
a.  m.  and  at  meridian. 

Dec.  25.  Lat.  4°  59'  N. ;  long.  35°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind,  SE.  Light  winds  and  fine  weather.  At  2  p.  m.  made  the  land  on  the 
lee  bow  and  tacked  ship  to  E.NE.  At  7  p.  m.  a  squall  of  wind  and  rain.  At  midnight  tacked 
to  S.  by  W.  At  7  a.  m.  passed  the  latitude  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  in  nineteen  days  and  fourteen 
hours  from  Sandy  Hook,  notwitJistanding  we  have  had  to  heat  two  days  with  light  winds.  Another 
feather  in  Maury's  cap. 

Dec.  26.  Lat.  6°  02' S. ;  long.  34°  32' W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind,  SE.  by  E.  Light  winds  and  pleasant  hot  weather.  Land  in  sight  on 
starboard  bow.  At  6  p.  m.  tacked  ship  to  eastward.  Midnight  tacked  to  southward.  At  4 
a.  m.  tacked  to  northward  and  eastward.  At  5  a.  m.  tacked  to,  southward  and  westward. 
First  time  in  this  position  that  I  could  not  make  a  south  course. 

Dec.  27.  Lat.  7°  30'  S.;  long.  34°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind,  SE.  by  E.  Baffling  winds  and  hot  weather,  with  a  squall  of  wind  and 
rain  at  7.30  p.  m.     Ends  moderate  trades;  light  airs  and  rain  squalls." 

I  am  proud  of  this  passage.  In  the  first  place  I  set  out  upon  this  investigation  with  the 
assertion,  the'  promise,  that  it  could,  would,  and  should  be  made  in  sixteen  days  to  the  line, 
and  Captain  Limeburner  has  made  my  word  good.  In  the  next  place,  I  had  the  pleasure  of 
conversing  upon  the  subject  with  him  on  board  his  fine  ship  just  before  he  sailed. 

I  take  this  occasion,  for  the  twentieth  time,  of  calling  the  attention  of  my  fellow  laborers 


158  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

at  sea  to  the  very  erroneous  ideas  that  navigators  generally  have  formed  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  its 
currents,  and  the  difficulties  of  weathering  it  from  any  crossing  west  of  30°  on  the  line. 

I  have  been  now  for  eight  or  ten  years  affording  them  the  most  convincing  proof,  by 
spreading  before  them  the  logs  of  vessels  that  have  tried  it;  I  have  proved  that  there  is  nothing 
there  which  any  navigator  who  knows  how  to  handle  his  ship  need  to  fear,  to  doubt,  or  to 
hesitate  to  encounter.     If  his  ship  will  turn  to  windward  anywhere  she  will  here. 

Still,  with  all  this  evidence  spread  out  before  navigators,  there  are  but  few  who  can  con- 
template a  good  western  crossing  without  seeing  the  horrid  spectres  of  St.  Roque  rise  up  before 
their  mind's  eye. 

See  how,  now  and  then,  they  made  the  heart  of  Captain  Limeburner  quake  within  him. 
We  quote  from  his  log:  "Dec.  18.  Lat.  IP  54'  N.;  long.  36°  55'  W.— We  have  now  but  a 
very  short  distance  in  which  to  make  easting,  and  our  chance  looks  bad."  "Dec.  21.  Long. 
34°  50'. — With  this  breeze  shall  cross  the  line  in  about  half  an  hour,  making  the  passage  from 
Sandy  Hook  in  15cZ.  19/i.,  believed  to  be  the  shortest  on  record.  We  are,  however,  in  an 
awful  tight  place  as  regards  our  longitude."  "Dec.  23.  Lat.  0°  42' S. ;  long.  34°  49' W. — 
We  shall  see  now  how  the  plan  works  to  beat  to  windward  here  instead  of  further  north." 

Happily,  his  faith  was  stronger  than  his  fear,  and  he  did  not  abandon  his  guide,  but  kept 
on,  and  in  three  days  from  this  tight  place  tossed  up  his  cap  in  triumph. 

Captain  Cole,  of  the  Leighton,  (see  crossings  for  November,)  came  along  just  behind  the 
Great  Republic,  and  crossed  the  equator  well  to  the  westward  also,  and  the  third  day  there- 
after he  passed  ten  miles  to  windward  of  St.  Roque  without  tacking.  In  his  remark :  ' '  He 
had  learned  not  to  fear  the  'bug-bear.'  " 

Barque  Leighton,  John  M.  Cole,  26  days  out. 

"Dec.  25,  1856.  Lat.  0°  10'  S.;  long.  33°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air, 
71°;  of  water,  79°.  Light  SB.  breeze;  fine  weather;  sea  quite  smooth.  Nautilus  and  flying 
fish.     Ten  mile  current.     Rather  dull  Christmas.      Crossed  the  line  the  27th  day  out. 

Dec.  26.  Lat.  2°  18' S.;  long.  33°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  77°.  First  part,  light  breeze  from  SE.  by  S.;  smooth  water  and  fine  weather.  Latter 
part,  moderate  breeze;  partially  clear;  rough  sea;  about  five  mile  westerly  current. 

Dec.  27.  Lat.  4°45'S.;  long.  34°  30' W.  Barometer,  32.02;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Moderate  breeze  from  SE.  by  E.  to  E.  Clear  weather.  Twenty  miles  westerly 
current.     A  ship  hull  down  to  leeward  on  the  same  tack. 

Dec.  28.  Lat.  7°  30' S. ;  long.  34°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Steady  breeze;  fine  weather.  Passed  about  60  miles  to  windward  of  St.  Roque 
without  tacking.  This  is  the  third  time  that  I  have  crossed  the  line  west  of  31°,  and  never 
yet  had  any  difficulty  in  clearing  St.  Roque." 

In  the  extracts  which  follow  for  the  other  months  numerous  cases  are  presented  showing 
how  deep  seated  in  the  minds  of  navigators  has  been  the  dread  of  the  St.  Roque  spectres;  a 
dread  which  has  done  more,  ten  to  one,  to  prolong  passages  than  ever  did  the  currents  them- 
selves. I  speak  quite  within  bounds  when  I  say  that  on  the  average,  and  where  the  currents 
of  St.  Roque  have  prolonged  the  passage  to  Rio  a  day,  the  dread  of  them  has  prolonged  it 
several;  for  the  fear  of  them  induces  vessels  to  prolong  their  distance  and  to  run  through 
extensive  regions  of  light  and  baffling  winds. 

I  call,  with  emphasis,  the  attention  of  navigators,  at  the  outset,  to  this  view  of  the  subject, 
because  I  want  to  press  upon  them  a  fact  which  experience  is  every  day  developing,  and  which 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE DECEMBER  159 

is  this:  That  a  navigator  who  takes  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts  for  his  guide,  and  sticJcs  to 
them,  almost  invariably  makes  a  better  passage  than  he  does  who  follows  them  one  day  and 
abandons  them  the  next.  It  will  be  perceived,  in  the  course  of  the  illustrations  of  the  route 
to  the  "Fair  Way,"  that  the  average  passage  south  to  the  line  and  the  "fairway"  of  St. 
Roque  has  been  considerably  shortened,  as  much  as  four  or  five  days,  for  some  months,  since 
the  last  edition  of  this  work  was  published.  I  attribute  this  simply  to  the  fact  that  the  charts 
are  understood  better,  and  the  Sailing  Directions  are  more  regarded  than  they  were  at  first. 
There  is  still  room  for  further  reduction. 

Captain  Millett  writes— Lat.  3°  44'  N.;  long.  29°  west: 

"Dec.  25,  1855.  Have  experienced  an  easterly  current  the  last  two  days.  I  have  always 
noticed  such  along  these  latitudes,  sometimes  more  to  the  northward  than  this,  and  in  longi- 
tude 44°,  about  1°  north  latitude.  I  think  it  may  be  an  offset  from  the  river  Amazon  current. 
I  see  in  your  logs  that  many  captains  notice  it. 

Dec.  26.  Light  winds  from  the  east,  and  considerable  rain  at  times;  very  sultry  weather; 
meridian  calm.  At  noon  corked  an  empty  bottle  up  tight  and  lashed  the  cork  to  a  sail  needle 
run  through  it,  lowered  it  down  25  fathoms,  hauled  it  in  immediately,  and  found  the  tem- 
perature of  the  water  in  the  bottle  80°;  surface  water,  82°.     The  bottle  came  up  full." 

Ship  Governor  Morion^  John  A.  Burgess,  captain,  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  eight 
days  out. 

' '  Dec.  28,  1855.  Lat.  29°  10'  N. ;  long.  42°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.25 ;  temperature  of  air, 
66°;  of  water,  70°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.*  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant;  fresh  breeze; 
fresh  breeze.'^ 

Dec.  29.  Lat.  25°  23'  N.;  long.  41°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.27;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.     Moderate  breeze;  fresh;  fresh. 

Dec.  30.  Lat.  21°  41' N.;  long.  39°  31' W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  74°  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.  Fresh  breeze,  and  pleasant;  moderate,  baffling, 
and  squally;  moderate,  unsteady,  and  squally. 

Dec.  31.  Lat.  19°  05'  N.;  long.  38°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.  to  SE.,  E.  to  SB.,  E.  to  S.SW.  Moderate  breeze,  and  baffling,  with 
an  occasional  rain  squall;  light  breeze,  and  baffling,  with  frequent  rain  squalls;  light  airs,  and 
baffling,  chiefly  from  the  south,  with  rain  squalls.  1^ 

Jan.  1,  1856.  Lat.  17°  21'  N. ;  long.  37°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.17;  temperature  of  air, 
74°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  to  SE.,  E.,  E.  Calm,  with  an  appearance  of  a  squall  at  the 
NE.  Light  and  baffling  breeze,  and  pleasant  weather.  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant,  with 
an  appearance  of  the  NE.  trade  wind;  moderate,  with  a  prospect  of  the  wind  from  east. 

Jan.  2.  Lat.  14°  00'  N.;  long.  36°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  77°.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  ditto.     Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant;  fresh;  fresh. 

Jan.  3.  Lat.  10°  51'  N.;  long.  33°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.  Moderate  breeze,  and  overcast;  moderate, 
and  pleasant ;  fresh  breeze,  and  pleasant  to  the  close. 

Jan.  4.  Lat.  7°  43' N.;  long.  32°  37' W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  B.  by  N.,  B.  by  S.  Moderate  and  pleasant;  fresh,  and 
squally,  with  an  occasional  passing  shower;  fresh,  and  overcast. 

Jan.  5.     Lat.  5°  24'  N.;  long.  31°  50'  W.     Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of 

*'  Winds  for  eacli  of  the  "three  parts." 


160  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  to  SE.,  ditto,  SE.  to  S.SE.  Moderate  breeze,  and  cloudy,  with  squally 
appearances,  and  a  prospect  of  a  termination  of  the  NE.  trades ;  moderate  breeze,  and  unsteady, 
with  frequent  rain  squalls  from  SE. ;  light  airs,  and  more  pleasant,  with  strong  indications  of  a 
calm. 

Jan.  6.  Lat.  4°  47'  M.;  long.  32°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  Calm,  calm,  E.,  calm.  Light  airs,  and  calm;  moderate  breeze,  and  un- 
steady, attended  with  rain  squalls  from  SE.     Current  to  the  westward. 

Jan.  7.  Lat.  3°  45'  N.;  long.  31°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  N.,  SE.  by  S.  Light  airs,  and  rain  squalls  from  SE. 
Wind  quite  unsteady.  Light  airs,  and  baffling,  with  fine  rain;  moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant. 
Strong  indications  of  SE.  trades.  Poor  prospect  ahead,  but  shall  stand  on,  courting  fortune' s 
favor, 

Jan.  8.  Lat.  0°  52'  N.;  long.  32°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant  weather;  fresh  breeze, 
and  a  little  squally;  fresh,  and  pleasant  weather.     Rather  too  far  west,  but  am  not  alone. 

Jan.  9.  Lat.  1°  25'  S.;  long.  34°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant;  fresh 
breeze,  and  nearly  overcast.  At  11  p.  m.  crossed  the  line,  in  long.  33°  20' W.,  twenty  days  and 
eleven  hours  from  Sandy  Hook.  Distance  by  log,  3,664  miles;  by  observation  from  noon  to 
noon,  3,640  miles.  Latter  part,  moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant;  very  little  current  to  the 
westward,  if  any. 

Jan.  10.  Lat.  4°  07'  S.;  long.  34°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant  weather;  mode- 
rate:  moderate  and  pleasant.  I  think  we  have  had  a  current  of  one  mile  per  hour  to  west- 
ward. 

Jan.  11.  Lat.  7°  17'  S.;  long.  32°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  Moderate  breeze,  and  pleasant  weather;  fresh  breeze, 
and  pleasant  to  the  close.  I  have  found  no  difficulty,  as  you  perceive,  in  clearing  St.  Roque, 
notwithstanding  I  crossed  the  line  further  west  than  is  recommended.  I  began  to  experience 
some  unpleasant  feelings  as  to  my  position;  but  stood  on,  agreeably  to  your  valuable  advice, 
a]^  found  the  wind  so  favored  us  that  I  think  there  would  have  been  no  difficulty  in  clearing 
the  cape  if  we  had  crossed  in  34°  west  longitude." 

Ship  Electric  Spark,  Laban  Howes,  captain,  from  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  eight  days  out. 

"Jan.  2,  1856.  Lat.  30°00'N.;  long.  42°42' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
70°;  of  water,  70°.  Current  half  a  mile  E.NE.  Winds:  Calm,  calm,  variable.  Light  airs, 
variable,  or  calm,  with  fine  pleasant  weather.  Much  gulf  weed  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Slight  easterly  current. 

Jan.  3.  Lat.  27°  53'  N.;  long.  41°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  69°;  of 
water,  72°.  Current  half  a  mile  SW.  Winds:  Variable,  variable,  N.  Light  variable  winds 
throughout;  generally  cloudy;  pass  large  patches  of  gulf  weed. 

Jan.  4.  Lat.  24°  52'  N. ;  long.  39°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of 
water,  73°.  Winds:  Variable,  NE.,  NE.  Fine  weather;  passing  clouds;  heavy,  rolling  sea 
from  NE. 

Jan.  5.  Lat.  23°  02'  N.;  long.  38°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of 
water,  73°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.,  N.  Very  light  winds,  and  dry,  cloudy  weather;  heavy  swell 
from  NE. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE— DECEMBER.  161 

New  York,  December  17,  1856. 

"Sir:  I  arrived  a  few  days  ago  from  Buenos  Ayres,  and  have  handed  my  "abstract  log"  to 
Buenos  Ayres  and  back,  to  your  agent  here,  and  take  the  present  occasion  to  express  to  you 
my  thanks  for  the  benefit  I  have  derived  from  the  use  of  your  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts 
for  the  Last  six  years,  all  of  which  time  I  have  been  in  the  South  American  trade,  and  have 
always  followed  your  route  to  the  equator  as  near  as  practicable,  to  which  is  to  be  attributed, 
without  doubt,  the  shortness  of  my  passages  out.  I  think  that  any  one  bound  across  the 
equator,  who  has  your  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  on  board  and  understands  them,  will  never 
be  in  doubt  to  know  which  will  be  the  most  advantageous  course  to  pursue  under  any  circum- 
stances. 

My  present  voyages  are  to  the  river  '  Plate  :'  and  on  my  return  passages  I  am  often  at  a 
loss  to  know  what  course  to  pursue  from  the  river  up  to  the  SE.  trades  ;  and  how  far  east  I  ought 
to  be  at  the  different  seasons  of  the  year,  when  I  take  them,  that  I  may  be  able  to  fetch  up  along 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  as  falling  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Augustine  causes  sometimes  as  much  deten- 
tion as  falling  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  bound  out,  the  current  setting  very  strongly  to 
the  westward  there. 

Perhaps,  with  the  information  you  have  at  hand,  you  might  be  able  to  point  out  the  best 
course  to  pursue,  or  at  least  the  one  that  would  give  the  shortest  passage  from  the  river 
'Plate'  to  the  equator.  If  you  could  give  me  any  information  on  this  subject,  you  would  lay  me 
under  renewed  obligations  to  you." 

Yours,  truly, 

ATKINS  HUGHES. 
Lieutenant  Maury. 

Captain  Hughes'  remark  about  falling  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Augustine  is  perfectly  correct. 
In  reply  to  his  request,  which  is  a  very  proper  one,  I  beg  leave  to  remark,  that  no  general  rule 
can  be  laid  down  as  to  the  route  for  vessels  coming  out  of  the  river  except  this  :  Get  an  offing 
and  make  the  best  of  your  way  to  the  equator,  aiming  to  cross  it,  at  the  usual  place,  in  home- 
ward bobnd  vessels. 

The  winds  for  this  voyage  are,  and  ought  to  le,  for  the  most  part,  fair.  If  I  were  coming  out 
of  the  'River'  homeward  bound,  I  should  consult  the  Pilot,  the  Storm  and  Rain  charts  very 
closely,  and  with  their  lights  before  me  as  to  the  general  character  of  the  weather,  the  course  to 
be  steered  should  be  determined  by  the  winds  as  I  found  them.  If  they  were  fair  for  it,  I  would 
run  out  to  the  eastward  for  a  day  at  least.  I  do  not  think  I  should  lose  by  two  days  ;  at  any  rate 
I  would  go  out  until  I  fell  in  with  the  homeward  track  of  vessels  from  around  Cape  Horn. 

By  doing  this  navigators  will  gain  in  time,  though  they  may  lose  in  distance  ;  but  they 
will  have  better  winds.     See  the  crossings  from  the  Equator  to  the  United  States. 

S hip  Adelaide,  (Captain  Edgar  Wakeman,)  13  days  out  from  New  York. 

"Jan.  9,  1856.  Lat.  17°  48'  N.;  long.  35°  18'  W.  Wind,  SE.  Commences  moderate  breezes 
and  pleasant  weather.  At  2  p.  m.  boarded  by  boat  from  ship  "M.  0.  Roberts,"  64  days  from 
Zanzebar,  bound  to  Marseilles,  short  of  provisions,  which  we  supplied  them;  middle  part, 
squally,  in  light  sails;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  with  passing  squalls;  set  royals;  distance  run, 
222  miles. 

Jan.  10.  Lat.  14°  13'  N.;  long.  34°  39'  W.     Wind,  SE.     Fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds 
throughout.     Distance  run,  170  miles. 
VOL.    JI 21 


162 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Jan.  11.  Lat.  11°  21'  N.;  long.  33°  33'  W.  Wind,  SE.  ^  S.  Commences  strong  breezes 
and  passing  clouds,  accompanied  with  slight  rain  at  3.30  a.  m.  Breakers  ahead  ;  tacked  ship, 
our  stern  being  within  20  feet  of  the  reef;  when  we  gathered  headway,  stood  to  the  northward; 
at  5.30  tacked  ship  and  stood  to  the  southward  again,  and  at  7.30  saw  three  discolored  patches 
to  the  leeward,  which  looked  like  shoal  water;  latter  part  squally,  with  rain;  current  setting  to 
the  eastward ;  at  10  a.  m.  a  large  ship  to  the  E.NE.  steering  to  the  southward;  distance  run, 
199  miles." 

This  seems  to  be  proof  positive  of  the  existence  of  this  shoal.  Coming  from  a  source  so 
respectable,  it  at  once  commanded  attention.  Accordingly,  investigation  was  instituted.  The 
position  of  this  danger  was  found  to  answer  to  that  of  the  Texeiros  shoal  of  1810.  It  was, 
therefore,  no  recent  upheaval;  but  it  was  in  a  frequented  part  of  the  ocean;  and  therefore,  if 
really  a  reef  such  as  Captain  Wakeman  took  it  to  be,  it  must  have  been  seen  by  other  vessels 
passing  that  way.  Reference  to  the  abstract  logs  would  show.  A  ccordingly  Lieut.  Aulick 
was  requested  to  overhaul  them,  and  to  project  the  tracks  of  as  many  as  passed  within  100 
miles  of  Wakeman' s  position  when  he  saw  this  shoal.  He  did  so,  and  projected  them  on  the 
annexed  diagram.     None  of  them  make  any  mention  of  reef,  shoal,  or  breakers  thereabouts; 


and  the  inference  is,  that  the  breakers  seen  by  this  navigator  were  not  shoal  water  breakers. 
They  were  probably  caused  by  those  mysterious  "tide  rips"  which  are  so  common  in  this 
part  of  the  ocean,  and  which  are  such ,  a  puzzle.  Almost  every  navigator  who  crosses  the 
equator  sees  them.  They  sometimes  threaten  almost  to  overwhelm  the  vessel,  approaching 
through  the  stillness  of  the  night  with  a  roaring  noise,  and  in  the  shape  of  seas  combing 
and  rolling  over.  They  break  over  the  decks  furiously,  and  in  a  few  moments  the  sea  is  as 
quiet  and  as  unruffled  as  before.  They,  however,  most  commonly  appear  merely  as  currents 
of  two  or  three  knots  an  hour  in  conflict.     What  produces  this  appearance  in  the  water  I  have 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE — DECEMBER.  163 

never  heard  any  conjecture  that  appeared  even  plausible,  unless  Humboldt's  be  taken  as  such- 
I  say  appearance^  because  vessels  in  those  tide  rips  do  not  feel  them  as  currents. 

Tide  rips  present  their  most  imposing  aspect  in  the  equatorial  regions.  Humboldt  met 
some  in  34°  N.,  and  thus  describes  them:  "When  the  sea  is  perfectly  calm,  there  appears  on 
its  surface  narrow  belts,  like  small  rivulets,  and  in  which  the  water  runs  with  a  noise  very  per- 
ceptible to  the  ear  of  an  experienced  pilot.  On  the  15th  of  June,  in  about  34°  3G'  N.,  we 
found  ourselves  in  the  midst  of  a  great  number  of  these  belts  of  currents;  we  were  able?  to 
determine  their  direction  by  the  compass.  Some  were  flowing  to  the  NE. ;  others  E.NE., 
although  the  general  motion  of  the  ocean,  indicated  by  a  comparison  of  the  log  and  the  longi- 
tude by  chronometer,  continued  towards  the  SE.  It  is  very  common  to  see  a  mass  of  motion- 
less water  crossed  by  ridges  of  water  which  run  in  different  directions.  This  phenomenon  may 
be  observed  every  day  on  the  surface  of  our  lakes;  but  it  is  more  rare  to  find  partial  move- 
ments impressed  by  local  causes  on  small  portions  of  water,  in  the  midst  of  an  "oceanic  river, 
occupying  an  immense  space,  and  moving  in  a  constant  direction,  although  with  an  incon- 
siderable velocity.  In  this  conflict  of  currents,  as  in  the  oscillation  of  Avaves,  our  imagination 
is  struck  with  these  movements,  which  seem  to  penetrate  each  other,  and  by  which  the  ocean 
is  incessantly  agitated." 

I  shall  have  occasion  again  to  allude  to  these  "tide  rips"  in  mid  ocean,  and  to  the  new 
value  which  the  abstract  logs  possesses  with  regard  to  "vigias,"  and  all  such  doubtful  dangers. 
I  propose,  as  the  force  at  my  disposal  will  allow,  to  rectify  the  general  charts  of  the  ocean, 
and  to  erase  from  them  all  the  "vigias,"  shoals,  and  other  myths  that  hinder  navigation, 
which  investigations  like  the  foregoing  shall  warrant. 

Ship  James  Broicn^  (C.  W.  Kerlin,  captain,)  Boston  to  Callao,  ten  days  out. 

"Jan.  3,  1856.  Lat.  29°  40'  N.;  long.  44°  31'  W.  Barometer,  30.34;  temperature  of  air, 
G9°;  water,  72°.  Wind,  W.N-W.  to  NW.,  NE.,  NE*.  Begins  clear,  with  good  breeze.  At  3 
a.  m.  wind  hauled  in  heavy  squall  of  wind  and  rain  to  NE.  Day  ends  much  like  trades;  hove  a 
bottle  over  with  paper  for  M.  F.  M.  at  meridian. 

Jan.  4.  Lat.  27°  34' N. ;  long.  41°  55' W.  Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  74°.  Wind,  NE.,  NE.,  N.E.  Commences  with  strong,  steady  breeze  and  long  swell 
from  NE.,  passing  very  large  quantities  of  Saragossa  grass  in  unusually  large  patches. 

Jan.  5.  Lat.  26°  20'  N. ;  long.  40°  56' W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  74°.  Winds,  NE.  to  N.NE.,  N.  by  E.,  N.NW.  to  NW.  Commences  with  light  airs  and 
clear;  saw  much  less  grass  than  yesterday;  at  4  p.  m.  wind  commenced  baffling  to  northward 
around  to  N.W. ;  by  the  aneroid's  fluctuations  should  judge  we  are  very  near  the  trade  winds. 

Jan.  6.  Lat.  24°  29' N.;  long.  39°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  74°.  Winds,  NW.  to  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  to  N.NW.  Commences  with  moderate 
breeze  and  very  heavy  swell  from  NE.  At  6  a.  m.  wind  baffling  from  N.  to  N.NW. ;  at 
10  became  steady  breeze  from  N.NW;  aneroid  fluctuates  from  .03  to  .05,  as  per  log.  As  I  am 
inside  the  trade  lines  for  this  month,  by  your  charts,  I  am  looking  for  the  wind  to  haul  to  the 
eastward;  for  your  directions  thus  far  have  given  me  great  satisfaction. 

Jan.  7.    Lat.   22°  04'  N. ;  long.   38°  00'  W.     Barometer,    30.10;  temperature  of  air,   73°; 
water,  75°.     Winds,  NW.  to  N.,  N.NE.,  N.E.      Throughout  fresh,    steady  breeze   and   clear 
after  hauling  NE.,  with  a  very  heavy  sea  from  NE.  by  N. 

Jan.  8.    Lat.   19°  49'  N. ;  long.  37°  20' W.     Barometer,    30.10;  temperature   of  air,  73°; 

*  In  these  abhtracts  the  winds  are  generally  quoted  three  times,  or  one  for  each  "  part"  of  the  24  hours. 


164  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

water,  76^^.     Winds,  NE.  to  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E. ;  moderate  breeze  and  fresh  passing  squalls  of 
wind  and  rain;  canght  a  dolphin  and  saw  flying  fish  for  the  first  time;  heavy  swell  from  NE. 

Jan.  9.  Lat.  17°  24'  N.;  long.  35°  48' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  76°.  Winds,  E.  to  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  E.  Fresh  passing  squalls  of  wind  and  rain;  saw 
large  schools  of  flying  fish;  the  heavy  NE.  swell  continues;  threw  a  bottle  over  at  meridian, 
with  ship's  position  and  date. 

Jan.  10.  Lat.  14°  40' N. ;  long.  34°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Winds,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  First  part,  fresh  passing  squalls,  with  rain;  showers 
very  slight;  middle  part,  fresh  breeze  and  passing  squalls  of  wind,  accompanied  with  light 
showers;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  steady;  saw  a  few  flying  fish. 

Jan.  11.  Lat.  11°  29'  N. ;  long.  33°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  78°.  Winds,  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  to  E.  by  S.  Fresh  passing  squalls  and  heavy  chop 
sea.     Flying  fish  arc  very  plenty,  but  no  birds  of  any  kind. 

Jan.  12.  Lat.  8°  43'  N. ;  long.  31°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°;  current,  20  miles  easterly.  Winds,  E.  by  S.  to  E.,  E.  by  N,.  E.  by  N.  to  E.  First 
part,  fresh  breeze  and  pleasant  weather;  middle,  squally,  with  light  showers;  latter,  fresh 
breeze  and  good  trades;  experienced  20  miles  current  setting  J].,  northerly;  large  quantities  of 
flying  fish  and  porpoises. 

Jan.  13.  Lat.  5°  30' N.;  long.  30°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds,  E.  to  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.  First  part,  fresh  breeze  and  clear; 
middle  and  latter,  strong  squalls  that  make  whole  sail  crack;  many  flying  fish,  no  birds.  I  am 
too  far  east  for  your  track;  so  off  I  go  for  a  true  south  course.  The  easterly  current  may  put 
me  right — 28  miles. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  3°22'N.;  long.  30°  48' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Wind,  E.  by  S.  to  S.,  S.SE.  to  SE.,  SE.  Have  had  many  changes  in  the  wind. 
At  5  p.  m.  hauled  very  suddenly,  in  a  heavy  squall,  to  south,  and  continued  so  until  8,  when 
it  began  to  haul  gradually  to  eastward.  Stopped  at  SE.  at  3  a.  m.  Weather  very  sultry; 
sea  smooth.     Saw  a  few  flying  fish;  no  birds. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  1°  57' N.;  long.  31°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Wind,  SE.  to  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  Wind  from  S.SE.  to  SE.,  but  the  bugbear 
does  not  trouble  me;  I  have  a  ship  that  will  stay  in  8|  points  and  go  to  windward  too,  though 
I  have  not  gotten  more  than  9^  knots  out  of  her.  I  think  my  passage  thus  far  very  good  for 
this  class  of  ship. 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  0°37'S.;  long.  31°  27' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Wind,  E.  to  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  At  1  p.  m.  heavy  squall  of  wind  and 
rain  from  eastward,  with  which  I  am  making  a  south  course  true,  although  to  leeward  of  your 
track.  At  4  clear.  I  suppose  I  have  the  trades;  if  so,  they  are  well  to  eastward.  Crossed 
equator  at  6  a.  m.,  23  days  and  13  hours  from  Cape  Cod,  and  less  than  24  from  Boston  light. 
I  have  experienced  no  current  to  westward  at  all;  made  good  course. 

Jan.  17.  Lat.  2°  19' S.;  long.  32°  40' W..  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Wind,  E.SE.  to  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  These  twenty -four  hours  have  caused 
me  to  attend  closely  to  the  sailing  of  my  ship,  as  the  wind  has  been  well  south;  but  I  will 
follow  your  advice,  and  stand  on,  trusting  to  luck  and  slants.  The  wind  at  times  has  been  so 
far  as  S.  by  E.,  but  this  ship  hugs  the  wind  very  closely.       I  hope  to  lay  up  to  south  to-night. 


i 


TO  THE  "FAIR  way"  OFF  ST  KOQUE DECEMBER,  165 

Jan.  18.  Lat.  3°  51'  S. ;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  80°.  Wind,  SE.  by  S.  to  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  These  twenty-four  hours 
the  wind  has  baffled  from  SE.  by  S.  to  S. ;  at  2.30  p.  m.  hauled,  in  a  squall,  to  south;  tacked 
to  eastward  until  5;  it  then  hauled  S.SE. ;  stood  to  southward  and  westward;  heavy  sea  from 
SE.  by  S.  Passed  to  windward  of  the  Roccas  at  meridian.  Have  had  a  little  current  to  the 
westward.     Seen  large  quantities  of  whale  birds. 

Jan.  19.  Lat.  6°  07' S. ;  long.  34°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  81°.  Wind,  SE.  by  S.  to  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  ditto.  Moderate  breeze,  and  clear.  Saw 
large  numbers  of  Avhale  birds.  At  7.30  made  the  land,  W.  by  S.  and  to  the  southward."  (27 
days  out.) 

Ship  Electric  Spark,  (Laban  Howes,)  8  days  out  from  Boston. 

"Jan.  2."  Lat.  30°  00'  N. ;  long.  42°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  70°.  Wind  variable;  light  airs;  variable  or  calm,  Avith  fine  pleasant  weather.  Much 
gulf-weed  on  the  surface  of  the  water.     Slight  easterly  current. 

Jan.  3.  Lat.  27°  53' N.;  long.  41°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.3;  temperature  of -air,  69°; 
water,  72°.  Wind,  north;  light  variable  winds  throughout;  generally  cloudy.  Passed  large 
patches  of  gulf- weed.     Saw  a  ship  trying  to  get  NW.T]^ 

Jan.  4.  Lat.  24°  52' N.;  long.  39°  25' W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  73°.  Wind,  NE.  Fair  weather;  passing  clouds.  Heavy  rolling  sea  from  NE.  Saw 
one  ship  bound  northward. 

Jan.  5.  Lat.  23°  02'  N.;  long.  38°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
Avater,  73°.  Wind,  N.,  N.NE.  Very  light  winds;  dry  cloudy  weather;  heavy  swell  from  NE. 
exchanged  signals  with  an  English  ship  bound  northward. 

Jan.  6.  Lat.  21°  28'  N.;  long.  37°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
water,  73°.  Wind,  N.NE.,*  N.,  N.NW.  Most  of  these  twenty-four  hours  dull  cloudy 
weather;  light  wind;  very  heavy  long  swell  from  N.NE. 

Jan.  7.  Lat.  20°00'N.;  long.  36°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  74°  Wind,  variable,  NE.,  E.NE. ;  very  light  wind;  cloudy;  clear  at  intervals.  Along 
swell  from  NE.     Latter  part,  squally  appearances,  with  light  rain. 

Jan.  8.  Lat.  17°01'N.;  long.  35°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  74°.  Moderate  breeze  and  passing  clouds  throughout.  Some  flying  fish.  No  Aveed 
nor  birds.     The  long  SAvell  from  NE.  continues. 

Jan.  9.  Lat.  14°  03' N.;  long.  33°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.54;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
Avater,  75°.  Wind,  E.NE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Dark,  cloudy  looking  Aveather;  generally 
moderate  breeze;  sometimes  quite  fresh.     A  long  swell  from  NE.     Some  flying  fish. 

Jan  10.  Lat.  11°  03'  N. ;  long.  32°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.47;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
Avater,  75°.  Wind,  E.SE.,  ditto,  ditto.  Generally  dark  cloudy  Aveather;  moderate  breeze 
throughout.  Sea  running  from  all  points  of  the  compass.  Pass  through  rips  frequently; 
appears  like  meeting  of  tides.  Sea  very  luminous  at  night;  spots  of  Avhat  appear  to  be  fish  or 
some  insects  in  the  Avater. 

Jan.  11.     Lat.  7°  27' N.;  long.   30°  55' W.     Barometer,    29.47;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  75°.     Wind,  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  by  S.     Wind  not  very  fresh,  but  rather  more  than  for  the 
last  tAvelve  days.     Passing   clouds.     Sea  irrregular   and  rough.     Very  heavy  dcAv  at  night; 
*  The  winds  arc  given  for  "first,"  "middle,"  and  ' ' latter  part." 


166  THE    WIND    AND    CUEliENT    CHARTS. 

everything  is  kept  damp,  from  the  atmosphere  through  the  day,  except  just  when  the  sun 
shines.     Flying  fish  in  Large  schools.     Distance  sailed,  238  miles  S.SE.  |  E. 

Jan.  12.  Lat.  3°  51' N. ;  long.  29°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.23;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds,  E.,  E.  by  S.,  ditto.  Generally  cloudy,  with  some  light  squalls  of  rain. 
Lightning  from  various  points.  First  part,  good  breezes  ;  latter  part,  calm.  One  hard  squall ; 
took  in  skysails,  and  set  them  again  after  it  passed  us.     Distance  sailed,  226  miles  S.  by  E.  |  E. 

Jan.  13.  Lat.  2°37'*N.;  long.  29°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.09;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  80°.  "Winds,  E.SE.,  NE.,  variable.  Light  airs;  unsteady,  with  frequent  hard  squalls 
of  rain.  Lightning  and  thunder  ;  looks  squally  all  around  the  horizon.  Sea  irregular.  Small 
chance  to  make  headway  ;  trying  to  get  direct  S.     Distance  sailed,  by  record,  87  miles  S.  ^  W. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  0°  19' N. ;  long.  30°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  ditto.  First  and  middle  parts,  cloudy  squally  appear- 
ance. Wind  light,  variable  ;  ship  on  port  tack  heading  up  SW.  to  S.SW.,  sometimes 
S.  by  W.  Latter  part,  light  passing  clouds,  hazy,  but  pleasant.  See  some  birds.  Barometer 
so  low  I  apprehend  something  is  disordered  with  it.     Distance  sailed,  141  miles  S.SW.  |  W. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  2°  24'  S. ;  long.  31°  26'  W.  Barometer  (useless  ;)  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds,  variable,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  All  these  24  hours  gentle  breeze  and  passing 
clouds.  Fine  pleasant  weather.  At  3  p.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  31°  03'  W,,  twenty- 
one  days  from  Boston.  Total  distance  sailed  from  Boston  light-house  to  the  line,  three  thou- 
sand five  hundred  and  sixty-nine  miles.     Distance  sailed  this  day,  165  miles  S.  by  W. 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  5°  06'  S.;  long.  31°  49'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  80°.  Current, 
^  mile  W.NW.  Winds,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.SE.  Charmingly  pleasant  weather.  Gentle  breeze 
and  light  passing  clouds.  On  the  port  tack  heading  up  S.SW.  to  S.  Distance  sailed,  164 
miles  S.  I  W." 

"January  13,  1857. 
"Dear  Sir  :  For  the  class  of  ship  M.  Howes,  I  refer  you  to  my  last  abstract  log  of  1855, 
1856.  This  voyage  she  is  in  ballast  and  drawing  12  feet  6  inches.  You  will  please  to 
observe  I  kept  as  near  the  track  laid  down  by  you  as  possible,  but,  having  strong  breezes  on 
leaving  New  York,  I  kept  off  to  the  S.  more  than  I  should  have  done  under  other  circumstances, 
but  had  a  good  run  across  the  NE.  trades  till  the  ship  was  in  lat.  5°  N. ,  when  the  wind,  coming 
out  at  SE.,  forced  me  further  to  the  westward  than  1  wanted  to  go  ;  still,  seeing  no  use  to  tack, 
I  kept  on  and  crossed  the  equator  in  34°  W.,  24  days  out,  and  made  the  land  on  the  26th  day 
out,  (January  11,  1856,)  in  lat.  4°  53'  S.,  long.  35°  22'  W.,  and  tacked;  next  day  was  far 
enough  to  eastward  to  clear  St.  Rogue,  27  days  out,  and  did  not  experience  any  current;  if 
there  was  any,  it  was  slightly  to  the  westward.  So  I  consider  the  ship  has  done  well  for  a  ship 
in  ballast." 

"  Yours,  respectfully, 

"W.  H.  RILEY. 
"Lieutenant  Maury." 


TO    THE    "FAIK   WAY"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE. JANUARY. 


167 


COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  mO— January. 


Longitude. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS  ;    I'KR    CENT. 

o 

Latitude. 

Course. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from — 

Fair. 

Calms. 

N'd  or  E'd. 

S'dorW'd. 

a  J= 

From  40°  27'  N. 
40    27 

74°  00'  to 
70    00 
65    00 
60    00  d 
55    00 
50    00 
48    17  d 
45    49 
45    00 
40    00 
39    38  rZ 
37    16 
35    00 
32    53 
30    48  d 

30  48 

31  13 

32  00 

32  52<Z 

33  00 

34  00 
34    50 

E 

183 
249 
243 
255 
260 

92 
324 

42 
347 

34 
324 
324 
324 
324 
300 

65 
123 
137 

12 
136 
130 

6.2 
7.4 
6.7 
7.5 
8.3 
11.4 
12.1 
25.7 
13.6 
28.0 
6.4 
7.7 
0.4 
1.6 
0.7 
3.7 
6.1 
5.8 
0.0 
5.1 
5.3 

193 
266 
249 
274 
283 
103 
362 

53 
425 

43 
344 
348 
325 
329 
302 

67 
130 
145 

12 
143 
137 

2.0 
2.4 
0.9 
2.4 
3.0 
4.4 
1.9 
8.4 
3.3 
13.2 
2.5 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
2.9 

6.0 

5.6 

3.6 

3.2 

7.0 

6.6 

15.2 

«>25.2 

u;]6.4 

8.7 

5.5 

W15.8 

w    3.0 

w   8.0 

w   6.6 

w  15.0 

w23.9 

M)28.6 

0.0 

«»14  4 

2.9 

5.0 

5.6 

i«11.7 

XV    8.8 

8.0 

wl3.2 

wl9.0 

11.8 

8.2 

wW.O 

5.5 

10.5 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

87.0 
86.4 
83.8 
85.6 
82.0 
75.8 
63.9 
49.8 
72.1 
67.0 
87.5 
73.7 
97.0 
92.0 
93,4 
85.0 
76.1 
71.4 
100.0 
85.5 
97.1 

2.1 
0.8 
3.4 
0.0 
4.5 
0.0 
10.0 
4.2 
1.6 
3.3 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.3 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
8.0 

97 

118 

113 

128 

105 

91 

54 

24 

61 

88 

80 

19 

33 

25 

88 

294 

46 

21 

29 

28 

34 

38    52 
38    52 

E.S.E... 
E 

37    14 
35    35 
35    00 
30    00 
29    44 
25    20 
25    00 

E.S.E... 
E.S.E... 
E.S.E... 
S.S.E.  . 
E.S.E... 
S.E. .    .. 
SE 

20    00 

SS.E  ... 

15    00 

SS.E... 

10    00 

S.S.E..   . 

5    00 

SS  E... . 

Equator. 

1  00' S. 

2  54 
5    00 
5    08 

s 

s.s.w... 
ss.w... 
s.s.w... 
s.w 

7    00 
9    00 

s.s.w.  iW.... 
s.s.w 

Shortest  distance  to  the  equator  by  this  route,  3, 640  miles.  Average  distance  to  be  sailed 
on  account  of  adverse  winds,  3,899  miles.  The  Surprise,  in  January,  1851,  accomplished  it  in 
24  days,  and  3,852  miles  per  log.  The  Governor  Morton,  in  January,  1855,  did  the  same  in 
20  days,  and  3,640  miles  from  noon  to  noon;  she  crossed  in  33°  20';  and  Captain  Burgess  says: 
"  Four  days  afterwards,  [being  in  lat.  11°S.,  32°30' W.,]  Ihave  foundno  difficulty,  as  you  perceive, 
in  clearing  St.  Roque,  notwithstanding  I  crossed  the  line  further  west  than  you  recommend.  I 
began  to  experience  some  unpleasant  feelings  as  to  my  position,  but  stood  on  agreeably  to  your 
valuable  advice,  and  found  the  wind  so  favorable  as  that  I  think  there  would  have  been  no 
difficulty  in  clearing  the  Cape,  if  wo  had  crossed  in  34°."     See  his  log. 

The  courses  from  35^  N.  to  30°  N.,  and  from  7°  S.  to  9°  S.,  run  through  a  part  of  the  ocean 
that  is  liable  to  calms.  In  the  adjacent  wind-roses,  to  the  east  of  these,  (see  Pilot  Charts,) 
there  is  less  liability  to  calms.  From  New  York  to  the  parallel  of  25°  N.,  in  this  month,  the 
south  is  generally  the  windward  side.  Thence  to  the  line  it  is  to  leeward.  Prefer,  therefore, 
in  this  month,  to  cross  25°  N.  to  the  E.  of  40°,  and  7°  S.  to  the  E.  of  34°  W.  longitude. 


168 


THE    V/IND    AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 


lOQOC^t^OCNCDOOJf^— <(X>i^ 


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170  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

There  is  to  St.  Roque  a  gain,  since  the  date  of  the  7th  edition,  of  upwards  of  four  days 
(4.3,)  on  the  average,  for  this  month;  and  it  Avill  be  observed  that  this  gain  has  been  effected 
by  running  for  30°  N.,  between  43°  and  44°  W.,  and  then  keeping  on  the  course  which  the 
table  recommends,  and  making  the  crossings  as  therein  advised.  Certainly  Cape  St.  Roque 
need  not  be  dreaded  at  this  season  of  the  year. 

Captain  Bunker,  of  the  Reindeer,  says,  January  6,  after  crossing  the  line  in  34°  30'  N., 
and  clearing  St.  Roque  two  days  after,  "I  think  we  could  have  cleared  the  land  without  any 
difficulty,  even  if  we  had  crossed  the  equator  30  miles  further  west.  We  are  not  a  regular 
clipper  either." 


S?iijo  Lucknow^  (D.  Plumer,)  Boston  to  California,  21  days  out. 

"Feb.  7.  Lat.  1°  07' S. ;  long.  31°32'W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  81°;ofwater,- 
80°.  Winds,  southward,  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.,  and  S.SB.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.  At  1 
hour  30  min.  p.  m.  crossed  the  equator  just  22  days  from  Boston  light,  on  the  meridian  of 
30°  40' W.,  having  sailed,  by  log,  3,803  miles,  and  courses  made  good,  3,782."  [No  other 
circumstance,  not  even  the  actual  performance  of  the  passage  within  a  given  time,  tends  so 
strikingly  to  prove  the  correctness  of  the  data  upon  which  these  Charts  are  founded,  and  the 
accuracy  of  the  calculations  derived  from  them,  as  the  near  coincidence  here  referred  to. 
Taking  into  account  the  detour  which  a  ship  has  to  make  on  account  of  head  winds,  the  dis- 
tance to  be  sailed  is  calculated.  The  Lucknow  tries  it,  and  her  distance  sailed  differs  only  10 
miles  from  the  computed  distance.     A  steamer  could  not  have  shaved  more  closely.]   'C'..- 


From  H.  T.  Walter,  of  the  Phantom. 

"Three  days  from  Cape  Henry  we  lost  our  jib-booms,  top -gallant  mast,  &c.,  besides  leaking 
badly,  and  hence  we  were  not  able  at  times  to  keep  the  vessel  by  the  wind,  and  were 
compelled  to  go  eastward  of  your  track,  for  fear  we  had  to  beat,  which  would  have  been  a  bad 
job  without  a  jib.  But  we  have  paid  the  utmost  attention  to  barometer,  thermometer,  state 
of  weather,  &c. 

The  barque  Reindeer,  which  left  the  Capes  with  us,  arrived  the  same  day  at  Rio.  I 
believe  she  crossed  the  line  in  28°  00'. 

The  brig  W.  A.  Steward  left  the  Cape  three  or  four  days  before  us,  and  arrived  the  same 
day  with  us;  she  sighted  Fernando  de  Noronha,  and  arrived  with  us  the  same  day. 

On  an  average,  vessels  which  sailed  before  and  with  us  had  very  long  passages  for  the 
time  of  the  year. 

The  barque  Inca,  which  sailed  from  Baltimore  the  2d  of  January,  arrived  some  days  after 
us;  her  passage  is  therefore  from  80  to  90  days.  On  the  other  hand,  two  vessels  left  Baltimore 
after  us;  one  made  the  passage  in  35,  the  other  in  41  days.  Last  year,  about  the  same  month 
and  date,  I  found  strong  winds  from  E.SE.  to  E.NE.  in  the  same  latitudes  where  we  had  this 
time  W.SW.  and  S.  winds." 


TO    THE    "FAIR    WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE JANUARY.  171 

Another  letter  from  .27.  T,  Walter. 

"Baltimoee,  November  7,  1854. 

"Sir:  Again  wc  have  the  pleasure  of  sending  you  three  abstract  logs  of  the  barque  Phantom. 

I  have  on  purpose  witliholden  the  abstracts,  first,  in  not  being  too  hasty  to  judge  your 
route;  secondly,  if  possible,  to  give  our  little  experience  on  the  same.  I  confess  that,  from 
the  beginning,  I  was  a  little  prejudiced  in  following  your  tracks.  Not  only  I,  but  several 
masters  of  vessels  I  have  seen  upon  the  subject,  having  done  several  voyages  from  Europe  to 
the  East  Indies,  we  were  always  in  the  habit  of  crossing  the  line  far  to  eastward.  Cape  St. 
Roque  was  such  a  terror  that  it  was  never  even  mentioned;  hence  my  prejudice.  And,  not- 
withstanding the  barque  Phantom  has  not  been  particularly  favored  in  following  your  tracks, 
we  must  come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  are  currents,  winds,  &c. ;  that  one  or  two  degrees 
would  be  of  much  importance  to  the  vessel;  but,  taking  the  favorable  and  unfavorable  views 
of  your  route,  I  think  it  is  entitled  to  much  credit. 

First.  Because  of  steadier  breezes  and  the  greater  certainty  of  breezes  between  the  NE. 
and  SE.  trades. 

Secondly.  Because  of  avoiding  those  heavy  squalls  and  calms;  and  when  we  take  in  con- 
sideration the  waste  of  time,  the  losing  of  spars,  and  the  chafing  of  materials  which  are  expe- 
rienced to  the  eastward,  we  must  come  to  the  conclusion  that  your  route  is  the  most  favorable, 
even  if  we  have  sometimes  to  beat  around  Cape  Roque. 

You  will  see  that,  in  July,  1853,  the  Phantom  crossed  the  line  about  33°  00'  long.,  and 
had  no  difficulty  in  reaching  6°  15'  S.  without  tacking.  Again,  in  August,  1854,  the  line  was 
crossed  in  about  32°  00'  long.  W.,  and  had  mostly  to  tack  to  8°  00'  S.  First,  we  rather  lost 
than  gained,  owing  to  the  strong  breezes  and  rain,  not  being  able  to  stand  close  in  shore;,  but, 
having  once  beating  breezes  and  clear  weather,  we  gained  rapidly. 

In  working  along  the  shore  we  noticed  the  night  in  shore  tacks  (although  against  the  rule 
of  land  breezes)  were  the  most  favorable,  and  mostly  lay  up  one  or  two  points  more  to  south- 
ward. I  found  not  the  least  difficulty  or  danger  in  working  along  shore  during  the  night,  paying 
particular  attention  to  the  lead. 

I  again  have  omitted  variation,  because  the  amplitude  observation  never  agrees  with  the 
variation  of  the  chart.     Ours,  in  most  cases,  is  more  westerly. 

Currents  are  likewise  omitted:  first,  because  we  had  not  the  opportunity  and  knowledge  to 
ascertain  their  correct  rate  and  direction;  secondly,  currents  which  are  found  west  to-day  are 
east  to-morrow;  hence  it  must  mislead  every  navigator.  Even  the  famous  Gulf  Stream,  this 
voyage,  was  so  narrow  that  I  hardly  experienced  any  current.  The  pilots,  however,  told  me 
that  they  had  had  an  easterly  wind  for  the  last  fourteen  days.  Even  large  quantities  of  gulf  and 
sea-weed  were  found  on  the  edge  of  soundings. 

In  July,  1853,  between  5°  00'  and  8°  00'  latitude  N.,  about  36°  00'  and  38°  00'  W.,  the 
current  set  us  fast  to  eastward.  Again,  in  August,  1854,  about  the  same  latitude  and  longitude, 
the  current  set  us  about  110  miles  N.NE.  I  could  not  determine  whether  the  current  set  us 
that  much  in  one  or  three  days,  having  had  no  observation  in  that  time. 

I  have,  however,  paid  a  little  more  attention  to  the  barometer.  The  same  barometer  was 
used  in  all  three  voyages.  It  stands  rather  lower  than  others;  but,  being  very  sensitive,  I  did 
not  like  to  alter  it.     The  stand  of  the  barometer  between  four  o'clock  and  five  o'clock  in  the 


172  THE   WIND    AND    CUIiKEST    CHARTS. 

morning  may  be  yIo  or  tIo"  of  ^^  i^i^h  out  of  the  way,  being  not  then  watched  as  closely  as 
at  the  other  times. 

Lieut.  M.  F.  Mauey,  U.  S.  N." 

I  have  often  remarked  the  stress  which  navigators  will  lay,  each  upon  his  own  experience, 
acquired  even  during  one  trip,  as  to  winds  and  currents  by  the  way.  From  this  one  voyage 
we  often  see  conclusions  drawn  with  great  boldness,  and  rules  for  the  guidance  of  mariners  laid 
down  with  the  confidence  of  perfect  knowledge.  "A  little  learning — ".  The  Pilot  and  other 
charts  of  the  series  furnish  the  experience,  not  the  opinions — but  the  facts,  the  carefully  observed 
and  faithfully  recorded  facts— of  thousands  of  navigators,  as  to  the  winds  and  currents  encoun- 
tered by  them;  and  yet,  with  all  these  data  before  me,  I  often  find  it  exceedingly  difficult  to 
come  to  any  satisfactory  conclusions  as  to  winds,  and  currents,  and  routes,  or  to  lay  down  sail- 
ing directions  Avhich  shall  hold  good  alike  for  all. 

I  was  reminded  by  this  last  letter  of  Captain  "Walter  to  examine  and  see  how  much 
experience  the  abstract  logs  in  this  office  aff"ord  as  to  the  difficulties  of  clearing  Cape  St.  Roque 
when  one  crosses  the  line  west  of  longitude  32°.  Considering  the  ideas  which  have  been 
unwittingly  instilled  into  our  minds  as  to  awful  currents,  and  the  dangers  which  beset  vessels 
that  cross  so  far  to  the  west,  I  was  surprised  to  find  how  trifling,  really,  those  difficulties  are 
when  they  come  to  be  tried.  I  have  examined  the  logs  of  more  than  100  vessels,  bound  south, 
that  have  crossed  the  equator  to  the  west  of  32°,  and  of  these  43  crossed  to  the  west  of 
longitude  34°,  and  five  of  them  only,  viz:  the  Huma,  that  crossed  in  37°  10';  the  Levanter,  in 
35°  28';  the  Gertrude,  in  38°  50';  the  Sabine,  that  crossed  in  34°  30',  and  the  Comet,  in  39°  30', 
were  more  than  a  week  in  clearing  Cape  St.  Roque — they  had,  respectively,  8,  19,  11,  9,  and 
7^  days  each.  Two  weeks  in  the  equatorial  doldrums,  east  of  25°,  is  common,  and  three 
weeks  is  not  uncommon.  The  average  of  these  43,  from  the  line  to  the  fair  way  off  Cape  St. 
Roque,  was  4^  days.  And,  if  we  except  the  five  unfortunates  just  mentioned,  the  average 
time  from  the  line  west  of  longitude  34°  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  is  only  3|  days,  which 
is  less  than  the  average  time  from  the  line  to  the  same  parallel  by  the  old  route.  Of  these  43 
the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  crossed  in  36°,  and  had  three  days;  the  Hudson  Trask  crossed  in 
35°,  and  shot  past  in  two  days;  the  barque  Maury  crossed  in  36°  20',  and  had  4  days;  the 
Bald  Eagle,  in  34°  30',  with  3^  days;  the  Great  Republic,  in  35°,  with  3^  days;  the  Reindeer, 
in  34°  30',  with  2  days;  but  the  Belle  of  the  West  took  seven  days  from  35°  45';  and  the 
Golden  State  the  same  time  to  clear  this  cape  of  fabulous  terror,  after  having  crossed  the  line 
in  36°  38'.  Suppose  experience  to  decide  that  it  will  take  one  week,  on  the  average,  to  clear 
Cape  St.  Roque,  after  having  crossed  the  line  in  (say)  35° — let  us,  upon  this  supposition,  com- 
pare the  passage  by  this  crossing  with  the  length  of  passages  by  the  old  crossings,  say  between 
20°  and  25°  W.  A  vessel,  after  crossing  in  25°,  is  generally  forced  to  sight  St.  Roque,  and 
certainly  it  is,  to  vessels  from  the  United  States,  nearer  to  cross  the  equator  in  35°  and  sight 
St.  Roque  a  week  afterwards,  than  it  is  to  do  it  after  crossing  the  line  in  25°,  and  sight  it  in  3 
days  afterwards.  Vessels,  especially  in  summer  and  fall,  that  find  themselves  as  far  west  as 
36°  or  37°,  when  they  lose  the  NE.  trades,  will  very  frequently  find  the  southwardly  monsoons 
between  the  two  systems  of  trades  sufficiently  strong  and  steady  to  carry  them  to  the  eastward 
at  the  rate  of  100  miles  or  more  for  a  couple  of  days,  and  so  enable  them  to  fetch  up  leeway 
by  standing  to  the  eastward  as  far  as  the  meridians  of  32°  or  33°. 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST     ROQUE — JANUARY.  173 

Commodore  Mervine's  remarks  in  the  following  letter  bear  upon  this  subject: 

United  States  Ship  Independence, 

Rio  de  Janeiro^  November^  1854. 

"  Sir:  A  fair  opportunity  has  been  afforded  me  of  testing  the  soundness  of  your  advice,  in 
crossing  the  equator,  "to  stand  on  boldly  towards  St.  Roque,  instead  of  endeavoring  to  make 
easting  in  order  to  avoid  being  'back-strapped.'"  Now,  this  catastrophe  happened  tome, 
but  occasioned  no  more  than  eighteen  or  twenty  hours'  detention. 

Having  pursued  the  course  recommended  by  you  after  entering  the  doldrums,  I  stood  on, 
crossed  the  equator  in  33°  53'  west  longitude,  at  11  a.  m.,  on  the  15th  November,  and  made 
land  on  the  I7th,  at  11  a.  m.,  twenty-five  miles  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque.  The  prospect  of 
working  so  far  to  windward,  against  a  strong  current,  (which  I  was  induced  to  believe  existed), 
in  a  leewardly  ship  like  the  Independence,  was  rather  inauspicious.  It  was  accomplished, 
however,  during  that  afternoon  and  night,  by  making  short  tacks  off  and  on  the  Bank  of  St. 
Roque,  in  nine  and  ten  fathoms  water. 

On  the  18th,  at  8  a.  m.,  the  Cape  was  under  our  lee,  distant  about  twelve  miles,  and  the 
wind  at  east,  which  enabled  us  to  lay  our  course  along  the  land. 

We  lost  the  NE.  trades  in  8°  N.  latitude,  and  got  the  SE.  trades  in  3°  N.  latitude,  very 
far  to  the  southward,  S.  by  E.,  which,  after  we  had  crossed  the  equator,  and  as  we  approached 
the  coast,  gradually  favored  us  more  and  more  to  the  eastward,  especially  during  the  night. 

From  the  frequency  and  comparative  ease  with  which  vessels  beat  around  the  Cape,  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  winds  in  that  vicinity  are  considerably  modified  by  the  land,  and 
will  be  found  generally  to  prevail  from  the  eastward. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant," 

WM.   MERYINE, 
Appointed  to  Command  Pacific  Squadron. 

Lieut.  M.  F.  Maury,  U.  S.  N., 

National  Observatory,   Washington,  D.  C. 

Barque  Rainbow,  (Atkins  Hughes,  captain,)  New  York  to  Bnenos  Ayres,  six  days  out. 

"Jan.  22,  1855.  Lat.  30°42'N.;  long.  43°  56' W.  Barometer,  30.16;  temperature  of  air, 
72°j  water,  72°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  by  W.  Fresh  breeze,  large  quantities  of 
gulf -weed. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  28°  49'  N.;  long.  40°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  71°.  Clouds,  cir.,  NE.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  by  S;  moderate  breeze  and 
pleasant;  ends,  light  breezes,  inclining  to  southward;  plenty  of  gulf-weed;  barometer  appears 
to  rise  evening  and  fall  again  in  the  morning. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  28°  15'  N;  long.  39°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  baffling;  first  part,  light  breeze;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
light  and  baffling  airs  from  S.  to  NW. ;  ends  Avith  light  breeze  from  S. ;  gulf-weed. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  27°  10' N;  long.  37°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  73°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.;  moderate  breezes  and  squally;  latter  part,  fresh 
squalls;  winds  baffling  from  S.  to  S.W. ;  gulf- weed. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  25°42'N.;  long.  34°  41' W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW. ;  fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  winds  hold 
well  to  southward,  and  carrying  me  much  further  to  the  eastward  than  I  wish  to  go;  gulf- weed. 


174  THE  WIND  AND  CUBEENT  CHARTS. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  24°  37' N. ;  long.  33°  26' W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  74°.  Current,  20  miles,  E.SE.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.SW.;  moderate  breeze  till  4  p.  m. ; 
4  to  9  p.  m.,  light  baffling  airs;  at  9  a  moderate  breeze  sprung  up  from  southward,  which  con- 
tinued the  remainder  of  the  day;  latter  part,  tide  rips;  gulf- weed. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  23°  08'  N.;  long.  31°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  74°.  Current,  12  miles,  E.SE.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W. ;  light  winds  and 
pleasant;  ends  with  wind  W.  by  S. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  20°  20'  N. ;  long.  30°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  W.  to  N.,  N.NE.,  NE. ;  commences  with  light  breezes  from  westward; 
from  4  to  10  p.  m.  wind  hauled  gradually  round  to  NE. ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breeze;  no  gulf-weed. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  18°  11' N.;  long.  30°  33' W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  75°. 
Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  N.NE;  first  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  baffling 
Avinds  from  E.  to  N. ;  a  very  heavy  swell  all  day  from  NW. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  16°  50' N. ;  long.  30°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  N. ;  light  baffling  winds  from  NW.  to  E.,  with  a  heavy  swell 
from  NW. ;  saAv  flying  fish  for  the  first  time. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  15°  44'  N. ;  long.  30°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.08.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW., 
N.  by  E. ;  all  this  day,  light  baffling  airs;  flying  fish;  heavy  swell  from  NW. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  13°  21'  N. ;  long.  29°  57' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  S. ;  first  part,  light  baffling  winds;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  moderate  breeze;  heavy  swell  from  NW.  This  is  the  hardest  chance  I  ever  had  to  get 
through  these  latitudes.  Perhaps  I  am  too  far  east;  but  I  could  not  avoid  it  with  the  winds  I 
have  had.  It  was  my  intention  to  have  followed  the  route  for  January  (Maury's  S.  D.)  as  near 
as  possible. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  10°  52' N.;  long.  29°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.NE.,  NE. ;  light  trades  and  pleasant;  sea  from  NW.  going 
down;  passed  through  tide  rips, 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  7°  35' N. ;  long.  29°  45' W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N. ;  moderate  and  steady  breezes  and  pleasant, 
the  first  steady  wind  since  we  entered  the  regions  of  the  trades;  no  birds  nor  fish. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  3°  47'  N. ;  long.  29°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.    Current,  12  miles,  E.   Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  0°  02'  N. ;  long.  29°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  NE.  by  N.  Fresh  breezes  and  dark  squally  weather, 
with  lightning  in  the  east;  ends  moderate  and  rainy,  with  barometer  falling.  At  5.30  a.  m. 
made  St.  Paul's  rock,  bearing  S.SE;  at  6.30  bore  east,  distant  5  miles;  saw  flocks  of  birds 
while  in  sight  of  St.  Paul's,  the  first  I  have  seen  since  entering  the  tropics.  I  am  now  down 
to  the  equator,  22  days  18  hours  from  Sandy  Hook.  I  have  had  a  very  pleasant  passage  so  far; 
distance  sailed,  by  observation,  3,761  miles. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  2°  20'  S. ;  long.  29°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  rainy.  At 
2.  p.  m.  thunder  and  lightning  to  the  eastward,  succeeded  by  a  very  fresh  squall,  with  hard 
rain;  ends  with  light  breeze  from  SE.  and  pleasant  weather. 


TO  THE  '  FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE JANUARY.  175 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  5°41'S.;  long.  30°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  83°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant." 

Skip  Sultan,  (F.  A.  Wyman,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  eight  days  out. 

"Jan.  28,  1856.  Lat.  28°  25'  N.;  long.  45°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air, 
G0°;  water,  70°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  variable.  Fresh  breezes;  fine  weather;  occasional 
smart  puffs  of  wind;  latter  part,  light  breezes.  Large  quantities  of  sea- weed.  Crossed  parallel 
of  30°  N.,  in  long.  46°  W. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  26°  11'  N.;  long.  44°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  65°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  variable,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.  to  SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and 
calms;  middle  part,  fresh,  sky  somewhat  overcast;  latter  part,  good  breeze,  weather  pleasant. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  23°  29'  N. ;  long.  43°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  74°i 
water,  73°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  to  SW.  by  W.,  and  to  W.NW.  First  part,  fine  fresh 
breeze;  middle,  wind  variable,  but  still  fresh;  latter,  wind  decreasing,  clouds  dispersing. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  21°  42'  N.;  long.  42°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  NW.  to  N.NE.,  NW.  to  N.NE.,  NW.  to  N.NE.  Wind  light  and  variable; 
occasional  calms. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  20°  25' N.;  long.  42°  17' W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  N.NW.  Light  airs,  calms,  and  variable.  Weather 
remarkably  fine;  sky  clear. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  19°  24'  N.;  long.  42°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  variable  from  N.  to  E.NE.  Light  breezes  stirring;  weather  still  continues 
beautiful. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  18°  03'  N.;  long.  42°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  variable,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  very  light  breezes  and  variable; 
latter  part,  fresh  breeze  from  E.SE. 

Feb.  4.  .  Lat.  15°  05'  N.;  long.  40°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  First  part,  breeze  strong;  middle,  strong,  but  variable; 
latter  part,  squally. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  12°  06'  N. ;  long.  38°  53'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  74°;  water,  74°.  Winds: 
from  E.  by  N.  to  E.  by  S.  First  part,  wind  strong  and  frequent  squalls;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  fresh  gales,  at  times  severe.     Numerous  fast  flying  clouds. 

Feb,  6.  Lat.  9°  07'  N.;  long.  36°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  to  E.  by  N.  Strong  winds  and  frequent 
squalls  of  some  severity;  rather  cloudy. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  5°  42'  N.;  long.  35°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.  to  E.NE.  First  part,  strong  breezes,  occasional  squalls,  clouds 
still  hanging  over;  middle  part,  moderate  gales,  with  slight  rain. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  2°  43'  N.;  long.  33°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.  First  part,  fresh  winds,  occasional  squalls, 
with  light  rain;  latter  part,  pleasant  breezes.     Numerous  flying  clouds. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  0°  00';  long.  32°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water, 
80°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  to  E.SE.  Upon  the  equator,  at  meridian,  twenty  days  out 
from  New  York.     Fine  breeze  still  continues;  sky  overcast;  light  rain  occasionally. 

Feb.  10.     Lat.   2°  01'  S.;  long.   32°  36'  W.     Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 


176  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.,  to  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  and  dense 
clouds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breeze;  still  very  cloudy,  but  clearing  off  towards  noon. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  3°  46'  S.;  long.  32°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
Avater,  81°.  Winds:  E  to  S.  First  part,  light  breezes  from  E.SE.  Weather  fine.  Made  at  6 
a.  m.  the  island  of  Ferdinand  Naronha,  bearing  S.  ^  E.,  distant  25  miles.  Latter  part,  cloudy, 
with  light  rain. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  6°01'S.;  long.  32°  49' W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  varying  from  E.  by  S.  to  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  breeze  moderate; 
occasional  squalls,  without  much  wind,  but  some  rain.  Middle  part,  partially  cleared  off; 
breeze  still  moderate.  Latter  part,  cloudy  again;  breeze  light.  At  6  a.  m.  up  with  Cape  St. 
Roque,  2|  days  from  the  equator." 

Ship  Australia^  (N.  J.  Kinsman,  captain,)  New  York  to  Melbourne,  10  days  out. 

"Feb.  5,  1856.  Lat.  29°  03'  N. ;  long.  43°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air, 
70°;  water,  70°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.  Good  breezes  and  clear; 
smooth  sea. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  27°  15'  N.;  long.  41°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  71°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.  Moderate  breezes.  Latter  part,  squally 
appearances. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  25°  33'  N.;  long.  39°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.  Moderate  breezes,  and  pleasant.  At 
11  a.  m.  wind  hauled  in  a  squall  to  north. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  22°  36'  N.;  long.  37°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  73°.     Winds:  N.,  N.NE.  to  NE.,  NE.  by  E.     Brisk  trades  and  passing  clouds. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  19°  25'  N. ;  long.  36°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  74°.     Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.     Brisk  trades  and  passing  clouds. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  16°  27'  N.;  long.  35°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  Fresh  trades  and  passing  clouds,  with 
occasional  squalls. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  13°  35'  N.;  long.  34°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  75°.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.     Strong  trades  and  squally  weather. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  10°  41'  N.;  long.  33°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  77^.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Fresh  trades  and  squally. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  8°16'N.;  long.  32°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.81;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  flaws. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  5°  45'  N.;  long.  29°  57' W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.     Good  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  3°  02'  N.;  long.  29°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.  to  S.SW.  and  E.  by  S.  Good  winds  and 
cloudy.     At  9.40  a.  m.  wind  hauled  to  south,  with  rain. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  1°31'N.;  long.  29°  37' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  E.  by  N.,  E.  byS.  to  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  First  and  middle 
parts,  lightwinds  and  rainy;  sharp  lightning  to  the  southward  and  eastward.  Latter  part, 
moderate  and  squally  appearances;  ends  with  squalls  and  heavy  rains. 

Feb.  17.     Lat.   0°07'S.;  long.  30°  09'  W.     Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 


TO    THE    "FAIR   way"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE JANUARY.  177 

water,  80^.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.  to  E.  by  S.,  SB.  by  E.,  S.SE.  to  SE.  by  E.  Comes  in  with 
heavy  rain  and  light  wind;  middle  part,  squally,  with  rain  and  light  breezes.  At  11  a.  m. 
crossed  the  line,  in  22  days  and  21  hours  from  Sandy  Hook  light-ship.  Latter  part,  light 
winds  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  2°.  32'  S.;  long.  31°  05' W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  8 P.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SB.  to  SE.  by  B.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate 
and  pleasant.     Latter  part,  the  same.     At  9.30  a.  m.  squally  from  the  eastward,  with  fine  rain. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  5°  20'  S.;  long.  31°  47' W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  SB.  by  B.,  SE.  by  B.,  SB.  by  E.     Moderate  and  pleasant." 

Ship  CatJiedral,  (W.  H.  Howard,  captain,)  Boston  to  Callao,  11  daj^s  out. 

"Feb.  10,  1856.  Lat.  28°  58'  N. ;  long.  35°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air, 
62°;  water,  68°.  Current,  |  knot,  south.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.  Gentle  westerly  winds  and 
pleasant.     Large  quantities  of  weed. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  27°  18'  N.;  long.  33°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  64°; 
water,  68°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather,  with 
smooth  water. 

Feb.  12.  .  Lat.  26°  02'  N. :  long.  32°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
water,  66°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  Fine  weather  and  light  breezes,  a  swell  setting 
from  the  NE.     No  weed* 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  24°  27'  N.;  long.  31°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  temperature  of  air,  06°; 
water,  66°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  E.  First  part,  light  westerly  winds;  latter  part,  wind  shifted^ 
in  a  squall,  to  the  eastward.  I  think  we  have  now  the  regular  NE.  trades,  and  shall  run  for  the 
long,  of  30°  and  lat.  10°,  according  to  Lieut.  Maury's  recommendation. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  20°  18'  N.;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NB.,  NE.  Fresh  breeze  and  clear.  No  weeds  nor  birds.  I  shall 
now  make  a  due  south  course. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  16°  00'  N.;  long.  29°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  70°. 
water,  70°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  B.NE.  Brisk  breeze,  and  at  times  light  showers  of  rain. 
No  weeds  nor  birds. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  11°  51'  N.;  long.  29°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  72°. 
water,  72°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Brisk  winds  and  pleasant.  As  yet  we  have  not 
had  four  hours  calm  since  leaving  Boston. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  7°  59'  N. ;  long.  30°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  77^.  Winds:  B.NE.,  E.NB.,  E.NE.  Brisk  breezes  and  clear,  beautiful  weather. 
Large  numbers  of  flying  fish.  The  wind  has  held  for  the  last  four  days  from  E.NE.  with 
singular  regularity.  The  barometer,  also,  has  hardly  varied  one-tenth.  Sailed  in  the  last  four 
days  1,008  miles. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  4°  35'  N. ;  long.  30°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  78°;  water, 
78°.     Current,  1  mile,  south.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  1°  52'  N. ;  long.  30°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  1  mile,  south.  Winds:  E.NB.,  E.,  E.NE.  First  part,  pleasant  breezes, 
during  the  night  heavy  showers;  latter  part,  gentle  breezes  and  clear. 

Feb.  20.     Lat.  00°  03'  N. ;  long.  31°  17'  W.     Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
!j water.   80°     Winds:  E.,   E.,   SB.   by  S.      Commences  with  gentle  breezes,   and  through   the 
voh.  11—23 


178  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

night  heavy  showers  of  rain.  In  the  morning,  wind  hauled  to  SE.  by  S.,  with  clear  weather, 
45  miles  north  of  the  equator.  I  think  we  have  now  the  regular  SE.  trades,  and  1  shall  not 
tack  till  the  last  moment. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  2°  43'  S. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SB.,  SE.  Gentle  breezes  and  clear.  At  1  p.  m.  crossed 
the  equator,  21  days  from  Boston. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  4°  42'  S. ;  long.  33°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  1  mile,  S.  by  W.  Winds:  SB.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Clear,  pleasant 
weather,  and  light  breezes.  Tacked  at  8  p.  m.,  and  stood  four  hours  E.NE.,  to  clear  the 
Roccas.  I  would  remark  again  the  singular  regularity  of  the  barometer,  it  having  varied  very 
little  the  last  four  days. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  6°  32'  S. ;  long.  34°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  1^  mile,  west.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  Fine  weather  and  gentle 
breezes.  At  2  a.  m,  found  ourselves  in  green  water,  with  land  in  sight;  tacked  to  the  NE.  At 
8  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  southward.     At  12  Cape  Blanco  bore  SW.  by  S.,  16  miles  distant." 


TO   THE    "fair   way      OFF    ST.    ROQUE FEBRUARY. 


179 


COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  mO— February. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

winds;  per  cent. 

o    . 

1  i 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from — 

Fair. 

Calms. 

11 

N'dorE'd. 

S'd  or  Wd. 

cs  .a 

From  40'  27'  N. 

74°  00'  W. 

I 

39    U 

To  70    00 

E.S.K 

199 

5.1 

209 

1.3 

7.3 

5.9 

85.5 

6.2 

303 

37    33 

65    00 

E.S.E 

256 

2,7 

263 

0.0 

5.7 

2.3 

92.0 

4.5 

87 

35    53 

60    00 

E.S.E 

263 

1.2 

280 

7.0 

9.0 

6.0 

84.0 

1.0 

100 

35    53 

55    00  d 
53    12 

E 

243 

144 

7.2 

5.7 

260 
151 

3.0 
1.3 

5.0 
12.2 

4.0 
14.8 

88.0 

78.4 

1.0 
4.0 

100 

35    00 

E.S.E 

74 

33    21 

50    00 

48    13 

S.E 

225 

98 

0.0 
2.1 

225 
100 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
5.5 

0.0 
5.5 

100.0 
88.9 

3.5 
0.0 

28 

32    54 

E.S.E 

18 

30    00 

45    00 
40    00  d 
40    00 
37    45 

S.E 

240 

372 

38 

324 

3.8 
0.0 
11.5 
9.3 

249 

372 

42 

354 

0.0 
0.0 
3.7 
4.8 

5.5 

0.0 

14.8 

1.6 

11.1 
0.0 
7.4 
3.2 

83.4 
100.0 
74.1 
90.3 

0.0 
0.0 
18. 2e 
3.1 

18 

25    38 

S.E 

20 

25    00 

S 

27 

20    00 

S.S.E 

62 

15    00 

35    35 
33    28 

S.SE 

324 
324 

1.6 
0.0 

329 
324 

0.0 
0.0 

u>8.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 

92.0 
100.0 

0.0 
0.0 

25 

10    00 

S.S.E 

31 

5    00 

31    23  d 

S.S.E 

324 

0.0 

324 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

5.3c 

18 

Equator. 
1    OOS. 

31  23  d 

32  00 

S 

300 
72 

3.7 
5.1 

311 
76 

0.0 
0.0 

wH.l 
w\9.0 

0.0 
0.0 

85.3 
81.0 

2.7 
1.7 

108 

S.S.W.  1  w.... 

289 

3    00 

32    50 

s.s.w 

130 

6.5 

138 

0.0 

«>21.6 

0.0 

78.4 

0.0 

28 

3    24 

33    00 
33    40 

S.S.W 

26 

104 

0.0 
3.0 

26 
107 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 

100.0 
75.0 

0,0 
0.0 

9 

5    00 

s.s.w 

K'25.0 

12 

7    00 

33  40  d 

34  00 

s 

120 
52 

0.0 
0.0 

no 

52 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 

100.0 
100.0 

0.0 
0.0 

11 

7    48 

s.s.w 

22 

9    00 

34    30 

s.s.w 

78 

5.2 

82 

0.0 

wl3.0 

0.0 

87.0 

0.0 

23 

Shortest  distance  to  the  equator  by  this  route,  3, 674  miles.  Average  distance  to  be  sailed 
on  account  of  adverse  winds,  3,793. 

The  route  for  this  month  is  one  of  the  most  favorable.  In  no  part  of  it  is  the  average  of 
winds  that  are  entirely  fair  less  than  74  in  100,  and  generally  the  northern  or  larboard  side 
is  the  windward  side.  The  passage  to  the  line  has  been  frequently  made  by  vessels  that  have 
followed  this  route  in  19,  18,  and  even  16  days. 


180 


THE    WIND   AND    CUEKENT    CHARTS. 


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TO   THE    "FAIR  WAY       OFF    ST.    EOQUE FEBRUARY. 


181 


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1 

TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE FEBRUARY.  183 

Ship  ^^ Boston,''  from  New  York  to  Acapulco,  Capt.  Jesse  D.  Potter,  18  days  out. 

"Wednesday,  Feb.  20,  1856.  Lat.  15°  35' N. ;  long.  40°  00' W.  Throughout  these  24 
hours  brisk  breezes  from  E.  and  E.  by  N.,  and  occasional  flaws  with  the  passing  clouds.  Royals 
furled.     Sea  tolerably  smooth.     Barometer  gradually  falling  for  the  past  week. 

I  have  always  found  the  barometer  in  the  tropics  to  range  between  29.90  and  29.70,  where 
the  'trade'  winds  or  'monsoons'  were  blowing;  and  on  approaching  the  variables  outside  the 
tropics,  I  have  always  found  the  barometer  rising. 

Thursday,  Feb.  28.  Lat.  00°  30'  N. ;  long.  30°  20'  W.  Throughout  these  24  hours 
gentle  and  light  breezes,  varying  from  NE.  to  SE.,  with  frequent  moderate  rain  showers. 
Met  a  SE.  swell.  All  sail  set  throughout.  Have  made  the  shortest  passage  to  the  equator 
this  voyage  I  over  made,  (this  is  the  eighteenth  time  I  have  crossed'  the  equator,  outward 
bound,)  and  the  deepest  draft  ship  in  proportion  I  ever  was  in,  which  satisfies  me  that  the 
route  Mr.  Maury  has  projected  or  pointed  out  has  great  advantages  over  the  old  route  to  the 
equator." 

Ship  "  George  limjnes,"  (Capt.  Nathan  A.  Bachelder,)  from  Boston  to  San  Juan  del  Sur. 

"March  13,  1856.  Lat.  0°  27'  S. ;  long.  28°  27'  W.  Wind:  SE.  to  S.  Crossed  the  equator 
11  p.  m.,  23^  days  from  Boston. 

The  "George  B.aynes"  is  what  may  be  called  a  good  profitable  freighting  ship.  Carries 
a  large  cargo,  and  sails  as  well  as  the  average  of  full  ships;  is  1,000  tons  burden,  and  quite 
deep  this  voyage,  (having  on  board  1,535  tons  coal,  and  30,000  feet  of  lumber,  making,  in  all, 
good  1,600  tons,  dead  weight;)  ship  drawing  21  feet  6  inches  water;  the  most  that  she  will  sail 
now,  being  so  deep,  is  8  or  8^  knots.  Good  luck,  with  your  valuable  information  to  guide  us, 
has  thus  far  shortened  our  passage  10  or  12  days.  I  think  a  clipper  ship,  with  the  same 
chance,  would  have  done  it  in  16  days.     Distance  sailed  is  3,620  miles.'' 

North  of  the  equator  there  appears  to  be  a  pretty  regular  set,  about  a  knot  an  hour,  in 
February  and  March,  as  per  this  bottle  paper: 

"Latitude  00°  46'  N.;  longitude  39°  16'  W.  Barque  "May  Queen,"  of  Baltimore,  Capt. 
E.  P.  Johnson,  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  to  Baltimore.  All  well.  February  10,  1857.  Whoever 
finds  this  bottle  will  please  send  the  enclosed  to  Lieut.  M.  F.  Maury,  National  Observatory, 
Washington,  J).  C." 

The  bottle  containing  this  paper  was  picked  up  April  9,  1857,  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Island 
of  Trinidad,  lat.  10°  36'  N. ;  long.  61°  W.,  by  Mr.  John  Carter,  and  forwarded  by  Edward  B. 
Marache,  esq.,  U.  S.  consul,  to  the  National  Observatory,  Washington. 

Now,  it  appears  that  this  bottle  was  carried  to  the  northward  and  westward,  in  a  direction 
nearly  at  right  angles  with  that  of  the  wind,  1,420  nautical  miles  in  58  days,  which  shows  a 
current  of  about  a  knot  an  hour.  I  think  this  a  very  good  determination  as  to  the  movements 
of  the  waters  in  that  part  of  the  ocean  at  this  season  of  the  year. 

Ship  Enterprise,  (Joseph  Airey,  captain, )  New  York  to  Calcutta,  8  days  out. 

"Feb.  9,  1855.  Lat.  30°  10'  N. ;  long.  38°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  NW.  by 
W.,  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W. ;  first  part,  fresh  gales  and  high  sea;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  26°  34'  N.;  long.  36°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  N.,  N.  by  E., 
N.NE.  Commences  with  pleasant  weather  and  fine  breezes;  ends  with  light  breezes  and 
cloudy;  passed  large  quantities  of  gulf-weed;  winds  appear  like  trades. 


184  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  24°  27'  N.;  long.  35°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.  by  E., 
N. ;  moderate  breezes  throughout,  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  23°  02' N.;  long.  34°00'W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.;  first 
part,  light  winds  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  airs  and  cloudy. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  21°43'N.;  long.  33°38'W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  N.  byW.,N.  by 
W.,  N.  by  W.  Commences  with  light,  bafiling  airs;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  air  and 
calms,  sky  overcast. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  20°  30' N.;  long.  31°  07' W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  N.N W.,  W.SW., 
S.SW. ;  first,  calm  and  pleasant;  middle,  fresh;  ends  the  same. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  19°  09' N. ;  long.  27°  49' W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.; 
S.SW.  Commences  fresh  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  fresh  variable  winds  and  cloudy;  end^ 
moderate. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  18°39'N.;  long.  26°  49' W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW., 
SW.  Commences  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter,  light  airs  and  pleasant, 
heavy  thunder  in  the  NW. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  17°  47'  N.;  long.  27°  8'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  calm,  NE.,  NE. ; 
first  and  middle,  calm  and  pleasant;  latter,  light  breezes  and  cloudy,  heavy  sea  from  NW. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  14°  24'  N.;  long.  27°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE. 
Commences  light  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  fresh  and  cloudy;  ends  with  fine  trade-winds 
and  passing  clouds. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  10°  54'  N.;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE., 
E.NE.     Fine  trade-winds  throughout  and  passing  clouds. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  8°  08'  N.;  long.  28°  29' W:  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  E. ; 
first  and  middle,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter,  light  winds  and  sultry  weather. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  4°57'N.;  long.  28°  41' W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E. 
Commences  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  black,  heavy  clouds  passing;  squally 
appearances;  ends  light  winds  and  a  heavy  sea  from  the  SE. 

Feb.  .22.  Lat.  2°  24'  N. ;  long.  29°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S., 
SE.  by  S.  Begins  with  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather;  middle,  squally,  with  rain;  latter 
part,  moderate. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  0°  11' N.;  long.  31°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE. 
Light  breezes  throughout,  and  passing  clouds;  tide  rips. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  2°  50'  S. ;  long.  32°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.62.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S., 
SE.  by  S.     Fine  breezes  throughout;  passing  showers. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  3°  55'  S. ;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  SE., 
SE. ;  first  and  middle  parts,  light  winds  and  sultry;  ends  light  variable  airs. 

Feb.  26.  Lat.  6°40'S.;  long.  33°  28' W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. 
by  E. ;  first,  increasing  winds;  middle  and  latter,  fresh  variable  winds,  and  squally,  with  rain." 

Brig  William  H.  Steivart,  (G.  A.  Scales,  captain,)  New  York  to  Pernambuco,  10  days  out. 

' '  March  1,  1856.  Lat.  27°  47'  N. ;  long.  40°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29. 90.  Wind :  southward 
and  westward;  fresh  and  cloudy. 

March  2.  Lat.  25°  38' N. ;  long.  39°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Wind:  from  the  north- 
ward; much  sea-weed  and  many  flying  fish;  studding-saMs  on  both  sides. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE FEBRUARY.  185 

March  3.  Lat.  23°  04'  N. ;  long.  37°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.03.  Wind:  northward  and 
eastward.     All  sails  and  port  studding-sails  set.     Passed  great  quantities  of  weed. 

March  4.  Lat.  20°  18' N.;  long.  36°  23' W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Wind:  northward  and 
eastward;  latter  part,  eastward. 

March  5.  Lat.  17°19'N.;  long.  35°  05' W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Wind:  easterly;  fresh 
breezes  and  heavy  passing  clouds  from  E.NE. ;  sharp  wind. 

March  6.  Lat.  14°  OG'  N.;  long.  34°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.03.  Wind:  northward  and 
eastward;  fresh,  with  dark  passing  clouds. 

March  7.  Lat.  11°  03'  N. ;  long.  33°  31'  W.  Barometer,  30.01.  Fresh  breezes  and 
cloudy,  with  the  wind  NE.  by  N. 

March  8.  Lat.  7°  52'  N. ;  long.  32°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Fresh  breezes  fromNE. 
by  N.,  and  cloudy;  ends  fresh  from  NE.  by  E.,  with  light  passing  squalls.  Set  port,  top-mast, 
and  top -gallant  studding-sails. 

March  9.  Lat.  4°  36'  N. ;  long.  32°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Fresh  breezes  from  east, 
a'nd  cloudy;  studding-sails  set;  latter  part,  fresh,  with  passing  squalls  and  slight  rain. 

March  10.  Lat.  2°  19'  N. ;  long.  31°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  NE.  to  B., 
E.SE.,  SE. ;  fresh  Avinds  and  passing  squalls;  middle  part,  cloudy,  and  baffling  winds,  with 
rain;  ends,  light  baffling  winds  and  squally. 

March  11.  Lat.  0°  14'  S. ;  long.  31°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  NE.  to  E.,  E.SE., 
E.,  and  calm;  light  baffling  wind  and  constant  rain;  middle,  steady  at  E.,  no  rain,  wind 
quarterly,  and  smooth  sea;  latter  part,  light  airs  and  calms,  and  constant  rain.  Great  numbers 
of  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

March  12.  Lat.  1°  34' S. ;  long.  30°  53' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  In  the  doldrums.  Light 
breezes  and  calms,  and  squalls  of  wind,  with  rain.     Lightning  in  the  SE. 

March  13.  Lat.  3°  40'  S. ;  long.  31°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Current,  1^  miles, 
W.NW. ;  variable  winds  and  calms,  with  rain,  thunder,  and  lightning.  At  4  a.  m.  fresh  breeze 
from  SE. ;  ends  moderate  breezes  from  SE. 

March  14.  Lat.  5°  28'  S. ;  long.  32°  16' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Current,  |  mile,  W. 
Light  winds  and  clear  from  SE. ;  middle  part,  fresh;  latter  part,  moderate." 

Sldp  Sweepstakes^  (George  E.  Lane,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  7  days  out. 

"Feb.  28,  1856.  Lat.  29°  23' N. ;  long.  39°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of 
air,  69°;  water,  67°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.;  first  part,  fine  breeze,  with  few 
passing  showers;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  nearly  calm.  Horse  latitudes,  I  guess,  beginning. 
Saw  a  few  sprigs  of  gulf-weed — first  seen. 

Feb.  29.  Lat.  27°  40'  N.;  long.  37°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  69°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S. ;  first  part,  moderate  and  nearly  calm,  until  5  p.  m. ; 
middle  and  latter,  gentle  breeze  and  clear  fine  weather." 

Ship  White  Stvcdlow,  (Nat.  Brown,  jr.,)  first  day  out. 

"Feb.  21,  1856.  Lat.  38°  34'  N.;  long.  70°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.85.  At  5  p.  m.  took 
departure  from  Highlands  of  Neversink,  bearing  W.  15'  distant.  Middle,  fresh  breezes  and 
overcast;  latter  parts,  moderate;  all  studding-sails  out,  steering  SE. 

Feb.  22.     Lat.  37°  37'  N. ;  long.  67°  23'  W.    Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  water,  58°; 
moderate  and  overcast.     At  10  p.  m.  wind  veered  northeastly;  in  studding-sails  and  braced 
up;  ends  moderate  and  fine;  much  mirage  on  the  horizon. 
VOL.  II 24 


186  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  36°  55'  N. ;  long.  63°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.85.  First  and  middle,  brisk  winds, 
veering  northwestward;  latter,  light  and  pleasant,  all  drawing  sails  set. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  36°  45' N.;  long.  57°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  First  part,  increasing 
breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  strong  gales  and  large  sea,  shipping  much  water;  latter  parts, 
much  the  same,  with  squalls  and  high  sea. 

Feb.'  25.  Lat.  34°  56'  N;  long.  54°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Strong  gales,  violent 
squalls,  and  a  heavy  sea  running;  ship  laboring,  and  taking  much  water  on  board;  running 
under  double  reefs  and  foresail. 

Feb.  26.  Lafc.  33°  39'  N.;  long.  51°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  62°; 
of  water,  59°.  Strong  breezes  and  cloudy,  running  under  double  reefs  and  foresail;  middle, 
moderating;  ends,  fresh  breezes  and  passing  squalls;  high  westerly  sea  continues;  pass  much 
gulf-weed — first  seen. 

Feb.  27.  Lat.  31°  25'  N.;  long.  46°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  66°; 
of  water,  63°.  Fine  fresh  westerly  breezes;  top-gallant  sails  set,  steering  SE.  |  S. ;  hazy 
weather  and  damp;  ends,  moderately  and  very  fine;  all  studding-sails  set;  much  gulf- weed. 

Feb.  28.  Lat.  28°  44'  N.;  long.  43'  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of 
water,  70°.  Fine  breezes  and  hazy;  middle  and  latter,  moderating  to  a  gentle  wind;  consid- 
erable NW.  swell;  all  studing-sails  set,  steering  S.SB.,  per  compass. 

Feb.  29.  Lat.  26°  47'  N. ;  long.  41°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of 
water,  70°.  Light  winds  and  hazy.  At  9  p.  m.  wind  veered  SW. ;  at  midnight  freshened,  and 
continues  with  brisk  breezes  at  the  close;  fine  weather,  &c. 

March  1.  Lat.  24°  11'  N. ;  long.  37°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  70°.  Brisk  winds  and  fine  weather;  morning,  light  showers;  all  sail  set  by  the  wind; 
am  sorry  to  get  so  far  to  the  eastward. 

March  2.  Lat  22°  16'  N.;  long.  35°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  71°.  Moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  middle  and  latter,  quite  light,  with 
delightful  weather,  steering  by  the  wind. 

March  3.  Lat.  20°  02'  N.;  long.  34°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  72°.  Light  airs  and  fine  weather;  night,  hauling  north;  heavy  bank  to  NE.  At  3 
a.  m.  squally,  and  heavy  rain  till  7  a.  m. ;  latter,  gentle  breezes  and  hazy,  cloudy  weathei-;  all 
sail  out,   steering  S.  ^  W.,  per  compass. 

March  4.  Lat.  16°  36'  N.;  long.  34°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  72°.  Moderate  trades  and  squally  looking  weather,  sometimes  light  and  showery. 
In  my  anxiety  not  to  go  too  far  east,  I  find  that,  having  had  a  westerly  current,  I  am  not  so  far 
as  I  could  wish;  but  the  wind  is  still  free  enough  to  haul  up  a  little  to  check  it. 

March  5.  Lat.  12°  56'  N.;  long.  33°  31'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  74°.  First  part,  very  baffling,  trying  to  be  squally,  but  little  wind,  some  fine  rain; 
middle,  the  same;  latter,  fine  fresh  trade-wind  and  passing  clouds. 

March  6.  Lat.  9°  00'  N. ;  long.  32°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.975;  temperature  of  air,  84°. 
of  water,  76°.  Fine  fresh  trade-winds  and  pretty  steady,with  passing  clouds;  topmast  studding- 
sails  out,  steering  S.  by  E. 

March  7.     Lat.   5°  08'  N. ;  long.  30°  30'  W.     Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  83° 
of  water,  78°.     Fine  trades  and  hazy  weather;  middle,  the  same;  morning,  inclining  to  be 
squally;  ends  fresh  and  hazy;  noticed  tide  rips  yesterday  and  to-day. 


TO  THE  "fairway"  OTF    ST,  ROQUE FEBRUARY.  187 

March  8.  Lat.  1°  59'  N.;  long.  29°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  78°.  First  part,  moderating  breezes  and  squally  appearances.  At  2  a.  m.  wind 
hauled  SE.  in  a  smart  squall  and  much  rain;  latter,  light  winds  from  SE.  to  E.  by  S. ;  sultry 
weather  and  rough  irregular  swell;  ends,  a  squall  from  SE. 

March  9.  Lat.  0°  48'  S.;  long.  30°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  78°.  Light  airs,  with  some  squalls  and  rain,  with  head  swell;  middle  part,  a  few  squalls 
and  little  rain;  latter,  very  pleasant.  Crossed  the  line  about  6  a.  m.,  17  days  13|  hours  from 
Sandy  Hook. 

March  10.  Lat.  3°  39'  S. ;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  78°.  Light  winds,  somewhat  fine;  sometimes  a  smart  squall,  with  rain;  morning, 
faint  airs,  squally  appearances;  latter,  fine.  Fernando  de  Noronha  in  sight,  peak  bearing 
SW.  by  W. 

March  11.  Lat.  6°  25'  S. ;  long.  33°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.925;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  79°.  First  and  middle,  variable,  sometimes  light  and  baffling,  then  hard  squalls  (7) 
and  much  rain,  then  good  wind;  latter,  gentle  breezes  and  beautiful  weather. 

March  12.  Lat.  9°  43'  S.;  long.  33°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.925;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  80°.  Moderate  winds  and  fine  weather;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  light  and  fine,  smooth 
sea;  ends,  hauling  east;  set  all  port  studding-sails." 

Ship  Atalanta^  (F.  M.  Montell,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  10  days  out. 

"March  6,  1855.  Lat.  29°  02'  N. ;  long.  36°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of 
air,  66°;  water,  69°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  S.SW.  During  the  day,  gentle  breezes  and  cloudy 
weather;  saw  large  quantities  of  sea- weed. 

March  7-  Lat.  25°  44'  N. ;  long.  36°  15  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  66°; 
water,  68°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  cloudy  weather; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  squally. 

March  8.  Lat.  21°  30'  N. ;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  E.SE.  During  the  day,  strong  breezes,  with  heavy  squalls 
of  wind  and  rain.     Distance  this  day,  per  observation,  338  miles. 

March  9.  Lat.  17°  36'  N.;  long.  34°  22'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Strong  breezes  from  the  eastward,  with  frequent  squalls. 

March  10.  Lat.  13°  38'  N. ;  long.  32°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.  Strong  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls  of  wind 
and  light  rain. 

March  11.  Lat.  9°  25'  N. ;  long.  31°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE;  by  E.,  E.  by  S.     Strong  breezes,  with  clear  weather. 

March  12.  Lat.  5°  35'  N. ;  long.  30°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  E;SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.     Fine  clear  weather. 

March  13.  Lat.  2°  54'  N.;  long.  30°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  Moderate  breeze  and  cloudy;  think  there  is  a  current 
setting  one  mile  per  hour  to  the  westward. 

March  14.  Lat.  1°  20'  N. ;  long.  31°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  S.SE.  Light  baffling  airs  and  calms,  with  heavy  rain,  thunder, 
and  lightning;  current  setting  to  the  westward,  15  miles  per  day. 


188  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  15.  Lat.  1°  21'  S. ;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  8P; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  calm,  S.SE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter, 
fresh  breezes  and  clear. 

March  16.  Lat.  2°  49'  S. ;  long.  33°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  Pleasant,  with  light  breezes;  saw  large 
quantities  of  birds  this  morning  at  8  a.  m. 

March  17.  Lat.  3°  07'  S. ;  long.  32°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.65;  teniperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Pleasant  weather,  with  light  breezes;  a  current  of 
36  miles  per  day  to  the  westward. 

March  18.  Lat.  4°  00'  S.;  long.  33°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Pleasant  weather  and  light  winds. 

March  19.  Lat.  6°  21'  S.;  long.  33°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SB.,  E.SE.  Light  airs  during  the  day  and  fresh  breezes  all 
night." 

Ship  Sweepstakes^  (George  E.  Lane,)  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  7  days  out. 

"Feb.  28,  1856.  Lat.  29°  23'  N. ;  long.  39°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
69°;  water,  67°.  Winds:  W.NW.  First  part,  moderate  and  nearly  calm,  until  5  p.  m.,  when 
a  breeze  sprung  up;  middle  and  latter  part,  gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Distance  run, 
134  miles. 

Feb.  29.  Lat.  27°  40'  N.;  long.  37°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  69°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  and  clear;  middle  part,  fine  breezes,  and 
occasional  showers  of  rain;  latter  part,  fine  breezes,  all  sails  set.  This  wind  taking  me  two 
far  east  in  this  latitude;  cannot  avoid  it;  hope  to  get  the  NE.  trades  soon.  Distance  run,  253 
miles. 

March  1.  Lat.  25°  22'  N.;  long.  33°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW^  First  part,  fine  and  clear;  middle,  fine 
breeze;  few  showers;  latter,  fine  breeze;  all  sail  set.  This  wind  is  taking  me  too  far  east  in 
this  latitude;  cannot  avoid  it;  hope  to  get  the  NE.  trades  soon. 

March  2.  Lat.  23°  51'  N.;  long.  30°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  71°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  and  clear;  middle  and  latter, 
wind  very  unsteady  and  light.     Have  seen  but  two  birds  since  leaving  New  York. 

March  3.  Lat.  22°  02'  N. ;  long.  30°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
water,  71°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  y^.  by  S.  Fine  weather  and  very  smooth  sea.  I 
certainly  thought  we  should  have  had  the  trades  in  this  latitude  at  this  season  of  the  year,  as 
I  have  run  twice  in  February  from  Madeira  to  New  York  without  going  south  of  28°,  and 
carried  good  trades  past  Bermuda. 

March  4.  Lat.  19°  33'  N. ;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  71°.  Clouds:  cum.,  stra.,  and  cir.  Winds:  W.,  N.,  N.  First  part,  gentle  breeze, 
with  few  slight  showers;  middle,  fine  weather;  latter,  fine,  clear  and  moderate.  Am  afraid  I 
am  too  far  east  in  this  latitude  to  get  good  trades.  [You  ought  to  have  been  between  34°  and 
36°.]     No  weeds  nor  birds. 

March  5.  Lat.  16°  27'  N. ;  long.  29°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  72°.  Clouds:  cum.  Winds:  N.,  N.NE.,  NE.  Fine  weather  throughout,  and  gentle 
breezes;  large  swell  from  NW.     Saw  a  few  flying  fish.     Took  the  trades  in  about  18°  north. 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE — FEBRUARY.  189 

March  6.  Lat.  12°  34'  N. ;  long.  29°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Throughout,  good  trades  and'^fine  weather.  Saw  a 
hirge  number  of  birds  this  a.  m. 

March  7.  Lat.  8°  22'  N.;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Clouds:  cum.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Throughout,  good  brisk  trades, 
with  clear  and  hazy  weather.  Swell  from  NW.  still  perceptible.  I  never  saw  it  so  far  south 
before. 

March  8.  Lat.  4°  41'  N.;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
Avater,  79°.  Clouds:  overcast.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  First  part,  clear  and  pleasant: 
middle,  dark  cloudy  weather;  latter,  cloudy,  with  several  showers;  heat  very  oppressive. 
After  10  a.  m.  moderate;  it  has  every  appearance  of  losing  the  NE.  trades. 

March  9.  Lat.  1°  50'  N. ;  long.  29°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  First  part,  heavy  showers;  middle,  same,  with  sharp 
lightning,  no  thunder,  until"  1  a.  m.,  when  we  appeared  to  pass  out  of  the  disagreeable  sultry 
weather;  saw  it  flash  lightning  astern  all  night;  latter,  cloudy,  fine  weather.  Fortunate  to  get 
the  SE.  trades  so  soon. 

March  10.  Lat.  0°  56'  S. ;  long.  30°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  gentle  breeze  and  hazy;  sea  very  smooth. 
Middle,  fine  and  clear.  Latter  part,  very  pleasant.  At  4  a.  m.  we  crossed  the  equator  in 
Jong.  30°  14'  W.  Eighteen  days  and  eight  hours  from  Sandy  Hook;  having  sailed,  as  per  log, 
3,896  miles;  (the  average  by  calculation  397.6)  being  an  average  of  8  knots  |  per  hour. 

March  11.  Lat.  3°  47'  S. ;  long.  31°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  part,  very  warm  and  sultry;  had  a  heavy 
shower  at  3  p.  m.  Middle,  several  showers.  At  1.30  a.  m.  a  heavy  squall  passed  over  us,  and 
left  a  good  breeze,  with  clear  weather.  Latter,  very  pleasant.  We  have  experienced  little  or 
no  current  the  last  three  days. 

March  12.  Lat.  7°  11'  S. ;  long.  33°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Throughout  this  day,  clear  and  pleasant. 
Passed  the  latitude  of  Cape  St.  Roque  at  midnight,  20  days  4  hours  from  New  York." 

Barque  Dragon,  (Thomas  C.  Dunn,  master,)  Salem  to  Fejee  Lslands,  8  days  out. 

"March  4,  1854.  Lat.  29°  31'  N. ;  long.  36°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of 
air,  67°;  water,  68°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  strong  gales  and 
violent  squalls.  Middle  part,  good  breezes  and  clear  weather.  A  very  heavy  hard  s6a.  Latter 
part,  fine  breezes. 

March  5.  Lat.  28°  08'  N. ;  long.  35°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
water,  69°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  calm.  Comes  in  with  good  breezes  and  clear.  A  very 
heavy  swell  from  the  NW.  At  sunset  wind  moderate.  Middle  part,  very  light  airs  and 
baffling.  At  9  a.  m.  a  very  light  air  from  NE.,  which  came  up  very  gradually,  and  at  noon 
was  a  three-knot  breeze,  steady  from  the  eastward.     Ends  clear  and  pleasant. 

March  6.  Lat.  26°  09'  N. ;  long.  35°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
water,  70°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.SE.  Comes  in  with  light  breezes  and  clear  weather.  At 
4  p.  m.  barometer  had  risen  -J„,  and  the  breeze  apparently  increasing;  began  to  flatter  myself 
we  had  the  trades.     Middle  part,  moderate  and  clear.     Latter  part,  the  same. 

March  7.  Lat.  22°  50'  N. ;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  70°.      Current,  S.  60°,  W.  /v  of  a  mile.     Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Brisk  trades 


190  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS 

and  clear  M^eather;  wind  hanging  well  to  the  southward.  I  will  here  remark  the  correctness  of 
your  trade-wind  chart.  In  my  last  voyage,  in  May,  I  consulted  your  chart,  which  indicated 
that  in  my  position  (32°  00'  W.)  the  trades  would  be  found  in  about  32°  N. ;  accordingly 
there  I  found  them,  taking  them  in  31°  40'  N.  Again,  upon  my  present  voyage,  your  chart 
indicated  that  in  36°  W.  the  trades  would  be  found  in  28°  N.  I  have  taken  them  in  28°  20'  N. 
Of  course  I  do  not  understand  that  they  will  always  be  so  exact;  but  I  think  that,  as  averages, 
they  will  be  found  wonderfully  correct. 

March  8.  Lat.  19°  05'  N. ;  long.  35°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  73°.  Current,  S.  67°  W.,  /  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  B.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Brisk 
trades  and  clear  weather. 

March  9.  Lat.  15°  08'  N. ;  long.  35°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  75°.  Current,  S.  67°  W.,  «  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  Strong 
trades  and  cloudy  weather. 

March  10.  Lat.  11°  34'  N. ;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  76°.  Current,  W.,  1  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  Very  strong  trades  and 
cloudy.  As  the  Pilot  Charts  indicate  winds  to  the  northward  of  east,  in  the  proportion  of  6  to 
1  from  10°  N.  to  the  line,  I  have  kept  my  yards  braced  in  a  point  during  the  last  four  days.  I 
think  the  wind  must  soon  haul  more  to  the  northward. 

March  11.  Lat.  8°  25'  N. ;  long.  32°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  W.,  j\  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Fresh  trades  and  hazy 
weather.  Wind  veering  to  the  north.  I  note  as  something  remarkable,  that,  since  crossing. 
30°  N.,  1  have  not  seen  a  piece  of  Saragossa  weed  as  large  as  my  hand.  I  never  passed  through 
these  trades  before  without  seeing  large  quantities  of  it.  End,  moderate  and  pleasant. 
Average  run  per  day  from  Salem,  207  miles. 

March  12.  Lat.  4°  50'  N. ;  long.  30°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  N.  78°  W.,  ''  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,' E.NE.,  E.NE.  Fresh  trades 
and  hazy. 

March  13.  Lat.  2°  13'  N. ;  long.  29°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
Avater,  80°.  Current,  N.  67°  W.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  from  E.  to  S.  Comes  in 
Avith  good  breezes  and  very  hazy  weather.  Middle  part,  the  same.  Latter,  light  baffling 
winds  from  E.  to  S.     Ends  with  moderate  breezes  from  the  eastward,  with  slight  rain  showers. 

March  14.  Lat.  equator;  long.  30°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  N.  70°  W.,  yV  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.,  SE.  Comes  in 
with  moderate  breezes  from  the  eastward.  Middle  part,  unsteady  breezes,  with  frequent, 
heavy  rain  showers.  Latter  part,  light  breezes  from  SE.,  and  pleasant.  At  noon  on  the 
equator,  20  days  from  Salem.  Distance  by  log,  4,023  miles,  [by  computation,  3,976,]  being 
an  average  of  201  miles  per  day. 

During  this  passage,  I  have  followed  your  Sailing  Directions  as  nearly  as  practicable. 
Sometimes  I  have  been  on  one  side  of  your  route,  sometimes  on  the  other.  I  could  have 
followed  it  closer;  but  when  close  hauled  with  a  very  strong  breeze,  I  have  always  kept  my 
yards  braced  in  a  point  or  two,  thinking  that  the  increased  speed,  when  I  had  plenty  of 
sea-room,  would  more  than  compensate  the  increased  distance,  and  so  it  has  proved.  I  could 
probably,  by  keeping  close  to  the  wind,  have  followed  your  track  to  the  very  letter;  but  I 
should  probably  have  been  another  day  reaching  the  equator.  I  have  found  your  Pilot  Charts 
a  very  valuable  guide. 

March  15.     Lat.  1°  54'  S.;  long.  31°  40'  W.     Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY   OFF  ST.  ROQUE  — MARCH, 


191 


water,  81°.  Current,  west,  1  mile.  Winds:  SB.  and  calm,  SE.  by  8.,  SE.  by  S.  Comes  in 
with  light  breezes  and  clear  weather;  at  3  p.  m.  calm;  middle  part,  moderate  breeze  from 
SE.,  and  clear;  latter  part,  the  same. 

March  16.  Lat.  4°  46'  S. ;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
86°;  water,  82°.  Current,  ^V  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Throughout, 
moderate  trades  and  pleasant.  At  6  a.  m.  Fernando  de  Noronha  bore  E.,  dist.  7  miles.  Ends 
light  trades  and  pleasant. 

March  17.  Lat.  7°  10'  S. ;  long.  33°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  91°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  none.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Comes  in  with  light  trades  and 
clear  weather.  At  4  p.  m.  wind  at  S.SE.  Tacked  to  the  eastward  at  7  p.  m.  Tacked  again 
to  the  southward.     Latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  clear." 


NEW  YORK  TO  mO~March. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS  ;    PER    CENT. 

si 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from — 

Fair. 

Calms. 

11 

s   > 

«  -1 

N'dorE'd. 

S'd  or  W"d. 

From  40°  27'  N. 

74°  00'  to 

39     11 

70    00 

E.S.E 

199 

9.6 

218 

2.2 

wlO.7 

7.5 

79.7 

2.0 

448 

37    43 

65    00 

E.S.E 

256 

7.0 

274 

1.4 

7.8 

7.0 

83.9 

2.0 

353 

36    03 

60    00 

E.S.E 

261 

6.7 

278 

2.4 

6.6 

3.0 

88.0 

6.7 

181 

36    03 

55    00  (J 
53    43 
50    00 
45    00  d 

E 

243 

89 
265 
284 

6.5 
6.1 
12.6 
12.2 

259 

94 

298 

318 

2.1 
0.9 
6.0 
5.1 

6.3 
1.8 
4.5 
6.8 

4.9 

10  14.4 

3.0 

6.8 

86.7 
82.9 
86.5 
81.3 

4.7 
4.2 
0.0 
0.0 

142 

35    00 

8.E 

113 

31    53 

SE 

65 

30    05 

E.S.E 

60 

25    00 

45    00 
40    00 
39    35 

S 

305 

399 

33 

8.8 
10.5 
4.5 

331 

441 

34 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

u.15.5 

«;22.5 

6.0 

12.4 

15.0 

1012.0 

72.1 
62.5 
82.0 

8.6 
0.0 
2.0 

32 

20    23 

S.E 

40 

20    00 

S.E 

45 

15    36 

35    00 
34    23  d 
32    16 

S.E 

370 
51 
324 

3.7 

10.1 

1.0 

484 
56 
327 

0.0 
3.6 
0.0 

u)14.8 

7.2 

to  5.1 

0.0 
7.2 
0.0 

85.2 
82.0 
94.9 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

27 

15    00 

S  E 

56 

10    00 

S.SE 

60 

5'  00 

30    lOd 

S.S.E 

^4 

9.8 

355 

3.9 

u;11.7 

1.3 

8;!.l 

3.7 

78 

Equator. 

1    00'  s. 

30    10  d 

30  35 

31  00 
31    40 

S 

300 
65 
35 

1D3 

3.0 
2.1 
4.0 
0.0 

309 
66 
37 

103 

1.4 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

w   2.8 

w   7.4 

wi3A 

0.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

9-3.8 
92.6 
86.6 
100.0 

2.0 
4.8 
0.0 
0.0 

143 

s.s.w 

299 

1    25 

s.w 

15 

3    00 

s.s.w 

6 

3    48 

32    00 

s.s.w 

52 

8.8 

56 

0  0 

M)22.2 

0.0 

77.8 

0.0 

9 

5    00 

32    30 

s.s.w 

78 

0.0 

7.8 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

10 

6    12 

33    00 

s.s.w 

78 

0.0 

78 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

15 

7    00 

33  20 

34  00 

s.s.w 

52 

104 

0.0 
4.5 

52 
109 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
W14.0 

0.0 
0.0 

100.0 
86.0 

40.0 
0.0 

25 

8    36 

s.s.w 

49 

9    00 

34    10 

s.s.w 

26 

3.2 

27 

0.0 

w   9.8 

0.0 

90.2 

0.0 

82 

Shortest  distance  to  the  equator  by  this  route,  3,703  miles.  Average  distance  to  be  sailed 
on  account  of  adverse  winds,  3,976  miles.  The  Storm  Bird,  (Henry  C.  Small,)  crossed  the 
line  April  11,  1855,  in  28°  48'.     Distance  sailed,  3,980  miles.     She  tacked  but  once. 

This  and  the  February  route  are  the  most  favorable.  After  crossing  5°  N. ,  if  you  can, 
lay  up  S.SE.  to  the  line. 

I  would  recommend  vessels,  in  coming  out  of  New  York  and  Boston,  to  stand  off  well  to 
the  eastward  when  the  winds  are  fair,  before  attempting  to  make  any  southing.  The  degrees 
are  short,  and  by  standing  as  far  as  60°  or  50°  before  crossing  the  parallel  of  40°,  you  have  a 
better  chance  for  running  south  across  the  horse  latitudes. 

This  recommendation  applies  to  all  months,  but  only  when  the  winds  are  fair  for  easting. 


192 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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TO   THE   "FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST-    KOQUE MARCH. 


193 


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VOL.   II- 


-25 


in       1-1 
CO       CO 


194  THE   WIND   AND    CUEEENT   CHAETS. 

I  have  endeavored  to  impress  navigators  who  attempt  the  new  route,  and  who  use  these 
Sailing  Directions,  with  a  sense  of  the  advantages  which  they  gain  by  standing  boldly  on  when" 
they  begin  to  feel  pinched;  they  had  better  trust  to  chances  for  slants  and  favorable 
changes  than  to  attempt  to  beat  up  or  to  stand  back  to  the  northward  in  order  to  make  easting* 
They  can  but  do  that  after  they  have  stood  their  chance,  made  the  land,  and  fallen  to  leeward. 
Then  they  can  but  beat  at  last,  taking  advantage,  as  they  always  should  whilst  near  or  far  from 
the  land,  of  favorable  slants  of  the  wind. 

Let  us  impress  this  lesson  with  the  teachings  of  example,  for  there  is  no  want  of  cases. 
The  George  Raynes  is  not  as  swift  footed  as  her  competitor,  I  take  it;  nevertheless,  she  and 
the  fine  clipper  ship  Starlight  left  New  York  and  Boston  in  the  same  month  for  the  fair  way 
off  St.  Roque,  and  beyond.  Up  to  this  point  I  quote  their  abstracts.  I  quote  from  the 
abstract  log  of  each,  because  the  log  of  the  clipper,  who  did  not  feel  so  closely  pinched,  serves 
to  illustrate  the  propriety  of  Bachelder's  course,  (April  2,)  who  did  feel  pinched,  and  who  did 
right,  notwithstanding  he  did  it  doubtingly.  Indeed,  the  Starlight  would  have  done  better  if  she 
had  been  a  little  more  bold,  and  had  not  hugged  the  wind  so  closely.  She  crossed  the  line,  in 
29°,  the  25th  day  out,  and^was  five  days  thence  to  the  fair  way  off  Cape  St.  Roque. 

Bachelder,  on  the  other  hand,  came  along,  crossing  the  parallels  of  30°,  20°,  and  10°  N., 
as  much  as  13°,  11°,  and  7°  to  the  westward  of  her  computed  route,*  reaching  the  line,  in  32°, 
the  26th  day  out,  with  6  days  thence  to  the  fair  way  off  St.  Roque.  Now,  suppose  Bachelder 
had  yielded  to  the  suggestions  of  timidity  and  stood  to  the  northward  and  eastward,  on  the  2d 
April,  as  he  had  "a  half  a  mind  to;"  the  probabilities  are  that  for  every  day  he  stood  to  the 
NE.  he  would  have  lost  tAvo  in  reaching  the  line;  and  did  he  not  act  wisely  and  prudently  to 
put  off  tacking  as  long  as  he  could,  and  so  take  his  chances  for  any  favorable  change  ?  Clearly 
so;  and  the  two  logs  show  it. 

Ship  George  Baynes^  (N.  A.  Bachelder,)  New  York  to  Yalparaiso;  first  day  out. 

"March  26.  Lat.  39°  05'  N.  Barometer,  (aneroid,)  29.46;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  of  water, 
54°.     Wind:  NW.  throughout.     Throughout,  strong  gales  and  passing  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

March  27.  No  observation.  Current,  50  miles,  E.NE.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature 
of  air,  40°;  of  water,  69°.  Wind:  W.NW.  throughout.  Throughout,  hard  gales  and  squalls 
of  snow,  hail,  and  rain. 

March  28.  Lat.  37°  15'  N.;  long.  60°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  62°.    Wind:  W.NW.  to  NW.     First  part,  moderate;  latter  part,  hard  gales  and  squalls. 

March  29.  Lat.  36°  55' N. ;  long.  59°  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of 
water,  69°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breeze,  rough,  heavy  swell; 
latter  part,  fresh  gales  and  squally. 

March  30.  Lat.  36°  46'  N. ;  long.  56°  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  of 
water,  62°.  Wind:  W.NW.  to  NW.  %  N.  First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  Hght 
breezes  and  pleasant. 

March  31.  Lat.  36°  35'  N. ;  long.  54°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  58°; 
of  water,  63°.     Wind:  NW.  to  W.SW.     Light  breezes,  and  rain  squalls  occasionally;   "light." 

April  1.  Lat.  35°  05'  N.;  long.  51°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of  air,  64°; 
of  water,  63°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE;,  E.  byN.;  first  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 


*  See  Table  of  Crossings,  New  Route  to  Rio  for  April. 


A 


TO   THE    "FAIE   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE — MARCH.  195 

April  2.  Lat.  31°  59'  N.  j  long.  51°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of  air,  66°; 
of  water,  65°.     Winds:  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.;*  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  3.  Lat.  29°  04'  N. ;  long.  51°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
of  water,  68°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.;  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  4.  Lat.  26°  56'  N.;  long.  49°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of 
water,  71°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  by  N. ;  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  5.  Lat.  25°  21'  N. ;  long.  46°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of 
water,  71°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  NE.  by  N.  to  E.NE.;  first  and  middle  parts,  moderate 
breezes;  latter  part,  light,  unsteady,  and  baffling;  large  swell  from  NE. 

April  6.  Lat.  23°  26'  N. ;  long.  46°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  73°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E. ;  light  baffling  breezes  and  squally  appear- 
ances. 

April  7.  Lat.  21°44'N. ;  long,  no  observation.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.;  light  baffling  breezes  throughout; 
stood  to  the  NE.  four  hours. 

April  8.  Lat.  20°  54'  N.;  long.  45°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  light  baffling  breezes  throughout;  pleasant,  smooth 
sea. 

April  9.  Lat,  19°  35'  N. ;  long.  44°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.  by  N.;  light  baffling  breezes  throughout;  sliarp 
braced. 

April  10.  Lat.  17°  39'  N. ;  long.  42°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  74°.     Winds:  E.  |  N.,  from  E.NE.  to  E.  by  S. ;  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  11.  Lat.  14°  59'  N. ;  long.  41°  15'  W.f  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.;  good  breezes,  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
overcast. 

April  12.  Lat.  12°  53'  N.;  long.  39°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.;  first  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy, 
"head  sea;"  latter  part,  moderate. 

April  13.  Lat.  10°  47'  N.;  long.  37°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.;  good  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  14.  Lat.  8°  37'  N.;  long.  35°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  good  breezes,  pleasant,   "hazy." 

April  15.  Lat.  6°  06'  N.;  long.  34°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  79°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.,  E.  by  N.;  pleasant  breezes  and  hazy. 

April  16.  Lat.  4°  06'  N.;  long.  32°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  good  breezes  and  hazy;  latter  part,  heavy 
showers  of  rain,  wind  light  and  unsteady. 

April  17.     Lat.  2°  50'  N.;  long.  31°  26'  W.     Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 

*  "  I  don't  know  whether  I  am  doing  right  or  not  in  standing  so  long  to  the  southward.  We  have  made  a  good  south 
course  these  twenty-four  hours.  It  seems  a  pity  to  go  on  the  other  tack.  Can't  make  better  than  a  NE.  course  ;  might  as 
well  be  lying  still." — Bachelder's  Log. 

t  "  Too  far  to  leeward  again.  Don't  see  how  I  could  have  helped  it.  .Trust  the  wind  will  favor  me,  so  that  I  shall  be  in 
Ji  good  position  to  cross  the  equator." — Bachelder's  Log, 


196  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

of  water,  81°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.  by  S.     Light  baffling  breezes  and  sbowers  of  rain;  in 
rain  squalls  wind  hauls  to  SE.  by  S. ;   "tide  rips;"   lightning  to  S.SE.  and  E. 

April  18.  Lat.  2°  09'  N. ;  long.  31°  26' W.  (D.  E.)  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of 
air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Wind:  E.  to  SE. ;  light  baffling  airs  and  calms;  frequent  showers  of 
rain. 

April  19.  Lat.  0°  45'  N. ;  long.  31°  47'  W.  Current,  30  miles,  SE.  Barometer,  29.98; 
temperature  of  air,  88°;  of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  to  SE. ;  light  breezes  and  calms;  latter 
part,  heavy  showers  of  rain;  stood  E.NE.  three  hours. 

April  20.  Lat.  1°  S.;  long.  32°  06'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  easterly.  Barometer,  29.98; 
temperature  of  air,  84°;  of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  to  SE.  by  S. ;  light  breezes 
throughout,  and  frequent  showers  of  rain.  At  11  p.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  Jong.  31°  55'  JFI, 
25  days  15  Jiours  from  Sandy  HooTc.  Distance  sailed  to  the  equator  by  observation,  from  noon 
to  noon,  3,753  miles;  by  Maury's  tables,  3,811  miles. 

April  2L  No  observation.  Current,  10  miles,  westerly.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature 
of  air,  85°;  of  water,  82°.  Wind:  E.SE.  to  S.SE.;  first  and  latter  parts,  light  baffling  breezes, 
and  light  rain  squalls;  middle  part,  calm. 

April  22.  Lat.  3°  18'  S. ;  long.  32°  32'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  westerly.  Barometer, 
29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.; 
first  part,  light  baffling  winds  and  heavy  showers  of  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy.     Stood  E.NE.  4  hours. 

April  23.  Lat.  3°  37'  S. ;  long.  33°  W.  Current,  NW.  by  W.,  30  miles.  Barometer, 
29.97;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  81*^.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.  to  S.  by  E. ;  moderate  breezes 
throughout.     Stood  to  the  eastward  11  hours. 

April  24.  Lat.  3°  57'  S.;  long.  33°  W.  Current,  W.NW.,  17  miles.  Barometer,  29.97; 
temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E. ;  first  part,  light 
breezes;  at  9  p.  m.  wind  shifted  in  a  squall  to  E.SE.;  middle  part,  light  baffling  winds  and 
heavy  showers  of  rain,  lightning  to  the  eastward,  calm  at  times;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and 
frequent  showers  of  rain. 

April  25.  Lat.  6°  31'  S.;  long.  33°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  81°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  S.SE.;  moderate  breezes  and  light  rain  squalls. 

April  26.  Lat.  8°  07'  S.;  long.  34°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°,  Winds:  S.  from  SE.  to  S.SE.;  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds  of  rain; 
light.'^ 

SM]i  Starlight,  (J.  Chase,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  first  day  out. 

"March  17,  1854.  Lat.  41°  19'  N.;  long.  67°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.2;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.  to  S.,  S.  to  W.,  NW.,  W.NW.  At  10  a.  m.  sailed  from 
Lewis'  wharf;  at  noon  discharged  the  pilot  off  the  "Light."  Light  breezes  from  W.SW. 
until  3  p.  m. ;  fresh  from  S.  to  9  p.  m. ;  rigging  stretching;  in  royals  and  top-gallant  sails;  middle 
part,  wind  hauled  W.NW.  in  a  squall,  where  it  remained  with  fine  weather. 

March  18.  Lat.  41°  19'  N.  (D.  R.;)  long.  64°  W.  Barometer,  29.1;  temperature  of  air, 
50°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  S.SE.,  W.  First  part,  fine  weather;  middle  part,  heavy 
gale  from  S.SE.  to  S.,  with  sharp  lightning,  heavy  thunder,  and  torrents  of  rain.  At  5  p.  m. 
wind  shifted  suddenly  to  west  in  a  heavy  squall  of  wind  and  rain. 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WA Y  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE MARCH.  197 

March  19.  Lat.  39°  N. ;  long.  59°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.6;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of 
water,  64°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  NW.  Strong  breezes,  with  heavy  hail  squalls;  under 
double  reefs. 

March  20.  Lat.  37°  25'  N. ;  long.  56°  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  of 
water,  6G°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.NW.  Exceedingly  squally  throughout  these  24  hours; 
was  obliged  to  run  off  more  to  the  eastward  than  I  wished;  highest  barometer  I  ever  saw  for 
such  a  wind  and  such  weather,  and  standing  steady. 

March  21.  Lat.  36°  28' N. ;  long.  51°  56' W.  Barometer,  29.8;  temperature  of  air,  54°; 
of  water,  66°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.     Hard  rain  squalls  throughout  the  day. 

March  22.  Lat.  34°  43'  N.;  long.  48°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  temperature  of  air,  58°; 
of  water,  64°.     Winds :  W. ,  SW.,  SW.     Hard  rain  squalls  throughout  the  day. 

March  23.  Lat.  32°  43'  N. ;  long.  45°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30;  temperature  of  air,  58°;  of 
water,  68°.  Winds:  NW.  throughout.  Brisk  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls;  latter  part, 
moderate. 

March  24.  Lat.  32°43'N.;  long.  44°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.3;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  63°.  Winds:  NW.,  calm,  S.SE.  Fine  weather;  had  intended  to  strike  the  latitude 
of  30°  in  longitude  43°,  but  this  wind  throws  me  off  the  track. 

March  25.  Lat.  31°  55' N.;  long.  40°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.4;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  69°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.,  S.SW.  Fine  weather;  but  the  wind  still  pushes  me  to  the 
eastward. 

March  26.  Lat.  30°  26'  N.;  long.  38°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.4;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  at  surface,  70°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  70°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.  throughout. 
Fine  weather;  but  the  wind  still  pushes  me  to  the  eastward. 

March  27.  Lat.  29°  43'  N.;  long.  36°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.5;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  at  surface,  70°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  70°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W., 
SW.  Light  air  and  baffling,  from  S.  to  SW. ;  still  going  too  much  to  the  eastward.  At  9  a.  m. 
saw  three  whales,  apparently  of  the  fin-back  tribe.  Latter  part,  nearly  calm;  irregular  swell; 
small  Portuguese  men-of-war  floating  by. 

March  28.  Lat.  29°  30'  N.;  long.  35°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.5;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  70°.  Calms  throughout,  with  a  long,  irregular  swell  of  the  sea.  At  9^  a.  m.  light 
breeze  from  S.SE.;  at  10  a.  m.  tacked  to  SW. 

March  29.  Lat.  27°  57'  N.;  long.  36°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.6;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  70°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  calm,  SE.  First  part,  light  airs  from  S.SE. ;  middle  part,  calm; 
ends  brisk  at  SE.  by  S. 

March  30.  Lat.  25°  N.;  long.  36°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.6;  temperature  of  air,  72°;  of 
water,  72°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Brisk  breezes,  with  frequent  rain  squalls;  wind 
veering  from  E.SE.  to  S.SE.;  barometer  falling  one-tenth;  saw  "flying-fish"  for  the  first  time; 
long  swell  from  NW. ;  water  clear  and  free  from  grass  of  any  kind. 

March  31.  Lat.  22°  12'  N.;  long.  35°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.4;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.SE.  Light  breezes,  with  dry  squalls;  wind  veering  from 
E.  to  S.SE.;  ship  going  from  three  to  eleven  knots;  no  weed;  swell  from  NW. 

April  1.  Lat.  19°  21'  N.;  long.  34°  03' AV.  Barometer,  30.3;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of 
water,  at  surface,  73°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  73°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.  by  N.  to 
E.  by  S.,  E.      Commences  strong  breezes,  with  squalls;  middle  part,  light  breezes,  but  still 


198  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

nard  squalls;  latter  part,  moderate,  and  less  wind  in  the  squalls;  water  still  clear;  no  weed;  no 
grass;  at  meridian  wind  hauled  SE.  in  a  squall. 

April  2.  Lat.  15°  56' N.;  long.  33°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  First  part,  light  baffling  breezes  and  squally; 
middle  part,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy  weather;  latter  part,  brisk  breezes  with  squalls. 
Barometer  veering  from  30.3  to  30.2,  ending  at  the  latter;  ship  close-hauled;  sea  clear. 

April  3.  Lat.  13°  03'  N.;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  75°;  of 
water,  at  surface,  75°;  of  water,  at  ten  feet  below  surface,  74°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E. 
by  S.  Light  breezes,  veering  from  E.  to  E.SE.,  throughout  these  24  hours;  sea  smooth  and 
clear. 

April  4.  Lat.  12°  N.  (D.  R.);  long.  31°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  at  surface,  80°;  of  water,  at  ten  feet  below  surface,  77°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.,  calm, 
calm;  first  part,  light  breezes  from  E.  to  E.NE.;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm.  There 
appeared  to  be  a  sudden  increase  in  the  surface  heat  of  the  water;  but,  after  several  trials,  the 
result  was  as  recorded  in  the  columns.  Small  (what  sailors  call  Portuguese)  men-of-war  around 
the  ship. 

April  5.  Lat.  11°  40'  N.  (D.  R.);  long.  31°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  at  surface,  78°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  78°.  Calm  throughout,  with 
a  long  swell  of  the  sea  from  N.NW.  and  light  puifs  of  wind  from  every  point. 

April  6.  Lat.  9°  24' N. ;  long.  31°04'W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.,  SE.  by  E. ;  first  part,  light  airs  from  NE. ;  middle  part,  E. ;  long 
swell  from  north. 

April  7.  Lat.  7°  28' N. ;  long.  30°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.3;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  at  surface,  80°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  80°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E. ;  light 
breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout  these  twenty-four  hours. 

April  8.  Lat.  4°  19'  N. ;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.3;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind:  E.  throughout;  brisk  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout  these  twenty- 
four  hours. 

April  9.  Lat.  1°  50'  N. ;  long.  29°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.2^;  temperature  of  air,  82^: 
of  water,  at  surface,  82°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  82°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  baffling;  first  two 
parts,  light  breezes  from  east;  latter  part,  squalls  and  calm,  wind  from  E.  to  S.,  and  heavy 
rain,  barometer  veering  several  times  from  30.3  to  30.2,  and  back  again. 

April  10.  Lat.  0°  30'  N.;  long.  29°  W.  Barometer,  30.2^;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  at  surface,  82°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  82°.  Winds:  baffling,  E.,  variable;  at 
thirty  minutes  p.  m.  had  a  hard  squall  from  S.SW.,  with  heavy  rain;  at  4  p.  m.  calm,  light 
breezes  from  east;  through  the  night  with  passing  squalls;  ends,  E.NE.,  with  squalls. 

April  11.  Lat.  0°  40'  S.;  long.  29°  W.  Barometer,  30.2^;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  calm;  first  part,  light  breezes  from  E.NE.;  at  4  p.  m. 
hard  squall  of  wind,  with  heavy  rain;  wind  light  from  E.  through  the  night,  squally  and  calm 
towards  morning;  ends  calm,  sea  heaving  from  the  sOuth. 

April  12.  Lat.  1°  40'  S. ;  long.  29°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30. 2|;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  at  surface,  83°;  of  water,  ten  feet  below  surface,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  calm,  E.  by  S. ; 
squall  from  south;  middle  part,  calm,  with  heavy  rains;  latter  part,  light  breeze  from  E.  by  S., 
sea  still  heaving  from  south. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST  ROQUE MARCH.  199 

April  13.  Lat.  2°  36'  S. ;  long.  29°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  S.SE. ;  first  and  middle  parts,  calm,  with  occasional  puffs 
from  every  point  of  the  compass  and  torrents  of  rain;  barometer  rose  and  fell  one-tenth  three 
times  during  the  first  sixteen  hours. 

April  14.  Lat.  5°S.;  long.  31°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water, 
83°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  SE. ;  first  part,  squall  from  S. ;  middle  part,  strong  breeze  from  S.SE.; 
latter  part,  steady  and  brisk  from  SE.,  with  fine  weather. 

April  15.  Lat.  8°  23'  S.;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.2;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  85°.  Winds:  SE.  ^  E.,  SE.  |  E.,  SE.;  brisk  mainsail  breeze;  head  S.SW.,  with  fine 
weather  throughout. 

I  would  here  observe  that  I  have  experienced  no  perceptible  current  since  leaving  the 
Gulf  Stream.  I  have  taken  sights  morning  and  evening,  and  these  and  the  longitude  agreed 
so  nearly  with  the  log  that  I  chose  to  ascribe  the  trifling  error  to  the  log,  rather  than  put  it 
down  as  current,  when  I  was  not  certain  of  it.  There  has  been  opportunity  of  trying  the 
current;  but  with  a  new  ship,  and  her  rigging  stretching  very  much,  we  have  always  been  very 
busy  on  such  occasions."' 

Ship  Jacob  Bell,  (Captain  Charles  F.  W.  Behm.) 

"April  3,  1856.  Lat.  0°  36'  S. ;  long.  29°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  of  water,  81°.  Wind:  S.  Paint  variable  airs,  with  the  exception  of  a  light  rain  squall 
from  the  eastward  in  the  afternoon.  Crossed  the  equator  at  5  p.  m.,  in  about  29°  10'  W.,  in 
18  days  4  hours,  or  (allowing  for  difference  in  time)  in  18  days  1  hour.  Distance  sailed  from 
noon  to  noon,  3,703  precisely,  the  shortest  distance  for  March  in  Maury's  Directions;  average 
for  433  hours,  8.55.  Latter  part,  ends  with  light  breeze  from  the  south,  looks  like  trades; 
have  been  close-hauled  since  crossing  30°  N." 

From  Captain  John  C.  Very,  of  barque  Guide,  February,  1858: 

"  I  have  been  sailing,  out  of  Salem,  25  years,  voyages  across  the  equator,  but  never  crossed 
the  equator  in  less  than  35  days  before,  [this  time  he  did  in  22  days;]  nor  ever  crossed  to  the 
westward  of  26°  W.,  and  your  directions  to  me  have  been  of  great  service;  and  when  I  look 
back  upon  25  years  spent  at  sea,  I  think  I  have  actually  been  sailing  blindfold,  and  that  I  have 
learned  more  about  the  ocean,  in  studying  your  Directions,  than  I  ever  knew  before ;  and  if 
there  are  any  new  publications,  I  should  feel  very  much  obliged  if  I  could  obtain  them..  On 
another  voyage,  I  shall  get  better  instruments,  and  take  pleasure  in  keeping  an  abstract." 

Ship  Sunny  South,  (H.  H,  B.  Willis,  captain,)  New  York  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  9  days  out. 

"March  10,  1856.     Lat.  29°  04'  N. ;  long.  40°  57'  W.     Barometer,  30.10.     Winds:  NE. 
NE.,  NE.     First  and  middle  parts,  fine  NE.  winds;  latter  part,  wind  E.,  with  sea  from  NW. 
Observed  for  the  first  time  large  quantities  of  gulf-weed. 

March  11.  Lat.  27°  50'  N.;  long.  39°  44' W.  Barometer,  30.07.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.SE. 
First  and  middle  parts,  light  easterly  winds;  latter  part,  light  from  SW. ;  gulf-weed. 

March  12.  Lat.  25°  02'  N. ;  long.  37°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.03.  Winds:  SW.,  SW., 
SW.  All  through  these  24  hours  wind  SW.  and  cloudy,  with  glimpses  of  the  sun  now  and 
then.  Latter  part,  a  clear  portion  of  sky  in  the  NE. ;  looks  as  though  we  were  to  have  the 
wind  from  that  direction ;  some  gulf- weed. 


200  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  13.  Lat.  23°  38'  N. ;  long.  35°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.08.  Winds:  SW.,  SW., 
S.SW.  Light  SW.  and  S.SW.  wind.  I  think  it  very  singular  that  we  have  experienced  no 
trade -wind  as  yet. 

March  14.  Lat.  22°  34' N. ;  long.  32°  50' W.  Barometer,  30.04.  Winds:  SW.,  SW., 
S.SW.  Moderate  winds,  at  times  baffling  and  light.  I  am  puzzled  to  know  what  to  do.  If  I 
go  about  I  will  make  no  better  than  a  west  course  good.  [Then  do  not  go  about.]  As  I  am, 
I  am  diverging  from  your  track  further  than  I  wish ;  but  I  think  I  will  stand  on,  hoping  the 
wind  will  change,  and  then  I  can  easily  run  to  the  westAvard  again. 

March  15.  Lat.  21°  21'  N. ;  long.  31°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW., 
SW.  by  S.  The  wind  still  holds  to  the  southward  and  westward;  but  we  now  have  a  very  long 
and  regular  swell  from  northward  and  eastward.  I  am  in  hopes  the  wind  will  change  before  a 
great  while. 

March  16.  Lat.  20°  44' N. ;  long.  30°  35' W.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW."  Wind  still 
to  southward  and  westw^ard,  with  no  prospect  of  a  change,  with  the  exception  of  northerly  sea. 

March  17.  Lat.  19°  25'  N.;  long.  29°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW., 
S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  wind  S.SW.  At  midnight  wind  hauled  more  to  the  northward. 
I  shall  make  a  little  more  westing  than  is  necessary,  in  order  to  get  into  your  track  again,  if 
possible.  [A  straight  course  from  where  you  are  to  your  crossing  place  on  the  line  is  what 
you  should  have  aimed  for.     That's  my  track. — See  p.  450.] 

March  18.  Lat.  17°  01'  N. ;  long.  30°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,NW., 
N.  First  and  middle  part,  wind  NW.  and  N. ;  latter  part,  from  NE.  to  E.,  with  fine  breeze. 
I  am  in  hopes  I  now  have  the  trades;  if  so,  I  shall  not  make  a  very  long  passage  after  all. 

March  19.  Lat.  13°  17'  N.;  long.  30°  24' W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Winds:  NE.  to  E., 
E.,  E.  Fine  winds,  at  times  so  strong  could  not  carry  royals.  Came  up  and  spoke  ship 
Whirlwind,  from  New  York,  February  29,  to  San  Francisco.  Scud  flying  very  rapidly  from 
east. 

March  20.  Lat.  10°  03'  N. ;  long.  29°  52' W.  Barometer,  29. 9G.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E. 
Fine  winds  throughout. 

March  21.  Lat.  6°  13'  N. ;  long.  29^=  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.92.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E. 
by  S.,  E.  by  S.     Fine  winds  throughout. 

March  22.  Lat.  3°  07'  N. ;  long.  29°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Current,  W.SW.,  |  of 
a  mile.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  NE.     Light  from  E.  by  S.  to  N. 

March  23.  Lat.  1°  36' N. ;  long.  30°  14' W.  Barometer,  29.96.  Current,  SW.  by  W. 
\  W.,  J  of  a  mile.     Winds:  N.,  SE.  to  N.,  SE.  to  N.     Light  variable  winds,  with  some  rain. 

March  24.  Lat.  0°  44'  S. ;  long.  30°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.92.  Winds:  SE.  to  N.,  SE. 
by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  winds.  Latter  part,  pleasant  and  moderate. 
At  7  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  30°  30'  W. ;  tlius  making  the  passage  from  Sandy  Hook  to 
the  line  in  twenty-two  days  and  fifteen  hours;  and  I  feel  assured  if  I  had  taken  your  advice 
more  closely  whilst  I  was  to  the  northward,  in  the  lat.  of  30°  N.,  instead  of  getting  more  to 
the  eastward,  had  I  contented  myself  with  making  more  latitude  than  longitude,  [then  you 
would  have  done  exactly  right,]  I  could  easily  have  made  the  passage  in  eighteen  days.  But 
as  it  was,  I  got  jammed  with  S.SW.  winds,  after  having  made  all  the  longitude  I  wished,  and 
thus  lengthened  my  passage. 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.   ROQUE MARCH.  201 

March  25.  Lat.  3°  14'  S. ;  long.  31°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.87.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.     Light  Avinds,  with  slight  showers  of  rain. 

March  26.  Lat.  6°  19' S.;  long.  32°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  1 
mile.     Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.     Fine  moderate  breezes." 

Ship  Eagle,  (John  S.  Farran,)  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  12  days  out.  (See  her 
crossings  ;  old  and  middle  route.) 

"March  28.  Lat.  30°  54'  N.;  long.  42°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.33;  temperature  of  air, 
71°.  Wind:  S.,  S.  by  W.,  S.,  light.  I  have  been  trying  to  get  into  the  track,  about  half 
Avay  between  the  March  and  April  tracks,  as  laid  down  by  Lieut.  Maury's  directions-,  but  here 
I  have  the  wind  at  south,  and,  on  consulting  the  Charts,  I  think  it  advisable  to  go  to  the 
eastward. 

March  29.  Lat.  30°  3G'  N.jlong.  39°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air, 
71°  ;  of  water,  G7°.     Wind  :  S.,  moderate,  S.  by  E.,  moderate,  S.  by  E.,  fresh. 

March  30.  Lat.  30°  54'  N. ;  long.  35°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.38;  temperature  of  air, 
70°;  temperature  of  water,  6G°;  cloudy.     Winds  :  S.  I  W.,  light;  S.  ^  W.,  moderate  ;  S.,  light. 

March  31.  Lat.  31°  01'  N. ;  long.  33°  31'  W.  Barometer,  30.37  ;  temperature  of  air, 
67°;  of  water,  66°.  Winds  :  S.  by  E.,  moderate  ;  S.,  moderate  ;  SE.  by  S.,  moderate.  A  swell 
from  E.SE  ;  no  weed. 

April  1.  Lat.  29°  48'N.;  long.  34°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.22  ;  temperature  of  air,  67°;  of 
water,  QQ°.     Winds  :  SE.,  moderate  ;  SE.  by  E.,  moderate  ;  E.SE.,  moderate. 

The  barometer  has  been  steadily  falling  for  the  last  30  hours,  which,  I  hope,  denotes  the 
neighborhood  of  the  trades.  Latter  part,  yards  checked  in  one  point.  Considerable  swell 
from  SE.  The  weather  begins  to  assume  the  appearance  of  the  trades,  and  the  barometer 
gradually  falling  as  we  approach  them.  I  am  trying  to  regain  the  April  track  of  Lieut. 
Maury's  Sailing  Directions. 

April  2.  Lat.  26°  24'  N. ;  long.  34°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  67.5°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  moderate  ;  E.SE.,  moderate;  E.SE.,  fresh.  Occasional 
squalls  of  rain. 

April  3.  Lat.  22°  55'N. ;  long.  33°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.13  ;  temperature  of  air,  72°;  of 
water,  72°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  unsteady;  S.SE.,  moderate  and  variable  ;  S.,  light,  variable, 
and  calm.  Eight  p.  m.  weather  improving  ;  confused  sea.  At  noon  water  agitated,  and 
strong  ripplings  running  to  NW. ;  temperature,  72°. 

April  4.  Lat.  20°  58'  N. ;  long.  35°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.16  ;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
of  water,  70°.  Winds:  southerly,  light,  and  calms;  S.,  variable;  E.  \  S.,  moderate  trades. 
At  4  a.  m.  the  trades  sprung  up  ;  long  heavy  sea  from  the  SE. 

April  5.  Lat.  20°  09'  N. ;  long.  35°  28'  W.  Barometer,  20.15  ;  hazy.  Winds  :  E.  by  S., 
fresh,  E.  by  S.,  moderate,  E.  by  S.,  fresh.  Throughout  very  hazy  and  damp  ;  there  must  be 
copious  evaporation  going  on. 

April  6.  Lat.  16°  44'  N.;  long.  33°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  73°;  weather,  overcast.  Winds  :  E.  I  S.,  fresh;  E.  |  S.,  fresh  ;  E.  I  S.,  strong.  First 
part,  thick  haze.  At  5  p.  m.  the  appearance  of  the  weather  changed  ;  it  hove  up  dark,  threaten- 
ing ahead,  and  became  overcast,  coming  over  in  a  body  from  S.  SE. ;  wind  decreasing  but 
hauling  more  southerly,  but  the  barometer  began  raising,  and  rose  .04.  And  I  never  remem- 
VOL.  II 26 


202  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

bered  so  heavy  a  sea  in  the  trades  (during  40  years  experience)  before.     There  must  have 
been  a  heavy  gale  blowing  amongst  the  southernmost  of  the  Cape  de  Yerde  Islands. 

April  7.  Lat.  13°  05'  N. ;  long.  32°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  74°;  light  scud.     Winds:  E.,  fresh;  E.,  fresh;  E.,  decreasing;  sea  smooth., 

April  8.  Lat.  9°  35'  N.;  long.  29°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  78°.  "Winds  :  E.  by  N.,  moderate  ;  E.  by  N.,  decreasing;  E,  byN.,  decreasing.  At 
noon  getting  light  ;  trade  clouds  nearly  gone  ;  I  fear  we  are  going  to  loose  the  trades  too  soon. 

April  9.  Lat  6°  22'  N. ;  long.  28°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  86°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  moderate  ;  E.NE.,  moderate;  NE.  to  SE.,  light  ;  dry  atmosphere. 
At  9  a.  m.  wind  shifted  in  rain  squall  to  SB.  by  S. ;  weather  sultry  and  oppressive  ;  temperature 
of  rain  water,  78°.  At  9  temperature  of  rain,  (result  of  several  trials,)  76°;  we  were  evidently 
under  the  cloud  ring.  I  could  not  perceive  that  we  experienced  any  current  in  crossing  the 
trades  ;  we  had  in  the  calm  belt,  just  before  taking  them,  and  again  the  last  24  hours,  since  we. 
lost  them. 

April  10.  Lat.  3°  58'  N.;  long.  28°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  8°.     Winds:    NE.,  light  and  variable  ;  NE.,  variable;  SW.,  variable  and  calm. 

April  11.  Lat.  2°  37'  N.;  long.  28°  40'  W.  Current,  S.  70°  W.,  0.5.  Barometer,  29.96; 
temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  northerly,  light  airs;  SE.,  light  and  calms; 
NE.  to  E.SE,  variable,  calms. 

April  12.  Lat.  1°  58' N.;  long.  28°  53' W.  Current,  S.  79°  W.,  0.5.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  86°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  N.,  light;  N.NE.,  light  and  calms;  NW.,  light 
airs.     Latter  part,  a  general  trade-wind  appearance. 

April  13.  Lat.  1°  41'  N. ;  long.  29°  11'  W.  Current,  S.  84°  W.,  0.8.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  85°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds  :  SW.  by  S.  to  S.SE.,  variable  and  light;  S.  by 
E.,  unsteady  ;   S.SE.,  squally,  unsteady  in  force  or  direction. 

April  14.  Lat.  1°  14'  N.;  long.  29°  02'  W.  Current,  S.  80°  W.,  0.8.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  light  and  variable;  S.  by  E., 
unsteady  ;  S.SE.,  squally.     Porpoises  going  S.SW. 

April  15.  Lat.  0°  14' S. ;  long.  29°  31  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  o 
water,  82°.  Wind  :  SE.,  fresh  ;  SW.  by  S.  to  W.SW.,  unsteady,  light,  and  squally  ;  SW.  by 
S.,  light  and  frequent  squalls.  We  must  certainly  be  under  the  cloud  ring.  Spoke  the  ship 
Ellen  Foster,  for  San  Francisco,  which  cleared  from  Boston,  on  the  3d  March.  Crossed  the 
equator  at  8  a.  m.  in  longitude  29°  18'  W.  Sailed  by''  course  from  day  to  day,  4,213,  or  162 
more  than  the  April  track  gives  for  head-winds.  No  difficulty  about  getting  to  the  eastward, 
or  keeping  there  with  so  much  SW.  airs.  All  these  24  hours  we  must  certainly  have  been 
under  the  cloud  ring,  for  we  have  been  surrounded  with  dense  black  masses  hanging  low  and 
distilling  copiously. 

April  16.  Lat.  0°  47'  S. ;  long.  29°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  E.SE.,  light  and  calms  ;  SE.  by  E.,  light  breeze  ;  SE.  by  E.,  hauling  to 
S.  by  W.,  in  squalls.  I  think  and  hope  we  have  at  last  got' hold  of  the  trades  ;  in  the  last  7 
days  we  have  made  355  miles  of  southing,  fair  beatimg  in  light  airs. 

April  17.  Lat.  1°  57'  S.;  long.  29°  27'  W.  Current,  N.  78°  W.,  0.5.  Barometer,  30.00  ; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  light  and  variable;  SE.  by  S., 
decreasing;  SE.  by  S.,  moderate. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST,  ROQUE MARCH-  203 

April  18.  Lat.  3°  45'  S. ;  long.  31°  09'  W.  Current,  N.  84°  W.,  0.7.  Barometer,  30.00  ; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  82.5°.  Winds  :  S.SE  ^  E.,  moderate  ;  S.SE.,  moderate  ; 
S.SE.  ^  E.,  moderate,  with  occasional  light  rain. 

April  19.  Lat.  6°  03'  S.;  long.  32°  17' W.  Current,  N.  80°  W.,  0.5.  Barometer,  29.97  ; 
temperature  of  air,  86°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  moderate;  S.SE.,  moderate;  S. ; 
freshening.  At  10  a.  m.  made  the  land  from  the  deck  on  the  lee  bow  ;  at  10.30  tacked  to 
the  eastward. 

SJiip  Nortliern  Lights  (Seth  Doane,  captain,)  Boston  to  Manilla,  eleven  days  out. 

"April  1,  185G.  Lat.  29  03'  N.;  long.  34°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.38;  temperature  of  air, 
71°;  of  water,  70°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  calm,  W.SW.  First  part,  gentle  breeze,  sea  very  smooth  ; 
middle  part,  calm  ;  morning,  calms,  large  number  of  nautilus  in  sight,  a  sure  sign  of  calm 
weather,  gulf-weed  in  small  pieces,  and  a  number  of  crabs  swimming  on  the  top  of  the  water  ; 
"end,  calm. 

April  2.  Lat.  28°  40'  N. ;  long.  34°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.38  ;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  70°.  Current,  SW.,  10  miles.  Winds  :  calm,  calm,  SW.  Commences,  calm,  with  no 
steerage  ;  gulf- weed  in  small  pieces  and  of  a  dead  color  ;  middle,  calm.  At  6  a.  m.  light  airs 
sprung  up  from  SW. ;  all  possible  sails  set ;  sky  clouded. 

April  3.     Lat.  28°  21'  N. ;  long.  .     Barometer,  30.35  ;  temperature  of  air,   73°;  of 

water,  70°.  Winds  :  SW.  calm,  calm,  and  SE.  Commences,  light  airs,  sea  very  smooth  ;  calm 
through  the  night.  At  7  a.  m.  light  air  sprung  up  from  SE.  At  11  calm  again.  I  never  saw 
so  much  calm  weather  at  this  season  of  the  year  in  this  latitude. 

April  4.  Lat.  26°  46'  N. ;  long.  35°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.43  ;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  71°.  Current,  SW.,  10  miles.  Winds  :  calm  and  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.  to  SE.,  SE.  by 
S.  First  part,  calm  ;  no  steerage.  At  5  p.?'m.  breeze  sprung  up  from  S.  by  W.;  braced  up  on 
port  tack  ;  middle  part,  light  baffling  winds  ;  morning  strong  beezes  from  SE.  by  S.,  and 
squally.     Saw  large  quantities  of  weed  of  a  fresh  color.     End,  brisk  breeze. 

April  5.  Lat.  23°  01'  N. ;  long.  37°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.30  ;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Current,  SW.,  15  miles.  Winds  :  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  First  part,  brisk  breeze  and 
cloudy  ;  middle  part,  baffling  and  puffy  ;  morning,  gentle  breezes  and  cloudy.  Saw  large 
number  of  porpoises  and  a  few  flying  fish.  Short  swell  from  SE.  End,  brisk  breezes  and 
cloudy  weather. 

April  6.  Lat.  19°  02'  N. ;  long.  36°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.26  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  74°.  Current,  west,  8  miles.  Winds  :  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  brisk  breezes. 
Saw  a  land  bird,  about  the  size  of  a  sparrow,  of  nearly  red  color  ;  flying  fish  plenty.  Middle 
part,  strong  breezes  and  puflFy  at  times  ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes,  with  a  heavy  short  swell 
from  the  eastward. 

April  7.  Lat.  14°  52'  N. ;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E,.  strong  breezes,  with  passing  clouds.  Saw  a 
number  of  porpoises.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  the  same.  Sky  has  a  very  smoky  appearance. 
I  am  sagging  off  to  the  westward  of  the  track,  but  shall  keep  a  good  full,  and  trust  to  luck  for 
coming  out  right. 

April  8.  Lat.  11°  26'  N. ;  long.  32°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.09  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds:  E.-,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  short  confused 
sea  from  the  NE. 


204  THE    WIND   AND   CUKRENT   CHARTS. 

April  9.  Lat.  8°  35' N.;  long.  29°  52' W.  Barometer,  30.10.;  temperature  of  air,  80  ; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Eirst  part,  gentle  breezes  and  passing  clouds  ; 
middle,  the  same  ;  short  sea  from  NE. ;  porpoises  around  the  ship,  with  a  few  flying  fish.  End 
gentle  breezes  and  pleasant  weather  ;  all  possible  sails  set ;  find  no  trouble  in  making  easting 
This  is  the  first  voyage  I  have  hod  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts  ;  and  having  very  bad  weather  in 
coming  oif  the  coast,  together  with  a  very  poor  crew,  I  had  not  time  to  examine  the  Sailing 
Directions  and  Charts  until  I  was  well  to  the  eastward ;  then,  having  S.SW.  winds,  could  do  no 
better  than  keep  on.     I  think  I  should  have  had  less  calms  farther  to  the  westward. 

April  10.  Lat.  G°  08'  N.;  long.  28°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.03  :  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  to  NE.  Commences,  light  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather.  At  1  p.  m.  set  stud  sails  ;  flying  fish  a  plenty  ;  middle,  the  same  ;  morning,  light 
baffling  airs  and  pleasant ;  passing  through  some  tide  rips  ;  sky  overcast. 

April  11.  Lat.  4°  08'  N. ;  long.  27°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,.  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  SE.  to  NE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  pleasant;  middle, 
the  same.  At  7  a.  m.  wind  came  out  from  SE.  in  a  rain  squall  :  and  at  9  a.  m.  hauled  back  to 
NE. ;   sky  nearly  clouded  over.     No  current  perceptible  ;  very  hot  sun  at  times. 

April  12.  Lat.  2°  04'  N. ;  long.  28°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.03.  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.  Current,  W.NW.,  15  miles.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.SE.,  E.NE.  to  SE.  Commences, 
light  breezes  from  E.NE.  and  baffling  SE.;  middle  part,  steady  at  E.SE.;  morning,  heavy  rain 
squalls  from  SE.  At  9  a.  m.  clouded  up.  Ends,  light  airs  and  very  hot;  sea  much  agitated, 
with  light  swell  from  NE. 

April  13.  Lat.  0°  02'  south  ;  long.  28°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30-.01  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Current,  westerly,  10  miles.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  SE.,  and  calm.  First  part,  light 
airs  and  pleasant ;  middle  part,  calm  ;  morning,  gentle  breezes  with  a  short  swell  from  the 
southward.  Ends,  the  same.  At  noon  crossed  the  equator  in  longitude  28°  52'  W.,  23  days 
from  Nantucket  south  shoal ;  distances  sailed,  3,937  miles  from  south  shoal.  Distance  by  tables 
for  April,  4,051  ;  for  March,  3,976,  which  I  think  is  coming  pretty  near,  although  the  winds 
obliged  me  to  go  further  to  the  eastward  than  I  intended  before  taking  the  trades.  I  have  had 
plenty  of  chances  to  make  easting,  having  had  studding  sails  set  for  the  last  five  days. 

April  14.  Lat.  2°  53'  S. ;  long.  30°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.98.;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  Avater,  82°.  Current,  westerly,  10  miles.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Com- 
mences, light  breezes  and  pleasant ;  many  birds  and  flying  fish  ;  middle,  much  the  same  ;  latter, 
light  winds  and  squally,  with  rain  ;  large  flocks  of  birds  ;  some  petrels  and  the  flying  fish. 

April  15.  Lat.  5°  55'  S.;  long.  31°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.94.;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  No  current.  First  part,  light  airs,  with  frequent 
aim  squalls  ;  middle,  the  same  ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes,  with  frequent  rain  squalls  ;  short 
heavy  swells  from  SE." 

Ship  Shooting  Star,  (W.  E.  Kingman,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  eleven  days 
out. 

"April  2,  1855.  Lat.  28°  04'  N. ;  long.  32°  50' W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of 
air,  67°;  water,  67°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter, 
fresh,  with  passing  squalls. 

April  3.     Lat.  24°  02'  N. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.     Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE MARCH.  205 

water,  70°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First,  squally;  middle,  fine;  latter,  cloudy, 
with  passing  squalls. 

April  4.  Lat.  20°  32'  N. ;  long.  33°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  71°.  "Winds:  SB.,  SE.,  SB.  First,  fresh  squalls  and  heavy  showers  of  rain;  middle, 
fresh  and  fine;  latter,  moderate  and  light.  Trade-like  weather,  but  not  the  NE.  trades  by 
about  8  points. 

April  5.  Lat.  18°  38'  N.;  long.  33°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  S.,  calm  and  E.NE.,  E.SE.  First,  light  bafiling  breezes;  middle,  calm 
and  light;  latter,  moderate. 

April  6.  Lat.  14°  56'  N.;  long.  32°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  75°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout. 

April  7.  Lat.  10°  55'  N.;  long.  31°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  B.,  E.     Fresh  and  fine  throughout. 

April  8.  Lat.  7°  09'  N. ;  long.  29°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.89.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S., 
E.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  throughout. 

April  9.  Lat.  4°  10' N.;  long.  28°  25' W.  Barometer,  29.89;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  B.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle,  fine;  latter,  light  and  cloudy.  Ap- 
pearances of  a  southerly  wind.  I  have  lately  noticed  that  the  barometer  is  lowest  at  about 
3  p.  m.,  say  about  .05  lower  than  at  9  a.  m.  or  9  p.  m. ;  it  also  has  fallen  to  about  the  same 
at  4  a.  m. 

April  10.  Lat.  2°  11' N.;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.84.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE., 
E.  and  bafiling.  First  and  middle,  light  breezes;  latter,  light  squalls  and  lighter  breezes. 
Ends  calm. 

April  11.  Lat.  1°  47'  N. ;  long.  28°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.,  bafiling,  baffling.  First,  calm  and  light  baffling  airs  from  east;  midr 
die,  squalls  of  rain;  latter,  calm  and  hot;  swell  from  SE. 

April  12.  Lat.  1°  21'  N. ;  long.  28°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  baffling,  baffling,  baffling.  First,  calm  and  light  airs  from  all  points; 
middle,  rain  squalls,  and  continuation  of  calms;  latter,  perfectly  calm. 

April  13.  Lat.  0°  40'  N. ;  long.  28°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  S.  to  SB.,  NE.,  bafiling.  First,  till  3  p.  m.  calm,  after  which  moderate, 
and  light  breezes  from  S.  to  SE.  Middle,  very  light  air  from  the  northward;  latter,  calm  and 
fine  weather.     This  is  the  calmest  time  I  have  ever  had  in  this  vicinity. 

April  14.  Lat.  0°  05'  N. ;  long.  29°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  calm,  andN. ;  W.  and  baffling;  calm,  baffling,  and  S.SE.  Light  baffling 
airs  from  the  westward  until  6  a.  m.,  after  which  light  breezes  from  S.SE.  and  cloudy.  The 
line  is  hard  to  reach  this  time;  24  days  out. 

April  15.  Lat.  1°  40'  S.;  long.  30°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  S.  and  baffling; 
S.  and  baffling;  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle,  light  baffling  breezes;  latter,  moderate,  with 
fresh  squalls.  Crossed  the  line  at  about  6  p.  m.,  in  about  long.  29°  15'  W.,  in  a  little  less  than 
24  days.  Distance  from  noon  to  noon,  4,084;  log  distance,  4,225  miles.  Have  had  but  little 
rain,  and  no  thunder  or  lightning  about  the  line. 

April  16.     Lat.  4°  17'  S. ;  long.  32°  52'  W.     Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 


206  THE    WIND   AND    CUEEENT   CHAETS. 

water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  line  weather.  At  9 
a.  m.  Fernando  de  Noronha  bore  east,  per  compass,  distant  8  miles.  Expect  to  get  jammed 
about  St.  Augustine.      [But  you  didn't.] 

I  call  attention  to  these  facts  with  emphasis,  because,  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  a 
little  too  much  to  the  east  is  fatal  to  hopes  of  a  quick  run.  Both  the  "Shooting  Star"  and 
"Northern  Light"  set  out  upon  the  old  route,  and  glided  off  into  the  ocean.  The  latter  did 
not  consult  Charts  or  Sailing  Directions  until  she  had  been  out  10  days  or  2  weeks,  and  by 
comparison  was  the  loser.  On  the  2d  of  April  both  of  these  ships  were  near  28°  N.,  the 
Northern  Light  being  100  miles  to  the  W.,  and  from  this  position  she  passed  St.  Roque  two 
days  ahead  of  her  competitor.  The  Sword  Fish  came  along  the  next  day,  and  crossed  28°  N., 
80  miles  E.  of  the  Shooting  Star,  but  did  not  clear  St.  Roque  until  the  Star  had  been  past  two 
days. 

April  17.  Lat.'  6°  41'  S. ;  long.  33°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE. 
by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  First,  moderate,  with  frequent  squalls;  very  little  rain;  middle  and  latter, 
moderate  and  fine;  wind  not  steady." 

Ship  Sivord  FisJi,  (H.  N.  Osgood,  'captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  ten  days  out. 

"April  3,  1855.  Lat.  27°  58' N.;  long.  31°  24' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of 
air,  66°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Fine  whole-sail  breezes  and 
pleasant  weather...   Middle,  faint  breezes;  ends,  light  and  pleasant. 

April  4.  Lat.'  24°  20'  N.-;  long.  32°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
water,  69°.  'Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE..  Light  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  strong  breezes 
and  much  rain;  ends,  same. 

April  5.  Lat.  23°  53' N. ;  long.  .33°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
water-,  70°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  calm;  strong  breezes  and  rainy.  P.  m .,  winds  haul  "to  the 
westward;  tacked  to  the  eastward;  ends,,  calm  and  pleasant. 

.  April  6."  Lat.  21°  13'  N. ;  long.  33°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  calm,  fine  clear  sky.  P.  m.,  light  breezes 
from  SE. ;  ends  fine. 

April  7.  Lat.  17°  00'  N. ;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  74°.     Winds:  SE.  byE.,   SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E. ;  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  throughout. 

April  8.  Lat.  13°  04'  N. ;  long.  32°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  easterly,  easterly,  easterly;  strong  trades  and  cloudy  throughout. 

April  9.  Lat.  9°  44' N.;  long.  31°  23' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  easterly,  easterly,  easterly;  light  and  fine;  middle  and  latter,  firm  and 
steady. 

April  10.  Lat.  7°  40' N. ;  long.  29°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.82;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  73.     Winds:  easterly,  easterly,  easterly;  light  and  fine  throughout. 

April  11.  Lat.  5°  36' N. ;  long.  29°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  84°.     Winds:  easterly,  E.NE.,  easterly;  light  breezes  and  fine  throughout. 

April  12.  Lat.  3°  58'  N. ;  long.  28°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  easterly,  easterly,  variable;  light  airs  and  cloudy;  middle,  light,  with 
squally  appearances;  ends,  bafiiing  breezes  and  passing  rain  squalls. 

April  13.  Lat.  3°  10'  N.;  long.  28°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
water,  84°.     Winds:  easterly,  variable,  W.SW.;  light  variable  airs  throughout. 


I 


TO  THE  "fair  WAt"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE MARCH-  207 

April  14.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable;  faint  airs,  calms,  and  passing  rain  squalls. 

April  15.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  water,  82°. 
"Winds:  variable,  variable,  calm.  Light  variable  airs  and  calms,  and  passing  rain  squalls;  two 
heavy  squalls  from  SW.  at  2  p.  m. 

April  16.  Lat.  equator;  long.  29°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  variable,  N.,  W. ;  fresh  breezes  and  passing  rain  squalls;  middle,  faint 
airs,  and  raining  in  torrents;  ends,  wind  W.,  and  raining  throughout.  I  am  on  the  equator,  23 
days  12  hours  from  Sandy  Hook. 

April  17.  Lat.  1°  00'  S. ;  long.  29°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  86°.     Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable;  light  baffling  airs  and  passing  rain  squalls. 

April  18.  Lat.  1°  40' S. ;  long.  29°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of* air,  82°; 
water,  90°.     Winds:  variable,  SE.,  SE. ;  faint  airs  and  squally  appearances. 

April  19.  Lat.  2°  47' S. ;  long.  30°  18' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  90°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable;  faint  variable  airs  from  all  points,  and  much 
rain. 

April  20.  Lat.  3°  21'  S. ;  long.  31°  00'  W.  Barometer^  29:90;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
water,  89°.     Winds:  variable,  S.SE.,  calm;  light  breezes  and  calnis,  with  rain. 

April  21.  Lat.  4°  34'  S.;  long.  31°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  90°; 
water,  89°.     Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable;  baffling  and  light  breezes/with  rain. 

April  22.  Lat.  7°  09'  S. ;  long.  33°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  92°; 
water,  86°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  Light  breeze^,  with  passing  rain  squalls;  middle, 
fresh,  with  rain;  ends,  fresh,  with  rain  squalls."  •  •    , 

Ship  War  Hawh,  (L.  B.  Simmons,  captain, )  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  fourteen  days  out. 

"April  11,  1855.  Lat.  29°  26'  N.;  long.  43°  42'_.W.*  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of 
air,  73°;  water,  71°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  S. ;  commences,  light  breezes  from  SE.  by 
S.;  at  6  p.  m.,  tacked  to  S.SW. ;  the  wind  hangs  from  the  SE.,  and  I  am  forced  to  the  west,  but 
must  stand  on  to  the  south  and  trust  to  chance  to  get  to  the  east,  between  this  and  20°  north; 
ends  pleasant. 

April  12.  Lat.  26°  39'  N.;  long.  43°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water  72°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  commences  pleasant  breezes  and  mostly  clear. 
I  fear  I  am  too  far  west;  but  the  wind  hangs  from  a  quarter  that  will  not  allow  the  other  tack. 
Middle  much  the  same;  latter  part,  strong  breezes;  all  sail  to  advantage. 

April  13.  Lat.  23°  40'  N.;  long.  42°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water  73°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.;  strong  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  the  same; 
latter  part,  the  same.     Trying  to  work  up  to  Maury's  track  before  getting  too  far  south. 

April  14.  Lat.  20°  51'  N. ;  long.  41°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.;  E.,  commences  much  the  same,  strong  E.SE.  breezes,  and 
passing  clouds;  middle,  the  same,  wind  hauling  inore  easterly;  ends  pleasant. 

April  15.  Lat.  18°  25'  N.;  long.  40°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  76°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.,  and  E.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  middle  part,  light 
squalls,   wind  more  northerly;  latter  part,  the  same. 

April  16.  Lat.  16°  22'  N. ;  long.  38°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  75°.     Winds:  E.  to  E.  by  N.,  E,,  E.     First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  much  the 


208  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

same;  latter,  light  squalls,  wind  round  the  compass;  calm,  much  tide  rips,  and  appearance  of 
strong  current. 

April  17.  Lat.  15°  00'  N.;  long.  37°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.,  E.  by  S.,  calm  and  baffling;  middle  part,  moderate; 
latter,  moderate,  much  tide  rips.     I  think  the  worst  time  I  ever  had  to  get  along. 

April  18.     Lat.  13°  26' N.;  long. .     Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water, 

78°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.NE.;  commences  moderate;  middle,  the  wind  canted  to  E.NE., 
the  first  time  for  19  days  that  the  ship  has  laid  her  course.  Latter  part,  squally;  ends  cloudy; 
hope  to  creep  along  to  the  eastward  enough  by  the  time  I  reach  5°  N. 

April  19.  Lat.  11°  00'  N.;  long.  34°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.,  E.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  east;  latter,  the  same.  If 
I  could  have  been  5°  more  to  the  eastward,  it  would  have  made  a  difference  of  8  days  in  my 
passage  to  the  line. 

April  20.  Lat.  8°  30'  N.;  long.  33°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE. ;  commences  pleasant  weather;  the  prospect  of  fetch- 
ing down  looks  better  than  it  has  for  15  days  past.  If  the  wind  continues  from  this  point  the 
next  24  hours,  think  we  shall  be  all  right;  the  ship  has  been  close-hauled  for  the  last  23  days. 
Ends  with  passing  clouds. 

April  21.  Lat.  5°  48'  N. ;  long.  30°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  comes  in  strong  trade-wind;  middle  part,  head  sea 
from  SE.,  with  squalls  of  wind  and  light  rain;  latter,  clear  and  pleasant.  Begin  to  feel  that  I 
shall  fetch  in  all  right,  and  shall  be  in  good  condition  to-morrow  to  cross  the  line. 

April  22.  Lat.  3°  08'  N.;  long.  28°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.  byE.,  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E. ;  first  part,  strong  trades;  middle,  much 
the  same.  Now  we  are  running  2  points  per  compass,  with  all  sail  set.  Latter,  strong  appear- 
ances of  the  doldrums;  squall  rising  to  the  southward,  and  wind  dying  fast.  Ends,  moderate 
and  overcast. 

April  23.  Lat.  2°  07'  N.;  long.  28°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water  82°.  Winds:  NE.  byE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  to  SW. ;  commences,  squally  appearances  and 
doldrums;  middle,  calm  and  baffling,  with  strong  tide  rips;  latter  part,  light  airs;  passed  through 
a  tide  rip  laying  east  and  west;  ends,  overcast,  with  moderate  appearances. 

April  24.  Lat.  1°  00'  N.;  long.  28°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  83° 
water,  84°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm  and  squalls,  E.SE. ;  commences  squally  with  lots  of  rain; 
middle  part,  fine  breeze  from  E.SE.,  with  appearance  of  the  SE.  trades;  latter  part,  fine  trades 
and  clear;  ship  going  10  knots,  good  full,  heading  S.  by  W. ;  shall  cross  the  line  by  6  p.  m. ;  a 
swell  from  the  south. 

April  25.  Lat.  2°  01'  S.;  long.  29°  08'  W.  Barometer,  31.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE. ;  commences,  fine  breezes.  At  5.30  p.  m.  crossed 
the  equator  in  28°  15'  W.,  fine  SE.  Avind.  Middle,  wind  more  southerly,  with  passing  clouds; 
clear  at  times.  Crossed  the  equator  in  28  days  and  five  hours  from  Boston;  considering  the 
chances,  I  think  it  quite  good.  Cannot  head  better  than  SW.  by  S.,  but  think  I  am  enough 
to  westward  to  go  all  clear.     20  miles  current  W.SW.  this  day. 

April  26.  Lat.  5°  08'  S.;  long.  30°  45'  W.  Barometer,  80.01;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Comes  in  strong  breezes  and  passing 
clouds,  with  a  head  sea  from  S.SE. ;  middle  and  latter,  the  same." 


TO    THE    "FAIR    WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE APRIL. 


209 


COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RIO,  'ETC.— April. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

winds;  per  cent. 

c 

Latitude. 

Slants  from — 

3     > 

C    5; 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

N.  &E. 

S.  &  W. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

1« 

o 
H 

Sandy  Hook  to 

39"  10'  N. 

70°  00' 

E.S.E 

200 

10.7 

221 

3.6 

■wU.l 

5.3 

80.0 

4.0 

523 

39    10 

65    00 
60    00 

E 

233 
254 

9.8 
6.2 

256 
274 

3.7 
2.0 

w   9.3 
w  6.6 

6.2 
4.0 

80.8 
87.4 

4.5 
3  2 

320 

37    33 

E.SE 

151 

35    54 

£5    00 

E.S.E 

260 

5.4 

276 

0.7 

8.0 

8.8 

82.5 

4.9 

136 

35    54 

50    00 
45    00 
42    21 

E 

243 
243 
141 

6.1 

5.8 

7.7 

258 
257 
152 

0.0 
0.0 
1.5 

«;12.2 

i«12.3 

6.2 

7.2 

3.7 

iclO.8 

81.6 
84.0 
81.5 

8.1 
5.8 
0.0 

125 

35    54 

E 

81 

35    00 

E.S.E 

65 

30    00 

40    00 

E.S.E 

312 

17.4 

366 

6.3 

6.2 

W32.5 

55.0 

1.0 

95 

25    00 

37    40 

S  S.E 

325 

13.8 

369 

3.0 

17.0 

M)19.0 

61.0 

3.0 

97 

20    CO 

35    26 

S.S.E 

325 

2.6 

333 

0.0 

5.4 

w  7.2 

87.4 

5.1 

56 

15    00 

33    16 

SS.E 

325 

2.0 

331 

2.0 

0.0 

0.0 

98.0 

0.0 

49 

10    CO 

31    09 

S.S.E 

325 

0.0 

325 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

4.4 

.      43- 

5    00 

29    04 

S.S.E 

335 

0.6 

327 

0.0 

1.7 

0.0 

98.3 

0.0 

59 

Equator  . . 

29    04 

S 

300 

2.1 

306 

0.0 

w  5.9 

1.3 

92.8 

6.8 

152 

3811 

4051 

1    00  S. 

29  29 

30  00 

31  00 
31     12 

ss.w 

65 

44 

85 

•  31 

4.4 
3.3 
2.4 
2.4 

68 
45 
87 
32 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

wM.l 
10  16.7 
w   8.4 
«>12.0 

0.9 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

81.4 
83.3 
91.6 

88.0 

5.5 
0.0 
0.0 
15.0 

344 

1     31 

s.vv 

12 

2    31 

s.w 

12 

3    00 

s.s.w 

17 

5    00 

32    02 

ss.w 

130 

4.0 

135 

0.0 

u)20  0 

0.0 

80.0 

12.5 

15 

7     19 

33    00 

s.s.w 

150 

2.7 

154 

0.0 

u)13.3 

0.0 

86.7 

0.0 

15 

9    00 

33    42 

ss.w 

109 

3.2 

112 

0.0 

10  10.8 

0.0 

89.2 

0.0 

55 

Observe  that  between  the  meridians  of  55°  and  60°  the  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes 
most  prevail  between  the  parallels  of  21°  and  27°  N.  ;  and  between  the  parallels  of  28°  and 
32°,  between  the  meridians  40°  and  45°. 

The  Eagle  (Captain  Farral)  crossed  the  line  April  15,  1855,  in  29°  18'  W.,  after  a  passage 
of  29  days,  and  sailing  4,213  miles. 


Captain  Powers  to  Lieutenant  M.  F.  Maury. 

June  14,  1857. 

"  While  at  Pernambuco  I  was  shown  your  "Wind  and  Current  Charts,  with  book  directions, 
and  after  examining  them  I  felt  satisfied  of  their  valuable  service  to  shipmasters  in  the  South 
American  trade. 

It  would  be  doing  me  a  great  favor,  as  I  am  at  present  in  a  regular  trader  to  Pernambuco,  if 
you  would  be  kind  enough  to  send  me  a  copy,  and  I  will  endeavor  to  comply  with  your  request, 
in  sending  to  Washington,  on  the  return  of  each  voyage,  a  correct  journal  of  the  voyage  as  far 
as  my  abilities  will  admit  of. 

On  my  outward  passage  to  Pernambuco,  while  in  the  vicinity  of  the  equator,  I  found  a  strong 
current  setting  to  the  east,  (month  of  April,)  liglit  wind  and  smooth  sea;  there  could  be  no 
possibility  of  mistake  in  regard  to  the  course  steered,  or  distance  by  log.  I  took  particular 
notice  of  this  current,  as  I  have  always  thought  it  set  strongly  to  the  westward  about  the 
equator,  except  when  far  to  the  eastward.  I  have  given  a  short  abstract  of  it  on  the  other 
page;  the  chronometer  proved  correct  on  arrival  at  Pernambuco.  Mentioning  the  circumstance 
VOL.  11 27 


210 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


among  the  American  shipmasters  in  Pernambuco  was  fortunately  the  means  of  my  seeing  your 
Charts  and  book,  though  I  had  often  heard  them  spoken  of  and  highly  recommended.  I  expect 
to  sail  in  6  days  for  Pernambuco,  and  would  be  much  gratified  to  procure  them  previous  to 
leaving  again.     If  they  could  be  bought,  I  would  not  give  you  the  trouble  of  sending  them. 

Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  POWER, 
Master  of  Barque  Union^  of  Philadelphia. 


Date. 

Course  steered  by 
compass,  and  dis- 
tance by  log. 

e 
_o 

.2 

3 
> 

•a 

a 

-a 
> 
o 
.a 
o 
a 
3 

a 

o 

3     O 

60 

C 

3 

B 

5   c 
<i:  2 

P 
II 

3    ° 
«    1 

Long.    acct.   from 
last  observation. 

Remarks. 

1857. 

April    25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

May       1 

2 

S.S.W.,73 

do 

S.W.  by  W.,  48.. 

W.  by  S.,48 

S.W.  by  W.,  75... 
S.W.  by  W.,  71... 
S.W.  by  W.,  67  .. . 
S.W.  by  W.,  114.. 
S.W.  by  W.,  191  . 

11  W. 

...do,.. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
..  do... 
10  W. 
9  W. 

W.N.W.  to  N. 

North 

S.S.E 

S.S.W.  to  S. 
SE.,  NE.,E. 
N.E.  to  E  .  . . 

E.N.E 

N.E 

00  38  N. 
00  24  S. 
00  53 
1  07 

1  53 

2  44 

3  32 

4  55 
7  04 

28  44  W. 
28  04 
28  01 

28  33 

29  15 

30  00 
30  49 
32  08 
34  27 

0      / 

•    / 

Smooth  sea  and  light  breeze. 
Current  N.  80°  E.,  5.3  miles. 
Current  E.  f  N.,  3.7  miles. 
Current  E.N.E.  i  E.,  1.4  miles. 
Current  N.E.  }E.,  1.2  miles. 
No  current. 

Light  E.N.E.  wind  and  smooth. 
NE.  and  continual  ram. 

00  33  S. 
00  58 

1  11 

2  00 

2  43 

3  31 
.     4  53 

7  05 

28  58  W. 
28  38 

28  45 

29  25 

30  05 
30  47 
32  10 
24  29 

3 

S.E.  hyS.... 

Strong  S.E.  trades. 

At  midnight  anchored  in  7  fathoms,  the  lighthouse  bearing  N.W. ;  39  days  from  C.ipe  Henlopen. 
No  S.E.  trades  until  in  5°  south  latitude. 


TO    THE    "FAIR    WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE APRIf.. 


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214  THE    WIND    AND    CURKENT    CHARTS. 

Ship  Messenger,  (Samuel  Kennedy,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  fifteen  days  out. 

"April  19,  1855.  Lat.  29°  09'  N. ;  long.  43°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of 
air,  73°;  water,  70°.  Current,  W.SW.,  13  miles.  Winds:  SE.  byE.,  SE.,  SE.  byE.;  moderate 
breeze  all  day. 

April  20.  Lat.  26°  51'  N.;  long.  43°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  70°.  Current,  W.SW.,  18  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  Fine 
weather  and  moderate  breeze. 

April  21.  Lat.  24°  11'  N.;  long.  44°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  72°.  Current,  SW.  by  W.,  21  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  Fine 
weather  all  day. 

April  22.  Lat.  21°  16'  N.;  long.  43°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  73°.  Current,  W.SW.,  17  miles.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Fine  breezes  and 
pleasant  weather. 

April  23.  Lat.  18°  45'  N. ;  long.  42°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  74°.  Current,  W.,  21  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  Fine  breezes  and  passing 
clouds. 

April  24.  Lat.  16°  13'  N. ;  long.  41°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  74°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  16  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Moderate 
trades  and  pleasant. 

April  25.  Lat.  13°  41'  N. ;  long.  40°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  77°.  Current,  W.,  21  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  Continues  the  same  as 
yesterday. 

April  26.  Lat.  11°  50'  N. ;  long.  38°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  19  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  The  same  as 
yesterday;  current  rips. 

April  27.  Lat.  9°  29'  N. ;  long.  36°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.      Current,  W.,  20  miles.    Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.,  E.     Same  as  yesterday. 

•  April  28.  Lat.  7°  30'  N.;  long.  35°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  22  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  Magnetic 
variation  observed,  10°  W.     Moderate  trades  and  pleasant. 

April  29.  Lat.  5°  50'  N. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.,  16  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E.  Fine  weather 
and  moderate  breezes;  ends,  cloudy. 

April  30.  Lat.  4°  24'  N. ;  long.  31°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.  by  S.,  17  miles.  Winds:  baffling,  NE.  to  E.,  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E. 
Commences,  rainy  and  winds,  baffling;  middle  and  latter  parts,  passing  rain  squalls  and 
moderate  breezes. 

May  1.  Lat.  3°  42' N.;  long.  30°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  13  miles.  Winds:  NE.  byE.,E.,  and  baffling,  E.NE., baffling, 
and  rain  squalls. 

May  2.  Lat.  2°  06' N. ;  long.  29°  23' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.     Passing  squalls  and  moderate  breezes. 

May  3.  Lat.  0°  01'  S.;  long.  30°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.,  12  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate 
breezes  and  passing  squalls;  30  days  to  the  equator.     Rather  a  long  passage. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE APRIL.  215 

May  4.  Lat.  2°  35' S.;  long.  32°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  21  miles.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SB.  Fine  trades,  with 
pleasant  weather  all  day;  heavy  sea  on. 

May  5.  Lat.  4°  57'  S.;  long.  33°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.NW.,  31  miles.  Magnetic  variation  observed,  10°  W.  Winds:  S.SE., 
S.SE.,  S.SE.      Continues  the  same  as  yesterday. 

May  6.  Lat.  5°  31'  S. ;  long.  33°  41' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  24  miles.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  The  same  as  yesterday. 
Tacked  to  the  eastward  at  7  p.  m. ;  tacked  to  S.SW.  at  7  a.  m." 

Ship  Mary  L.  Sutton^  (P.  E.  Rowland,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  fourteen 
days  out. 

"April  20,  1856.  Lat.  28°  02'  N. ;  long.  38°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  temperature  of 
air,  73°;  water,  70°..  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  Light  airs;  poor  chance  for  a  passage;  looks 
like  the  trades.     Large  quantities  of  gulf-weed. 

April  21.  Lat.  24°  49'  N.;  long.' 36°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.17;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  72°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.,  E.     Pleasant  trades;  rather  light.     Much  gulf-weed. 

April  22.  Lat.  21°  57'  N. ;  long.  35°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Light  pleasant  trades;  short  rain  squalls;  beautiful  rainbow 
in  the  west. 

April  23.  Lat.  19°  24'  N. ;  long.  34°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  byS.,E.  by  N.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant.  Sea  from 
SE.  by  E. 

April  24.  Lat.  16°  04'  N.;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.  Current,  E.,  15  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  S.  Fine,  pleasant  breezes  and 
strong  tide  rips. 

April  25.  Lat.  12°  40'  N. ;  long.  32°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  76°.  Current,  E.,  10  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  E.  Fine  trades,  rather  light; 
strong  tide  rips. 

April  26.  Lat.  9°  22'  N.;  long.  31°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  E.,  10  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  E. ;  stiff  trades  but  misty,  a 
little  squally;  at  10  a.  m.  clear  and  pleasant,  very  warm. 

April  27.  Lat.  6°  17'  N.;  long.  2t)°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  light  breezes  and  pleasant.  At  8  a.  m.  mea- 
sured distance  between  moon  and  sun,  which  gave  long.  30°  10'  W.;  rather  far  west  for  the 
chronometer.     Middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes. 

April,  28.  Lat.  3°  30'  N.;  long.  28°  51'  W.  Barometer,  20.92;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water  83°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.SE.  Begins  with  pleasant  trades;  at  4  p.  m.  canting  to 
the  northward  and  dying  away;  afraid  we  are  going  to  lose  them.  Middle  part,  light;  at  5  a.  m., 
ram  in  squalls.  Latter  part,  calm,  frequent  showers;  hope  Ave  shall  not  be  long  in  the  dol- 
drums; quite  a  sea  from  south  through  the  night. 

April  29.  Lat.  1°  39'  N.;  long.  29°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  calm,  SE.  to  S.,  SE.  by  S.  At  8  p.  m.  squall  from  SE.,  fresh;  hope  it  is 
the  trades.  Wind  through  the  night  from  S.  to  SE. ;  frequent  light  rain  squalls.  Latter  part, 
good  breeze,  lightning  to  the  southward. 


216 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


April  30.  Lat.  1°  11'  S.;  long.  31°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  west,  24  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S. ;  stiff  breezes, 
with  many  squalls,  and  lightning.  At  last,  3  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  31°  OG'  W., 
after  a  passage  of  light  breezes,  in  24  days  and  15  hours  from  Sandy  Hook.  Logging,  3,893 
miles.     The  sky-sails  have  only  been  in  about   fifty  hours  since  leaving. 

May  1.  Lat  3°  47 '^S. ;  long.  33°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  west,  24  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S. ;  moderate,  with 
squalls  of  wind  and  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  the  same.  Meridian,  the  Roccos  Islands  bear, 
per  compass,  SE. ;  distant  5  miles. 

May  2.  Lat.  5°  24' S.;  long.  34°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.NW.,  eighteen  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  byS. ;  begins 
with  stiff  breezes  and  squally  weather;  middle  part,  cleared  off;  latter  part,  squally  as  usual; 
tacked  several  times." 

On  the  22d  April,  the  Mary  L.  Sutton,  with  Messenger,  were  both  near  the  parallel  of  21°; 
the  former  where,  according  to  the  route  for  April,  she  should  be,  and  the  Messenger  about  7° 
to  the  westward;     This  little  tabular  statement  will  show  the  progress  of  the  two  ships: 

Crossings. 


April  route. 

M.  L.  Sutton.                             Messenger. 

Lat     Long. 
20°  in  35° 

Lat.    Long. 
20°  in  35° 
15    in  33 
10    in  31 
5    in  29 

Days. 

Lat.    Long. 
20°  in  43° 
15    in  41 
10    in  37 
5   in  32 

.Says. 

15   in  33 
10    in  31 
5    in  29 

2 
2 

u 

2* 

In  this  distance  the  Sutton  follows  her  guide  beautifully,  and  gains  two  days  and  a  half  over 
her  competitor  in  one  week.  The  Mary  L.  Sutton,  however,  appears  to  be  the  fastest  vessel, 
which  circumstance  may  help  to  account  for  this  great  gain. 

Ship  Sea  Serpent,  (J.  D.  Whitmore,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  thirteen  days  out. 

"April  24,  1855.  Lat.  28°  48'  N. ;  long.  35°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of 
air,  67°;  water,  68°.     Winds:  N.,  E.SE.,  SE.;  light  winds. 

April  25.  Lat.  25°  05'  N. ;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29. 60.  Winds :  SE. ,  SE. ,  E.  SE. ; 
fresh  trades  and  fine  weather. 

April  26.  Lat.  20°  53'  N. ;  long.  36°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60,  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. ; 
fresh  trades  and  fine  weather. 

April  27.  Lat.  16°  58' N. ;  long.  36°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE  ,  SE.;  continues  fine  breezes  and  squally. 

April  28.  Lat.  12°  55' N. ;  long.  36°  25' W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. ;  wind  getting  light  and  unsteady. 

April  29.  Lat.  8°  56'  N. ;  long.  36°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E,SE. ;  fine  weather  and  freshening  breeze. 

April  30.  Lat.  5°  31' N. ;  long.  34°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SW.;  winddies  away,  calm;  light  airs  from  SW. 

May  1.  Lat.  3°  55'  N. ;  long.  34°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SE.; 
light  winds  and  squally,  alternately. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE — APRIL.  217 

May  2.  Lat.  1°  17  N. ;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Winds:  variable  throughout,  with  torrents  of 
rain. 

May  3.     No  observation.      Calms  and  squalls  and  torrents  of  rain. 

May  4.     No  observation.     Weather  same. 

May  5.     No  observation.     Same  throughout  and  more  rain  if  possible. 

May  6.  Lat.  0°  34'  S. ;  long.  33°  15'  W.  Current,  1  mile  per  hour.  NW.  winds,  variable, 
throughout,  and  strong  current. 

May  7.  Lat.  2°  23'  S. ;  long,  33°  30'  W.  Current,  1  mile,  NW.  Winds:  calm,  SE.,  SE. 
Weather  the  same. 

May  8.  Lat.  2°  41'  S. ;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Current,  1  mile,  NW.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. 
Light  winds  and  squally  weather. 

May  9.  Lat.  3°  00'  S. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Current,  2  miles,  NW.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SW., 
S.SW.;  light  winds  and  squally. 

May  10.  Lat.  3°  43'  S. ;  long.  32°  10'  W.  Current,  1  mile,  NW.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW., 
S. ,'  wind  continues  light,  squally,  and  variable. 

May  11.  Lat.  5°  39'  S.;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Current,  1  mile,  NW.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.SE. 
Same  throughout;  smooth  water;  calm,  variable  and  baffling  winds;  throughout,  occasional  rain." 

Note  hy  Captain  Whitmore,  Uth  imt.,  in  lat.  8°  26'  S.,  long.  33°  30'  W. :  "Here  notice  that 
since  leaving  lat.  38°  N.,  have  had  the  wind  dead  ahead,  not  being  to  the  eastward  of  SE. 
during  that  time;  and  to  get  this  far,  ship  has  sailed  over  5,531  miles,  [making  an  average,  on  a 
bowline,  of  158  miles  a  day  for  35  days;  pretty  good.]  Note  that  other  vessels  keeping  more 
to  the  westward  experienced  more  favorable  weather.  Take  also  into  account  the  spars  and 
rigging  of  the  ship  rather  'shakey'  at  this  time." 

Sliip  Rohin  Hood,  (R.  Bearse,  jr.,  captain,)  New  York  to  California,  eleven  days  out. 

"May  7,  1855.  Lat.  29°  24'  N. ;  long.  40°  40'  W. ;  temperature  of  air,  73°;  of  water,  72°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Middle  and  latter,  fine 
breezes. 

May  8.  Lat.  27°5rN.;  long.  43°  18' W.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.byE.,  variable,  and  S.SE. 
First  and  middle,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy.  Latter  part,  wind  and  weather  variable.  At  4 
a.  m.  traced  on  starboard  tack.     At  7  a.  m.  tacked  to  SW.     Ends  rainy. 

May  9.  Lat.  27°  03'  N. ;  long.  44°  00'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  72°;  of  water,  74°. 
Winds:  S.byE.,  S.SW.  to  SE.  First,  fresh  breezes  and  dark,  squally,  rainy  weather;  middle, 
squally  and  rainy,  wind  baffling.  At  12  tacked  to  the  eastward.  At  4  a.  m.  tacked  to  the 
SW.     Latter,  light,  baffling  breeze  and  fair. 

May  10.  Lat.  24°01'N.;  long.  44°  34'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  75°;  of  water,  75°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.  byE.,  SE.  byE.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  fair.  Middle,  fresh  breezes 
and  passing  squalls,  attended  with  light  rain.     Latter,  gentle  breezes  and  fine  Aveather. 

May  11.  Lat.  20°  47' N.;  long.  44°  07' W.  Temperature  of  air,  77°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds: 
SE.  byE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Throughout,  fine  breezes  and  trade-looking  weather;  winds  hold  on 
to  the  SE.  I  do  not  know  when  I  shall  fetch,  but  trust  to  Providence,  and  let  her  go  for  the 
equator,  and  make  easting  then. 

May  12.     Lat.  18°  00'  N. ;  long.  42°  55'  W.    Temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  79°.    Winds: 
E.SE.,  E.  ^S.,  E. -|S.     Throughout,  gentle  breezes  and  trade-looking  weather;  wind  a  little 
more  favorable;  hope  to  come  out  right  side  up  yet. 
VOL  n 28 


218  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


^o 


May  13.     Lat.    14°57'N.;  long.   41°  16'  W.     Temperature   of  air,    81°;  of  water,    80=^ 
Winds:  E.  |  S.,  E.,  E.  ^  S.    Throughout,  fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds.    Middle,  light  showers 
of  rain.     Ends  very  clear  and  pleasant. 

May  14.  Lat.  12°  lO'N.;  long.  39°  16' W.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds: 
E.,  E.  |N.,  E. -J  N.  Fresh  breezes  and  squally  looking  weather  throughout;  frequent,  light 
passing  showers. 

May  15.  Lat.  9°  47'  N. ;  long.  37°  10'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds: 
E.NE.,  E.byN.,  E.  byN.  First  part,  fresh  breeze  and  dark  hazy  weather,  with  a  few  light 
showers.  Middle,  more  moderate,  with  dark  passing  clouds.  Latter,  fine  sky-sail  breeze  and 
fine  weather. 

May  16.  Lat.  7°  23'  N. ;  long.  34°  50'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds: 
E.byN.,  E.NE,,  E.NE.  First  and  middle,  fresh  breezes  and  squally  looking,  ^  with  light 
storms;  latter,  moderate  breeze  and  hazy. 

May  17.  Lat.  5°  40'  N. ;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds : 
E.NE.,  NE.  byE,,  NE,  byE,  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  misty.  Middle,  fresh  breeze 
and  light  passing  rain  squalls.     Latter,  squally  and  rainy,  wind  variable. 

May  18,  Lat.  5°  26' N.;  long.  31°  27' W.  Temperature  of  air,  85°;  water,  82°.  Winds: 
SW.,  N,NW.,  NE,  First  part,  moderate  and  baffling;  dark,  cloudy  weather  with  rain.  Middle, 
light  airs  and  baffling.     Latter,  light  airs  and  calms,  fine  pleasant  weathei*. 

May  19.  Lat.  5°  04'  N. ;  long.  31°  06' W.  Temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds: 
NE,,  E.,  SW.    Throughout,  light  airs  and  calm,  wind  all  around  the  compass;  weather  pleasant. 

May  20,  Lat,  4°  39'  N, ;  long,  31°  08'  W,  Temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
SW.,  N,NW,,  SE,  byS.  Throughout,  light  winds  and  calm;  cats'  paws  from  all  points  of  the 
compass;  frequent  showers. 

May  21.  Lat.  4°  16'  N. ;  long.  31°  00'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
S.SE,,  S.,  S.  by  W,     First  and  middle,  light  airs  and  calm.     Latter,  light  and  variable. 

May  22,  Lat,  3°  51'  N, ;  long.  30°  50'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
S.SW.,  N.,  N.NW.,  and  S.SW,  Throughout,  light  variable  airs  and  calms,  with  rain.  Filled 
water  casks. 

May  23,  Lat,  3°  24'  N, ;  long,  30°  40'  W,  Temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
SW,,  calm,  and  N,,  E.     Light  baffling  airs  and  calms,  with  rain. 

May  24.  Lat.  2°  56'  N. ;  long.  30°  32'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  83°,  Winds: 
NE.,  E.SE.,  calm,  and  SE.  First,  a  fine  little  breeze,  and  rainy.  Middle,  light  baffling  airs 
and  calms;  dark  cloudy  weather,  with  showers  of  rain.  Latter  part,  calm  most  of  the  time, 
with  much  rain. 

May  25.  Lat.  20°  30'  N. ;  long.  29°  58'  W. ;  temperature  of  air,  83° ;  of  Avater,  84°.  Winds : 
SE.  and  calm,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First,  light  baffling  breeze  and  calm,  with  rain;  middle,  moderate 
breeze  and  passing  rain  showers;  latter,  light  winds  and  fine  pleasant  weather.  We  have  the 
trade-wind,  I  hope,  at  last;  we  have  been  8  days  making  230  miles. 

May  26.  Lat.  0°  01'  S. ;  long.  31°  15'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82° 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Throughout  moderate  breezes  and  passing  squalls, 
with  light  rain.  Crossed  the  equator  this  day  31  days  out;  and  have  beaten  my  last  passage 
1|  day,  and  have  crossed  about  50  miles  further  west.  I  hope  to  get  the  wind  a  little  more 
to  the  equator,  so  that  we  can  fetch  along. 

May  27.     Lat.   2°   22'  S.;   long.   32°  07'  W.     Temperature  of  air,    82°;   of  water,    82°, 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE — APRIL.  219 

Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.,  S.SE.  First,  moderate  breezes  and  baffling,  with  rain  squalls; 
middle,  same  wind,  with  clear  weather;  latter,  light  breeze  and  variable,  with  fine  weather. 
At  11  tacked  to  the  eastward.      [In  that  longitude  I  would  not  hare  advised  you  so  to  do.] 

May  28.  Lat.  2°  51'  S. ;  long.  31°  35'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  83°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle,  moderate  breeze  and  baffling,  with  passing 
squalls  attended  with  rain.  At  6  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW. ;  at  10  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  east- 
ward; and  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  S.SW.  Latter  part,  light  breezes  and  passing  rain  squalls. 
Hard  wind  this. 

May  29.  Lat.  3°  56'  S. ;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
S.SE.,  S.SE.;  baffling  and  S.  by  W.  First,  moderate  breeze  and  passing  rain  squalls;  middle 
and  latter,  squally,  with  rain.  Tacked  frequently.  At  9  a.  m.  made  the  island  of  Fernando 
de  Noronha,  bearing  W.SW.,  distant  7  miles.  Ends,  squally,  cloudy,  rainy,  and  wind  playing 
about. 

May  30.  Lat.  5°  40'  S.;  long.  32°  36'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  84°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds: 
SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.,  variable.  Light  variable  winds  and  cloudy,  with  rain  throughout. 
Tacked  frequently;  I  never  before  experienced  such  weather  on  this  side  of  the  equator." 

Ship  Panama,  (W.  P.  Cave,  captain,)  New  York  to  Melbourne,  thirteen  days  out. 

"May  11,  1856.  Lat.  29°  33'  N. ;  long.  53°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
73°;  of  water,  71°.  Current,  none.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE,,  E.SE.  Throughout  quite  moderate 
winds,  with  easterly  swell. 

May  12.  Lat.  27°  25'  N. ;  long.  32°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  71°.  No  current.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  Throughout  moderate,  with  occa- 
sional puffs. 

May  13.  Lat.  24°  32'  N. ;  long.  31°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  72°.  Current,  NW.,  i  knot.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.  Moderate  breeze,  with 
occasional  puffs. 

May  14.  Lat.  21°  00'  N.;  long.  30°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  NE.  No  change  in  wind  or  weather.  Large  schools 
of  flying  fish- 
May  15.  Lat.  18°  04'  N. ;  long.  29°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  74°.  Current,  NW.,  |  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.  Moderate  breezes  and  fine 
weather;  rather  too  fine  for  my  passage  to  the  line,  as  I  am  so  far  to  the  eastward.  I  shall 
cross  in  about  28°,  but  shall  not  pinch  my  ship  on  a  wind. 

May  16.  Lat.  15°  20'  N.;  long.  28°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  74°.  Current,  NW.,  \  mile.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Continuation  of  moderate 
trades  and  fine  weather.  I  am  now  out  twenty  days;  you  will  see  how  I  was  bothered  with 
light  southerly  winds,  which  drove  me  over  600  miles  out  of  my  course.  I  think  it  is  well  I 
am  so  far  east,  as  I  should  be  jammed  on  a  wind.  [What  do  the  tables  and  the  charts,  and 
the  crossing,  and  the  united  experience  of  those  who  have  gone  before  you,  say?] 

May  17.  Lat.  11°  44'  N. ;  long.  28°  41'  W.  Barometer,  20.08;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  76°.  Current,  NW.,  |  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  Throughout  moderate  trades, 
varying  two  points. 

May  18.  Lat.  7°  54'  N.;  long.  28°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  79°.     Current,  none.     Winds  :  E.SE.  E.SE.,  E.SE.     Throughout,  moderate  trades  ; 


220  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

sometimes  not  a  cloud  to  be  seen,  and  again  so  cloudy  I  have  not  had  a  correct  meridional 
observation. 

May  19.  Lat.  5°  08'  N. ;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  north,  1  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Throughout,  moderate 
and  fair  ;  passing  clouds  and  smooth  water. 

May  20.  Lat.  3°  48'  N. ;  long.  27°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  82°.  Current,  NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SW.,  N.NW.,  N.  Begins  with  light 
easterly  wind.  At  1  p.  m.  wind  shifted  southward  by  westward  ;  middle,  baffling — had  a 
couple  of  light  showers,  the  first  since  leaving  New  York, 

May  21.  Lat.  2°  30'  N. ;  long.  29°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  82°.  Current,  NE.,  1  mile.  Winds  :  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Begins  with  moderate 
baffling  Avinds.  At  "4  p.  m.  heavy  squall  of  wind  and  rain  ;  middle,  tacked  ship  four  times; 
at  4  a.  m.  heavy  squalls  ;  ends  quite  moderate.  I  must  have  a  strong  NE.  current,  as  I  find 
my  reckoning  differs  widely. 

May  22.  Lat.  1°  55'  N. ;  long.  26°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Throughout,  moderate  and  squally;  a  long 
heavy  swell  from  south. 

May  23.     Lat.  0°  12'  S, ;  long. .     Barometer,    29.98;  temperature   of  air   85°;  of 

water,  82°.  Winds  :  S..  S.SE.  SE.  Throughout,  moderate  winds  ;  a  long  heavy  swell 
from  south.  Crossed  the  line  at  last,  26  days  and  22  hours,  a  long  passage.  I  think  the 
currents  are  guided  by  the  winds,  and  often  run  in  every  direction.  I  have  sailed  by  log  and 
observation  4,694,  including  working  to  eastward;    long  road. 

May  24.  Lat.  3°  34'  S. ;  long.  29°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds  :  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Throughout,  moderate  and 
squally,  with  heavy  head  sea. 

May  25.  Lat.  7°  15'  S.;  long.  30°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  81°;  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Moderate  winds  and  very 
heavy  head  sea  ;  ship  going  bows  under  ;  squally  ;  wind  varies  two  points." 

Captain  Cave  is  one  of  my  "crack"  co-operators.  He  has  kindly  undertaken  to  keep  the 
"man-of-war  log,"  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  was  forced  so  far  away  from  his  course. 
The  gain — 4.8  days — that  has  taken  place  in  the  April  passage  to  the  "fair  way"  off  St. 
Roque,*  since  the  publication  of  the  7th  edition  of  this  work,  cannot  certainly  be  ascribed 
to  any  improvement  that  has  taken  place  since  1855  in  naval  architecture  and  the  sailing 
qualities  of  ships  ;  clipper  models  and  fast  ships  were  "all  the  go"  in  the  "flush  times"  of 
California  and  Australia,  The  impetus  which  the  gold  of  those  countries  gave  to  ship  build- 
ing and  commerce  had  been  fully  expressed  prior  to  1855.  This  shortening  of  that  passage 
cannot,  in  my  judgment,  be  fairly  attributed  to  the  introduction  of  faster  ships  in  the  trade 
that  passes  St.  Eoque.  It  may  be  attributable,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that  navigators  have  more 
confidence  in  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  and  understand  them  better  than  they  did. 

At  first,  notwithstanding  I  insisted  that  I  was  only  collecting  the  experience  of  navigators 
themselves,  as  to  the  prevailing  winds  and  currents  on  this  or  that  voyage,  many  shipmasters 
held  that  I  was  somehow  or  other  only  theorizing  ;  many  therefore  stood  aloof,  while  others 
took  up  the  Sailing  Directions  and  shaped  their  course  by  them  doubtingly.     As  long  as  the 

«  See  pp.  212-13. 


TO    THE    "FAIE   WAY"    OFF    ST.   EOQUE — APRIL.  221 

wind  was  fresh  and  fair,  the  Charts  and  Sailing  Directions  were  in  favor.  But  the  moment  the 
wind  began  to  pinch,  all  those  of  weak  faith,  and  they  were  many,  began  to  doubt,  and  then 
to  abandon.  Having  undertaken  the  new  route,  they  would,  as  things  began  to  look  a  little 
unpropitious,  falter  and  then  go  off.  The  result  was  a  sort  of  middle  course — a  compromise 
between  the  old  and  the  new  route. 

In  some  of  the  earlier  editions  of  this  work,  it  became  necessary  to  devote  a  chapter  to  the 
"mistakes  in  the  route  to  Eio.''  Such  mistakes  are  now  so  rare  that  there  is  no  longer  any 
occasion  for  alluding  to  them,  except  as  matter  of  history  or  of  warning.  I  shall  have  occasion 
again  to  revert  to  this  shortening  of  the  passage  to  the  "fairway"  off  St.  Roque;  the  point  I 
wish  now  to  impress  upon  navigators  is  suggested  by  Captain  Cave's  remark  that  to  reach  the 
line  he  had  to  sail  4,674  miles,  which  is  755,  or  19  per  cent.,  more  than  the  average,  according 
to  computation. 

These  route  tables  are  calculated  according  to  the  doctrine  of  chances.  And  when  a 
vessel  sticks  to  the  new  route,  it  is  seldom  that  the  distance  actually  sailed  by  her  differs  from 
the  computed  distance  more  than  5  per  cent.;  it  frequently  is  less  than  1  per  cent.,  and  on  the 
average  it  would  not  exceed  2|.  Not  many  steamers  sail  closer  than  that,  yet  here  is  a  voyage 
of  4, 000  miles,  projected  across  the  Gulf  Stream,  the  variables,  the  horse  latitudes,  and  through 
the  NE.  trades  for  sailing  vessels  alone.  The  chances  of  slant  and  head  winds  have  been 
brought  into  the  calculation,  and  that  with  such  precision  that  the  distance  actually  sailed  will 
not,  one  voyage  with  another,  differ  from  the  calculated  distance  more  than  2^  per  cent. 

Is  not  this  the  best  proof  that  can  be  given  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  Wind  Charts  for  this 
part  of  the  Ocean?  We  hear  of  navigators  who  have  crossed  the  Atlantic  100  times,  but 
which  of  them  will  set  down  beforehand  and  tell  how  much  adverse  winds  will  turn  him  out 
of  his  way,  and  how  far  he  will  have  to  sail  during  the  passage? 

The  doctrine  of  insurance  companies  has  been  applied  to  the  elements  for  determining 
these  monthly  routes,  and  the  rates  of  insurance  are  not  determined  according  to  principles 
that  are  any  more  correct  than  are  the  principles  by  which  the  tables  of  the  "Route  to  Rio, 
for  April"  and  other  months  were  calculated. 


Barque  Inman,  (S.  G.  Brooks,  captain,)  New  York  to  Rio  Grande,  Brazil,  seventeen  days 


out. 


"May  17,  1856.  Lat.  28°  41'  N.;  long.  40°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.22.  Winds:  S.  to 
W.,  S.  to  W.,  S.  to  W.     Heavy  head  sea.     Strong  current  from  E.SE.     Moderate  breezes. 

May  18.  Lat.  26°  45' N.;  long.  39°  05' W.  Barometer,  30.26.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  WSW. 
to  N.  Throughout,  fine  breezes,-  declining  and  hauling  westward.  Plenty  of  gulf-weed. 
Smooth  sea. 

May  19.  Lat.  24°  28'  N.;  long.  37°  57' W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NE., 
E.NE.     Light  variable  breezes. 

May  20.  Lat.  22°  28'  N.;  long.  37°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  E.  byN.,  E.  by 
N.,  E.  by  N.     Light  breezes  and  passing  squalls. 

May  21.  Lat.  20°  08'  N.;  long.  36°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  SE.,  E.,  variable. 
Throughout,  brisk  trades;  puffy;  showers  at  intervals.     Squally  baffling  trades. 

May  22.  Lat.  17°  08'  N. ;  long.  35°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by 
N.,  E.  by  N.  Throughout,  fresh  breezes.  Head  sea  on.  Rigging  stretching;  cannot  carry 
hard. 


222  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

May  23.  Lat.  14°  03'  N. ;  long.  34°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Current,  NW.,  half  mile. 
Throughout,  strong  puffy  trades.     Foggy  and  a  reddish  tint  to  the  clouds.     Long  seas. 

May  24.  Lat.  11°  15'  N. ;  long.  33°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Winds:  NE.  to  E.NB., 
NE.  to  E.NE.,  E.  First  and  middle,  strong,  puffy  breezes,  heavy  swell;  latter,  moderate,  with 
frequent  rain  squalls. 

May  25.  Lat.  8°  33'  N. ;  long.  31°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Current,  1  mile,  W. 
Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds.  The  weather  now 
begins  to  have  the  appearance  of  trades,  quite  unlike  the  last  few  days. 

May  26.  Lat.  6°  04'  N.;  long.  30°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  byS., 
E.  by  N.  to  E.  Throughout,  fresh  squally  weather;  showers.  Head  sea  on.  Ends,  firm  and 
fresh  breezes. 

May  27.  Lat.  4°  30'  N.;  long.  29°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  SE.,  S.,  N.  toSE. 
Throughout,  baffling,  and  hard  squalls  of  wind  and  rain,  with  much  thunder  and  lightning. 
Squalls  very  hard.     Latter,  confused  sea. 

May  28.  Lat.  4°  50' N.;  long.  30°  02'.  Barometer,  30.05.  Current,  1  mile,  NW.  Winds: 
calm,  calm,  calm.     Throughout,  baffling  airs  and  calms;  squalls  all  around  the  compass. 

May  29.  Lat.  4°  30'  N. ;  long.  30°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm. 
Throughout,  calm,  light  airs  and  heavy  rains. 

May  30.  Lat.  4°  10'  N. ;  long.  29°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm. 
First  and  middle,  calm  and  light  airs  from  all  points;  latter,  gentle  airs  from  S.  to  SE. ;  passing 
clouds. 

May  31.  Lat.  4°  14'  N.;  long.  29°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.95.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm. 
Throughout,  calm  as  usual, 

June  1.  Lat.  4°  03' N".;  long.  29°  58' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  SE. 
First  and  middle,  calm  and  rainy;  light  airs  and  squally.     Latter  part,  a  light  breeze. 

June  2.  Lat.  1°  50'  N. ;  long.  31°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. 
Throughout,  fine  breezes;  lulling  and  freshening.     How  refreshing,  after  6  days  in  the  doldrums. 

June  3.  Lat.  0°  14' S. ;  long.  31°  44' W.  Barometer,  30.08.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.SE. 
Throughout,  fine  pleasant  weather  and  gentle  breezes. 

June  4.  Lat.  2°  01'  S. ;  long.  31°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.03.  Winds:  E.SE.,  baffling, 
E.SE.     First  and  middle,  moderate  breezes;  declining.     Latter,  gentle  breezes. 

June  5.  Lat.  3°  24'  S. ;  long.  32°  32'  W.  Barometer,  39.05.  Winds:  SE.,  baffling  and 
calm,  S.SE.  First,  squally;  middle,  calm  and  rainy.  At  meridian  Fernando  de  Noronha  bore 
S.  by  E. 

June  6.  Lat.  4°  25'  S.;  long.  33°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E., 
SE.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  weather  and  gentle  breezes.  At  4  tacked  to  E.SE.  At  midnight 
tacked  to  SW.  |  S.     Plenty  of  birds. 

June  7.  Lat.  6°  33'  S.;  long.  34°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. 
Throughout  pleasant  weather  and  moderate  breezes.     Several  vessels  in  sight." 


TO    THE   "FAIR   WAy''    OFF    ST,   ROQUE — MAY. 
COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RIO,  ETC.— i»/«y. 


223 


DISTANCES. 

WINDS  ;    PER  CENT. 

Total  No. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Course. 

Slants  from — 

observa- 

True. 

Head. 

Fair. 

tions. 

N.  &  E. 

S.  &  W. 

From  port  to 

39°  11'  N. 

70°  00' 

E.S.E 

199 

9.8 

218 

2.5 

10.8 

8.3 

78.4 

2.1 

599 

39    11 

65    00 
60    00 

E 

238 
254 

11.5 
9.1 

464 

277 

6.4 
2.8 

12.8 
6.6 

11.2 

8.8 

69.6 
81.8 

2.8 
1.6 

315 

37    34 

E.S.E 

181 

35    55 

55    00 

E.S.E 

250 

10.2 

285 

1.8 

9.1 

u)15.2 

73.9 

3.6 

163 

35    55 

50    00 
47    17 
45    00 
41    23 
40    00 

E 

243 
144 
194 
263 
194 

9.9 
5.5 
9.1 
14.7 
6.5 

267 
152 
211 
301 
206 

0.7 
0.9 
3.3 
3.3 
2.6 

15.2 
0.0 
0.0 
13.9 
u;10.4 

12.4 

u;16.9. 

wll.5 

w\9.\. 

0.0 

17.9 
82.2 
85.2 
63.7 
87.0 

2.7 
1.7 
1.6 
5.6 
2.5 

145 

35    00 

E.S.E 

112 

33    06 

S.E 

61 

30    00 

S.E 

151 

27    00 

S.S.E 

39 

25    00 

40    00 

S 

120 

9.4 

131 

3.4 

5.1 

5.1 

86.4 

0.0 

60 

20    00 

37    46 

S.S.E 

325 

0.3     • 

326 

0.0 

1.8 

0.0 

98.2 

0.0 

54 

15    00 

35    36 

S.S.E 

335 

0.8 

327 

0.0 

tr   4  4 

0.0 

95.6 

0.0 

23 

10    00 

33    29 

S.S.E 

325 

0.0 

325 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

54 

5    50 

31    24 

S.S.E..  

325 

0.5 

325 

0.0 

w  4.8 

0.0 

95  2 

0.0 

42 

Equator... 

31    24 

S.S.E 

300 

0.6 

302 

0.0 

w  5.2 

1.7 

93.1 

3.4 

115 

3708 

3917 

1    00  S. 

31  49 

32  00 

s.s.w 

65 
29 

2.1 
0.0 

66 
29 

0.0 
0.0 

w   9  9 
0.0 

0.4 
0.0 

89.7 
100.0 

0,0 
6.2 

264 

1    27 

s.s.w 

15 

3    00 

32    39 

s.s.w 

101 

3,3 

104 

0.0 

tul6.7 

0.0 

83.3 

0.0 

12 

3    51 

33    00 
33    28 

s.s.w 

55 

75 

0.0 
0.0 

55 

75 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 

0,0 
0.0 

100.0 
100.0 

0.0 
0.0 

21 

5    00 

s.s.w 

6 

6    24 

34    00 

s.s.w 

84 

0.0 

84 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

9 

7    00 

34    15 

s.s.w 

39 

14.2 

45 

0.0 

UI48.9 

2.4 

48.7 

0,0 

41 

7    00 

33  30 

34  00 

E 

44 
79 

3.2 
32.0 

45 
104 

0.0 
13.0 

0.0 
to  52.2 

«)11.8 
0.0 

88.2 
34.8 

0.0 
0.0 

23 

8    13 

ss.w 

23 

In  this  month  and  near  this  route,  the  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes  are  most  prevalent 
between  the  meridians  of  40°  and  45°,  and  the  parallels  of  32°  and  33°  N.  Between  the  meri- 
dians 25°  and  30°  the  equatorial  calms  are  most  prevalent  from  5°  N.  to  the  line,  the 
greatest  prevalence  of  calms  being  between  3°  and  4°  N.  Between  the  meridians  of  30° 
and  35°  the  equatorial  calms  prevail  most  between  3°  and  5°  N.  Here  they  extend  also  a 
little  to  the  south  of  the  line.  In  the  main,  the  equatorial  calms  prevail  as  you  go  to  the  east. 
When  you  cross  the  line  to  the  west  of  29°,  draw  a  line  from  the  point  of  crossing  to  St. 
Augustine,  and  aim  to  keep  to  the  eastward  of  it,  and  for  this  purpose  take  advantage  of  all 
slants.  This  direction  applies  to  every  month.  You  should  aim  generally  to  make  easting, 
when  easting  becomes  necessary  after  crossing  the  line,  before  crossing  7°  S. 

If  you  can  cross  7°  S.  to  the  east  of  34°,  there  will  probably  be  no  necessity  of  steering 
the  east  course,  as- by  the  table.  Observe  that  calms  are  seldom  or  never  found  along  this 
route  in  this  month  south  of  1°  S. 

The  equatorial  calms  in  April,  between  25°  and  30°  W.,  prevail  from  5°  S.  to  3°  N.,  being 
most  prevalent  between  1°  S.  and  1°  N.  Between  30°  and  35°  W.  they  prevail  from  3°  N.  to 
3°  S.,  being  most  prevalent  between  2°  and  the  line. 

Observe,  also,  how  the  winds  in  this  month  hang  from  the  southward  in  latitude  35°  to 
30°  N.,  and  between  the  meridians  of  40°  and  45°  W. 


224 


THE    WIND    AND    CUERENT    CHARTS. 


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TO   THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE MAY.  227 

Bottle  paper. 

"Ship  Oracle,  of  Thomaston,  from  New  York  for  San  Francisco,  6tli  of  April,  3  p.  m.  Lat. 
2°  05'  S.;  long.  31  46'  W.;  23  days  out;  all  well. 

Will  the  finder  please  enclose  this  to  Lieut.  Maury,  Washington  Observatory,  stating 
when  and  where  found." 

ALBERT  D.  WOOD, 

Commander  Oracle. 

Picked  up  22d  of  June,  1858,  at  Flat  Shoal  Bay,  north  side  Barbadoes.  Course  N.  60° 
W. ;  1,902  miles,  or  1  knot  an  hour  for  77  days. 

The  Oracle  made  an  excellent  run  to  the  line,  and  the  drift  of  this  bottle  affords  one  of 
the  best  tests  of  the  current  that  we  have  had.  This  bottle  drifted  nearly  at  righ't  angles  with 
the  wind.  The  actual  set  of  the  current  is  therefore  and  probably  even  more  to  the  north  than 
this  bottle  makes  it;  for  the  bottle  must  have  been  driven  to  the  west,  more  or  less,  by  the 
northeast  trades. 

In  this  month  as  well  as  in  the  last  there  Is  also  a  marked  improvement  in  the  passages 
to  the  line.  The  table  of  crossings,  now  published  for  the  first  time,  shows  a  clear  gain,  since 
the  date  of  the  7th  edition,  of  10  or  12  per  cent.  Practically,  according  to  this  table,  the  best 
crossing  of  30°  and  25°  N.,  for  May,  is  near  the  meridian  of  41°  and  40°,  as  suggested  in  the 
route  table,  p.  223.  After  that  experience  suggests  crossings  somewhat  further  to  the  east 
than  the  route  table  gives.  A  vessel  may  consider  herself  in  a  good  position  for  a  May  pas- 
sage anywhere  between  the  new  route  crossings,  per  table,  and  the  crossings  "since  7th 
edition."  This  difference  of  crossing  may,  in  part,  be  due  the  May  currents,  which  were  not 
taken  into  the  account  when  the  bearings  for  the  route  tables  were  computed.  The  following 
bottle  paper  suggests  a  westerly  current,  which,  however,  cannot  be  strong,  for  the  bottle  was 
probably  drifted  quite  as  much  by  the  wind  as  by  the  currents: 

"On  the  15th  of  May,  1856,  at  2  p.  m.,  the  Dutch  ship  Prins  Frederik  der  Nederlanden, 
S.  J.  Rotgans,  master,  was  sailing  in  lat.  S.  11°  17',  and  long.  W.  10°  21'. 

The  finder  of  this  bottle  is  requested  to  cause  this  to  be  published  in  the  nearest  news- 
paper, with  the  place  and  date  of  finding;  and,  if  possible,  to  forward  this  note  to  the  Super- 
intendent of  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington." 

Picked  up  three  miles  north  of  Ceara,  in  Brazil,  9th  of  October,  1856,  Drift,  say  12  miles 
a  day. 

Ship  Golden  Eagle,  (Samuel  A.  Fabens,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  thirteen 
days  out. 

"May  24,  1855.  Lat.  28°  34'  N. ;  long.  40°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air, 
75°;  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.  I  S.,  E.  by  N.  to  E.  by  S.  Light  airs  and  pleasant; 
latter,  moderate. 

May  25.  Lat.  26°  40'  N.;  long.  39°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  76°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  E.,  E.  by  S.  to  E.,  E.SE.  to  SE.  by  E.     Light  airs  and  calms. 

May  26.  Lat.  26°  11'  N.;  long.  40°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  E.  to  S.SE.,  calm,  calm.     Light  airs  and  calms. 


228  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT    CHARTS. 

May  27.  Lat.  24°  13'  N.;  long.  38°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.     Light  airs  and  pleasant. 

May  28.  Lat.  22°  22'  N.;  long.  38°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  78  ; 
water,  77.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  |  S.     Light  airs  and  pleasant. 

May  29.  Lat.  19°  35'  N.;  long.  36°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Light  airs  and  squally  appearances; 
middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes  and  overcast;  squally  appearances. 

May  30.  Lat.  17°  17'  N.;  long.  34°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.     Same  as  yesterday. 

May  31.  Lat.  14°  27'  N.;  long.  32°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.     As  yesterday,  with  an  occasional  shower  of  rain. 

June  1.'  Lat.  11°  37'  N. ;  long.  30°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.     \Yinds:  E.,  JE.,  E.  to  E.N. E.     As  yesterday,  throughout. 

June  2.  Lat.  8°  29' N. ;  long.  28°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.N.E.,  E.NE.  to  NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

June  3.  Lat.  5°  32' N.;  long.  28°  12' W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.  to  SE.  by  S.  First,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant; 
middle,  the  same,  with  sharp  lightning  to  the  SE.;  latter,  light  and  variable  winds;  light  rain. 

June  4.  Lat.  3°  59'  N.;  long.  29°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  Light  and  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather. 

June  5.  Lat.  1°  50'  N. ;  long.  30°  02' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.  |  S.  to  SE.  i  S.,  SE.  ^  S.  to  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  and 
pleasant. 

June  6.  Lat.  00°  01'  S. ;  long.  31°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE-.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle,  light  airs  and  pleasant; 
latter,  moderate.  Estimating  from  noon  to  noon,  we  have  sailed  4,063  miles.  [Computed 
distance,  as  per  table,  3,917;  difference,  3|  per  cent.] 

June  7.  Lat.  2°  23'  S.;  long.  32°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  occa- 
sional light  rain  squalls. 

June  8.  Lat.  4°  01'  S.;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  stood  6  hours 
to  the  eastward. 

June  9.  Lat.  6°  34' S.;  long.  34z  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.     Winds:  S.E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  to  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant." 

Ship  Flying  Dutchman^  (A.  Hubbard,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  eleven  days  out. 

"May  31,  1856.  Lat.  28°  04'  N. ;  long.  37°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.23;  temperature  of  air, 
76°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  unsteady, 
with  occasional  strong  puffs,  and  very  fine  rain.  Quantities  of  sea-weed.  Meridian,  fresh 
breezes  and  fine  trade-like  weather.  Strong  current  rips.  At  8  p.  m.  fresh  breezes  and 
squally,  with  fine  rain.     A  turbulent  sea. 

June  1.  Lat.  24°  13'  N.;  long.  36°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.14;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,    75°,     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.     Unsteady  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls,  and 


TO    THE    "fair   way"    OFF   ST.    ROQUE MAY.  229 

fine  rain  ;  wind  canting  southerly  in  squalls.  Sea-weed  in  moderate  quantities.  Meridian, 
fresh  breezes  and  pleasant ;  passing  through  current  rips.  8  p.  m.,  wind  very  unsteady  from 
SE.  to  E.,  with  frequent  squalls  and  light  rain. 

June  2.  Lat.  20°  39'  N.;  long.  34°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  Avater,  75°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  unsteady,  with  occasional 
showers  of  fine  rain.  But  little  sea-weed.  Continual  current  rips  agitate  the  water.  8  p.  m. 
cloudy,  and  not  so  much  wind. 

June  3.  Lat.  17°  31'  N.;  long.  33°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Commences  with  light  winds  and  cloudy. 
Meridian,  moderate  and  fine.  No  sea-weed.  Frequent  current  rips.  P.  m.,  no  northing  in 
our  trades  as  yet;  it  is  not  material  to  us,  however,  in  our  position.  It  is  now  my  intention  to 
make  what  easting  may  be  necessary  to  clear  St.  Roque  along  "the  northern  limits  of  the 
SE.  trades,"  whichever  side  of  the  equator  I  find  them. 

June  4.  Lat.  13°  51'  N.;  long.  32°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds:  E.  by.S.,  E.  by  S.  Fresh  breezes  and  steady  throughout.  Frequent 
current  jips.  No  sea-weed.  No  current  indicated  by  difference  of  account  and  observations, 
p.  m.,  light  showers  of  rain. 

June  5.  Lat.  10°  47/  N.;  long.  29°  59'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  Fresh  breezes  and  unsteady,  with  frequent 
light  squalls,  with  rain.  Frequent  current  rips.  At  noon  rather  a  doldrum  looking  sky.  No 
sea-weed. 

June  6.  Lat.  70°  02'  N.;  long.  28°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Fresh  breezes  and  steady.  Calm  and 
squally  looking  clouds  about  the  horizon.  Current  rips  still.  Noon,  we  are  in  the  doldrums 
"to  all  intents  and  purposes,"  with  a  prospect  of  plenty  of  rain. 

June  7.  Lat.  5°  46'  N.;  long.  28°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Light  variable  winds  and  calm.  Noon,  no  obser- 
vation ;  lights,  however,  taken  this  morning  indicate  an  easterly  current  of  1  knot. 

June  8.  Lat.  5°  31' N.;  long.  28°  11'  W.  Barometer,  39.02;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  variable,  N.,  N.  Light  winds  and  variable,  calm,  squalls,  with 
rain  throughout. 

June  9.  Lat.  4°  51'  N.;  long.  28°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  N.,  S.,  calm.  The  same  as  yesterday.  Meteors  very  numerous 
during  the  night,  flying  in  all  directions,  large  and  small,  fast  and  slow. 

June  10.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  83°. 
Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  At  4  a.  m.  it  may  be  said  the  SE.  trades  commenced  with  us,  in 
lat.  4°  12'  N. ;  long.  28°  30'  W.  Noon,  fresh  breezes  and  beautiful  trade-like  weather. 
Numerous  flying  fish.  Shall  not  try  to  make  any  easting  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  as  long 
as  the  wind  holds  where  it  is — at  least  I  shall  not  tack  for  that  purpose. 

June  11.  Lat.  00°  13'  N. ;  long.  31°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  west,  1|  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Fresh  breezes, 
with  passing  clouds  and  fine  weather.  Noon,  squally,  with  light  rain;  frequent  strong  rips. 
7  p.  m.,  tacked  for  the  purpose  of  making  easting,  instead  of  standing  on  to  the  strand,  and  making 
it  under  the  land  about  St.  Roque.  Whether  it  proves  a  judicious  course  remains  to  be  seen. 
The  winds  have  more  easting  in  them  than  is  usual  at  the  commencement  of  the  trades. 


230  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  12.  Lat.  equator;  long.  30°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  west,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Strong  breezes, 
and  puffy.  At  10.30  a.  m.  tacked  to  southward  and  westward;  noon,  tacked  to  eastward; 
wind  heading  on  both  tacks.     Tacked  frequently. 

June  13.  Lat.  1°  37'  S. ;  long.  31°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  west,  1  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  A  strong  trade,  with 
a  considerable  sea  from  southward.  Noon,  tacked  to  the  eastward.  At  p.  m.  tacked  to 
southward  and  westward. 

June  14.  Lat.  3°  02' S.;  long.  32°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  west,  -^^  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Fresh 
trades,  with  beautiful  weather.  Not  quite  so  much  sea;  less  current  indicated.  At  noon, 
Noronha  S.  14°  W.,  53  miles  distant.  At  3  p.  m.  made  Noronha,  bearing  south,  30  to  38  miles. 
Tacked  often.     Midnight,  wind  moderate. 

June  15.  Lat.  3°  52'  S. ;  long.  32°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  W.NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  At  4  a. 
m.  wind  quite  light  and  variable;  a  slight  shower.  At  8  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward. 
Noon,  east,  7  miles  distant;  passed  along  northward,  heading  up  better  than  usual  on  this  tack. 
At  8  p.  m.  tacked  to  southward  and  northward.      Current  rips. 

June  16.  Lat  4°  20'  S.;  long.  32°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  i  mile,  west.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  At  7  a.  m. 
Noronha  just  visible,  bearing  N.  by  E.     Strong  breezes  and  squally.     Tacked  frequently. 

June  17.  Lat.  6°  43'  S.;  long.  34°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Current,  west,  1  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  Strong  breezes 
and  unsteady,  with  frequent  squalls  and  light  rain.  Noon,  same,  with  heavy  sea.  Tacked 
frequently.  The  winds  'hang  obstinately  to  the  southward  in  June.'  Midnight,  the  land  in 
sight;  tacked  to  the  eastward;  passed  through  strong  current  rips." 

Ship  Competitor^  (Otis  White,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  twelve  days  out. 

"June  10,  1855.  Lat.  28°  07'  N.;  long  44°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  S.SW.  First  part,' light  breezes  and  pleasant,  with 
passing  clouds;  middle,  light  baffling  airs  and  cloudy;  latter,  light  baffling  airs  and  calms, 
squalls  rising  in  the  S.SW,     Tacked  to  the  SE. 

June  11.     Lat.  26°  07'  N.;  long.  43°  45'  W.     Barometer,  29.70;  temperature .     First 

part,  light  breezes  and  passing  clouds,  with  pleasant  weather;  middle,  light  baffling  winds; 
latter,  the  same,  with  squalls  and  fine  rain. 

June  12.  Lat.  23°  39'  N.;  long.  41°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  First,  fresh  breezes,  with  passing  clouds; 
middle,  baffling  and  cloudy;  latter,  light  airs  and  clear  pleasant  weather;  heavy  swell  from  NE. 

June  13.  Lat.  21°  36'  N. ;  long.  42°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds:  calm,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First,  calm  and  cloudy;  middle,  light  breeze 
and  passing  clouds;  latter,  the  same,  with  heavy  swell  from  NE.  I  regret  being  forced  quite 
so  far  west,  but  shall  stand  on  and  trust  to  chances. 

June  14.  Lat.  18°  38'  N.;  long.  40°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.,  E.  by  S.  First,  light  baffling  breezes  and  squally, 
with  fine  rain;  middle,  light  squalls;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  passing  clouds. 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE MAY.  231 

June  15.  Lat.  15°  31'  N.;  long.  40  °00'  W.  Barometer,  29.65,-  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Current,  ^  mile,  east.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  First,  fresh 
breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  wind  the  same,   squally,  with  fine  rain. 

June  16.  Lat.  12°  37'  N.;  long.  37°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  First,  strong  breezes  and  squally,  with  thick  weather; 
middle,  thick,  squally  weather;  latter,  strong  breezes,  with  heavy  squalls  and  rain. 

June  17.  Lat.  10°  36'  N. ;  long.  35°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  First,  fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  thick 
weather.  Heavy  swell  from  NE.  Middle,  thick,  squally  weather,  with  rain.  Latter,  light 
baffling  airs  and  calm,  with  rain.     No  observation. 

.  June  18.  Lat.  8°  19'  N.;  long.  33°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  squally,  with 
rain;  middle,  overcast,  with  fine  rain;  latter,  fresh  trades  and  pleasant,  with  passing  clouds. 

June  19.  Lat.  5°  53'  N.;  long.  31°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  calm,  calm.  First,  fresh  breezes  and  pleasant  trades;  middle 
and  latter,  baffling  and  calm,   cloudy. 

June  20.     Lat.  5°  00'  N. ;  long.  30°  10'  W.     Barometer,   29.45;  temperature  of  air,  82° 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  calm,  calm.     First,  light  baffling  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain; 
middle,  calm,  with  much  rain;  latter,  calm,  with  light  showers  of  rain.     I  hope  we  shall  not  be 
long  in  the  doldrums. 

June  21.  Lat.  4°  39'  N.;  long.  29°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  1  mile,  N.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.  First,  light  baffling  airs  and  squally, 
with  rain;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  the  same,  with  heavy  swell  from  south.     Tacked  twice. 

June  22.  Lat.  4°  03'  N. ;  long.  30°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  calm.  Light  baffling  airs  and  frequent  squalls.  Tacked  to 
the  SE. 

June  23.  Lat.  3°  39'  N.;  long.  30°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  first,  calm  and  cloudy.  Hard  chance!  Middle,  fresh  breezes  and  squally. 
Heavy  swell  from  SE.  Tacked  several  times;  my  object  being  to  stand  on  the  tack  that  gives 
the  southing.     Latter,  breezes,   cloudy,   heavy  sea. 

June  24.  Lat.  2°  08'  N.;  long.  31°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First,  light  breezes.  Tacked  to  W.SW.  Middle,  the  same, 
and  cloudy.     Latter,  the  same. 

June  25.  Lat.  0°  14'  S. ;  long.  32°  53' W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  a  half  mile,  W.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  First,  light  breezes  and  cloudy; 
middle,  fresh  breezes  and  squally,  wdth  light  rain;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy.  Crossed 
the  equator  27  days  18  hours  from  Boston;  a  very  good  passage,  considering  the  chances  I  have 
had  from  5°  N. 

June  26.  Lat.  2°  08'  S. ;  long.  33°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.SE.  to  S.SE.  Current,  a  half  mile,  W.  First,  fresh  breezes 
and  squally;  middle,  fine  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  passing  clouds;  latter,  light  breezes  and 
baffling  and  squalls  of  rain.     Tacked  several  times  to  avail  of  a  point  or  two  in  the  winds. 

June  27.  Lat.  0°  33'  S. ;  long.  31°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  passing  clouds.  Tacked 
twice. 


232  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  28.  Lat.  2°  09'  S. ;  long.  31°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81.  Winds:  E.SE.  to  S.SE.,  E.SB.  to  S.SE.,  E.SE.  to  S.SE.  Light  baffling  winds  and 
squally  throughout. 

June  29.  Lat.  2°49'S.;  long.  31°  14' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.SE.  to  S.,  E.SE.  to  S.,  E.SE.  to  S.  Baffling  and  squally  throughout. 
Tacked  frequently. 

June  30.  Lat.  5°  01'  S. ;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle,  light  breezes  and  squally. 
Tacked  several  times.  Latter,  strong  breezes  and  very  squally,  with  rain  showers.  At  5.30 
a.  m.  made  the  island  of  Fernando^  JSToronha,  bearing  NW.  by  W.,  15  miles  distant. 

July  1.  Lat.  8°02'S.;  long.  34°  13' W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  "  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  to  S.     Light  breezes  and  squally  throughout." 

Sliip  Bapid,  (Phineas  Windsor,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  13  days  out. 

"  June  11,  1856.  Lat.  33°  36'  N. ;  long.  50°  25'  W.  Variation,  13°  27'.  Barometer  30.40. 
Thermometer:  air,  78°;  water,  75°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW.  Light  airs  and. calms  during  the 
night.  • 

June  12.  Lat.  33°  37'  N. ;  long.  49°  59'  W.  Current,  N.NE.,  i  knot.  Barometer,  30.40. 
Thermometer:,  air,  77°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW.  Heavy  NW.  swell;  rain  squalls 
to  the  SW.  and  SE.,  on  the  horizon;  damned  dull  music  this;  swell  increasing;  no  fish;  very 
little  gulf- weed;  swell  from  all  points;  light  airs  and  calms  from  SW.  to  S. ;  slight  surface 
current.  ,  . 

June  13.  Lat.  33°  21' N.;  long.  48°  09' W.  Barometer,  30.40.  Thermometer:  air,  81°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.  Light  airs  and  calms;  all  sorts  and  kinds  of  scuds  from 
S.     One  case  of  small  pox  on  board,  which  Maury  says  nothing  about  in  his  book. 

June  14.  Lat.  32°  58'  N. ;  long.  46°  36'  W.  Current,  N. ,  ^  knot.  Barometer,  30. 35.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  78°;  water,  76°.     Winds:  S.  toS.SWT;  light  airs;  hazy  and  partly  overcast. 

■  June  15.  Lat.  32°  12' N.;  long.  45°  01'  W.  Variation,  13°.  Barometer,  30.25.  Ther- 
mometer: air^  76°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  First  part,  overcast,  with  light 
baffling  airs  and  squalls,  and  wind;  lightning  of  a  yellowish  white.  Middle  part,  squally,  with 
rain  and  lightning.  Latter  part,  fresh  breeze  from  south,  and  overcast,  but  got  the  sun, 
morning  and  at  meridian.     Porpoises  and  black  fish  about. 

June  16.  -Lat.  31°  58'  N. ;  long.  41?  48'  W.  Current,  westerly,  18°.  Variation,  13°. 
Barometer,  30.30.  Thermometer:  air,  78°;  water,  76^.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  S.  to  SE.  and  S. 
First  part,  strong  breeze.  Middle  part,  light  airs  and  overcast,  with  threatening  appearances 
all  around;  heavy  bank  to  the  NE.  Ends,  strong  breezes  and  heavy  easterly  sea;  strong  tide 
observed,  but  no  perceivable  efiTect  of  current;  compasses  disagree  very  much.  Tacked  ship 
twice.  Large  ring  around  the  moon.  Mares'  tails  and  heavy,  dull,  dirty  weather  always 
accompanies  changes  of  the  moon.  Siin  rose  clear  and  went  in'a  cloud.  Beating  down  south; 
gain  30';  so  much  for  the  C. 

June  17.  Lat.  31°  32'  N.;  long.  41°  54'  W.  Variation,  13°.  Barometer,  30.38.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  76°;  water,  75°.  Winds:  S.,  SE.,  S.SE.  Heavy  rain  and  wind  squalls  through- 
out from  all  around.  Tacked  ship  as  often  as  heads  off  of  E.  and  off  of  W.  by  S.  Eobin  Hood 
in  sight,  and  two  barques;  tacked  at  11  to  get  out  of  bad  company.  East  sea  continues  with 
exceedingly  unsettled  weather;  impossible  to  get  to  the  southward. 


TO    THE   "FAIR  WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE — MAY.  233 

June  18.  Lat.  31°  25' N.;  long.  41°  19'  W.  Variation,  12°.  Barometer,  30.35.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  74°;  water,  74°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SW.,  S.  East  swell  continues;  unsettled 
weather.  Middle  part,  cleared  up;  trady  appearances  all  around.  Latter  part,  passing  squalls 
in  E.  and  SE. ;  moderate  and  pleasant,  but  overcast. 

June  19.  Lat.  29°  24'  N. ;  long.  41°  44'  W.  Variation,  13°  41'.  Barometer,  30.30. 
Thermometer:  air,  76°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  S.SB.  to  SE.,  SE.,  Easterly,  SE.  Observed  a 
lunar  rainbow  in  the  morning,  from  E.  by  S.  to  N.  by  W.,  complete  arch  and  bright.  Made  a 
good  run  south,  much  better  than  expected;  has  the  appearance  of  trades,  but  wind  is  baffling 
from  SE.  to  E.,  with  occasional  squalls  from  SE.  Latter  part,  light  airs  hauling  more  easterly; 
very  small  flying  fish  about;  easterly  sea  making. 

June  20.  Lat. '27°  41' N. ;  long.  41°  48' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Thermometer:  air,  76°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Eine,  beautiful  weather  witli  some  SE.  and  easterly 
swell  at  times.  Appearances  of  the  trades,  but  the  wind  obstinately  holds  E.SE. ;  moderate 
winds,  at  times  nearly  calm;  more  weed  than  usual. 

June  21.  Lat.  25°  33' N.;  long.  41°  10' W.  Variation,  16°.  Barometer,  30.30.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  77°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.SE.  throughout,  and  light  with  occasional  calms;  do 
not  call  this  the  trades  yet. 

June  22.  -Lat.  22°  49' N. ;  long.  40°  37' W.  Variation,  17°.  Barometer,  30.35.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  76°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.SE,  to  E, ;  passing  clouds  and  drops  of  rain;  baffling 
winds;  some  E.SE.  sea;  fluctuating  trady  weather.  At  8  a.m.,  sun  directly  overhead;  at  noon, 
north  of  us.  Hope  the  wind  will  haul  north  now.  I  shall  keep  her  travelling  on  Maury's  new 
chart  all  through.  I  am  not  as  well  off  as  last  voyage,  same  number  of  days  out.  Sailed  same 
time  of  year  and  in  a  full  built  ship,  and  this  is  a  clipper;  put  her  through. 

June  23.  Lat.  19°  38'  N.;  long.  39°  30'  W.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  1|  knots.  Variation,  13° 
35' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Thermometer:  air,  78°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  toE.  by  N.,  E.  byN. ; 
flawy  and  hazy;  squalls  and  cold;  wind  hangs  about  east,  northerly,  westerly;  NE.  swell;  overcast. 

June  24.  Lat.  15°  54'  N.;  long.  38°  39'.W.  Current  W.  by  N.,  1|  knots.  Barometer,  30.30. 
Thermometer:  air,  77°;  water,  77°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  byN.  This  beats  all  the  NE.  trades 
I  ever  met  with.  I  commanded  the  Angelique  in  1849,  very  full  ship  and  extremely  deep.  I 
followed  the  same  track  in  the  same  month,  and  26  days  out  was  nearly  in  the  same,  place  as 
to-day  with  the  Rapid,  a  clipper.  I  think  this  month's  track  is  rather  far  west;  further  than 
the  Pilot  Chart  seems  to  Avarrant.  My  aneroid  and  sympiesometer  is  far  preferable  to  any 
barometer  I  ever  saw.  •- 

June  25.  Lat.  12°  40'  N. ;  long.  37°  00'  W.  Current,  W.,  1  knot.  Variation,  13°  W. 
Barometer,  30.20.  Thermometer:  air,  79°;  water,  77°.  Winds:  from E.  by N.  to E.NE.  First, 
reached  the  trades;  and  can  scarcely  be  called  so  now,  First  part,  wind  inclined  northerly; 
sea  smooth  at  times,  then  rough;  no  birds,  no  fish,  no  rain;  strong  flaws  from  passing  clouds. 
Not  80  much  wind  as  last  24  hours.     Trade  clouds,  misty  and  overcast. 

June  26.  Lat.  9°  34'  N.;  long.  35°  13'  W.  Current,  W.,  1  knot.  Variation,  14°,  W. 
Barometer,  30.10.  Thermometer:  air,  80°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.  to  E.NE., 
NE.  by  E.  First  part,  wind  seems  inclined  to  haul  northward;  passing  foggy  clouds,  hanging 
low,  having  wind  in  them.  Middle  part,  strong  breeze,  heavy  SE.  swell,  glasses  falling;  getting 
towards  the  calm  spots.  Latter  part,  wind  hauled  to  NE.  by  E.,  moderating;  less  SE.  sea. 
These  east  trades  are  about  done.     Total  absence  of  fish  and  birds;  hazy  horizon  all  the  time. 

June  27.  Lat.  7°  54' N.  (DR.);  long.  33°  57' W.  (DR.)  Variation,  11°  15' W.  Barometer, 
VOL.-  II 30 


234  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

30.10.  Thermometer:  air,  77°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.  to  E.,  SE.  to  S.  and  S.SW.  First 
part,  appearances  of  rain  from  SE.  Middle  part,  heavy  rain  from  SE. ;  heavy  sea  from  NE. 
and  SE.  Latter  part,  calm,  rain  and  light  airs  from  S.SW.;  baffling  airs  from  every  point  of 
the  compass,  and  calms. 

June  28.  Lat.  7°  15' N.;  long.  32°  26'  W.  Surface  current  east.  Barometer,  30.10. 
Thermometer:  air,  78°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  doldrums,  with  the  variations;  observations  poor; 
heavy  N.NE.  sea,  rain  and  calms;  clouds  of  all  kinds  and  from  every  direction. 

June  29.  Lat.  7°  28'  N. ;  long.  31°  52'  W.  Current  for  two  days,E.NE.,  48.  Barometer, 
30.  Thermometer:  air,  78°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  N.  to  NE.,  SW.  to  W.SW. 
Observe  a  surface  current,  by  drift  of  chips,  &c.     Doldrums !  doldrums !!  occasional  squalls. 

June  30.  Lat.  6°  44'  N.;  long.  32°  00'  W.  Current,  S.SW.,  43'.  Variation,  11°  04'  W. 
Barometer,  30.  Thermometer:  air,  79°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  to  W.SW.  Throughout 
this  day,  calms,  with  heavy  rains  from  SW. ;  southerly  swell,  and  a  2  knot  current  setting  us  to  the 
S.  S W.  Most  conflicting  currents  hereabout ;  just  my  luck ;  never  made  a  quick  or  a  decent  passage 
to  the  line  in  my  life;  clipper  worse  than  full  built;  this  luck  would  make  an  angel  swear,  I  know. 
Worse  than  getting  to  leeward  of  Roque;  beats  all  my  calculations,  Avorsethan  the  Gulf  stream. 

July  1.  Lat.  6°  10'  N.  (DR.);  long.  29°  13'  W.  (DR.)  Barometer,  30.  Thermometer: 
air,  79°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  S.oW.  to  S.  Had  steerage  way  all  the  time;  at  times 
going  12  knots  per  hour,  for  half  hours,  in  squalls;  south  sea;  evidently  a  current,  but  enormous. 
The  last  three  days  puzzle  me,  and  I  give  it  up  for  a  bad  job.  Can  Maury  solve  this  riddle? 
The  devil  has  put  his  claw  on  us. 

July  2.  Lat.  6°  7' N.;  long.  27°  51' W.  Current,  NE.,  26.  Barometer,  30.00.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  81°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by  E.  Rain  squalls;  southeasterly  sea. 
Latter  part,  SW.  monsoons  set  in  fresh;  all  kinds  of  clouds. 

July  3.  Lat.  5°  43'  N.;  long.  25°  15'  W.  Current,  E.NE.,  19.  Barometer,  30.10.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  82°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by  E.,  SW.  by  S.  to  S.  Squalls  and  rain. 
Sudden  shifts  of  wind;  heavy  southerly  sea;  calms  and  fresh  flaws.  Signalized  clipper  ship 
Endeavor,  from  New  York,  sailed  8  or  9  days  before  us;  standing  W.by  S.  per  compass.  Made 
more  latitude  the  last  24  hours  than  for  48  hours  previous,  and  have  not  made  so  good  a  course 
by  log  by  10'.     Suppose  the  current  has  abated. 

July  4.  Lat.  3°  48'  N.;  long.  27°  30'  W.  Current,  E.,  ^  knot.  Variation,  16°  16'  W. 
Barometer,  30.05.  Thermometer:  air,  80°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  to  S.SE.  Fresh  breezes; 
some  SE.  sea;  every  appearance  of  SE.  trades.     Ends  pleasant.     Shall  cross  about  32°  W. 

July  5.  Lat.  1°  46'  N. ;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Current,  W.NW.,  45.  Variation,  14°  48'  W. 
Barometer,  30.10.  Thermometer:  air,  79°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  misty  and  overcast. 
Less  wind  through  the  night  than  during  the  day,  and  bafiling.  Water  discolored;  should  think 
we're  on  soundings.  Surface  current  rips.  Large  flocks  of  whale  birds;  young  flying-fish 
innumerable;  one  Mother  Carey's  chicken  and  one  black  gull. 

July  6.  Lat.  00°  16'  S.;  long.  31°  55'  W.  Current,  W.NW.  32;  variation,  12°  14'  W. 
Barometer,  30.00.  Thermometer:  air,  80°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  unsteady,  S.SE.  to  SE. 
Crossed  the  line  in  38  days,  in  31°  55'  W.  long.  I  am  satisfied  I  should  have  done  better  to 
have  run  to  the  eastward,  up  north  of  the  horse  latitudes,  and  crossed  the  line  in  26°  or  28°. 
I  know  there  is  a  strong  current  always  setting  W.,  northerly,  when  I  have  passed  here 
outward  and  homeward,  and  if  Lieutenant  Maury  was  to  make  a  few  trips  hereabouts,  he 
would  not  be  sofoTidoi  standing  boldly  on  until  he  makes  St.  Roque.     I  have  seen  3y  knot 


TO    THE   "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE — MAY.  235 

current  between  the  Rocos  and  the  land.  I  see,  by  his  book,  every  shipmaster  agrees  with 
Mr.  Maury  in  his  ideas;  if  there  be  any  disagreeing  ones  he  keeps  them  out  of  the  way,  /,  for 
owe,  disagree  with  him  in  some  of  his  particular  points,  and  in  this  Roque  spot  in  particular. 
Those  who  cross  the  line  in  26^^  or  27°,  in  June  and  July,  will  make  the  shortest  time  through 
the  variables  south  of  the  SE.  trades.  I  have  followed  your  track  as  you  mean  it  to  hefolloioed; 
sometimes  here,  sometimes  there,  as  the  winds  compelled  me  to.  I  have  not  had  one  liour  of 
NE.  trades,  or  a  wind  N.  of  E.  one  hour  at  a  time,  and  none  N.  of  E.  by  N.  S.SW.  winds 
drove  me  east  in  the  doldrums  when  I  had  current  setting  east.  In  25°  tacked  to  W.SW. ; 
fetched  32°  on  the  line;  had  I  no  current,  should  have  fetched  29°  30'  easily  with  the  wind  I 
had.  Now,  then,  where  is  the  fault  ?  From  your  Pilot  Chart,  my  chances  would  have  been 
far  preferable  on  the  old  route ;  and  I  think  I  should  have  made  the  passage  in  thirty  days,  and, 
instead  of  getting  to  the  leeward  of  St.  Roque,  as  I  now  evidently  must,  should  have  been  well 
down  to  Rio.     Whether  I  can  be  rated  a  hold  navigator  is  not  for  me  to  say. 

July  7.  Lat.  2°  10'  N. ;  long.  33°  15'  W.  Current,  NW.,  21.  Barometer,  30.05.  Ther- 
mometer: air,  80°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  unsteady,  from  S.SE.  to  SE.  Rocos  distant  105  miles 
S.  by  W.,  true.  Strong  current  setting  me  NW.  by  W.  to  NW.,  which  shows  itself  very  plainly 
on  the  surface;  smooth  spots  all  around.  Short  jumping  sea  from  S.SE.  to  S.  Light  airs 
during  the  night.  Signalized  ship  Chariot  of  Fame,  41  days  from  New  York;  Rapid  is  39. 
At  2  p.m.  Chariot  of  Fame  tacked  to  the  E. ;  have  not  seen  her  since.  Rapid  stands  on. 
Fresh  squalls,  strong  breezes;  tremendous  sea,  ship  jumping  in  royals  and  top-gallant  stay 
sails.  Current  and  sea  heaving  off  to  NW. ;  makes  just  the  course  we  head,  SW.  |  S.  Unless 
the  winds  haul  east  more,  we  shall  fall  to  leeward  of  Roque.  I  have  put  her  head  in  the 
terrible  lion's  den,  and  I  am  bound  to  rout  him  out  by  the  tail.  Awful  sea,  short.  Roque 
bears  SW.  by  S.,  true,  distant  58.  Shall  not  be  able  to  weather  it.  If  Maury  is  bold  in  his 
office,  I  will  be  bold  on  the  sea. 

July  8.  Lat.  4°  27'  S. ;  long.  34°  47'  W.  Current,  NW.  by  W.,  27.  Barometer,  30.05. 
Thermometer:  air,  80°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE..  to  SE.  Wind  fresh,  trade  squalls 
from  the  S.SE.  Hearts  of  oak  can  do  their  duty ;  though  we  have  a  very  bad  crew,  still,  sir, 
we  will  put  her  through,  daylight  or  dark.  Small-pox  broke  out  again.  At  sunset  tacked  to 
B.  and  E.  by  N.  and  E.  by  S.,  wind  unsteady.  Roque  bore  S.  by  W.  15  miles  when  we  tacked. 
Found  more  current  in  shore  and  strong  as  we  get  off.  You  don't  catch  me  in  here  again  ; 
an  ounce  of  preventive  is  worth  ten  'pounds  of  cure.  Mr.  Maury  keep  clear  of  Roque.  Smallpox 
increases — more  good  the  better. 

July  9.  Lat.  4°  05'  S.;  long.  33°  56'  W.  Current,  NW.,  45.  Barometer,  30.  Ther- 
mometer :  air,  79°;  water,  79°.  Wind  :  S.SE.  and  unsteady.  Fresh  gales  with  heavy  squalls 
and  short,  heavy  chop  sea  ;  all  sorts  of  clouds.  At  5  p.  m.  tacked  to  S.SE.  At  2  p.  m. 
Chariot  of  Fame  standing  in  shore  12'  to  windward. 

July  10.  Lat.  6°  00'  S. ;  long.  34°  W.  Current,  uncertain.  Variation  15°  W.  Passing 
squalls  ;  top-gallant  breeze.  Barometer,  30.10.  Thermometer  :  air,  80°;  water,  80°,  Wind  : 
SE.,  fresh  ;  heaviest  SE.  trades  I  ever  saw  ;  quite  a  gale.  At  8  a.  m.  wore  ship  and  stood  in. 
Cleared  Roque  after  a  great  deal  of  trouble — have  I  followed  your  directions  or  not  ? 

July  11.  Lat.  6°  06' S.;  long.  33°  32' W.  Current,  do  not  know.  Barometer,  30.10. 
Thermometer  :  air,  80°;  water,  80°.  Winds  :  E.ES.  to  S.SE.  Tremendous  heavy  sea,  blowing 
a  gale  at  times  ;  pitching  bows  under,  split  sails,  &c.  Jumped  mizen  top-gallant  mast  out 
of  its  step  ;  sent  it  down.     Beware  of  falling  to  leeward  of  Roque.     Never  pass  to  the  west 


236  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

of  Fernando  de  Norono,  bound  south,  is  my  advice.  Had  I  crossed  in  26°  should  now  have 
been  half  way  from  Eio  to  Falklands.      Curse  this  new  route. 

July  12.  Lat.  7°  53' S.;  long.  34°  28' W.  Current,  N.,  33  miles.  Barometer,  30.10. 
Thermometer:  air,  80° j  water,  78°.  Winds  :  SE.  to  S.SE.  Heavy  black  squalls  of  rain  and 
wind  ;  terrible  sea  ;  ship  jumping,  bows  under.  Split  top-gallant  sails,  stay  sails,  fore  sails, 
and  cross-jack.  At  daylight  made  the  land  N.  of  Olinda.  Noon,  Pernambuco  bore  W.  |  S., 
true,  distant  18  miles.  Say  you  there  is  no  current  to  contend  with  on  this  coast?  I  say 
there  is  a  strong  one.  This  is  a  clipper  ship,  but  I  did  better  in  the  old  Angelique  in  '49. 
Cape  Roque  a  bugbear!  Catch  me  again  I  Sent  down  mizen  top-gallant  mast,  up  another 
instead.     Keep  clear  of  the  Brazil  coast,  say  I. 

July  13.  Lat.  7°  35'  S. ;  long.  32°  45'  W.  Current,  N.,  39.  Yariation,  7°  48'  W.  Baro- 
meter, 30.20.  Thermometer  :  air,  78°;  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  Trade  squalls,  fine  weather. 
Tell  me  there  is  no  current  here  ;  last  night  I  tacked  in  10  fathoms  water  between  Augustine 
and  Pernambuco.  Should  have  made  an  E.  course  good.  6  a.  m.  tacked  to  SW.,  fine  S.  by  E. 
trades  ;  less  sea  and  fine  weather.  " 

November,  18,  1856,* 

Lat.  48°  40'  S.;  long.  85°  W. 
Mr.  Maury  :  In  reading  over  your  book  of  directions,  it  seems  to  me  that  out  of  the  thousands 
of  logs  you  must  have  accumulated  you  could  have  found  some  hard  ones  to  have  placed  side 
by  side  with  the  good  ones  which  you  are  so  careful  to  set  before  us  in  glowing  terms,  it  seems  to 
me,  to  mark  your  theory  good !  I  do  not  see  any  of  the  dark  side  of  the  picture  ;  it  is  all  the 
sunny  side,  taken  from  those  men  who  seem  to  be  horn  to  good  luck,  instead  of  that  faculty  com- 
monly known  as  instinct  and  common  sense  ;  and  who  are  kicked  through  the  world  in  good  luck, 
to  keep  them  out  of  harm's  way.  Place  them  side  by  side  with  one  who  has  butted  face  to  face 
some  of  the  awful  times  ofi"  Cape  Horn,  for  instance,  and  who  through  life  has  fought  Jiard  luck  up 
hill,  and  where  are  they?  Their  experience  of  so  many  years  standing  as  shipmasters  does  not 
amount  to  a  12  months  of  his  dear  bought  experience,  it  is  of  another  sort  /  Of  which  side 
does  the  balance  preponderate,  is  it  on  the  fair  winds,  fine  weather,  good  chances,  and  quick 
passages  ?  Decidedly  not.  But  your  book  makes  it  appear  so.  I  do  not  find  fault  with  those 
born  to  good  luck,  I  envy  them,  I  wish  I  was  one  of  them  1  But  I  do  find  fault  with  you, 
or  any  one  else  who  puts  out  directions  entirely  one-sided.  You  have  left  out  these  awful 
passages  because  they  were  awful.  Those  are  the  ones  which,  in  my  opinion,  would  give  as 
muxih,  if  not  more  information  of  the  passage  around  what  lucky,  fortunate  shipmasters  call 
bugaboo  (!!!)  Cape  Horn  and  bugaboo  St.  Roque.  Let  them  get  caught  once,  and,  as  the  boys 
say  at  school,  they  will  laugh  out  of  the  other  corner  of  the  mouth.  Cape  Horn  is  no  hugdboo.!! 
Sometimes  it  is  very  fine,  but  the  majority  is  on  the  rough  and  rugged.  My  experience  teaches 
me  to  keep  the  land  aboard,  and  get  north  to  45°  as  quick  as  possible,  then  get  west  in  decent 
weather ;  your  theory  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  backed  by  the  long  experience  of  so 
many  respectable  shipmasters.  It  is  my  opinion,  a  passage  can  be  made  quicker  round  Cape 
Good  Hope  to  San  Francisco  than  Cape  Horn,  I  mean  the  average  of  10,  20,  or  more  passages  ; 
and  should  I  again  sail  for  San  Francisco,  I  intend  to  go  that  way.  I  have  followed  your  route 
when  and  where  I  could  ;  I  started  with  that  intention  ;  I  am  satisfied  I  have  lost  a  deal 

*  Further  extracts  from  Captain  Windsor's  log. 


TO  THE  "FAIK  WAy"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE MAY  237 

thereby  ;  my  own  instinct  would  have  led  me  otherwise.  On  leaving  New  York,  I  resolved  to 
prove  your  theory  for  good  or  for  evil ;  and  now,  being  through  the  bounds  of  where  the  SE. 
trades  usually  blow,  or  should  blow,  (either,  as  you  please,)  I  will  give  you  a  little  review  of 
the  voyage  thus  far.  I  suppose  you  will  put  me  down  as  the  one  unlucky  one  in  a  hundred  ;  be 
it  so,  it  matters  not. 

I  followed  the  directions  in  your  hook  in  that  manner  which  you  mean  it  should  hefolloived.  A 
clipper  ship  in  good  sailing  draft,  18  feet,  1,100  tons,  and  perfectly  indifferent  as  to  being  hack 
strapped^  (as  you  call  it,)  I  stood  boldly  on  without  fear.  Unfortunately,  I  had  not  one  hour 
NE.  trades^  as  on  examination  of  this  log  you  will  perceive.  I  ran  through  the  doldrums  and 
made  my  easting  in  the  SW.  monsoons,  (as  you  are  pleased  to  term  it,  and  very  appropriately 
too,)  but,  /  think  had  I  stood  on  still  further  east,  or  so  long  as  I  could  make  any  southing  on  that 
tack,  I  should  have  come  off  with  flying  colors  ;  but  being  then  out  of  your  limits,  I  kept  good 
my  resolution,  and  put  about.  The  consequence  was  I  was  back  strapped,  falling  20'  to 
leeward  of  St.  Roque,  where  I  found  a  strong  NW.  current  running,  and  strongest  in  shore.  I 
would  remark  here,  I  always,  when  homeward  bound  from  either  cape,  run  more  than  half  the 
distance  in  shore  from  Rocas,  to  benefit  by  the  strong  current  which  I  alivays  have  found  running- 
there  NW.  and  westerly;  once  I  found  it  3^  knots — always  calculate  on  finding  a  2  knot  and 
upwards.  Well,  to  return,  I  found  in  addition  to  this  current,  a  short  chop  sea  from  the  south, 
with  a  strong  top-gallant  gale  from  S.  by  W.  to  S.  by  E. ;  and  having  an  old  suit  of  summer 
sails,  and  a  very  poor  black  crew,  in  tacking  ship  I  had  the  misfortune  to  split  my  foresail,  jib, 
cross-jack  and  mainsail,  the  first  tack.  However,  I  suppose  you  will  place  to  my  credit  that, 
in  3  days,  I  was  clear  of  St.  Roque,  running  boldly  on,  and  fetched  Pernambuco,  so  I  did  ;  and 
I  am  clearly  of  the  opinion,  had  I  been  200  or  250  miles  east  of  St.  Roque,  when  in  its  latitude, 
I  should  have  been  to  Rio  in  half  the  time.  As  it  was,  I  had  no  SE.  trades  ;  as  I  think,  by  being 
so  near  in  shore.  This  is  the  2d  time  I  have  followed  your  track,  and  both  times  made  long 
passages.  I  fell  in  with  the  Chariot  of  Fame,  which  sailed  three  days  before  me,  in  about  1° 
S.  True,  I  had  a  hard  chance  all  the  way  from  New  York  to  Rio.  But  being  up  with  the 
Abrolhos  and  clear  of  the  SE.  trade  limit,  I  am  of  opinion  that  in  shore  is  the  best  chance  to 
get  to  the  Horn  ;  say  from  50  to  90  miles  off  the  headlands,  inclining  near  as  you  get  past  Rio 
Plata  ;  passing  the  mouth  of  that  river,  say  about  75'  east  of  its  capes,  hugging  Corienties  to  25' 
or  30',  thence  shaping  your  course  to  fall  in  with  St.  Joseph' s  Peninsula,  and  making  the  head- 
lands as  you  proceed  to  Le  Maire.  My  remarks  are  dictated  by  circumstances  and  feelings.  I 
disagree  with  you  in  some  points,  and  no  doubt  that  you  will  think  my  remarks  of  no  value,  and 
throw  them  amongst  that  big  pile  of  rubbish.  N^ver  mind,  if  you  do  not  like  it,  cast  it  over 
your  shoulder,  but  recollect  the  mark  master' s  mark.  All  that  have  found,  doubtless,  your  favor, 
figure  in  your  book ;  having  no  such  desire,  I  out  with  what  comes  uppermost  in  my  impulsive 
mind,  relevant  or  otherwise.  My  advice  is,  keep  clear  of  St.  Roque  ;  always  pass  to  the  east- 
ward of  Fernando  de  Norono  ;  tack  there,  if  tack  you  must,  and  guard  getting  in  with  the  land, 
ITintil  through  the  SE.  trades.  Now,  as  to  your  book  and  charts,  I,  with  most  others,  think 
"very  highly  of  them  ;  should  be  sorry  to  go  without  them  ;  they  throw  an  immense  light 
upon  the  subject  of  which  they  treat,  and  no  navigator  should  leave  port  without  them.  But, 
unlike  those  who  have  been  represented  in  your  great  book,  I  do  not  believe  all  they  say. 
I  suppose  I  am  the  first  man  that  ever  set  himself  up  to  disagree  with  you  ;  now,  if  no  one 
disagrees  with  you,  you  will  soon  be  considered  perfection.  If  we  believe  your  "first  great 
thought,"  that  cannot  be. 


2^8  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Probably  no  ship  that  ever  doubled  Cape  Horn  ever  had  that  hind  of  misfortune  to  an 
equal  extent,  in  addition  to  the  usual  hardships^  that  the  Rapid  has  had  on  this  present  voyage. 
And  to  keep  up  the  time,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  my  oiEcers  have  got  to  disagreeing  amongst  them- 
selves ;  and  the  incompetency  of  one  makes  everything  out  of  sorts,  and  brings  an  extra  care 
on  the  master.  Such  being  my  case,  I  think  I  have  a  shadow,  at  least,  of  excuse  for  not  having 
correctly  and/uUy  kept  this  abstract.  For  I  feel  that  it  is  very  difficult  when  I  come  to  look  over 
it,  and  I  must  needs  find  a  hole  to  crawl  out  of  somewhere. 

Yours,  &c..  respectfully, 

P.  WINDSOR. 

December  1,  1856. 
"When  I  passed  the  2d  time  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  it  was  also  in  the  morning 
about  7|  o'clock,  it  had  the  exact  appearance  of  breaking,  mast  head  high,  clear  across  from 
land  to  land,  and  looked  extremely  frightful  ;  and,  as  my  ship  was  heading  for  it,  for  an  instant, 
my  hair  was  like  so  many  needles,  so  to  speak  ;  and  had  I  not  sounded  through  there  before  should 
certainly  hesitated  to  plunge  into  it.  But  being  early  in  the  morning,  and  everything  upon  sur- 
face of  the  sea  had  a  sort  of  halo  above  it.  The  shore  line  also  loomed  up,  which  loom  made  this 
meeting  of  the  two  tides  appear  like  high  breakers  ;  but  when  the  ship  plunged  into  it,  and  flooded 
our  decks,  setting  everything  afloat — strong  breeze — and  we  putting  our  fiyhig  jih-hoom  all  under, 
it  kicked  up  a  tremendous  sea ;  was  obliged  to  double  reef  going  through.  I  kept  in  the  middle 
of  the  straits,  for  fear  the  current  might  set  me  on  either  side  ;  also  because  there  appeared  to 
be  less  sea  there.  The  wind  was  at  the  time  NW.  to  N.NW.,  and  freshening  as  we  drew  towards 
the  straits.  It  was  also  the  day  of  the  new  moon,  which  always  brings  a  heavier  swell.  But 
she  plunged  into  it  like  a  war-steed  into  battle.  The  thought  struck  me  very  forcibly,  how  far 
will  the  work  of  man  resist  that  of  the  Great  God  !  It  was  fearful  to  look  upon  her  ;  but  sub- 
lime thought  that  she  was  under  full  control:  how  much  further  may  we  dare  resistance  against 
the  power  of  old   ocean' s  waves  ? 

December,  14,  1856. 

The  more  I  read  your  book  the  more  I  like  it ;  the  philosophy  of  your  science  instructs 

me  exceedingly.     I  shall  look  for  some  of  your  productions,  apart  from  your  Sailing  Directions, 

on  my  arrival  in  port ;  as  you  have  an  agent  in  San  Francisco,  who,  without  doubt,  knows  of 

all  your  pen  has  put  forth.     You  see  I  am  very  impulsive.      Can't  help  it ;  no  use  to  beg  to  be 

excused  on  that  score.     The  Good  Book  says,    "  Such  as  I  have,  such  give  I  unto  thee.-''     From 

the  wheat  sift  the  chaff,  and  but  little  will  remain." 

P.  W. 

Captain  "Windsor's  irrelevant  and  "impulsive"  remarks  speak  for  themselves,  and  they 
answer  themselves.  In  other  respects  the  abstract  log  of  the  Rapid  is  valuable.  The  remarks 
about  the  route  she  took  deserve  notice;  and,  therefore,  I  address  myself  to  them,  though  I 
should  first  explain,  if  not  apologize,  to  those  who  are  working  with  me,  for  admitting  into 
these  pages  remarks  such  as  the  above;  for  they  are  calculated  neither  to  instruct  nor  to  improve. 
These  displays  of  eccentricity  are  admitted,  because  navigators  have  been  invited  to  express 
their  opinions  of  charts  and  routes  freely.  I  wish  to  encourage  them  in  that;  for,  in  the  course 
of  my  investigations,  I  have  derived  from  the  opinions  and  remarks  of  co-operators  not  a  little 
instruction  and  much  profit.  Moreover,  it  is  fair  to  Captain  Windsor  that,  if  his  remarks  and 
opinions  be  quoted  at  all,  they  should  be  quoted  so  that  others  may  fairly  weigh  them.    I  doubt. 


TO   THE    "FAIR   way"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE — MAY.  239 

however,  whether  his  "impulsive"  disposition  will  ever  so  far  run  away  with  him  as  to  take 
him  to  California  by  the  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.      (See  his  remarks,  p.  237.) 

On  the  voyage  before  us,  Captain  Windsor  thinks  he  would  have  done  better  had  he  made 
more  easting  north  of  the  horse  latitudes.  Doubtless  he  would,  for  the  winds  there  were 
favorable  for  going  east. 

I  have  endeavored  to  impress  navigators  with  the  importance  of  the  advantages,  on  coming 
out  of  port,  to  be  gained  by  running  off  east  when  the  winds  will  allow.  A  vessel  from  New 
York  and  ports  east,  for  instance,  should  not  care  to  make  with  westerly  winds  any  southing 
until  they  reach  the  meridian  of  60°  or  55°,  or  even  of  50°  W.,  provided  always,  however,  they 
have  the  wind,  and  can  make  a  good  run  of  it.  If,  on  coming  out  of  port,  the  winds  be  not 
fresh  and  fair,  stand  on  your  course  in  search  of  good  winds j  but  with  a  "smashing"  breeze 
from  the  west,  a  Rio  bound  vessel  will  lose  nothing  by  running  off  to  the  eastward  as  far  as  the 
meridian  of  50°  W.  before  crossing  the  parallel  of  38°  N.     (See  p.  145.) 

Captain  Windsor  also  thinks  he  would  have  done  better  had  he  crossed  the  line  in  26° 
or  28°  W. 

There  he  is  wrong.  The  Pilot  Charts  give  the  winds  as  shipmasters  have  reported  them. 
Shipmasters  cannot  be  accused  by  any  one  of  conspiring  to  report  them  from  the  Avrong  points. 
The  winds  as  they  are  entered  in  the  logs,  and  reported  to  me,  have  been  transferred  to  these 
charts;  and  Captain  Windsor  is  too  intelligent  to  say,  that,  if  any  one  will  tell  him  which  way 
the  winds  blow  in  any  part  of  the  sea,  it  would  be  necessary  for  him  to  go  there  in  order  to 
tell  what  courses  a  ship  can  make  good  with  these  winds.  And  if  he  had  consulted  these 
charts,  he  would  have  perceived  that  the  united  observations  of  all,  as  therein  expressed,  were 
against  this  opinion  of  his. 

I  suppose,  if  the  abstract  of  another  vessel  be  produced  that  was  making  the  voyage  at 
the  same  time  of  the  Rapid,  and  which  did  take  the  route  which  Captain  Windsor  thinks  would 
have  put  him  so  far  ahead,  that  he  will  take  that  as  decisive,  in  favor  of  the  Sailing  Directions, 
though  he  thinks  so  little  of  the  united  testimony  which  hundreds  of  seamen  have  given  in,  and 
which  is  embodied  in  the  Pilot  Charts.  The  schooner  Jamestown,  from  Baltimore  to  Pernam- 
buco,  is  such  a  one.  Extracts  from  her  log  are  subjoined,  that  navigators  of  the  school  repre- 
sented by  Captain  Windsor  may  examine  and  compare  for  themselves.  The  case  is  as  striking, 
and  bears  out  the  Sailing  Directions  as  triumphantly  as  was  done  in  the  case  of  the  Sancho 
Panza,  Captain  Hildreth.      (See  the  October  route.) 

The  Jamestown  took  her  departure  from  Cape  Henry  the  day  before  the  Rapid  took  hers 
from  Sandy  Hook ;  and  the  time  to  the  line  is  a  day  or  two  less  from  Sandy  Hook  than  from  the 
capes  of  Virginia.  We  may,  therefore,  infer  from  the  speed  made,  that  the  sailing  qualities 
of  the  schooner  were  quite  as  good,  if  not  better,  than  those  of  the  ship. 

June  11,  Rapid,  thirteen  days  out Lat.  33°  36'  N. ;  long.  50°  25'  W. 

Jamestown,   fourteen  days  out "     33°  06' N. ;      "     50°  20' W. 

June  21,  Rapid "     25°  33' N. ;      "     41°  10' W. 

Jamestown "     25°18'N.;      "     39°  52' W. 

On  the  11th  the  Jamestown  was  5'  to  the  eastward  of  her  competitor;  on  the  21st  she 
was  78'.  The  Jamestown  has  now  made  up  her  mind  to  abandon  the  new  route,  and  go  off  on 
the  old,  as  Captain  Windsor  regrets  he  did  not  do.     Let  us  see  how  each  fared. 


240  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

JuneSO,  Rapid Lat.    6°  44' N. ;  long.  32°  00' W. 

"       Jamestown "     12°22'N.,-     "      27°  23' W. 

The  Eapid  is  about  5°  further  to  the  south,  and  as  much  to  the  west,  but  her  5°  38'  of 
southing  is  in  this  position  clearly  worth  more  than  the  Jamestown's  5°  23'  of  easting.  But 
Windsor  thought  diiferently,  and  then  and  there  lamented  his  "bad  luck."*  He  already  saw 
Cape  St.  Roque  looming  up  in  dreadful  aspect  before  him.  Unlike  the  faint-hearted  Hildreth, 
of  the  Sancho  Panza,  he  resolved  to  stand  "boldly  on,"  and  take  the  chances.  In  this  he  did 
well.  He  crossed  the  line  July  6,  in  31°  50'  W. ;  the  Jamestown  six  days  after,  in  25°  24',  by 
which  time  Windsor  had  cleared  St.  Roque,  and  was  railing  at  it  as  an  enchanted  headland, 
which  all  navigators  should  shun;  and  it  took  the  Jamestown  as  long  to  clear  it  from  25°  24'  as 
it  did  the  Rapid  from  32° !     The  position  of  the  two  vessels  was  : 

July  8,  Rapid Lat.  4°  27'  S. ;  long.  34°  47'  W. 

"      Jamestown "     5°38'N.;     "      21°  09' W. 

Captain  Windsor  also  thinks  with  him  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  that  the  abstracts  of  the  long 
passages  have  been  suppressed,  and  should  be  quoted.  Any  one  may  make  a  long  passage. 
To  do  that  requires  neither  training,  instruction,  nor  sailing  directions.  The  object  of  this 
work  is  to  impart  knowledge  from  experience;  to  teach  navigators  how  to  make  short  passages. 
For  that  purpose  are  copied  those  abstracts  which  I  think  are  most  instructive,  and  best  calcu- 
lated to  answer  the  purpose  in  view.     In  the  tables  of  crossings  may  be  found  the  track 

AND   the   time   op   EVERY   RiO    BOUND  VESSEL  WHOSE   LOG   HAS   BEEN   RETURNED  TO  THIS  OFFICE.       So 

that  all  the  passages,    the  long  and  the  short,   the  good  and  the  bad,  were   spread  before 
Captain  Windsor  at  the  very  time  he  was  making  his  unworthy  remarks. 

It  is  of  importance  that  every  navigator  who  uses  these  Sailing  Directions  should  bear  in 
mind  that  they  are  based  on  the  Charts,  which  are  constructed  from  the  logs;  and,  therefore, 
that  he  who  consults  them  has  the  same  data  before  him  that  I  in  their  preparation  had.  When 
running  for  a  quick  passage,  he  should  ever  remember  that  the  Sailing  Directions  are  drawn  to 
suit  the  prevailing  winds  in  any  part  of  the  ocean.  Now,  suppose,  when  a  vessel  arrives  in  such 
part  of  the  ocean,  she  does  not  find  the  prevailing  wind,  but  some  other,  what  should  her  master 
do?  Continue  to  follow  the  Sailing  Directions,  or  go  to  the  fountain  head — look  at  the  weather, 
consult  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  and  follow  them  until  the  winds  return  to  the  prevailing 
quarter?  Clearly  the  latter;  and  for  that  purpose  all  who  have  the  Sailing  Directions,  are 
furnished  also  with  a  copy  both  of  the  Pilot  and  Trade  Wind  Charts. 

On  the  route  to  Rio,  or  rather  to  the  fair  way  off  St.  Roque  especially,  these  two  charts 
should  be  well  studied,  because  there  are  several  turning  points  on  the  way,  and  the  success  of 
the  passage  as  to  time  depends  upon  the  winds  that  the  master  happens  to  find,  and  how  he 
shapes  his  course  when  he  comes  to  these  points. 

The  navigators  of  this  portion  of  the  sea,  and  especially  those  who  are  afraid  of  St.  Roque 
and  a  western  crossing,  should  recollect  that  that  cape,  unlike  all  others,  has  two  lee  sides;  that 
a  vessel  may  fall  to  leeward  of  it  by  being  too  far  to  the  eastivard,  as  well  as  by  being  too  far 
to  the  westivard;  and  that  this  is  especially  the  case  in  the  summer  and  fall.  The  two  logs 
under  discussion,  viz:  those  of  the  Rapid  and  Jamestown,  illustrate  this. 

The  Jamestown  got  into  the  belt  of  southwardly  monsoons,  and  was  forced  as  far  as  21°  W. 
She  had  then  to  beat  to  get  back  to  the  westward.     The  Rapid  crossed  the  line  in  32°;  and 

o  See  Remarks,  June  30,  p.  234. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  KOQUE MAY.  241 

she  had  to  beat  to  get  to  the  eastward.  But  the  latter  gained  a  week  here  over  her  com- 
petitor. Any  two  ships  that  will  pursue  the  routes  of  these  two  in  June,  July,  August,  Sep- 
tember, or  October,  will  be  very  apt  to  re-enact. the  story  of  the  Jamestown  and  Rapid,  a 
fact  which,  I  hope,  those  engaged  in  trans-equatorial  voyages  will  bear  in  mind. 

Extract  from  the  log  of  the  schooner  ' '  Jamestown^ ' '  (P.  S.  Marshall^  captain, )  from,  Baltimore  to 

Bahia,  8  days  out. 

"June  11.  Lat.  33°  06'  N.;  long.  50°  20'  W.  Winds:  S.SW.  First  and  middle  part,  light 
airs  and  cat-paws  from  the  SW.  Ends  light  winds  and  fine  weather;  sea  smart.  I  never 
experienced  such  a  continuation  of  light  weather  before  in  these  latitudes;  hope  it  will  not 
last  much  longer. 

June  12.  Lat.  33°  00' N.;  long.  49°  45' W.  Winds:  S.SW.,  light,  baffling,  and  calm; 
this  is  slow  getting  along — it  does  not  look  very  favorable  for  a  short  passage. 

June  13.  Lat.  32°  53'  N.;  long.  48°  31'  W.  The  same  as  yesterday.  I  should  like  to 
see  it  rain,  as  we  are  using  water  very  fast.     Weather  very  warm  and  close. 

June  14.  Lat.  32°  32'  N. ;  long.  47°  21'  W.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.SW.;  light  and  baffling; 
weather  fine;  a  large  swell  from  the  NE. ;  I  hope  the  wind  will  come  from  that  direction. 

June  15.     Lat.  ;  long.  .      Winds:  SW. ;  brisk,  with  squally  weather;  an  ugly 

cross  sea  running;  all  sail  set  by  the  wind. 

June  16.     Lat.  ;  long. .     Winds:  S.SW.  and  SW.     Common  light  breeze  from 

the  SW.,  and  cloudy  weather,  with  sharp  lightning  at  the  NW.  during  the  middle  part.  Ends 
fresh  gales  from  the  S.SW.,  with  cloudy,  squally  weather.  An  ugly  cross  sea;  vessel  very 
uneasy. 

June  17.  Lat.  29°  33'  N. ;  long  42°  39'  W.  Winds:  SW.  to  South.  Moderate  and  cloudy 
weather. 

June  18.  Lat.  29°  10'  N. ;  long.  41°  33'  W.  Winds:  variable;  during  these  24  hours 
wind  all  around  the  compass,  with  light  passing  showers  of  rain;  large  SE.  swell. 

June  19.  Lat.  28°  17'  N.;  long.  41°  48'  W.  Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE.  First  part,  light 
baffling  airs  and  squally.  At  4  P.  M.  tacked  to  the  S.SW.;  middle  part,  light  passing  squalls 
from  the  SE.,  with  large  swell;  vessel  plunging  bows  under;  ends,  moderate  breeze  from 
the  SE.,  with  squally  weather;  I  think  the  NE.  trades  are  close  at  hand,  everything  denotes  it. 

June  20.  Lat.  26°  53'  N.;  long.  41°  03'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  East.  First  and  middle 
part,  fresh  breezes,  with  fine  weather.  A  large  SE.  swell,  with  strong  tide  rips;  sea  breaking 
on  board;  latter  part  much  the  same,  with  more  swell. 

June  21.  Lat,  25°  18'  N. ;  long.  39°  52'  W.  Winds:  East  to  E.  by  S. ;  begins  moderate 
breeze  and  smoky  weather;  middle  part,  the  same,  with  light  sprinkling  rain;  a  heavy  E.SE. 
swell,  and  heavy  tide  rips.  I  never  saw  strong  tide  rips  so  far  to  the  east  before;  ends,  fresh 
gales  and  gloomy  weather. 

June  22.  Lat.  23°  27'  N.;  long.  38°  40'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.;  pleasant  gales  and  fine 
weather;  a  rough  sea;  vessel  shipping  much  water. 

June  23.     Lat.  ;  long.  .     Winds:  E.  by  S. ;  stormy,  with  dark  gloomy  weather; 

a  very  rough  sea.     At  8  P.  M.  handed  all  the  light  sails,  and  reefed  the  mainsail. 

June  24.  Lat.  20°  32'  N. ;  long.  36°  12'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  E.  Strong  gales,  with 
squally  weather,  and  a  rough  sea.  At  8  A.  M.  turned  the  reef  out  of  the  mainsail,  and  set 
the  flying  jib. 

VOL.   II— — 31 


242  THE   WIND   AND   CUEKENT   CHARTS. 

June  25.  Lat.  18°  59'  N.;  long.  35°  08'  W.  Wind:  East;  strong  gales,  with  squalls; 
showery  weather;  a  rough  SE.  swell;  decks  washed  continually  by  the  sea. 

June  26.  Lat.  17°  30'  N. ;  long.  33°  47'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  N.;  strong  trades,  with 
squally  ugly  weather;  a  high  sea  from  the  SE.,  and  heavy  tide  rips;  I  never  saw  such  ugly 
looking  weather;  such  a  rough  sea,  or  such  strong  tide  rips  before  in  the  NE.  trades. 

June  27.  Lat.  16°  18'  N. ;  long.  — .  Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.  Strong  baffling  trades;  weather 
squally,  with  passing  rain  showers;  a  rough  sea. 

June  28.  Lat.  15°  00'  N. ;  long.  30°  55'  W.  Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.  First  part,  strong 
breezes  with  cloudy  drizzly  weather,  a  bad  sea;  middle  part,  light  and  baffling  winds  with  rain; 
ends,  strong  and  steady  trades  with  cloudy  gloomy  weather,  with  heavy  tide  rips.  I  never 
saw  such  weather  before  in  these  latitudes. 

June  29.  Lat.  13°  42'  N.;  long.  29°  10'  W.  Wind:  E.  to  E.NE.  First  part,  strong 
breezes  with  squally-looking  weather  at  the  SE.,  heavy  tide  rips;  middle  part,  light  and  baffling 
winds  with  passing  showers;  ends,  pleasant  gales  with  heavy  smoky  weather;  a  cross  sea. 

June  30.  Lat.  12°22'N.;  long.  27°  23' W.  Wind:  E.NE.  to  E.  First  part,  fresh  breezes 
and  fine  weather;  middle  part,  squalls  with  much  lightning  at  the  SE. ;  ends,  pleasant  gales 
and  fair  weather.     A  large  SW.  swell.     Current,  18  miles,  SE. 

July  1.  Lat.  11°  09'  N.;  long.  26°  02'  W.  Wind:  NE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  calms; 
middle  part,  moderate  breezes  with  squally  appearances  to  the  NW.  Passed  two  ships  bound 
north;  a  ship  in  company  bound  south.  Ends  with  light  baffling  winds  and  hazy  weather. 
Current,  14  miles,  SE. 

July  2.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Wind:  NE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  fine  weather,  a  smooth 
sea;  middle  part,  calm  with  a  heavy  SW.  swell.  Lowered  all  sail.  At  7  a.  m.  light  air  from 
the  N.NE. ;  made  sail;  a  rough  sea. 

July  3.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Wind:  SW.  First  part,  light  airs  from  the  NE.  with  squally 
appearances  all  around.  From  4  p.  m.  until  12  m.  wind  all  around  the  compass  with  small 
rain ;  middle  part,  cloudy  and  rainy,  wind  S W. ;  ends,  faint  airs  from  S W.  to  S.  S W. ,  with 
cloudy  rainy  weather;  a  rough  sea. 

July  4.  Lat.  9°  13' N. ;  long.  24°  45' W.  .Winds:  calm,  NE.,  and  E.NE.  Commences, 
faint  airs  from  SW.  with  squally  appearances  to  the  SE. ;  a  rough  sea  and  much  rain.  Lowered 
all  sails.  Middle  part,  calm;  ends,  faint  airs  in  cat's-paws  from  the  NE.  Set  all  sails.  A 
heavy  swell  from  the  S.SW. 

July  5.  Lat.  7°  18'  N. ;  long.  — .  Wind:  E.NE.,  baffling  and  calm.  First  part,  faint  airs 
from  the  NE.  and  fine  weather;  middle  part,  strong  gales  from  the  E.NE.  with  cloudy  rainy 
weather.  At  7  a.  m.  from  a  ten-knot  breeze  it  fell  suddenly  calm,  with  black  ugly  looking 
squalls  from  all  around  the  compass,  with  no  wind  or  rain.  Ends  calm,  with  baffling  cat's-paws 
from  the  southward.     A  cross-legs  sea  running. 

July  6.  Lat.  6°  44'  N.;  long.  23°  38'  W.  Winds:  SW.  to  W.NW.  and  SW.  First  part, 
calm,  fine  weather;  middle  part,  light  baffling  airs  from  the  SW.,  with  light  rain;  ends,  fresh 
gales  from  the  W.SW.,  with  squally  weather.  A  heavy  sea  from  the  S.SE. ;  vessel  plunging 
bows  under. 

July  7.  Lat.  6°  00'  N. ;  long.  22°  50'  W.  Wind:  S.SW.  to  S.  First  and  middle  part, 
strong  breezes,  but  very  baffling,  from  the  S.SW.  to  W.SW.,  with  hard  squalls  of  wind  and 
rain,  accompanied  with  sharp  lightning.  At  9  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  W.SW.  Ends,  moderate 
breezes  and  fine  weather. 


TO  THE  "FAIE  WAy"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE MAY.  243 

July  8.  Lat.  5°  38'  N.;  long.  21°  09'  W.  Wind:  S.  Light  breezes  with  smoky  weather. 
At  4  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SB.     At  10  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW.     Sea  smooth. 

July  9.  Lat.  4°  28'  N.;  long.  22°  13'  W.  Wind:  S.  ,•  pleasant  gales,  fine  weather  and  a 
smooth  sea. 

July  10.  Lat.  3°  17'  N. ;  long.  23°  38'  W.  Wind:  S.  by  E.  to  S.  Strong  breezes  with 
fine  weather.     A  rough  sea.     Current,  15  miles,  E.SE. 

July  11.  Lat.  1°  49'  N. ;  long.  24°  29'  W.  Wind:  SE.  to  E.SE.  First  part,  brisk  breezes 
with  fine  weather.  During  the  night  the  wind  hauled  more  favorable.  Middle  part,  strong 
breezes  and  squally  weather.  During  the  forenoon  wind  hauled  back  again  to  S.  Ends,  fresh 
breezes  and  fine  weather.     Current,  12  miles,  SE. 

July  12.  Lat.  00°  03'  N.;  long.  25°  24'  W.  .  Wind:  S.  by  E.  to  S.SE.  Strong  baffling 
trades  from  E.SE.  to  S.SE.,  with  fine  weather. 

July  13.  Lat.  1°  24'  S.;  long.  26°  40'  W.  Wind:  S.SE.  to  S.,  moderate  and  baffling, 
weather  fine.  At  1  p.  m.  vessel  on  the  equator,  long.  25°  27'  W.  Middle  pswt,  fresh  breezes 
and  flawy  and  baffling  towards  the  north.  Latter  part,  light  variable  winds  and  fine  weather, 
with  passing  clouds.     A  rough  sea. 

July  14.  Lat.  2°  06'  S. ;  long.  26°  29'  W.  Wind:  SW.  to  S.SE.  Moderate  and  baffling 
wind  and  squally  appearances;  during  the  night  squalls  of  wind  and  rain.  At  11  tacked  to  the 
SE.  Middle  part,  strong  gales  from  the  S.SW.  with  much  rain.  Ends,  strong  gales  from  the 
S.  to  S.  by  W.,  and  squally  appearances  to  the  SW.     A  rough  sea. 

July  15.  Lat.  3°  03'  S.j  long.  27°  23'  W.  Wind:  S.  byE.  to  S.SE.  Commences,  strong 
breezes  with  squally  weather.  At  1  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW.  Middle  and  latter  part,  moderate 
breezes  from  the  S.SE.  and  fine  weather.     A  rough  sea.     All  sail  set. 

July  16.  Lat.  4°  44' S. ;  long.  28°  44' W.  Wind:  SE.  to  S.SE.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  fine  weather.  Middle  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally  appearances  to  the  SW, 
At  4  a.  m.  a  hard  squall  from  the  S.SW.  with  much  rain.  Ends,  strong  breezes  from  the  S.SE. 
and  fine  weather. 

July  17.  Lat.  6°  04'  S. ;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Winds:  SE.  and  S.SE.  First  and  middle  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  squally  with  light  showers  of  rain;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SW.  Latter 
part,  hard  squalls  from  the  E.SE.  and  much  rain.  Calm  during  the  intervals.  Ends,  baffling, 
from  the  SE." 


244 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 
COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  BIO— June. 


Longitude. 

DISTANCES. 

winds;  per  cent. 

o 

s  1 

Latitude. 

Course. 

Slants  from — 

if 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average, 

Head. 

Fair. 

("alms. 

Nortliward. 

Southward. 

•3.S 
o  ° 
Eh 

New  York  to— 

39°  11'  N. 

70°  00 

E.S.E 

199 

10.1 

219 

2.6 

7.8 

to  11.4 

78.2 

3.1 

349 

37    34 

65    00 

E.S.E... 

254 

13.4 

287 

5.3 

wlO.7 

4.0 

80.0 

1.3 

300 

35    55 

60    00 

E.S.E... 

259 

5.9 

272 

2.0 

2.8 

to   6.2 

89.0 

1.2 

245 

35    00 

57    17 

E.S.E.. 

144 

8.8 

157 

2.2 

6.3 

to  10.9 

80.6 

0.9 

233 

34    13 

55    00 

E.S.E... 

123 

2.0 

125 

0.0 

10  10.0 

0.0 

90.0 

20.0 

20 

32    30 

50    00 

E.S.E... 

271 

6.1 

267 

0.0 

10.0 

10.0 

80.0 

0.0 

30 

30    45 

45    00 

E.S.E... 

276 

5.8 

292 

1.1 

2.1 

to  17.0 

79.7 

19.7 

94 

30    00 

42    54 

E.S.E... 

118 

19.3 

140 

6.7 

17.4 

16.0 

59.9 

9.7 

149 

27    28 

40    00 
37    15 
35   j)0 
32    50 

S.E.... 

215 
209 
325 
325 

15.0 
16.2 
2.6 
0.3 

247 
242 
333 
326 

3.3 
6.0 
0.0 
0.0 

M>22.9 

10 13.0 

w  9.0 

0.7 

6.6 
9.0 
0.0 
0.9 

67.2 
72.0 
91.0 
99.1 

4.2 

4.8 
1.8 
0.8 

67 

25    00 

S.E.,.. 

100 

20    00 

S.S.E.... 

56 

15    00 

S.S.E.... 

116 

10    00 

30    43 

S.S.E... . 

325 

2.0 

331 

0.0 

w  7.5 

1.5 

91.0 

0.0 

C6 

5    00 

28    37 

S.S.E... . 

325 

17.6 

381 

5.3 

13.2 

13.8 

67.7 

16.0 

152 

Equator. 

30    41 

S.S.W... 

325 

8.8 

353 

2.8 

to  16,1 

2.8 

78.3 

0.0 

106 

3693 

3992 

1    00  S. 

31    06 

31  06 

32  46 

33  00 

33  36 

34  00 
34    26 

s.s.w . 

65 
330 
130 
37 
93 
63 
67 

3.0 

5.8 
10.0 
10.0 
7.7 
6.6 
6.4 

67 
138 
143 

41 
100 

67 

71 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

10  12.0 
28.5 
50.0 
50.9 
33.4 
27.0 
24.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
2.0 

88.0 
71.5 
50.0 
50.0 
66.6 
73.0 
74.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

171 

3    00 

S.S.W 

21 

5    00 

s.s.w 

12 

5    34 

s.s.w 

12 

7    00 

s.s.w 

21 

7    58 

s.s.w 

37 

9    00 

s.s.w 

50 

Do  not,  if  it  can  be  avoided,  go  to  the  east  of  28°  30'  after  crossing  10°  N.  The  farther 
you  go  east  there,  the  more  prevalent  are  the  calms.  Endeavor  to  cross  30°  N.  in  about 
40° — 45°  W.,  so  you  may  get  to  25°  N.  by  nearly  a  south  course.  It  is  difficult  to  get  to  the 
SE.  between  those  two  parallels  Southwest  winds  are  not  uncommon  here.  Between  10°  and 
the  equator,  calms  are  much  more  frequent  E.  of  30°  than  to  the  W.  of  30°,  and  they  become 
more  prevalent  as  you  go  east.  Between  25°  and  30°  W.,  from  3°  to  5°  N.,  are  the 'calm 
latitudes  in  this  month.     See  the  Charts,  Pilot  and  Track. 

Vessels  should  aim  never  to  get  to  leeward  of  the  track  here  laid  down  after  crossing  the 
line.  The  winds  hang  obstinately  to  the  southward  in  June.  Therefore,  take  advantage  of  all 
slants  for  making  easting  in  south  latitude,  until  you  get  to  9°  S.  Don't  consider  yourself  too 
far  eastward,  if  in  this  month  you  cross  this  parallel  in  31°  W.  No  calms  obtain  in  June  south 
of  the  line,  and  between  29°  W.  and  the  coast.  Among  1, 000  observations  examined  in  this 
part  of  the  ocean,  for  this  month,  not  one  calm  is  recorded. 

Between  65°  and  70°  W.,  30°  and  33°  N.,  is  a  great  place  for  calms;  also  from  25°  to  28° 
N.,  between  60°  and  65°.  On  the  average,  you  will  carry  the  NE.  trades  to  8°  or  9°  N. 
Equatorial  calms  are  most  prevalent  between  6°  and  10°  N.,  and  25°  and  30°  W.  But  between 
30°  and  35°  W.,  the  calms  are  most  prevalent  between  5°  and  7°  N. 

Between  30°  and  35°  W.  you  sometimes  get  the  SW.  monsoons,  and  you  are  liable  to 
them  from  9°  to  1°  N. 


J 


TO   THE   "FAIR  WAY  '    OFF    ST.    ROQUE — JUNE. 


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TO   THE    'FAIR  WAY"    OFF    ST.   ROQUE JUNE.  247 

Ship  Canvas  Back,  (R.  S.  Clarke,  captain,)  Boston  to  Rio  Janeiro,  seventeen  days  out. 

"June  18,  1856.  Lat.  29°31'N.;  long.  41°  07' W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of 
air,  76°;  water,  75°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE. ;  moderate  and  clear. 

June  19.  Lat.  27°  06'  N. ;  long.  41°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.24;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SB.,  SE.  by  E.  Moderate  breezes  and  small  trade-like  clouds; 
small  swell  from  the  eastward;  large  quantities  of  weed. 

June  20.  Lat.  23°58'N.;  long.  41°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Strong  breezes  and  quick  flying  clouds; 
passing  showers;  less  weed;  at  times  overcast,  again  clear. 

June  21.  Lat.  20°  28'  N. ;  long.  40°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  E.SE,,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Strong  trades  and  quick  flying  cumulus  from 
the  eastward;  a  heavy  mass  of  clouds  passing  slowly  from  SW.  to  NE. ;  very  little  weed. 

June  22.  Lat.  16°  40' N.;  long.  38°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  E.  byS.,  E.  byS.,  E.  byS. ;  strong  trades  and  hazy;  at  times  overcast, 
again  clear;  no  weed. 

June  23.  Lat.  12°  49'  N. ;  long.  37°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.,  Steady  trades;  small  SE.  sea;  weather  changing  from  clear 
to  cloudy. 

June  24.  Lat.  9°  21'  N.;  long.  36°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S. ;  squally;  sharp  sheet  lightning  to  the  east  and 
SE. ;  distant  thunder  to  the  SE. 

June  25.  Lat.  6°  36'  N. ;  long.  35°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E. ;  light  trades  and  clear;  at  time  light  cirrus  passing 
to  the  NE.  very  high;  a  lower  mass  of  thin  cumulus  to  the  NW. 

June  26.  Lat.  5°  15'  N.;  long.  35°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  to  SE.,  SE.,  S.SE.  to  S.  Moderate,  with  passing  cumulus  clouds;  a 
short  SE.  sea;  at  times  light  airs  from  the  South. 

June  27.  Lat.  4°43'N.;  long.  34°  07' W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  baffling,  with  rain  showers;  smooth  sea. 

June  28.  Lat.  3°  12'  N. ;  long.  34°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.;  light  and  baffling  winds. 

June  29.  Lat.  2°  16'  N. ;  long.  35°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE. ;  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  much  rain.  Current,  N. 
76°  W.,  ^  a  mile  per  hour. 

June  30.  Lat.  1°  36'  N.;  long.  34°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  N.  76°  W.,  yV  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Light  airs  and 
baffling.     The  current  west  increases  as  we  get  to  the  South. 

July  1.  Lat.  0°  14'  S. ;  long.  35°  09' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  N.  70°  W.,  ^V  of  a  mile.  Wind:  S.SE.,SE.,  SE  by  E.  Light  baffling 
winds;  working  ship  to  the  South. 

July  2.  Lat.  0°  51' S. ;  long.  34°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  N.  75°  W.,  ^V  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  byE.,  $E.  Moderate 
and  baffling  airs;  clear  at  times  with  squally  intervals.     Midnight,  heavy  rains;  very  squally. 

July  3.  Lat.  0°  43'  S.;  long.  33°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  78°.     Current,  N.  75°  W.,  ^%  of  a  mile.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.     Mod- 


248  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

erate  breezes,  bafHing  two  or  three  points  of  the  compass  in  as  many  minutes.  The  clouds 
flying  to  the  NW. 

July  4.  Lat.  3°  40' S. ;  long.  33°  45' W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  N.  80°  W. ,  jV  of  a  mile.  Winds :  SE.  by  E. ,  SE.  by  E. ,  SE.  by  E.  Fresh 
breezes  and  squally;-  short  sea  from  south;  at  times  rainy. 

July  5.  Lat.  4°  17'  S.;  long.  33°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  N.  85°  W.,  ^V  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  toS.SE.;  fresh  breezes 
and  cloudy.     Passed  5  miles  to  the  westward  of  Roccas  rocks  at  2  p.  m. 

July  G.  Lat.  5°31'S.;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  to  SE. ;  moderate  and  baffling;  rainy  weather. " 

Barque  Snap  Dragon^  (Geo.  W.  Brown,  captain, )  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco,  fourteen 
days  out. 

"June  19,  1855.  Lat.  29°  53' N.;  long.  44°  18' W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of 
air,  76°;  water,  76°.  No  current.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.  Fresh  winds  and  good 
weather;  through  the  middle  part,  an  occasional  squall. 

June  20.  Lat.  27°  01' N.;  long.  42°  54' W.  Barometer,  30.28;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  SE.  by  E.,- 12  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Stiff  breezes 
and  good  weather.  During  the  middle  part,  inclined  to  be  squally,  with  light  showers  of  rain; 
rough  sea  throughout. 

June  21.  Lat.  24°  22'  N. ;  long.  41°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  SE.  by  S.,  12  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  Fresh  trades  and  pleasant, 
for  the  most  part;  middle,  passing  clouds. 

June  22.  Lat.  21°  25' N. ;  long.  40°  01' W.  Barometer,  30.28;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  SE.  byS.',  12  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.  byS.,  E.  by  S.  First  and  middle, 
moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.  Latter,  squally;  winds  baffling  all  day;  large  quantities  of 
sea-weed. 

June  23.  Lat.  19°  14'  N.;  long.  38°  34' W.  Barometer,  30.19;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  E.NE.,  12  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.;  trades  steady  and  brisk,  with 
pleasant  weather.     Passed  through  several  tide  rips. 

Juue  24.  Lat.  16°  42'  N.;  long.  36°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  East,  12  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  Fresh  breezes  throughout. 
Middle  part,  squally  with  passing  clouds;  weather  clear  and  pleasant.  On  the  late  edition  of 
Imray's  chart,  I  find  a  continual  NW.  current  in  these  latitudes,  designated  the  Equatorial 
stream.  Now,  the  experience  of  two  voyages  through  this  stream,  proves  to  me  that  the 
current  is  easterly.  In  the  winter,  I  know  not  how  it  sets,  but  in  the  summer,  I  feel  confident 
there  is  a  continual  easterly  current. 

June  25.  Lat.  13°  50' N. ;  long.  35°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  E.NE.,  10  miles.  Winds:  E.,  E.  ^  S.,  E.  ^  S. ;  fresh  trades  throughout; 
middle  squally,  with  heavy  passing  clouds;  the  remainder  of  the  day,  weather  clear  and 
pleasant. 

June  26.  Lat.  10°  53' N. ;  long.  33°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  E.NE.,  8  miles.  Winds:  E.  |  S.,  E.,  E.,  brisk,  with  passing  clouds 
during  the  middle  part;  the  rest  of  the  day  pleasant. 

June  27.     Lat.  8°  07'  N.;  long.  31°  57'  W.     Barometer,   30.07;  temperature  of  air,   83°; 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE— JUNE  249 

water,  83°.    Current,  SW.  by  W.,  15  miles.     Winds:  E.  ^S.,  E.,  E.  byN.     Fresh  trades  with 
passing  clouds  and  fair  weather. 

June  28.  Lat.  8°  10' N.;  long.  31°  34' W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°.  Current,  N.NW.,  19  miles.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SE.,  calm,  light  airs  and  calms. 
Fresh  trades  till  2  p.  m. ;  the  wind  changed  suddenly  in  a  squall  to  S.SW.,' attended  with  heavy 
rain  and  thunder.  Middle,  clear  and  calm.  Latter,  squally  looking,  with  light  airs  and  calms. 
So  here  I  am  in  the  doldrums;  but,  according  to  your  charts,  less  liable  to  calms  than  if  I  was 
further  east.     Had  a  strong  current  which  occasioned  the  water  to  ripple  quite  perceptibly. 

June  29.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  83°.  Winds: 
N.NW.,  SW.,  S.SW.  to  W.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  sea  all  up  in  heaps; 
8  p.  m.,  squall  from  SW.  with  rain;  remainder  of  the  day  squally  with  light  rain,  and  thick 
cloudy  weather. 

June  30.  Lat.  6°  13'  N. ;  long.  27°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  E.,  70  miles  in  two  days.  Winds:  S.SW-,  S.SW.  to  S.SE.,  S.SE.  to  SE; 
First,  moderate  breezes  with  passing  clouds.  Middle  and  latter,  brisk,  with  strong  tide  rips 
and  nasty  irregular  swell.  By  observation,  I  find  we  have  had  a  very  strong  easterly  current; 
so  much  so,  I  am  alarmed  about  the  accuracy  of  my  chronometers,  although  in  September, 
1850,  I  experienced  IxV^^i  miles  per  hour  E.NE.  from  9°  to  6°  north;  and  from  6°  to  4°  north, 
1  mile  E.NE.,  between  long.  26°  and  31°  West. 

July  1.  Lat.  5°  40' N. ;  long.  26°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  East,  25  miles.  Winds:  S.  and  baffling,  S.  by  W.  to  S.SE.,  S.  to  S.W. 
by  S. ;  winds  moderate  and  baffling  with  pleasant  weather  throughout.  Tacked  frequently, 
winds  not  steady  an  hour. 

July  2.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  83°.  Winds: 
S.  by  W.  to  S.SE.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  i  W.  First,  light  breezes  with  squalls  of  rain.  Tacked  to 
W.  by  S.  Middle,  calm  till  11  p.  m.,  afterwards,  fresh  and  squally  with  heavy  rain.  Latter, 
fresh  and  squally  with  light  rain;  weather  looking  bad;  wind  baffling. 

July  3.  Lat.  3°  41' N.;  long.  29°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  83°.  Current,  east,  24  miles  in  two  days.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  steady  breezes 
with  passing  clouds,  and  an  occasional  squall;  tacked  twice;  appearance  of  trades. 

July  4.  Lat.  1°  12' N.;  long.  31°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  S.SW.,  15  miles.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.;  fresh  trades  and 
pleasant  weather;  many  flying  fish;  broke  the  only  thermometer  on  board. 

July  5.     Lat.  0"=  26'  South;  long.   32°  28'  W.     Barometer,    30.00.     Current,   W.SW.,    32 

miles.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  to  S.SE;  first,  fresh  and  steady;  middle,   strong  breeze  with 

i  passing  clouds;  murky  looking  weather  and  heavy  SW.  swell.     At  6  p.  m.,  tacked  to  the  East; 

wind  baffling.     Midnight,    on  the    Equator,    long.    32°   15'  W.     Latter,   moderate,    but  very 

baffling.     Distance  by  log  since  leaving  Philadelphia,  4,330  miles. 

July  6.  Lat.  2°  07' S. ;  long.  33°  38' W.  Barometer,  30.09.  Current,  S.  72°  W.,  40 
miles.  Winds:  S.  to  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  to  S.SE.,  SE.  to  S. ;  moderate  and  baffling,  with  an 
occasional  squall  and  light  rain;  tacked  frequently;  had  a  heavy  swell,  very  irregular,  all  day. 

July  7.     Lat.  3°  37'  S. ;  long.  33°  34'  W.     Barometer,  30.00.     Current,  south,  10  miles. 

Winds:  S.  by  E.  to  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.     First,  brisk,  with  passing  clouds;  tacked 

frequently.     Middle,  squally  with  light  rain;  winds  extremely  baffling;  sea  all  in  heaps;  heavy 

tide  rips;  tacked.     Latter,  brisk,  with  smooth  water  and  fine  clear  weather.     I  cannot  account 

VOL.  II 32 


250  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

for  it,  but  I  have  had  no  westerly  current;  but  instead,  a  southerly  one  of  10  miles;  now,  the 
winds  have  been  strong  southerly,  the  last  week,  and  I  am  one  of  those  who  do  not  believe  the 
currents  are  regulated  solely  by  the  Avinds.  I  pay  every  attention  to  the  study  of  the  currents, 
and  keep  the  ship's  run  myself;  so  I  feel  confident  I  am  not  far  wrong. 

July  8.  Lat.  5>^  05'  S.;  long.  33°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.06.  Current,  W.SW.,  20  miles. 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.  by  E.  to  SE.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  to  SE.  by  S.  First,  brisk  and  pleasant. 
Middle  and  latter,  very  squally  with  rain;  winds  very  baffling;  tacked  frequently.  At  2  p.  m. 
made  the  Koccas;  determined  their  true  position,  with  good  observations,  to  be  in  33°  40'  15"  W. 

July  9.  Lat.  5«  55'  S. ;  long.  34°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.07.  Current,  NW.,  30  miles. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  to  SE.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle,  fresh  gales  and  smart  squalls;  latter, 
moderate  with  fair,  clear  weather,  and  short  sea." 

Ship  Magnolia^  (S.  Pepper,  captain,)  New  York  to  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  twenty-one 
days  out. 

"June  28,  1855.  Lat.  29°  16'  N. ;  long.  38°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
77°;  water,  77°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

June  29.  Lat.  27°  14'  N. ;  long.  37°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes  and  clear. 

June  30.  Lat.  24°  49'  N. ;  long.  37°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  76°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.SE.     Winds  light. 

July  1.  Lat.  22°  34' N. ;  long.  36°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First,  gentle  breezes  and  fair.  Middle  and 
latter,  strong  breezes  and  hazy. 

July  2.  Lat.  19°  41' N.;  long.  35°  21' W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  by^.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and  very  gloomy -looking 
weather. 

July  3.  Lat.  16°  33' N.;  long.  33°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  76°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.     Strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

July  4.  Lat.  13°  23' N.;  long.  32°  32' W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.     Strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

July  5.  Lat.  10°  53' N. ;  long.  31°  17' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.SE.,  E.  First,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  middle,  baffling; 
latter,  fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  6.  Lat.  8°  27'  N.;  long.  30°  15' W.  Barometer,  29,80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  First,  gentle  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  middle,  squally; 
latter,  gentle  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  7.  Lat.  6°  59' N. ;  long.  28°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  S.  First,  gentle  breezes;  middle,  squally,  with  rain;  lost 
the  trades;  latter,  gentle  breezes. 

July  8.  Lat.  6°  37'  N.;  long.  29°  36' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.,  S.  First,  rain  and  baffling  winds;  at  6  p.  m.  tacked 
to  W.SW.;  middle,  gentle  breezes;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  9.  Lat.  5°  58'  N. ;  long.  30°  15' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First,  fresh  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  middle,  gentle 
breezes;  southeast  trades  well  south;  I  shall  get  to  leeward;  latter,  gentle  breezes;  at  4  a.  m. 
tacked  to  E.  by  S. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST  ROQUE JUNE.  251 

July  10.  Lat.  5°  16'  N.;  long.  30°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First,  light  breezes  and  pleasant;  at  8  p.  m.  tacked  to  SW. 
by  W. ;  latter,  the  same  weather. 

July  11.  Lat.  3°  24' N. ;  long.  31°  29' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.     Gentle  breezes. 

July  12.  Lat.  1°  13' N.;  long.  33°  17' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     Gentle  breezes. 

July  13.  Lat.  0°  13'  S.;  long.  35°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  Fresh  breezes  throughout,  with  occasional 
heavy  squalls. 

July  14.  Lat.  0°  13' S. ;  long.  34°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  clear;  middle, 
very  squally;  latter,  moderate. 

July  15.  Lat.  1°  15' S. ;  long.  34°  46' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First,  gentle  breezes;  at  7  p.  m.  tacked  to  SW. ; 
latter,  strong  breezes. 

July  16.  Lat.  3°  13'  S. ;  long.  35°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  S.  by  E.  First,  fresh  breezes;  at  4  tacked  to  the  east- 
ward; middle  and  latter,  gentle  breezes. 

July  17.  Lat.  3°  29'  S. ;  long.  35°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First,  fresh  breezes;  at  midnight  tacked  to 
S.W.;  latter,  moderate. 

July  18.  Lat.  4°  50' S. ;  long.  35°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.66;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  First,  pleasant;  middle,  squally;  midnight, 
tacked  to  NE. ;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  to  S.  by  W. ;  latter,  pleasant;  heavy  swell  from  south. 

July  19.  Lat.  5°  28' S.;  long.  34°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  First,  moderate;  at  4  p.  m.  Cape  St.  Roque  bore 
S.  by  W.,  distant  10  miles;  tacked  to  the  eastward;  middle,  gentle  breezes;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked 
to  the  south;  latter  part,  squally."  [Observe  :  he  crossed  in  35°  W.,  and  makes  no  mention  of 
adverse  currents.] 

Brig  Ida  D.  Sogers,  (George  Taylor,)  from  Florida,  27  days  out. 

"July  22,  1857.     Lat.  10°54'N. ;  Long.  .     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 

82°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.NE.  First  part,  passing  scuds  from  the  east,  and  fine  breezes; 
making  good  progress  yet,  but  I  am  all  the  time  in  a  pack  of  trouble  for  fear  of  being  delayed 
by  those  calms,  hope  not.  I  am  steering  SE. ,  and  if  the  wind  will  stay  where  it  is,  I  am 
trying  to  be  in  5°  N.  when  I  am  in  30°  W.  Middle  part,  wind  E.NE.  and  passing  squalls  of 
wind  and  no  rain.  Latter  part,  wind  baffling  about  from  SE.  to  E.NE.  and  light,  with  very 
cloudy  weather.  I  seem  to  be  very  much  favored  so  far  ;  hope  to  continue  so.  Last  voyage 
we  were  32  days  to  the  line,  and  the  brig  was  very  light  loaded  and  in  good  plight ;  but  now 
she  is  deep,  and  I  am  sure  it  makes  one  mile  an  hour  difference  to  her  speed,  and  I  hope  to 
make  as  good  time  as  before.  At  noon  light  winds  and  looks  like  a  change  ;  heavy  swell  from 
NE. ;  course  and  distance  this  day,  SE.,  140  miles. 

July  23.     Lat.  9°  04'  N.;  long.  34°  24'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,    82°;  of 
water,  78°.     Winds  :  Light  airs  E.     Noon  moderate  ;  I  wish  I  was  a  little  further  to  the  east- 
ward, for  I  am  afraid  of  being  bothered  now,  but  hope  to  get  a  breeze.     The  barometer  fell  ^V 
ince  noon,  signs  of  a  breeze  ;  I  am  in  hopes  to  make  an  average  passage  yet.    At  2  p.  m.  tacked 


252  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

to  E.,  fanning  along  with  a  light  air  from  SE.  Middle  part,  continual  squalls  from  SE.  to  W. 
and  heavy  rain ;  calm  between  squalls  and  heavy  sea.  Latter  part,  successive  squalls  from 
SE.  to  S.SW.,  heavy  rain. 

July  24.  Lat.  (no  observation)  ;  long,  (no  observation).  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of 
air,  77°;  of  water,  77°.  Winds  :  S.  to  S.SW.  First  part,  wind  varying  fron  SW.  to  NW.  in 
squalls  of  rain,  and  a  tremendous  rough  sea,  and  I  am  rather  further  to  the  westward  than  I 
want  to  be  in  this  latitude,  but  I  am  in  hopes  to  be  favored.  I  would  have  been  in  a  better 
position  now  if  my  vessel  had  not  been  so  deep,  but  I  have  to  head  the  sea,  or  I  am  afraid  of 
rolling  away  my  masts.  I  have  had  a  rough  passage  so  far.  Middle  part,  very  squally,  and 
wind  varying  from  NW.  to  SW.  in  squalls  ;  calm  between  squalls,  and  a  tremendous  sea  on. 
At  8  a.  m.,  no  observation.      Course  and  distance,  D.  R.  this  24  hours  is  E.  by  S.  110  miles. 

July  25.  Lat.  (not  observed);  long,  (no  observation).  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature 
of  air,  78°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds  :  S.  to  W.NW.  No  observation  at  noon  ;  and  a  succession 
of  squalls  of  rain  and  very  gloomy  looking  weather,  and  a  very  heavy  sea  from  SE.  I  have 
not  had  a  chance  to  get  my  latitude  at  noon  for  two  days,  but  I  judge  my  latitude  at  noon 
to-day  to  be  8°  10'  N.  and  my  longitude  to  be  31°  20'  W.  by  calculation  only,  and  I  will  follow 
on  and  try  to  get  out  of  these  doldrums.  I  have  had  a  head  wind,  as  you  my  say,  most  of  the 
time.  Middle  part,  squally  and  variable  wind  from  S.  to  W.SW.  and  squalls.  Course,  E.  by  S. 
Distance,  102  miles  by  observation. 

July  26,  Lat.  7°  50'  N. ;  long.  29°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.  to  S.  by  E.  First  part  fresh  breeze  from  south  ;  and  an  American 
barque  close  to  us  bound  same  way.  Latitude,  4  p.  m.,  7°  42'  N.,  and  longitude,  by  chrono- 
meter, 29°  08'  W.  I  am  rather  afraid  of  being  bothered,  but  I  am  on  your  track  for  July 
exactly  to  a  mile,  and  have  been  for  the  last  15  days,  and  so  far  am  satisfied.  Middle  part,  fine 
breezes  from  south  and  clear  sky  ;  latter  part,  fine  weather  and  smooth.  I  am  farther  to  the 
east  than  I  want  to  be,  but  the  wind  is  dead  ahead,  and  we  have  made  poor  progress  for  4 
days  back.  A  barque  close  to  us  the  last  24  hours,"  bound  same  way.  Latter  part,  fine 
weather  and  clear.  This  24  hours  we  have  headed  E.SE.  by  compass,  and  made  4  miles 
northing  ;  so  must  have  a  current.  Course  and  distance,  made  good  E.  a  little  northerly  135 
miles.     Two  barques  in  company  bound  same  way  ;  one  is  barque  Paladon. 

July  27.  Lat.  7°  54'  N.;  long.  27°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  South.  First  part,  winds  light  from  south.  Barque  Paladon  in  company, 
close  to  us,  and  another  American  barque  to  south  of  us.  I  now  think  I  will  have  some  trouble 
to  get  to  the  equator,  for  I  am  too  far  to  the  east  I  think,  but  still  I  am  on  your  track  for 
July,  No.  1.  Middle  part,  fine  breezes  from  south.  At  10  p.  m.  tacked  to  W.SW.  At  1  p.  m. 
wind  canted  to  S.SW.,  monsoons;  tacked  to  SE.  again.  Latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  passing 
squalls  of  wind.  I  am  sure  I  am  too  far  eastward  ;  but  the  wind  has  worked  very  unfavorable 
with  me,  and  now  I  expect  a  long  passage. 

July  28,  Lat.  (no  observation)  ;  long,  (no  observation).  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature 
of  air,  79°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.  by  W.  No  observation  ;  I  judge  myself  in  latitude 
7°  10'  N.,  and  longitude  25°  W.  ;  and  I  am  sorry  to  be  here  with  this  fresh  monsoon.  But 
according  to  your  charts  I  ought  to  be  in  a  good  place.  I  am  no  nearer  to  the  line  now  than 
I  was  four  days  ago.  I  head  up  SE.  by  E  all  the  time  and  I  make  no  southing  hardly.  If  the 
wind  don' t  favor  me  soon  I  am  bound  to  go  to  the  westward  again,  for  I  now  consider  myself  to 
leeward,  to  the  eastward.     Middle  part,  fresh  breezes  from  S.  to  S.SW.  and  squally  ;  too  far 


TO    THE   "FAIE   WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE JUNE.  263 

to  eastward  ;  a  long  passage  sure  ;  cannot  make  any  southing  to  speak  of.  At  8  a.  m.  an 
American  barque  in  company.  At  9  a.  m.  tacked  to  W.  ^  S.  Cannot  stand  to  eastward  any 
longer.  I  do  not  feel  as  though  I  had  done  wrong  ;  if  I  could  have  got  my  latitude  and  found 
out  how  far  south  I  was,  I  could  have  done  better.  But  these  last  48  hours  we  have  been 
heading  up  as  good  as  SE.  ^  E.  all  the  time,  and  our  course  is  not  better  than  E.  by  S.  |  S. 
Latter  part,  I  was  in  hopes  the  wind  would  favor  me  all  the  time,  but  now  I  found  your  monsoons. 
Course  made  good  E.  by  S.  ^  S.  till  I  tacked,  115  miles. 

July  29.  Lat.  6°  35'  N.;  long.  23°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  S.  by  W.  First  part,  wind  from  S.SW.  to  S.  by  W.  and 
fresh.  Sharp  sea  heading  up  W.  by  S.  and  getting  along  nicely.  I  cannot  find  fault  with 
Maury's  track;  more  with  myself  for  not  working  to  windw^ard  when  I  was  in  29°  30'  W. 
instead  of  going  so  far  east,  too  late  now,  hope  to  do  better  next  time.  Middle  part,  fine 
weather  and  fine  breeze  heading  up  W.SW.  and  W.  by  S. ;  hope  to  make  a  little  southing. 
Barque  Paladon  in  company.  I  am  sorry  to  have  a  long  passage  now,  for  my  chance  was  good 
when  I  was  28  days  out,  I  was  only  3  days'  sail  from  the  line.  Latter  part,  fine  weather.  I 
find  I  gain  a  little. 

July  30.  Lat.  5°  14'  N. ;  long.  26°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Wind :  South.  First  part,  fine  breezes  from  the  south  ;  wind  seems  to  favor  a 
little  in  flaws.  Barque  Paladon  in  sight  to  leeward.  Hope  to  take  the  SE.  trades  soon. 
Middle  part,  fine  weather  and  fresh  breezes  from  south,  and  passing  clouds;  latter  part,  fine 
breezes  from  south,  and  clouds  flying  very  rapidly  S.  by  W. ;  wind  varying  sometimes  to  S.  by 
W.  Latitude,  by  observation,  3°  18'.  I  made  a  good  course  these  24  hours,  according  to  the 
way  we  have  been  heading  must  have  a  southerly  set  current.  I  am  in  hopes  to  meet  the  trades 
soon,  for  I  notice  by  your  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  that  I  am  in  a  position  for  them.  I  can- 
not blame  your  books  nor  charts  for  my  passage,  only  myself;  but,  still,  if  I  can  cross  the  equator 
in  40  days  from  Jacksonville,  I  shall  consider  my  passage  as  good  as  32  from  New  York  ;  but  I 
think  if  I  had  not  gone  to  the  eastward  so  far,  I  would  have  made  a  good  passage  to  the  line. 

July  31.  Lat.  3°  18'  N. ;  long,  (no  observation.)  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds :  S.  to  SW.  First  part,  fresh  winds  and  fine  weather,  and  passing  clouds 
from  S.  by  W.,  and  a  large  quantity  of  flying  fish,  and  now  and  then  a  petrel;  middle  part,  fine 
winds  from  S.  by  W.  to  S.SW.  and  clear;  barque  Paladon  in  company  again  at  8  a.  m. 
wind  inclines  to  head  us  off  to  W.  by  S.  Sorry,  but  I  expected  to  meet  the  trades  before  now; 
barometer  rising  some;  barque  Paladon  in  company;  at  9  a.  m.  Paladon  tacked  to  SE. ;  latter 
part,  heavy  tide  rips  these  24  hours;  at  noon  tacked  to  SE.  by  E. ;  fine  weather;  barque  Paladon 
in  sight;  I  must  say  I  meet  with  very  unfavorable  winds,  and  have  hard  work  to  get  along.  I 
am  afraid  of  a  calm,  that's  all.  Course  made  good  SW.  this  day;  100  miles,  true  distance; 
SW.  course. 

Aug.  1.  Lat.  2°  14'  N. :  long.  29°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  78°.  Wind:  South.  First  part,  fine  weather  and  passing  clouds;  no  signs  of  trades  yet; 
I  have  had  very  few  favors  from  the  wind  lately;  barque  Paladon  in  company.  At  9  p.  m. 
spoke  Paladon,  long.  29°  00';  at  11  wind  canted  to  S.  ^  E. ;  tacked  to  SW. ;  fine  breeze.  Hope 
to  cross  the  equator  these  24  hours.  At  8  a.  m.  fine  weather;  at  10  a.  m.  observed  a  very 
heavy  tide  rip,  extending  S.SW.  and  N.NE.  as  far  as  the  eye  could  extend,  from  topsail  yard, 
and  the  water  seemed  to  be  all  of  a  foam  with  light  breakers.  Passed  through  it,  and  water 
changed  color  to  a  very  dark  green.     I  have  now  got  the  SE.  trades,  and  fresh,  and  I  cross  the 


254  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

line  in  38  days.     I  think  I  have  done  well,  and  I  only  blame  myself  for  going  so  far  east. 
Course  this  day  is  a  good  one,  and  100  miles. 

Aug.  2.  Lat.  1^  00'  N. ;  long.  30°  10'  W.  Barometer,  SO.OOj  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  weather  and  fresh  trades,  and  well  to  the  east. 
Hope  to  get  along.  I  consider  my  passage  to  the  line  as  good  as  30  days  from  New  York, 
considering  my  vessel  is  small  and  loaded  very  deep,  and  a  very  heavy  deck  load  of  lumber. 
If  the  wind  stands  as  it  is,  I  shall  be  able  to  cross  in  31°  W.  As  far  as  I  am  concerned,  I  can 
say  that  I  have  faith  in  Maury' s  works,  for  I  found  your  monsoons,  &c. ;  middle  part,  fresh 
trades,  and  varying  a  point  now  and  then  to  southward;  made  my  S.SW.  course  good  from 
crossing  till  4  p.  m.  I  am  in  hopes  to  get  along  without  tacking;  I  shall  not  tack  if  I  can  pos- 
sibly avoid  it  till  I  make  something  to  tack  for.  I  consider  my  passage  to  the  equator  as  30 
days  from  New  York. 

Aug.  3.  (No  observation.)  I  have  left  the  clipper  barque  Paladon  astern.  I  cannot  say 
I  meet  with  any  current  yet,  for  my  vessel  appears  to  be  in  just  the  position  I  expected  to  find 
her  at  4  p.  m.  Middle  part,  fine  weather  and  fine  breeze  from  SE.  by  E. ;  at  8  a.  m.  Fernando 
de  Noronha  bore  by  compass,  the  pyramid,  S.SE. ;  distance,  10  miles.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  and 
fine  breeze.  I  find  this  morning  my  chronometer  is  20  miles  to  the  east  of  the  vessel,  and  the 
reason  is  because  I  neglected  to  wind  her  in  time;  and  by  running  eight  hours  over  her  regular 
winding  time,  she  has  lost  20  miles;  she  served  us  the  same  last  voyaye;  latter  part,  fine  breeze 
and  clear  weather;  all  sail  set  by  the  wind,  and  wind  seems  to  freshen  at  nights;  course  these 
24  hours  is  S.SW.;  Fernando  de  Noronha  is  just  in  sight  from  deck,  bearing  NE.  ^  N.  25  miles. 
I  hope  to  clear  St.  Roque  to-night 

Aug.  4.  Lat.  3°  54'  S. ;  long.  32°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  more  moderate;  at  4  p.  m.  Fernando  in  sight  from 
deck;  winds  seem  to  favor  more  nights.  I  am  in  hopes  by  to-morrow  I  can  say  I  am  all  clear; 
and  I  can't  say  I  am  sorry;  hope  the  wind  will  cant  free;  middle  part,  fine  weather  and  wind 
more  favorable  from  E.SE.,  very  light;  latter  part,  very  fine  weather;  wind  E.SE.,  and  more 
light  and  first-rate  weather;  at  noon  fine;  at  6  saw  a  barque  ahead;  at  noon  spoke  her;  proved 
to  be  the  bark  Welkin  from  New  York  for  Valparaiso,  44  days.  He  sighted  Fernando  de  Noronha; 
wind  E.SE.  and  fine,  steering  S.  by  W. 

Aug.  5.  Lat.  6°  02'  S. ;  long.  32°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.  and  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  fine  weather  and  more  moderate,  and 
a  heavy  swell  from  S.SE. ;  middle  part,  fine  weather  and  wind  from  SE.,  steady  and  fine  breeze; 
I  am  in  hopes  the  wind  will  favor  me  more  soon;  latter  part,  fine  weather  and  a  little  more 
moderate  by  spells;  get  along  nicely.  I  now  consider  myself  clear  of  all  trouble,  and  fine 
breeze  by  the  wind.  I  think  that,  so  far,  I  have  beaten  the  barque  Welkin  as  good  as  twelve 
days;  for  there  is,  as  I  consider  it,  some  difierence  between  Jacksonville,  (Fla.,)  and  New  York. 

Aug.  6.  Lat.  8°  18'  S.;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  78.  Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  squally;  at  3.30  p.  m,  the  wind  died  away 
very  suddenly;  but  all  at  once  a  whirlwind  made  almost  alongside  of  the  brig,  taking  the  water 
up,  and  started  off  with  great  rapidity  across  our  bow.  It  was  about  the  size  of  our  main  deck, 
apparently;  went  within  20  yards  of  bow;  we  did  not  feel  any  effects  of  it;  but  after  passing 
our  bow  about  10  minutes,  it  made  into  a  beautiful  water  spout,  and  made  a  splendid  appear- 
ance; but  went  to  NW.  with  a  speed  of,  as  near  as  I  could  judge,  40  knots  an  hour;  glad  it  did 
not  touch  us;  middle  part,  fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  morning  hours  squally;  no  rainj 
latter  part,  fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  getting  along  well;  this  last  day  210  miles." 


TO    THE   "FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST.    ROQUE JULY. 


255 


COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  mO—Jtdy.—So.  1. 

(For  fast  vessels.) 

Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

winds;  per  cent. 

o 

s  i 

Latitude. 

True. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Slants  from— 

Fair. 

Calms, 

•^  .2 

if 

M    S 

N'd  or  E'd. 

S'd  or  W'J. 

O     ° 

Sandy  Hook  to— 

39»  11'  N. 

70°  00' 

E.8.E 

199 

11.4 

222 

2.2 

11.8 

10.8 

75.2 

4.0 

310 

37    33 

65    00 
60    00 

ES.E 

256 
259 

5.4 

7.7 

269 

278 

0.2 
2.6 

8.2 

4.7 

6.5 
6.9 

85.1 
85.8 

10.7 
7.5 

411 

35    54 

E.S.E 

234 

35    00 

57    21 

E.S.E 

141 

5.3 

148 

0.4 

4.7 

to   7.9 

87.9 

3.4 

256 

34    12 

55    00 

E.S.E 

126 

19.2 

150 

6.2 

wl8.5 

10.8 

64.5 

12,2 

65 

32    28 

50    00 

E.S.E 

272 

20.6 

297 

7.2 

9.6 

to  22. 8 

60.2 

0.0 

84 

30    00 

50    00 
50    00 
45    00 

S 

148 
300 
390 

14.4 
10.6 
3.5 

173 
352 
402 

1.7 

5.3 
0.0 

wl9.9 
tolO.5 
to   0,0 

17.4 
0.0 
17.4 

61.0 

84.2 
82.6 

1.7 
5.0 
0.0 

116 

25    00 

S 

19 

20    24 

S.E 

23 

20    00 

44    34 

S.E 

34 

5.1 

36 

0.0 

u>18.0 

0.0 

82.0 

0.0 

28 

15    40 

40    00 

S.E 

368 

5.8 

389 

0.0 

«;28.7 

0.0 

71.3 

0.0 

28 

15    00 

39    10 

S.E 

57 

11.5 

57 

0.0 

w   1.4 

0.0 

98.6 

0.0 

72 

10    48 

35    00 

S.E 

356 

5,9 

377 

0.0 

u-25.0 

0.0 

75.0 

7.2 

64 

10    00 

34    40 

8.S.E 

52 

6.4 

55 

1.0 

w   8.2 

1.0 

89.8 

5.8 

98 

8    06 

30    00 

E.S.E 

299 

11.7 

334 

1.0 

«>18.6 

15.5 

61.9 

13.4 

97 

6    03 

25    00 

E.S.E 

322 

14.2 

367 

2.4 

15.6 

to  18.0 

64.0) 
44.6) 

10.7 

167 

5    00 

25    26 

S.S.W 

68 

29.8 

88 

8.4 

w35.4 

12.6 

Equator  . . 

27    30 

S.S.W 

325 

7.4 

348 

1.3 

to  21. 9 

0.0 

76,8 

0.0 

78 

3972 

4322 

3    36  S 

29    00 

S.S.W 

234 

6.9 

318 

2.0 

to21.0 

2.0 

75.0 

0.0 

401 

4    36 

30    00 
30    10 

S.W 

85 
26 

0.0 
2.9 

85 
27 

0.0 
0.0 

to  39. 8 
14.2 

0.0 
0.0 

69.2 
85.8 

0.0 
0.0 

35 

5    00 

S.S.W 

21 

5    50 

31    00 
31     30 

S.W 

70 
76 

0.0 
5.0 

70 
80 

0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
24.9 

0.0 
0.0 

100.0 
75.1 

0.0 
0.0 

33 

7    00 

S.S.W 

12 

7    30 

32  00 

33  00 

33  51 

34  00 

S.W 

42 

84 
44 
80 

0.6 
2.9 
1.9 
7.2 

42 
86 
45 
86 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

3.4                0.0 
14.4                0.0 

9.6                0.0 
26.0                0.0 

96.6 
85.6 
90.4 
74.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
5,0 

29 

8    29 

S.W 

21 

9    00 

S.W 

42 

10    14 

S.S.W 

39 

11    00 

34    19 

S.S.W 

50 

4.2 

52 

0.0 

23.4                0.0 

76.6 

0.0 

39 

The  difficulties  for  this  month  consist  in  calms  and  baffling  winds,  in  certain  regions,  which 
it  is  necessary  to  avoid.  I  have,  therefore,  given  two  tracks  for  this  month,  viz:  one  for  bold 
navigators  and  fast-sailing  vessels,  that  can  lay  up  within  six  points  of  the  wind;  and  the  other 
for  dull  sailers,  that  cannot  do  well  close-hauled.  Both  tracks  avoid  the  calms  of  the  horse 
latitudes. 

There  is  not  much  difference  between  them  as  they  are  here  given,  in  point  of  average 
sailing  distance.  The  difference  consists  in  better  working  breezes  by  route  No.  1,  than  the 
other,  and  I  now  confine  myself  to  this  route,  viz:  No.  1. 

In  taking  this  route,  if  you  keep  much  to  the  east  of  the  track,  when  between  the  parallels 
of  35°  and  30°  N.,  you  will  get  into  the  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes.  See,  by  the  Trade-Wind 
Charts,  where  these  calms  most  prevail  along  this  route,  and  at  this  season. 

After  reaching  the  meridian  of  50°  W.,  south  is  given  as  the  course  which  a  vessel  will 
make  on  the  average  thence  to  the  parallel  of  25°. 

But  it  should  be  recollected  that  the  tracks  given  in  these  Directions,  and  which  every 
navigator  who  intends  to  be  guided  by  them  is  recommended  to  project  on  his  chart,  are  in  no 
case  the  track  which  the  vessel  herself  is  expected  actually  to  make.  Suppose  a  large  number 
of  vessels  at  different  times  should  take  this  route  as  their  guide,  the  mean  of  all  their  tracks 
would  be  represented  by  the  route  which  I  recommend;  though  perhaps  it  would  not  represent 
the  track  of  a  single  vessel  taken  separately.  Some  would  be  on  one  side,  some  on  another; 
some  would  cross  it  in  one  place,  and  some  in  another. 


256  THE    WIND   AND    CUERENT   CHARTS. 

It  is  difficult  to  get  navigators  to  comprehend  this.  Many  of  them  think,  that  to  go  the 
routes  recommended  by  me,  they  must  actually  run  on  the  lines  which  I  have  drawn  to  serve 
merely  as  guides  for  them,  and  for  the  purpose  of  my  own  convenience  in  illustration. 

Vessels  that  attempt  to  follow  these  routes,  will  sometimes  find  themselves  hundreds  of 
miles  on  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  track,  as  projected;  and  when  they  find  themselves  so 
driven  ofi"  from  the  track  as  laid  down  in  the  books,  they  should  not  attempt  to  get  back  upon 
the  line  itself,  as  though  it  were  a  channel  way;  but  taking  the  direction  in  which  it  lies,  as  a 
guide,  and  consulting  the  charts  with  which  they  are  supplied,  they  should  shape  their  course, 
and  be  governed  accordingly. 

Every  track  that  I  have  drawn,  shows  that  head  winds  may  be  expected  along  it;  and 
when  these  head  winds  are  encountered,  the  vessel  so  encountering  must  expect  to  be  turned 
aside ;  and  whether  she  should  beat  or  not,  or  stand  off  altogether  upon  this  or  that  track,  the 
master  must  decide;  and  he  should  be  governed  in  his  decision  by  the  Sailing  Directions  and 
the  Charts  themselves. 

With  this  general  explanation  for  all  the  routes,  navigators  who  try  this  July  route  will 
perceive  that  I  do  not  recommend  that  they  should,  after  reaching  the  meridian  of  50°  W., 
actually,  and  whether  or  no,  stretch  away  due  south  for  500  miles  until  they  reach  the  parallel 
of  25°  N.,  where  the  wind  will  allow  them  to  lay  up  to  the  southward  and  eastward. 

Suppose  that  a  vessel  on  this  route  should,  on  reaching  the  meridian  of  50°,  near  lat. 
32°  28',  have  the  wind  to  come  out  from  SE. — as  she  will  find  it  to  do,  on  the  average,  12 
times  in  100 — she  should  not,  in  this  case,  stand  to  the  northward  and  eastward,  because  she 
would  then  run  up  into  a  part  of  the  ocean  where  the  calms  and  light  airs  of  the  horse  latitudes 
are  most  vexatious.  If  she  cannot  lie  south,  she  should  stand  down  to  the  southward  and 
westward  until  the  wind  hauls,  or  until  she  can  reach  the  parallel  of  31°,  and  then  go  about, 
taking  care  not  to  recross  the  parallel  of  32°,  to  the  west  of  45°. 

After  crossing  30°  N.,  strive  not  to  fall  to  the  westward  of  the  projected  track.  Consider 
yourself  in  the  best  possible  position  if  you  can  cross  the  parallel  of  25°  N.  between  41°  and 
44°,  or  the  parallel  of  20°  between  39°  and  42°.  From  either  of  these  positions  you  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  reaching  the  meridian  of  30°  or  31°  between  the  parallels  of  9°  and  12°  N., 
where  you  will  lose  the  NE.  trades;  you  will  then  take  the  equatorial  calms,  and  they  may 
hang  on  you  obstinately,  if  you  go  much  further  to  the  east;  but  you  will  seldom  or  never  carry 
them  with  you  below  6°  N.  Cross  6°  N.  by  the  shortest  possible  course.  Losing  these  calms, 
you  Avill  generally  get  the  SE.  trades;  for  to  the  west  of  30°  the  SW.  monsoons  seldom  blow, 
though  they  do  sometimes;  to  the  east  of  30°  they  blow  quite  constantly  in  July.  To  the  east 
of  30°  the  equatorial  calms  prevail  from  15°  N.  to  8°  N.,  and  you  will  be  liable  to  the  SW. 
monsoons  from  11°  to  2°  N.  Hence,  you  will  observe  that  it  is  important  you  should,  if  the 
winds  will  allow  you,  cross  the  equatorial  doldrums  about  30°  W.,  and  not  go  further  east  than 
28°  if  you  can  possibly  avoid  it.  The  average  time  from  10°  to  5°  N.  is  6^  days. — (See  cross- 
ings, pp.  258-9.) 

After  crossing  the  line  and  getting  the  SE.  trades,  if  you  should  find  yourself  unable  to 
clear  the  land,  stand  on  boldly  to  the  southward,  unless  the  wind  should  slant  so  as  to  allow 
you  to  lay  well  up  to  the  eastward  on  the  other  tack,  until  you  cross  5°  S.  to  the  west  of  33°. 
Between  this  parallel  and  9°  S.  you  can  make  either  a  south  or  an  east  course  good  on  the 
average  twice  out  of  three,  and  in  some  regions  three  times  in  four;  or  even,  when  you  get 
near  the  land,  four  times  in  five.  It  is  better  to  take  the  chances  of  these  slants,  than  it  is  to 
attempt  to  make  your  easting  in  the  doldrums  north  of  the  line.     If  a  vessel  strike  these  calms 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST     ROQUE JULY. 


257 


to  the  east  of  27°  west,  she  may  consider  herself  lucky  if  she  gets  clear  of  them  in  less  than  a 
week  or  ten  days.     Don't  fear  to  pass  west  of  Fernando  de  Noronha. 

July  is  an  unfavorable  month  for  quick  passages,  let  a  vessel  take  what  route  she  will. 

COMPUTED  EOUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RIO.— JuZy.— No   2. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCIES. 

WINDS ;    PER    CEN 

T. 

o 

v   a 

Latitude. 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

(Slants  froKi — 

Fair. 

Calttis. 

11 

N'd  or  E'd. 

S'd  or  W'd. 

I* 

Sandy  Hook  to— 

70°  00' 
65    00 
60    00 
55    00 
50    00 
45    00 
40    00 
38    54 
35    00 
34    09 
31    49 
30    00 
29    34 
27    24 
25    17 
Thence 

E.S.E 

E.S.E 

E 

199 
256 
238 
238 
238 
238 
259 

77 
274 
11.=^ 
325 
260 

65 

325 

325 

nlersection 

2  2 
0.2 
3.4 
4  3 
l.l 
2.9 
1.6 
3.6 
1.0 
0.0 
3.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.6 

11.8 
8.2 

w  8.6 
3.5 
4.9 
1.2 
2.0 
9.0 

wie.Q 

u)17.6 
7.0 
1  5 
0.0 
2.5 

w   8.2 

10.8 

6.5 

5.2 

w   6.3 

w    9.0 

lolO  2 

wU.l 

w  19.5 

10.0 

11.0 

8.0 

0.0 

2.1 

0.0 

5.2 

75.2 
85.1 
82.8 
85.0 
84.1 
85.7 
85.3 
67.9 
73.0 
71.4 
82.0 
98.5 
97.9 
97.5 
86.0 

4  0 
10.7 
7.5 
3.4 
5.8 
2.8 
3  3 
5.5 
3.8 
8.3 
3.0 
0.0 
1.4 
1.8 
9.2 

39°  U'  N. 
37    33 
37    33 

11.4 
5.4 
9.0 
9.0 
6.7 
8.2 
5.9 
14.9 
9.6 
6.2 
8.5 
0.3 
0  3 
0.5 
4.3 
of  track  N 

222 
269 
259 
259 
254 
257 
274 

88 
300 
122 
352 
2fil 

65 
327 
339 

0.1. 

310 
411 
234 

37    33 

E 

256 

37    33 

E 

262 

37    33 

E 

243 

35    54 
35    00 
31    41 

E.S.E 

S.E 

S.E 

244 
329 
100 

30    00 
25    00 
21    00 
20    00 
15    00 
10    00 

S.S.E 

S.S.E, 

S.S.E 

SSE 

SS.E 

SS.E 

46 
98 

i;o 

143 

163 

158 

S.  or  S.S.E.  to  1 

This  route  is  intended  for  dull  sailers  and  timid  navigators.  Do  not  cross  35°  N.,  to  the 
west  of  45°;  nor  33°  N.,  to  the  west  of  40°.  After  crossing  30°  N.  in  about  33°,  you  have,  as  the 
track  shows,  all  the  chances  nearly,  of  fair  winds,  in  your  favor,  until  you  get  between  13° 
and  8°  N.,  between  which  parallels,  if  you  be  between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°,  you  may 
expect  to  lose  the  NE.  trades,  and  then  to  contend  with  southerly  winds,  light  airs,  and  calms, 
(if  between  these  two  meridians,)  till  you  get  between  5°  and  2°  N.,  where  the  SE.  trades  will 
be  found.  The  getting  from  the  NE.  into  the  SE.  trades  is  the  difficult  part  of  the  passage  ; 
and  the  further  you  go  east,  the  more  difficult  this  is.  In  July  you  can  carry  the  NE.  trades 
two  or  three  degrees  further  down,  by  keeping  between  the  meridians  of  30°  and  35°,  than 
you  are  liable  to  do  between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°.  In  like  manner,  you  will  get  the 
SE.  trades  further  to  the  north  between  the  two  former,  than  you  will  between  the  two  latter 
meridians.  And  in  this  fact  is  the  great  secret  of  the  advantage  to  be  gained  by  keeping  to 
the  west. 

Captain  W.  W.  Henry,  of  the  ^^ Bomance  of  the  Sea^^^  writes  under  date  of  June  2,  1857: 
"From  New  York  to  the  equator  I  think  I  followed  your  track  as  near  as  possible,  and 
crossed  the  line  29|  days  out,  which  I  think  is  a  fair  passage  for  that  time  of  year,  (July.)  I 
found  no  difficulty  in  fetching  by  St.  Roque,  but  from  5°  S.  to  15°  S.  had  an  unusually  poor 
chance.  I  never  saw  the  trades  act  so  obstinately  before,  and  also  coming  through  the  trades, 
bound  home,  (which  you  will  perceive  by  my  abstract.)  I  think  the  trades  must  be  degen- 
erating fast.  Several  vessels,  that  left  New  York  about  the  same  time,  I  think,  were  over  40 
days  getting  to  the  line.  They  stood  to  the  east,  while  I  was  going  to  the  westward,  and  I 
shortened  my  passage  over  ten  days.  I  think  everything  of  your  Sailing  Directions,  and  shall 
never  think  of  following  any  other.  In  the  summer  months  I  think  no  one  need  fear  but  what 
they  could  get  east  fast  enough.  All  the  difficulty  I  find  is,  getting  south  when  I  want  to.'' 
VOL.  II 33 


258 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE. JULY. 


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260  THE   WIND    AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 

Captain  Lewis,  of  the  barque  Ellen  Morrison,  writing  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  gays: 
"With  your  valuable  Charts  on  board,  I  sailed  from  Cape  Henry,  June  15,  in  a  remarkable 
dull  vessel,  and  arrived  here  in  forty-eight  days.  I  crossed  the  equator  in  longitude  31°  50'  W., 
thirty-five  days  out,  and  sailed  between  Fernando  and  the  Roccas,  and,  with  your  advice,  stood 
boldly  on,  taking  advantage  of  slants.  I  made  no  land  until  I  was  in  the  latitude  of  Cape  St. 
Thomas.  The  next  day,  at  noon,  I  anchored  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  harbor.  One  of  our  clipper 
barques,  called  the  Swan,  left  Baltimore  five  days  before  me,  and  I  arrived  in  Rio  four  days 
after  him.  I  shall  send  you  my  journal  as  in  my  book,  and  hope  to  hear  from  you  on  my  arrival 
at  Baltimore,  with  any  remarks  that  you  have  to  make,  whether  I  erred  at  any  time  on  the 
route;  and  as  I  have  been  upwards  of  thirty  voyages  across  the  equator,  I  have  never  seen  in 
your  book  of  Sailing  Directions  any  of  the  vessels  that  I  have  commanded.  I  lost  the  NE. 
trades  in  about  11°  N.,  long.  32°  30'  W. ;  took  the  SW.  monsoons,  and  was  forced  as  far  as 
26°  00'  W.  and  5°  40'  N.  I  endeavored  then  to  get  to  the  SW.  as  fast  as  possible.  I  shall 
likewise  send  you  a  journal  of  a  voyage  to  London  from  Savannah,  in  another  very  dull  vessel, 
in  the  month  of  August.  I  have  never  had  the  pleasure  of  sailing  in  a  fast  vessel,  and  I  think 
the  best  proof  of  j^our  Charts  being  a  good  guide  is,  that  slow  sailers  can  make  a  fair  passage 
with  them  on  board.  I  have  at  all  times  recommended  them  to  all  my  friends  sailing  to  any 
part  of  the  world,  I  have  never  made  a  very  short  passage,  for  I  never  had  a  fast  sailing 
vessel;  for  this  vessel  that  I  am  in  now  never  was  known  to  go  more  than  seven  knots.  The 
distance  sailed,  by  log,  from  Cape  Henry  to  the  equator  was  4,373  miles,  [computed  distance, 
4,322,]  and  to  Rio,  6,041  miles. 

I  endeavored  to  follow  the  route  recommended  by  you  for  timid  captains  and  dull  sailers; 
but  I  assure  you  I  am  not  the  former,  but  the  latter.  I  will  acknowledge  the  corn.  After 
crossing  the  equator  I  found  none  of  that  westerly  current  so  often  dreaded,  and  it  is  a  long- 
time since  I  have  gone  to  the  eastward  of  the  island  of  Fernando  de  Noronha." 

Ship  ^^ Romance  of  the  Sea,^'  (Captain  William  W.  Henry,)  eleven  days  out  from  New  York. 

"July  15,  1856.  Lat.  29°11'N.;  long.  44°  18' W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of 
air,  76°;  of  water,  77°.  Wind:  S.  to  SW.,  moderate  and  cloudy  and  squally  appearance  to 
northward,  light  and  baffling.  Tacked  twice.  At  9  a.  m.  breezing  up  from  SW.  and  clear  to 
SW.,  heavy  nimbus  clouds  to  N.NE;  ends  moderate  head  sea  on. 

July  16.  Lat.  28°  09'  N. ;  long.  42°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.35;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind:  S.SE.  to  S.SW.,  moderate  and  variable,  passing  squalls.  Tacked  three 
times,  but  wind  heads  us  off  on  every  tack.  Hard  luck.  Ends  moderate  and  pleasant,  no 
appearance  of  NE.  trades  yet. 

July  17.  Lat.  27°  33'  N.;  long.  42°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  S.,  light  airs  from  southward  and  splendid  weather.  At  9  p.  m.  tacked 
to  W.SW.,  sea  very  smooth;  ends  nearly  calm,  fine  weather;  saw  lots  of  gulf- weed. 

July  18.  Lat.  25°  37'  N.;  long.  43°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°;  Wind:  SE.  by  S.,  light  airs  and  pleasant,  should  like  to  know  where  the  NE. 
trades  are.  From  3  a.  m.  until  6  a.  m.  fresh  breezes  and  ship  jumping  into  a  heavy  head  sea. 
At  6  a.  m.  wind  getting  light  and  smooth  sea  again,  heavy  bank  of  cumulus  to  the  S.SE. ;  ends 
calm. 

July  19.  Lat.  23°  14'  N.;  long.  43°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.     Wind:  SE.,  light  winds  and  passing  clouds,  heavy  banks  of  clouds  continually 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE JULY.  261 

coming  up  from  south  and  settling  all  around  the  horizon.  Think  there  has  been  heavy  weather 
south  of  us  to  have  broken  in  upon  the  NE.  trades  this  way.  Morning  moderate  and  fine 
pleasant  Aveather. 

July  20.  Lat.  19°  40'  N.;  long.  42°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  76°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Commences  moderate  and  clear  weather;  latter  part,  moderate, 
going  ten  knots,  braced  up  very  sharp.  At  10  a.  m.  passed  through  a  tide-rip,  sea  considerably 
agitated. 

July  21.  Lat.  16°  06'  N. ;  long.  41°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind:  E.,  moderate  and  squally  appearance,  fresh  and  passing  squalls.  Saw 
a  brig  bound  west. 

July  22.  Lat.  12°  43'  N. ;  long.  39°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.,  moderate  and  fine  pleasant  weather.  Saw  a  meteor  going 
from  N.NW.  to  S.SE.  Latter  part,  wind  getting  light.  At  8  a.  m.  clouds  coming  up  from 
southward,  with  light  misty  rain. 

July  23.  Lat.  10°  49'  N. ;  long.  38°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  75°.  Wind:  W.SW.,  calm  and  cloudy  with  fine  rain.  At  7  p.  m.  a  breeze  from 
eastward,  cloudy  weather,  moon  shining  at  intervals.  At  3  a.  m.  wind  hauled  suddenly  to 
W.SW.  and  with  no  cessation  in  the  wind,  ship  going  eight  knots.  Latter  part,  moderate  and 
rain;  temperature  of  rain  water,  71°  at  9  a.  m.     Ends  cloudy  and  light  winds. 

July  24.  Lat.  8°  40'  N. ;  long.  36°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  W.,  light  winds  from  NW.,  heavy  nimbus  clouds  to  SW.,  moderate  and 
8  p.  m.  hauling  to  SW.,  squally  throughout  the  night,  ship  going  in  squalls  thirteen  knots,  no 
trouble  getting  to  the  eastward  with  this  wind;  morning,  hauling  aft  and  getting  light;  course 
and  distance  run  this  day  S.  45°  E.,  184  miles. 

July  25.  Lat.  7°  51'  N. ;  long.  34°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  bafiling,  heavy  nimbus  clouds  to  S.SW.  At  7  p.  m.  wind  breezing 
moderate  with  light  passing  squalls  and  fine  rain.  From  7  till  2  a.  m.  going  ten  knots,  when 
the  wind  suddenly  left  us  and  weather  clearing  off  pleasant.    Ends,  light  airs  from  NW.  to  SW. 

July  26.  Lat.  7°  26'  N. ;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SW.,  very  light  airs  from  NW.  to  SW.  and  fine  weather,  calm  at 
intervals,  swell  from  SE.  and  S.  Consigned  to  the  care  of  Neptune  a  bottle,  (which  I  hope 
will  be  picked  up,)  with  a  paper  of  ship's  name,  position,  <fec. ;  ends,  nearly  calm. 

July  27.  Lat.  6°  40'  N.;  long.  33°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  S.SW.,  hght  and  baffiing  with  rain.  At  5  a.  m.  wind  hauling  S.SW.  and 
light  squalls,  all  sail  set  by  the  wind;  ends,  moderate  and  squally. 

July  28.  Lat.  6°  20'  N. ;  long  31°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  calm.  Commences,  light  winds  and  passing  clouds  coming  up  from  SE. ; 
middle  part,  the  same.  At  3  a.  m.  wind  hauled  to  E.SE.,  with  heavy  rain,  braced  around  the 
yards.  At  4  a.  m.  calm,  and  remained  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  day,  heavy  nimbus 
clouds  to  SE.  and  S. 

July  29.  Lat.  5°  40' N. ;  long.  30°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind:  baffling,  throughout  these  24  hours  light  and  baffling  from  SE.  to  SW. 
and  squally,  with  heavy  rain  showers,  tacked  several  times  as  necessary  to  make  the  most 
southing.  Temperature  of  rain  water  at  3  p.  m.,  72°;  at  9  a.  m.,  71°.  Latter  part,  squally  and 
variable;  not  much  wind  in  the  squalls,  but  plenty  of  water. 


262  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

July  30.  Lat.  5°  05'  N. ;  long.  29°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  S.  by  W.,  baffling,  tacked  three  times;  middle  part,  clearing  off  with 
fine  weather.  At  6  a.  m.  tacked  to  W.  by  S.,  saw  a  clipper  ship  on  the  other  tack.  Ends, 
moderate  and  pleasant,  all  sail  set  by  the  wind. 

July  31.  Lat.  4°  03'  N. ;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  77°.     Wind:  S.,  light  winds  and  fine  weather,  tacked  three  times. 

Aug.  1.  Lat.  1°26'N.;  long.  31°  26' W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.,  moderate  winds  and  fine  weather.  Have  now  got  SE.  trades, 
and  with  this  wind  shall  fetch  well  to  windward  of  St.  Koque,  and  have  found  no  trouble  in 
getting  to  the  SE.  since  leaving  the  NE.  trades.  Think  I  have  followed  Maury's  route  as  near 
as  possible. 

Aug.  2.  Lat.  2°  32'  S.;  long.  32°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  79°.  Wind:  SE.  byE.,  moderate  and  pleasant.  At  9  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long. 
31°  55'  W.,  29^  days  from  New  York.  Whole  distance  run  from  noon  to  noon  of  each  day,  by 
observation,  3,930  miles;  distance  calculated  in  the  tables,  3,972  miles.  Latter  part,  heavy 
swell  from  S.SE. 

Aug.  3.  Lat.  5°  18' N. ;  long.  33°  32' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  S.SE.,  moderate;  at  3  p.  m.  dark  heavy  bank  of  clouds  to  S.SE.;  at  4, 
squalls  with  rain,  took  in  light  sails  as  necessary,  wind  quite  light  between  the  squalls;  middle 
and  latter,  heavy  squalls  with  rain.  At  10  a.  m.  inclining  to  clear  up;  at  noon  clear  to  south- 
ward." 

Ship  You7ig  America,  (D.  S.  Babcock,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  nine  days  out. 

"July  12,  1854.  Lat.  28°  56' N.;  long.  43°  56' W.  Barometer,  30.15.  Winds:  calm, 
E.SE.,  E.SE.,  gentle  breezes  and  fair  throughout. 

July  13.  Lat.  25°  38'  N. ;  long.  43°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  SE.  byE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Commences,  gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather; 
middle,  strong  breeze  at  times,  with  heavy  squalls  of  wind  and  rain;  latter,  more  moderate, 
have  been  unable  to  make  any  easting. 

July  14.  Lat.  21°50'N.;  long.  43°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.  Commences,  moderate  breeze  and  passing  squalls  with  light  rain;  middle,  baffling  and 
unsteady,  squalls  rising  up  from  SE.  killing  the  wind,  and  heading  us  off  to  SW. ;  latter,  steady 
from  E.SE.  A  SE.  course  is  recommended  in  the  Sailing  Directions,  along  here,  but  I  fancy  it 
cannot  be  done  in  the  summer  time  one  time  in  twenty. 

July  15.  Lat.  18°  05'  N.;  long.  42°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Commences,  baffling  unsteady  winds,  very 
puffy,  with  moderate  squalls  occasionally;  middle  and  latter,  gentle  breeze. 

July  16.  Lat.  14°  47'  N.;  long.  40°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.,  gentle  breezes. 

July  17.  Lat.  12°  00'  N.;  long.  38°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  Current,  NW.,  |  of  a  mile.  ommences, 
gentle  breezes;  middle,  heavy  banks  rising  from  SE.,  squally  appearances;  latter,  good  steady 
breeze  and  fine  weather,  hard  work  to  get  to  the  eastward,  many  fiying-fish. 

July  18.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  82°.  Winds: 
E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  to  E.SE.,  good  breezes  and  hazy  weather,  sea  getting  up  from 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE. JULY.  26S 

SE. ;  middle,  steady,  large  head  sea;  latter,  wind  light  and  baffling,  dull  gloomy  weather. 
[Equatorial  cloud  ring — notice  his  barometer.]  Squally  appearances,  trades  breaking  up,  rainy; 
passed  several  tide  rips. 

July  19.     Lat.  8°  57'  N. ;  long.  .     Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  water, 

81°.  Winds:  calm,  S.,  SW.  First  part,  calm,  dull  gloomy  weather;  middle,  heavy  squalls 
with  much  rain,  very  sharp  lightning  and  thunder,  occasional  tide  rips,  sharp  sea  from  SE. 
throughout;  latter,  light  airs  and  squalls,  weather  the  same. 

July  20.  Lat.  7°  59' N. ;  long.  34°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.85.  Winds:  NW.,  S.,  and 
calm,  N.  and  S.SE.,  N.  and  calm,  winds  very  variable;  ends  calm,  heavy  rain  squalls. 

July  21.  Lat.  6°  44' N.;  long.  35°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  °81; 
water,  82°.  Current,  easterly,  |  of  a  mile.  Winds:  calm,  calm  and  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First,  calm, 
dark  cloudy  weather;  middle,  calm.  At  2  a.  m.  breezing  up  from  S.SE.,  weather  clearing  up, 
large  southerly  sea.  Latter,  gentle  breeze  and  fair  weather;  am  in  a  bad  position,  but  standing 
to  SW.  in  hopes  of  more  wind  before  tacking. 

July  22.  Lat.  5°  30' N. ;  long.  36°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  °79; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.  and  calm,  calm,  S.SE,  First,  light  airs  and  light  squalls;  middle, 
mostly  calm,  occasional  light  airs  from  SE.  and  showers  of  rain;  latter,  light  airs  and  squally 
appearances  from  SE.,  large  SE.  sea,  no  current. 

July  23.  Lat.  4°  17'  N. ;  long.  36°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  °81; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  calm,  S.SE.  First,  gentle  breezes  and  fair  weather,  standing  to 
the  eastward,  large  head  sea;  middle,  calm  and  squalls;  latter,  the  same. 

July  24.  Lat.  2°  22' N. ;  long.  37°  05' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  byS.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  light  breezes  and  passing  showers;  stood 
to  the  eastward  five  hours;  at  6  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW. ;  middle,  good  breeze,  undoubted  SE. 
trades,  occasional  showers;  latter,  the  same,  large  head  sea  throughout. 

July  25.  No  observation.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  tacked  to  the  eastward, 
moderate,  with  fair  weather;  middle,  moderate  with  passing  clouds;  latter,  wind  unsteady,  at 
noon  a  heavy  rain  squall  from  SE.,  an  ugly  head  sea  throughout. 

July  26.  Lat.  2°  49'  N. ;  long.  32°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  W.,  1  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  wind  moderate 
and  puffy,  slight  squalls;  middle,  good  breeze,  squally  appearances;  latter,  at  6  a.  m.  tacked 
to  SW.  ^  S. ,  weather  clearing  with  strong  trades.  For  three  days  wind  has  not  veered,  except 
in  a  squall,  more  than  half  a  point. 

July  27.  Lat.  0°  3'  N.;  long.  34°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  |  of  a  mile.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.;  de- 
creasing breeze.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  light  trades  ;  sea  much  smoother.  Over  25  days  to 
the  equator. 

July  28.  Lat.  0°  18'  south;  long.  33°  49' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  Winds:  SE.  by  S., 
SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Current,  NW.,  1  knot.  Light  trades  throughout ;  tacked  several  times. 
No  advantage  to  be  taken  of  slants,  as  the  wind  has  not  varied  |  a  point  for  5  days. 

July  29.  Lat.  2°  21'  S. ;  long.  34°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°  ; 
of  water,  79°.  Current,  NW.,  1  knot.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  Light  trades  and  fine 
weather.  Stood  3  hours  to  eastward.  Latter  part,  good  breeze,  and  inclining  to  the  eastward  ; 
hope  to  squeeze  by  St.  Roque. 

July  30.     Lat.  3°  56' S. ;  long.  34°  50' W.     Barometer,    29.98.      Current,  NW.  by  W.,    2 


264  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 

miles.  Winds  :  SE.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  First,  good  breeze  and  fair  weather;  middle 
and  latter,  wind  baffling  and  unsteady,  with  frequent  squalls;  an  ugly  head  sea,  and  wet,  dirty, 
disagreeable  weather.  Have  had  50  miles  NW.  by  W.  current.  Amongst  all  the  recommenda- 
tions from  one  and  another  as  to  the  best  course  to  get  by  St.  Roque  after  getting  jammed, 
I  would  simply  recommend  all  navigators  to  take  care  and  not  get  jammed  at  all.  Cape  Horn 
is  a  fool  to  it. 

July  31.  Lat.  3°  58'  S. ;  long.  33°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.95.  Current,  W.NW.,  1  mile. 
Winds  :  S.SE.  to  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  to  SE.  by  S.  Squally,  dirty  weather,  and  an  ugly 
sea  from  the  southward.     Have  tacked  six  times. 

August  1.  Lat.  5°  02'  S.;  long.  34°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Current,  NW.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  Unsteady,  baffling 
winds  throughout  ;  frequent  squalls,  with  a  sharp  high  head  sea.  Ship  plunging  bowsprit 
under.     Stood  7  hours  to  the  eastward.     Two  days  making  a  degree  of  latitude. 

August  2.  Lat.  5°  56'  S.;  long.  34°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Current,  NW.  by  N.,  1^  miles.  Winds  :  S.  ^  E.,  S.SE.,  south.  Stood  to  the 
eastward  till  6  p.  m.,  then  tacked  to  SW.  by  S.  At  7.30  a.  m.  tacked  to  E.SE.  In  shore  the 
wind  seems  to  blow  along  the  land.     Squally,  dirty  weather  thoughout." 

Captain  Babcock  handled  his  ship  very  well,  but  he  seems  not  to  have  recollected  that 
July  is  not  like  February  for  a  passage  to  the  line.  After  a  run  of  25  days  he  crossed  in 
34°  20',  and  was  six  days  instead  of  three,  the  usual  time,  thence  into  the  "fair  way"  off  St. 
Roque.  By  crossing  so  far  west  he  lost  three  days  on  this  part  of  the  passage,  though  he  had 
gained  9  days  on  the  other.  Of  all  the  July  crossings  on  record,  three  only,  the  Gilpin,  the 
Wizard,  and  the  Pride  of  the  Sea,  have  beat  the  Young  America  to  St.  Roque.  The  Mermaid, 
the  Hazard,  and  the  Parana,  each  crossed  as  far  west  as  34°,  and  each  had  four  days  from  this 
crossing  to  St.  Roque.  The  Magnolia  crossed  in  34°-'  5°,  and  took  also  6  days  to  clear  St. 
Roque.  Lieutenant  Barnett,  who  made  the  extracts  to  illustrate  the  route  to  Rio  for  this 
month,  and  who  compiled  from  the  abstract  logs  the  tables  of  crossings,  left,  when  he  was 
ordered  away  to  sea,  the  following  note  : 

Note  by  the  compiler. — "  To  my  successor  in  the  Rio  tracks. — Abstracts  are  recorded  for 
all  the  months,  except  for  December,  Those  I  have  marked  in  pencil,  "copy,"  are  yet  to 
be  entered.  I  have  throughout  selected  the  ships  which  have  gone  furtherest  luest  when  on 
the  equator,  for  the  purpose  of  showing  there  is  no  real  difficulty  in  getting  around  St.  Roque, 
even  when  ships  fall  to  leeward  of  it.  J.  W.  B. " 

This  explains  why  the  abstracts  of  those  ships  that  have  gone  well  to  the  westward  have 
been  quoted,  by  way  of  illustration,  not  only  for  July,  but  for  the  year  round  generally.  These 
extracts  ought  to  satisfy  navigators  as  to  that  Cape  St.  Roque  current. 

Ship  Westivind  (George  N.  Elliot,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco  ;  twelve  days  out. 

"July  26,  1855.  Lat.  29°  43'  N. ;  long.  45°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.25  ;  temperature  of  air, 
74°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  calm,  S.SE.,  calm.  First  and  middle,  light  airs  and  calms; 
latter,  moderate  and  pleasant  ;  NW.  swell  ;  sea-weed. 

July  27.  Lat.  28°  53'  N.;  long.  43°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.26  ;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  calm,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Throughout,  light  airs  and  pleasant ;  some 
weed. 

July  28.     Lat.  28°  47'  N. ;  long.  42°  22'  W.     Barometer,  30.34  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 


J 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE JULY.  265 

of  water,  76°.     Winds:  SW.  by  S.,    S.SW.,    S.      Throughout,    light  breezes   and   pleasant; 
tacked  several  times  ;  strong  tide  rips. 

July  29.  Lat.  27°  45'  N. ;  long.  42°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.36  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  to  S.,  S.SE.  to  S.,  S.  by  E.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant ;  tacked  to  the  SW. ;  light  rain  squalls. 

July  30.  Lat.  25°  58'  N. ;  long.  42°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.36.;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Throughout,  light  breezes  with  occasional 
light  rain  squalls  ;  small  tide  rips.  Think  I  am  having  bad  luck  by  following  your  route  for 
July  for  fast  vessels,  as  my  ship  is  only  half  clipper. 

July  31.  Lat.  24°  19'  N. ;  long.  42°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.28. ;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of 
water,  75°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Throughout,  light  breezes  ;  light  rain  squalls  occasionally. 

August  1.  Lat.  21°  42'  N. ;  long.  41°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.24  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds 
throughout. 

August  2.  Lat.  18°  38'  N. ;  long.  40°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.20  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  by  S.  Throughout,  strong  breezes.  Middle,  squally 
with  rain  ;   latter,  pleasant  ;  first  royal  breeze  since  leaving  Boston. 

August  3.  Lat.  16°  00'  N.;  long.  37°  04' W.  Barometer,  30.19  ;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Throughout,  fresh  trades  with  occasional 
rain  squalls  ;  tide  rips.  I  hope  ere  long  the  wind  will  get  some  northing,  for  I  have  been  full 
and  by,  almost  ever  since  I  left  Boston. 

August  4.  Lat.  13°  49'  N. ;  long.  37°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  E.,  E.,  E.  Fresh  breezes.  Middle,  squally,  with  rain  ;  SE.  sea  and 
strong  tide  rips.     No  indication  of  losing  the  trades. 

August  5.  Lat.  11°  44'  N.;  long.  34°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  78°.  Winds  :  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Fresh  breezes.  Middle  and  latter,  squally 
with  much  rain. 

August  6.  Lat.  10°  40'  N. ;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.NE,,  SE.  to  S.  First  and  middle,  light  breezes  and  squally 
Avith  much  rain;  latter,  moderate  and  puffy  ;  very  irregular  sea  throughout  ;  no  observation. 
At  meridian,  wind  from  SW.  in  a  squall. 

August  7.  Lat.  10°  02'  N.;  long.  32°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds  :  calm,  E.NE.  to  E.SE.,  SW.  by  S.     Variable  winds,  weather  the  same. 

August  8.  Lat.  7°  41'  N.;  long.  29°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.06  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  to  W.,  S.SW.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile.  Light  baffling 
winds  and  squall}^  rainy  weather  ;  SE.  sea. 

August  9.  Lat.  6°  22'  N. ;  long.  26°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.06  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Light  breezes  and 
squall}^  rainy  weather  ;  SE.  sea  ;  tide  rips.     Ends  pleasant. 

August  10.  Lat.  5°  48'  N.;  long.  25°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.06  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile.  Winds  :  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.  Good  breezes 
and  pleasant.     Middle,  cloudy  ;  tide  rips  ;  SE.  sea. 

August  11     Lat.  4°  43'  N.;  long.  27°  48.  W.     Barometer,  30.09  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,    79°.     Winds:    S.SW.,    S.SW.,    S.     No    current.      Moderate,   with  occasional  raiu 
squalls  ;  tacked  to  the  westward. 
VOL.  II 34 


266  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHAETS. 

August  12.  Lat.  3°  15'  N. ;  long.  27°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.07  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  S.,  S,,  S.     Throughout,  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

August  13.  Lat.  1°  50'  N.  ]  long.  30°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air  76°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds  :  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  S..  First,  light  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and 
latter,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  ;  occasional  rain  squalls. 

August  14.  Lat.  0°  20'  S. ;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.07  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  j 
cloudy  at  times  ;  smooth. 

August  15.  Lat.  2°  59'  S.;  long.  32°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.14  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant;  smooth 
sea.  Crossed  the  line  at  9  a.  m.,  in  longitude  32°  18'  W.  No  perceptible  current  the  last 
five  days. 

August  16.  Lat.  4°  22'  S.;  long.  32°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.17  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant ;  smooth  sea ;  no  current. 

August  17.  Lat.  6°  39'  S.;  long.  33°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds  :  SE.,  S.SE.  to  SE.,  SE.  to  S.SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.  At 
8.  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward  to  clear  the  Roccas.  At  midnight  tacked  to  the  SW. ;  no 
current.     At  meridian  Ferdinand  do  Noronha  in  sight,  bearing  N.NE.,  distant  about  35  miles." 

Schooner  Lynchburg,  (J.  L.  Groton,  captain,)  New  York  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  ;  sixteen  days  out. 

"August  1,  1856.  Lat.  29°  57'  N.;  long.  43°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.28  ;  temperature  of 
air,  83°;  of  water,  80°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.     Light  breezes;    sea-weed;    tide  rips. 

August  2.  Lat.  28°  51'  N.;  long.  42°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.27  ;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
of  water,  84°.     Winds  :  E.,  E.,  S.  by  E.     Light  airs. 

August  3.  Lat.  27°  46'  N. ;  long.  42°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.25  ;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  and  calm,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Light  airs  and  calms;  very  unsteady  in  strength 
and  direction. 

August  4.  Lat.  26°  07'  N.;  long.  42°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.25  ;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  SE.  ^  S.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Light  breezes  and  fine  weather;  passing 
clouds  ;  trade-like  weather. 

August  5.  Lat.  23°  41'  N.;  long.  42°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.30  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  byE.,  SE.  by  E.  Fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds; 
trade-like  weather. 

August  6.  Lat.  21°  25'  N.;  long.  41°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.28  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds  :  SE.  by  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.     Fresh  trade-like  weather  and  a  rough  sea. 

August  7.  Lat.  19°  17'  N.;  long.  39°  38' W.  Barometer,  30.18  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.  Passing  clouds;  strong  trades,  and  a  heavy 
sea  from  east.     Latter,  sharp  squalls,  but  no  rain  ;  wind  steady. 

August  8.  Lat.  17°  29'  N.;  long.  38°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.16  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle,  passing  clouds  and  fresh 
breeze,  with  heavy  sea  from  east,  and  occasional  light  rain  squall ;  latter,  calm  and  light  airs 
and  squally  appearances. 

August  9.  Lat.  10°  35'  N.;  long.  37°  32'  W.     Barometer,  30.12  ;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 


1 


TO   THE    "FAIR  WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE JULY.  267 

of  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  calm  and  S.SB.  Moderate  breezes,  calms  and  cloudy; 
heavy  sea  from  east. 

August  10.  Lat.  14°46'N.;  long.  36°  27' W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air, 
84°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.,  E.NE.  First,  light  airs  and  calms;  middle,  moderate 
and  cloudy;  latter,  fresh  trades. 

August  11.  Lat.  11°  59'  N. ;  long.  34°  54' W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air, 
86°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.,  SE.  First,  fine  weather,  passing  clouds,  and 
strong  trades;  middle,  strong  breezes  and  hard  squalls  with  rain;  sharp  lightning  in  the  south 
and  southeast,  with  a  heavy  sea;  latter,  moderate. 

August  12.  Lat.  11°  15'  N. ;  long.  34°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  calm,  NE.  First,  light  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  middle, 
calm  and  clear,  with  a  heavy  sea  from  NE;  latter,  light  breeze;  heavy  swell  setting  from  SE. 

August  13.  Lat.  8°  34'  N. ;  long.  33°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  92^; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle,  passing  clouds,  strong  breezes  and 
a  heavy  sea  from  NE.,  with  quite  a  swell  from  SE. ;  latter,  light;  a  rough,  tumbling  sea. 

August  14.  Lat.  7°  20'  N. ;  long.  31°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  SW.,  S.  by  W.  Current,  E.SE.,  1  mile.  First,  moderate.  At 
3:30,  tacked  to  SE.  by  E. ;  weather  squally;  middle,  strong  breezes  and  hard  squalls  from  SW. 
with  rain;  latter,  fair  weather,  and  fresh.  I  have  had  the  heaviest  sea  from  SE.  since 
yesterday  morning  that  I  ever  saw  in  this  part  of  the  ocean,  making  it  almost  impossible  to  get 
ahead;  however,  I  think  I  have  hit  it  by  running  free  in  the  trades,  for  I  have  no  trouble  in 
making  easting. 

August  15.  Lat.  6°  40'  N. ;  long.  29°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  ^  W.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.  First,  pleasant,  with  SE.  sea;  middle, 
cloudy  weather,  and  steady  breezes ;  latter,  wind  and  weather  the  same ;  many  small  fish. 

August  16.  Lat.  5°  39'  N. ;  long.  28°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  89°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by.  W.,  S.SW.  Throughout,  passing  clouds,  heavy  S.SE.  sea, 
and  strong  breezes;  tacked  twice. 

August  17.  Lat.  4°  55'  N.;  long.  28°  13' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.  Passing  clouds  and  strong  breezes,  with 
a  tremendous  sea  from  S.SE.  and  S.SW.  both;  tacked  to  W.SW. 

August  18.  Lat.  3°  29'  N. ;  long.  30°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  S.  ^  W.,  S.,  S.  ^  E.    Passing  clouds  and  fresh  breezes,  with  a  heavy  sea. 

August  19.  Lat.  1°  44'  N. ;  long.  31°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  W.  by  N.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.  -|  E.,  SE.  by  S.  |  S.,  SE.  ^  E.  Passing 
clouds  and  moderate  breezes;  sea  smooth;  squally  appearances. 

August  20.  Lat  0°  39'  S. ;  long.  32°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.NW.,  |  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First,  strong 
breezes  with  a  heavy  S.SE.  sea,  and  passing  squalls;  sharp  rain  squalls  and  dirty  looking 
weather;  middle  and  latter,  fine,  clear  weather,  but  rough;  crossed  the  equator  at  8  a.  m.,  in 
31°  52'  W.,  36  days  from  Sandy  Hook,  and  am  very  well  satisfied,  considering  the  numerous 
days  of  light  airs  I  had  in  the  North  Atlantic,  and  the  time  of  the  year. 

August  21.  Lat.  3°  16'  S.;  long.  32°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Fine  clear  weather  and  pleasant  breezes.  I  perceive  no 
current. 


268  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

August  22.  Lat.  6°  07'  S.;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Fine  weather  and  fresh  breezes.  Made 
Fernando,  bearing  S.  |-  E.,  distant  25  or  30  miles.  If  any  current,  it  has  been  to  SW.  My 
vessel  has  outrun  me  20  miles  to-day." 

Ship  Sirocco,  (William  H.  West,  captain,)  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco;  twelve  days  out. 

"July  30,  1855.  Lat.  27°  47'  N. ;  long.  43°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,  80°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,  S. ;  variable  from  S.  to  S.SE. 

July  31.  Lat.  26°  41'  N.;  long.  43°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.      Current,  SE.,  10  miles.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.,  variable. 

August  1.  Lat.  24°  21'  N.;  long.  43°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE. ;  moderate  weather.  Middle  part,  sky  entirely 
overcast. 

August  2.  Lat.  21°  25'  N. ;  long.  43°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Stormy  breezes  with  passing  clouds. 

August  3.  Lat.  18°  16'  N. ;  long.  43°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.;  strong  breezes  throughout,  with  passing  rain 
squalls. 

August  4.  Lat.  14°  57'  N. ;  long.  42°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  24  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E. ;  strong  breezes  and 
squally;  strong  northwesterly  current,  1  knot  per  hour.  We  have  had  no  wind  with  northing 
in  it  since  the  ship  left  Cape  Henlopen. 

August  5.  Lat.  12°  23'  N. ;  long.  40°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.     Current,  NW.,  10  miles.     Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  N.;  strong  breezes. 

August  6.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.,  calm,  E.NE.;  light  airs,  calms  and  rain. 

August  7.     Lat.    10°  24'  N. ;  long.  .     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 

water,  82°.     Winds:  calm,  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  light  breezes  with  rain;  several  tide  rips. 

August  8.  Lat.  10°  03'  N.;  long.  39°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  E.SE.;  light  breezes  and  calms,  with  rain  squalls. 

August  9.  Lat.  9°  12'  N. ;  long.  37°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°.     Current,  northerly,  20  miles.     Winds:  calm,  SW.,  SW.;  light  breezes. 

August  10.  Lat.  7°  37' N.;  long.  35°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.     Current,  northerly,  16  miles.     Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW. ;  fresh  breezes. 

August  11.  Lat.  6°  43'  N.;  long.  33°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.     Current,  northerly,  16  miles.    Winds:  S.SW.,   SW.   by  S.,  S.SW.;  fresh  breeze. 

August  12.  Lat.  6°  29'  N. ;  long.  30°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  northerly,  14  miles.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.,  moderate, 
with  very  heavy  rain. 

August  13.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  W.,  moderate,  with  light  rain  squalls. 

August  14.  Lat.  5°  20'  N.;  long.  26°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.,  S.,  moderate,  with  a  very  heavy  sea. 

August  15.     Lat.  4°  43'  N.;  long.  27°47' W.     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 


TO   THE   "FAIR  WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE JULY.  269 

water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E. ;  fresh  breeze;  tacked  to  the  westward;  found  that 
we  made  very  little  southing  on  the  eastward  tack. 

August  16.  Lat.  2°  42'  N. ;  long.  28°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.;  fresh  breezes. 

August  17.  Lat.  0°  22'  N.;  long.  30°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.;  fresh  breezes  and  clear.  Crossed  the  equator 
at  3  p.  m.  in  31°  W.,  thirty-one  days  out.  I  have  gone  by  Maury's  Directions  as  much  as 
possible.  It  is  the  first  time  I  have  had  them  on  board;  in  fact,  the  first  I  have  seen.  If  I 
had  stood  on  to  the  eastward,  contrary  to  Maury's  Directions,  I  am  sure  the  passage  would  have 
been  lengthened  considerably.     Distance  sailed  per  log,  4,335  miles. 

August  18.  Lat.  2°  00'  S. ;  long.  32°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  westerly,  12  miles.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE. ;  fresh  breeze; 
stood  six  hours  to  the  eastward. 

August  19.  Lat.  3°  55'  S. ;  long.  33°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  westerly,  10  miles.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Commences  with  squalls 
of  wind  and  rain;  passed  between  Fernando  de  Noronha  and  Roccas;  saw  neither.  Strong 
breezes  and  heavy  head  sea;  stood  four  hours  to  the  eastward. 

August  20.  Lat.  5°  25'  S. ;  long.  33°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  westerly,  10  miles.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.;  moderate  breezes  and 
clear  weather;  stood  four  hours  to  the  eastward." 

Barque  Corilla,  (Jonathan  Chase,  captain,)  Chesapeake  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  eleven  days  out. 

"July  31,  1856.  Lat.  28°  57'  N. ;  long.  48°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air, 
84°;  water,  82.°     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.SE.,  E. ;  light  airs  with  intervals  of  calms. 

August  1.  Lat.  27°  34'  N. ;  long.  47°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.;  moderate  breezes  and  variable;  very  fine  weather; 
no  current. 

August  2.  Lat.  26°  14'  N. ;  47°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.  to  S.SE.  No  current.  Moderate  breezes  and 
variable ;  tacked  twice. 

August  3.  Lat.  24°  48'  N. ;  long.  47°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.17;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.;  moderate  throughout. 

August  4.  Lat.  23°  47'  N. ;  long.  46°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  SE. ,  yV  of  a  mile.  Winds :  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE. ,  E.  SE.  First,  light  breezes; 
middle  and  latter,  good  breezes,  with  fine  trade-like  weather;  the  trades  at  last,  but  very  far 
to  the  southward. 

August  5.  Lat.  21°  23'  N. ;  long.  46°  08' W.  Barometer,  30.28;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.NW.,  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.  Comes  infair; 
middle,  dark,  cloudy  weather,  with  rain;  ends  fine;  the  wind  hangs  obstinately  to  the 
southward  and  eastward. 

August  6.  Lat.  19°  29'  N.;  long.  45°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  W.NW.,  -j3_  of  a  mile.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  E.SE.  Good  breezes, 
but  variable.  I  am  now  to  leeward  of  Maury's  track  for  July,  and  at  present  it  looks  doubtful 
if  I  regain  it  till  I  get  the  southerly  winds  of  the  doldrums. 

August  7.     Lat.  17°  30'  N.;  long.  44°  10'  W.     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 


270  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  by  N. ;  fresh  breezes  and  fine; 
middle,  cloudy  and  rain;  latter,  fine  weather;  large  sea  from  E.SE. 

August  8.  Lat.  15°37'N.;  long.  43°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  N.NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.,  E.SE.  Good  breezes  and  fair 
weather. 

August  9.  Lat.  13°  56'  N. ;  long.  42°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  N.NW.,  j\  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Light  breezes  and  very 
very  fine  weather.  Saw  tide  rips;  I  noticed  to-day  that  the  rips  canie  from  S.SW. ;  hove  the 
log  in  one,  and  found  the  vessel  going  6  knots;  after  these  rips  had  passed,  was  going  but  4  knots 
with  the  same  breeze. 

August  10.  Lat.  12°  21'  N. ;  long,  41°^34'W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  84° ; 
water,  81°.  Current,  W.NW.,  j\  of  a  mile.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  light 
breezes  and  fair  weather;  tide  rips  in  all  directions,  but  generally  passing  to  the  N.NE. 

August  11.  Lat.  10°  40' N.;  long.  40°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  First,  fresh  breezes  and 
cloudy;  middle,  dark  and  squally,  with  hard  rain;  latter,  moderate.  The  NE.  trades  are  done, 
and  I  am  six  degrees  west  of  Maury's  track.     Strong  tide  rips  all  through. 

August  12.  Lat.  10°  05'  N.;  long.  40°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  83°.  Current  none.  Winds:  N.;  calm,  variable.  Light,  bafiiing  airs  and  calms; 
strong  tide  rips;  sometimes  passing  W.NW.  and  sometimes  N.NE. 

Aug.  13.  Lat.  9°39'N.;  long.  39°  12' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  E.SE.,  |  mile.  Winds:  calm,  N.NE.,  NE.  First,  calm;  middle,  light 
breezes,  with  showers;  latter,  good  breeze,  a  remnant  of  the  NE.  trades.     No  tide  rips  this  day. 

Aug.  14.  Lat.  6°47'N.;  long,  37°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  E.  by  S.,  -^\  of  a  mile.  Winds:  NE.  to  SE.,  calm  and  S.SW.,  S.SW. 
First,  moderate  breezes;  dead  calm  from  11  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m. ;  at  1  a.  m.  strong  breeze  from 
S.SW. ;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  fair.  I  can  now  get  east  as  I  Avant  to.  I  have  seen  no  signs 
of  current  this  day,  yet  I  have  had  18  miles.     Sea  smooth. 

Aug.  15.  Lat.  6°48'N.;  long.  35°  18' W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  N.NE.,  yV  of  a  mile.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  Good  breezes  and 
fair  weather;  a  sharp  sea  from  S.SE.     Think  I  am  on  the  north  verge  of  the  SE.  trades. 

Aug.  16.  Lat.  6°  22'  N.;  long.  32°  59'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  N.NW.,  -^^  of  a  mile.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  Fresh  breezes 
and  cloudy;  high  sea  from  the  S.SE. 

Aug.  17.  Lat.  5°  53'  N.;  long.  30°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  N.NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  by  W.  Fresh  breezes  and  steady, 
with  fair  weather;  sharp  sea  from  S.SE. 

Aug.  18.  Lat.  5°  53' N.;  long.  28°  50' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  N.NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  Good  breezes 
and  fine  weather;  high,  sharp  sea  from  S.SE.  This  is  the  fourth  day  since  I  got  the  S.SW. 
winds,  and  have  made  more  longitude  than  I  could  have  done  in  12  days  in  30°  N.  I  am  far 
enough  east,  and  shall  tack  at  1  p.  m. 

Aug.  19.  Lat.  4°  19'  N. ;  long.  29°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Brisk  breezes  and  fair. 
Tacked  ship  to  the  southward  and  westward. 


TO  THE  "FAIK  WAy"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE JULY.  271 

Aug.  20.  Lat.  2°  09'  N. ;  long.  30°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.NW.,  -A"  of  a  mile.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Fine  weather 
and  good  breezes, 

Aug.  21.  Lat.  0°  02'  S. ;  long.  32°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.NW.,  yV  of  a  mile.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Good 
breezes  and  fine.  At  noon  on  the  equator,  34  days  from  Cape  Henry.  Distance  sailed  by 
log,  4,228  miles;  (computed  distance,  4,126.) 

Aug.  22.  Lat.  2°  25'  S. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  none.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Good  breezes  and  very  fine  weather;  sea 
smooth.     I  should  think  a  ship  might  get  eastward  very  fast  here,  if  necessary. 

Aug.  23.  Lat.  4°  41'  S.;  long.  33°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  Good  breezes  and  fine 
weather.     Saw  Fernando  de  Noronha,  east,  25  miles. 

Aug.  24.  Lat.  6°  04' S.;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  19°.  Current,  N.NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  dark 
squally  weather,  with  rain;  at  5  p.  m.  tacked  to  E.SE.;  at  8  tacked  to  SW. ;  latter,  more 
pleasant,  with  heavy  cumulus  around  the  horizon." 

Ship  Stingray^  (Captain  Kirby,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  thirteen  days  out. 

"Aug.  12,  1854.  Lat.  28°  47' N. ;  long.  49°  03' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of 
air,  83°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  and  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  and  E.SE.  Commences  fine 
trades  and  pleasant.  Got  the  NE.  trades  in  lat.  31°  30'  N.  Last  voyage  I  got  them  in  32° 
and  long.  38°  W.  in  the  barque  "American." 

Aug.  13.  Lat.  26°  36'  N.;  long.  48°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Moderate  and  baffling  trades,  with  rain  squalls. 
At  8  a.  m.  a  whirlwind  passed  across  our  stern,  about  one  mile  distant,  going  to  W.NW.  at  the 
rate  of  about  ten  miles  per  hour,  taking  the  surface  water  with  it,  turning  against  the  hands 
of  a  watch. 

Aug.  14.  Lat.  24°  03'  N.;  long.  47°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82° 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.     Pleasant  breezes  and  passing  squalls. 

Aug.  15.  Lat.  21°  15'  N.;  long.  47°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82° 
water,  82°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  E.SE.  throughout. 

Aug.  16.  Lat.  18°  40'  N. ;  long.  45°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  81° 
water,  81.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  to  E.  by  N.     Fine  trades  and  pleasant.   . 

Aug.  17.     Lat.  16°  16'  N. ;  long.  44°  28'  W.     Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  82° 
water,   82°.     Winds:   E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.     Moderate  and  pleasant  trades,  with  passing 
squalls. 

Aug.  18.  Lat.  13°  47'  N.;  long.  43°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  Moderate  and  pleasant,  with  passing  squalls; 
tide  rips. 

Aug.  19.  Lat.  11°  24'  N. ;  long.  41°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.  Commences  squally,  with  rain,  and  con- 
tinues squally.     High  sea;  tide  rips  as  far  as  the  eye  can  see. 

Aug.  20.  Lat.  10°  05'  N.;  long.  40°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air.  81°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.;  calm  and  SE.     Wind  and  weather  variable. 


272  THE    WJND   AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 

Aug.  21.  Lat.  9°  28'  N. ;  long.  38°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  calm  and  S.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.     Weather  variable  and  squally. 

Aug.  22.  Lat.  8°  50' N.;  long.  37°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.NW.  and  calm,  NW.  and  calm,  NW.  and  calm.  Light 
variable  airs  and  calms;  ends  rainy;  thunder  and  lightning. 

Aug.  23.  Lat.  7°  45'  N. ;  long.  35°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  S.SW.,  S.  Commences  squally,  with  rain;  wind  very  unsteady; 
a  very  bad  sea  from  SE.,  causing  the  ship  to  labor  hard;  middle  and  latter,  squally. 

Aug.  24.  Lat.  7°  30'  N. ;  long.  32°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  to  SW.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  Commences  squally;  bad  sea  from  SE. ;  mid- 
dle and  latter,  moderate;  tacked  to  the  SW. 

Aug.  25.  Lat.  7°  26'  N.;  long.  31°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Moderate  breezes,  looking  very  much  like 
SE.  trades;  have  had  little  or  none  of  the  monsoons  spoken  of  yet;  I  am  either  having  hard 
luck,  or  the  charts  and  winds  do  not  agree;  tacked  twice. 

Aug.  26.  Lat.  7°  27'  N. ;  long.  30°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  Light  baffling  airs;  at  2  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward; 
find  a  strong  northerly  current,  and  hard  luck  follows  the  "Stingray;"  stood  SW.  9  hours,  and 
E.  2  S.  the  rest  of  the  time,  and  made  one  mile. 

Aug.  27.  Lat.  7°  29'  N. ;  long.  28°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.  and  calm,  S.,  S.  by  E.  and  S.  Moderate,  with  occasional  squalls;  tacked 
to  W.  by  S. 

Aug.  28.  Lat.  6°  29' N.;  long.  30°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S,,  S.  Moderate  and  pleasant  throughout;  at  meridian  tacked 
to  SE.  by  E. 

Aug,  29.  Lat.  5°  38'  N. ;  long.  28°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Moderate  and  baffling  winds.  Ends,  calm,  and 
heavy  rains. 

Aug.  30.  Lat.  4°  40'  N. ;  long.  27°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.72;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.  and  calm,  calm  and  SW.,  calm  and  SW.  Commences  calm,  with 
much  rain;  tacked  twice;  a  northerly  current. 

Aug.  31.  Lat.  3°46'N. ;  long.  29°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.72;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.  to  S.SW.,  S.  to  S.SW.,  S.  to  S.  by  W.  Pleasant  breeze  and  passing 
clouds;  northerly  current;  tacked  twice. 

Sept.  1.  Lat.  2°  01' N. ;  long.  30°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.  by  W.  and  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.     Moderate  trades  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  0°  32'  S.;  long.  30°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.72;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.SE.  and  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  SE.  trades  and  pleasant  breeze;  at 
7  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  30°  50'  W.,  34  days  from  New  York.  I  have  been  close 
hauled  nearly  all  the  time;  have  had  the  wind  so  as  I  could  carry  studding  sails  only  four  days. 
All  I  have  made  has  been  by  hard  draging.  I  should  like  to  know  if  those  farther  east  have 
made  better  time.  Distance  sailed  by  log,  4,780  miles.  Ends,  moderate  breezes  and  fine 
weather. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  2°  57'  S. ;  long.  31°  33' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.  and  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes  throughout.     I 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST     ROQUE — ^AUGUST. 


273 


have  now  been  south  of  the  equator  30  hours,  and  Jiave  found  no  current  as  yet.  I  have  made  a 
six  point  course  since  crossing,  very  close  hauled,  and  if  /  have  had  any  current,  it  has  been 
easterly;  so  much  I  can  truly  say  about  my  experience.  At  6  p.  m.  pyramid  of  Ferdinand  de 
Noronha  bore  (per  compass)  W,  by  S.  ^  S.,  35  miles  distant. 

Sept.  4.  Lat.  5°  25' S. ;  long.  32°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  SE. 
First  and  middle,  light  breezes,  with  passing  squalls  from  S.SE.;  ends,  fine  breeze;  no  current 
perceptible  J ' 

COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RIO,  "ETC.— August. 


Longitude. 

Course. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS  ;    PER    CENT. 

o 

Latitude. 

Slants  from— 

^    o 

11 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

True. 

Head. 

Fair. 

Calms. 

—      « 

"S  .a 

N'd  or  E'd. 

S'd  or  W'd. 

o   o 

Sandy  Hook  to— 

39°  11'  N. 

70'  00' 
65    00 
60    00 

E.SE 

199 
256 
259 

12.3 
9  8 
8.0 

223 

281 
280 

3.0 
3.2 
2.2 

13.2 
5.0 
5.4 

11.4 
tolO.3 
w  9.7 

72.4 
81.5 
82.7 

5.4 
3.5 
4.1 

368 

37    33 

ES.E 

221 

35    54 

E.SE 

185 

35    00 

57    20 
55    00 

ES  E 

141 
165 

10.9 

8.5 

156 

178 

4.6 
1.9 

3.9 
wU.i 

w   7.8 
3.8 

83.7 
82.9 

7.2 
3.6 

154 

33    04 

S.E 

53 

31     19 

50    00 

E.S.E 

275 

9.6 

302 

2.6 

10.4 

wl3.0 

74.0 

0.0 

76 

30    00 

46    17 

E.B.E 

207 

15.2 

238 

4.6 

9.2 

u-35.3 

60.9 

6.5 

43 

29    32 

45    00 

E.S.E 

72 

39.2 

100 

8.0 

wAS.O 

28.0 

16  0 

7.4 

25 

25    00 

42    54 

S.S.E 

294 

6.4 

312 

1.5 

u'19.1 

0.0 

79.4 

2.9 

68 

23    21 

40    09 
38    57 

SE 

225 
153 

7.7 
4.8 

242 
160 

0.0 
2.0 

u-16.8 
w   8.0 

7.2 
0.0 

77.0 
90.0 

6.7 
0.0 

42 

20    00 

S.S.E 

49 

15    00 

36    47 

S.S.E 

325 

7.0 

347 

3.7 

w   5.5 

0.0 

90.8 

0  0 

54 

10    50 

35    00 

S.S.E 

271 

8.5 

294 

2  8 

w   8.6 

4.7 

83.9 

7.1 

105 

10    00 
8    06 

34    38 

30    00 

SS.E 

54 

297 

11.5 
8.0 

60 
320 

3.4 
0.0 

toll.l 
8.8 

6.6 

u>15.8 

78.9 
75.4 

9.0 
8.1 

90 

E.S.E 

57 

5    00 

26    53 

S.E 

263 

4.6 

275 

0.0 

4.4 

1C15.9 

79.7 

7.4 

114 

Equator  . . 

1 

28    57 

S.8.W 

325 

10.1 

358 

1.3 

M)35.1 

0.0 

63.6 

1.2 

78 

3781 

4126 

H            1    00  8. 

29    33 

S.9.W 

65 

1  4 

66 

0.2 

4.5 

0.3 

95.0 

0.0 

402 

^L          2    3-3 

30    00 

s.s.w 

99 

5.7 

105 

0.0 

28.5 

0.0 

71.5 

0.0 

21 

^K 

30     12 

s.s.w 

33 

13  3 

34 

0.0 

66  6 

0.0 

33  4 

0.0 

9 

^B             00 

31     00 

s.s.w 

130 

6.7 

139 

0.0 

33.3 

0.0 

66.7 

0.0 

18 

7    00 

31    50 

s.s.w 

130 

0.0 

130 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0  0 

0.0 

18 

Thence  ad  lib. 

The  only  precaution  to  give  with  regard  to  this  route — for  in  August  the  passage  is  liable 
to  be  tedious  by  any  route — is  not  to  cross  the  meridian  of  50°  W.  to  the  north  of  31°,  when- 
evar  the  winds  will  allow 

After  reaching  the  meridian  of  35°,  between  the  parallels  of  11°  and  10°  N.,  stand  straight 
as  the  winds  will  allow  for  the  equator  in  about  29°  or  30°,  not  caring  if  you  fall  upon  the  line 
as  far  as  33°  W.  After  getting  the  SE.  trades  in  this  month,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  making 
stretches  to  the  E. ;  for  the  SE.  trades,  frequently,  at  this  season  of  the  year,  blow  from  S.SE.; 
and  if  navigators  will  bear  this  fact  in  mind,  they  should  not  be  discouraged  if  the  wind  should 
force  them  to  cross  the  equator  as  far  west  as  35°;  some  have  even  crossed  in  41°,  and  made 
good  passages  by  taking  advantage  of  slants  south  of  the  line  to  make  easting  with.  But,  of 
course,  no  navigator  would  willingly  cross  so  far  to  the  westward  as  longitude  40°.  Actual 
trial  has  shown  the  best  crossings  to  be  in  34°  for  10°  N. ;  in  27|°  for  5°  N. ;  and  in  29|°  for  the 
line:  the  average  passage  to  this  last  crossing  from  the  United  States  being  26  days,  and  2 
days  thence  to  the  fair  way  off  St.  Roque. 
VOL.   II 35 


274  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS 

Vessels  from  ports  south  of  the  Capes  of  Virginia,  that  intend  to  try  this  route,  should 
run  up  to  34°,  and  continue  between  the  parallels  of  34°  and  35°,  until  they  fall  in  with 
the  route  as  projected,  which  they  will  do  somewhere  between  the  meridians  of  55°  and  60°. 
This  they  are  recommended  to  do  on  account  of  the  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes,  with  which, 
by  keeping  south  of  34°,  in  this  season  and  part  of  the  ocean,  they  are  liable  to  be  bothered. 

In  August,  if  between  the  meridians  of  30°  and  35°,  expect  to  lose  the  NE.  trades  from 
14°  to  10°  N. ;  to  have  the  equatorial  calms  from  13°  to  9°  N. ;  and  the  SW.  monsoons  occa- 
sionally, only  from  12°  to  5°  N. 

Between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°  W.,  the  NE.  trades  are  sometimes  lost  in  17°  N., 
generally  in  12°,  though  they  are  occasionally  carried  to  9°;  seldom  below.  The  calms  prevail 
from  15°  to  8°  N.,  and  the  SW.  monsoons  with  considerable  regularity  from  14°  N.  to  the 
equator;  that  is,  you  are  liable  to  get  them  somewhere  between  14°  N.  and  the  equator,  as 
you  are  liable  to  encounter  the  calms  and  to  lose  the  NE.  trades  between  the  parallels  above 
stated.  The  most  difficult  part  of  the  route  for  this  month  is  that  which  lies  between  10° 
and  5°  N. 


F 


TO    THE    "FAIR  WAY       OFF   ST.   ROQUE ^AUGUST. 


275 


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276 


THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 


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TO  THE    "  FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST.    ROQUE AUGUST. 


277 


1  shall  continue  to  quote  extracts  from  the  abstract  logs  for'  each  month,  hoping  that  my 
fellow  laborers  at  sea  will  study  them  in  connection  with  the  Charts  and  the  extracts  given  in 
the  previous  edition  of  this  work.  These  extracts  are,  in  fact,  the  best  illustrations  that  can 
be  given  of  the  routes  recommended,  and  of  the  routes  adopted.  They  are  the  best,  because 
they  are  practical  illustrations;  and  if  navigators  will,  as  I  hope  they  will,  examine  these 
journals  attentively — each  navigator  addressing  himself  especially  to  the  logs  which  relate  to 
the  time  of  year  in  which  he  is  making  his  passage,  time  may  be  saved;  by  so  doing,  they  will 
not  fail  to  perceive  where  the  difficult  parts  of  the  passage  are,  and  in  what  those  difficulties 
consist. 

By  examining  the  crossings  of  the  vessels  in  the  table,  "  Old  and  Middle  Route  Crossings," 
it  will  be  perceived  that  many  vessels  take  the  new  route  and  follow  it  faithfully  to  about  10 
N.  They  then  get  into  the  doldrums  and  monsoons,  and  here,  being  afraid  of  St.  Roque,  they 
are  often  forced  10°,  or  even  20°  to  the  east,  by  the  time  they  reach  5°  N.  Being  now  to 
leeward  on  the  other  side,  they  have  to  stand  back  through  another  10°  or  12°  of  longitude 
before  they  can  cross  the  line  and  get  out  of  "this  horrible  place."  This  occurs  not  in  the 
month  of  August  alone,  but  in  the  summer  and  fall  seasons  generally :  Thus  the 


Eagle,  in  July,  crossed 

Cohansey..do....do 

Arab do.,.,  do 

Oriental)  August. do 

Sirai do....  do 

California,  do...,  do 

T.irolinta..do do 

Ocean  Telegraph,  September. 


10°  N. 


44°  W, 

34 

29 

35 

46 

37 

38 

38 


S'N. 


23'  W. 

24 
19 
20 
22 
24 
19 
28 


Equator, 


28' W. 

29 

26 

20 

30 

28 

25 

32 


Making  from  10°  N 
;  to  the  Line—   S 


26°  of  longitude. 

15  do. 

17  do. 

15  do. 

32  do. 

17  do. 

25  do. 

14  do. 


An  examination  of  the  crossings  for  both  old  and  new  routes  will  exhibit  other  cases  of 
the  same  sort,  and,  as  a  rule,  they  all  shoio  long  passages. 

The  "  Sea  Witch  "  is  a  case  in  point.     I  quote  her  log  from  the  seventh  edition. 

Ship  Sea  Witch,  (G.  W.  Fraser,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  sixteen  days  out. 
"Aug.  17,  1851.     Lat.21°37'N.;  long.  42°  39' W.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  and  E.SE. 
Fresh  single  reef  gale,  heavy  sea. 
-  Aug.  18.     Lat.  18°  42'  N. ;  long.  40°  26'  W.    Wind:  E.  by  N.     Fresh  breeze  and  pleasant. 

W         Aug.  19.     Lat.  15°  49'  N. ;  long.  39°  14'  W.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  and  E.  by  S.     Fresh 
breezes  with  cloudy  weather. 

Aug.  20.     Lat.   13°  06'  N. ;  long.   36°  44'  W.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  and  E.NE.     Fresh 
breezes  and  squally. 

Aug.  21.     Lat.  11°  25'  N.;  long.  35°  31'  W.     Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  southerly.     Moderate 
and  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Aug.  22.     Lat.  10°  38' N.;  long.  34°  11' W.    Winds:  southerly,  S.SW.,  and  S.SW.    Variable, 
breezes  and  squally. 

Aug.  23.     Lat.  10°  09'  N. ;  long.  34°  17'  W.     Winds:  calm,   calm,   and  NE.     Calms  and 
light  airs. 

Aug.  24.     Lat.  8°  24'  N.;  long.  33°  10'  W.     Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  and  N.     Light  breezes 
and  squally. 

Aug.  25.     Lat.   7°  08'  N. ;  long.   31°  35'  W.     Winds:  NW.,  SW.,  and  SW.  by  S.     Light 
'     breezes  and  squally. 


278  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Aug.  26.  Lat.  5°  58'  N  ;' long.  29°  26'  W.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  and  SW.  by  S.  Light 
airs  and  squally. 

Aug.  27.  Lat.  5°  09'  N. ;  long.  29°  26'  W.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.  Moderate  breezes  and 
cloudy. 

Aug.  28.     Lat.  3°  50'  N. ;  long.  24°  44'  W.    Wind :  S.  SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant." 

This  is  another  case  of  falling  to  leeward  on  the  other  side.  When  the  navigator  gets  as 
far  east  in  the  doldrums,  at  this  season,  as  he  Avants  to  go,  he  finds  the  monsoons  so  changed 
that  they  are  directly  in  his  teeth.  I  should  advise  navigators  on  such  occasions,  when  they 
have  got  as  far  to  the  east  as  30°  west,  to  beat  down  on  or  near  that  meridian;  for  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that,  by  remaining  stationary,  these  doldrums  will  leave  j^ou  quite  as  soon 
as  you  can  get  clear  of  them  by  running  along  with  them  to  the  east  and  back  again  to  the  west. 

The  Eagle  has  been  mentioned.     Here  is  her  abstract: 

Ship  Eagle,  (John  S.  Farron,)  Ncav  York  to  San  Francisco;  fifteen  days  out. 

"July  25.  Lat.  19°  05'  N.;  long.  46°  30'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Fair 
weather. 

July  26.  Lat.  15°  20'  N. ;  long.  44°  55'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  and  E.  Fresh  breezes 
and  squally,  with  rain. 

July  27.  Lat.  12°  48'  N. ;  long.  44°  30'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  E.,  E.SE.  Pleasant 
weather. 

July  28.  Lat.  10°  58'  N. ;  long.  44°  10' W.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  and  E.  Pleasant 
weather. 

July  29.     Lat.  8°  57'  N. ;  long.  43°  47'  W.     Wind:  E.  by  S.     Occasional  squalls  with  rain. 

July  30.  Lat.  7° 49'  N.;  long.  43°  39'  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  and  S.SE.  Calms,  squalls, 
and  rain. 

July  31.     Lat.  7°  12'  N. ;  long.  42°  10'  W.     Wind:  from  S.  to  NW.     Baffling,  with  squalls. 

Aug.  1.  Lat.  7°  44'  N. ;  long.  39°  16'  W.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  and  SW.  Squally,  with 
hard  rain. 

Aug.  2.  Lat.  7°56'N.;  long.  36°  41' W.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  and  SE.  by  S.  Squally, 
rainy  weather. 

Aug.  3.     Lat.  7°  42'  N. ;  long.  35°  53'  W.    Winds:  S.  byE.,  and  calm.      Constant  rain. 

Aug.  4.     Lat.  7°  50'  N. ;  long.  35°  01'  W.     Variable  winds,  and  squally,  with  rain. 

Aug.  5.  Lat.  7°  40'  N.;  long.  35°  21'  W.  Winds,  S.SW.,  SW.,  and  SW.  Squally,  with 
rain. 

Aug.  6.  Lat.  7°  29'  N. ;  long.  33°  47' W.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  and  SE.  Moderate 
breezes  and  squally. 

Aug.  7.  Lat.  7°  03'  N. ;  long.  33°  16'  W.  Winds:  calm,  SW.  byS.,  SW.  by  S.  Squally, 
with  rain. 

Aug.  8.  Lat.  6°  56' N. ;  long.  29°  52'  W.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm,  and  S.  by  E.  Squally, 
with  rain. 

Aug.  9.  Lat.  6°  34'  N.;  long.  26°  48'  W.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  and  S.SW.  Squally,  with 
rain. 

Aug.  10.  Lat.  5°  45'  N.;  long.  22°  53'  W.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.,  and  S.  by  W.  Squally 
with  rain." 

The  Eagle  had  bad  luck,  certainly,  inasmuch  as  she  found  the  NE.  trades  with  southing  in 
them.     She  met  the  doldrums  just  south  of  the  parallel  of  9°  N.  aud  near  the  meridian  of  44° 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.   ROQUE AUGUST.  279 

"W.  Here  Captain  Farron  availed  himself  of  the  monsoons  to  go  east;  and  at  the  end  of  nine 
days  finds  himself  to  leeward  on  the  other  side  of  his  route.  On  August  8,  being  in  29°  50',  W. 
he  finds  the  monsoon  S.  by  E. ;  right  in  his  teeth.  He  stands  on,  and  the  next  day  he  is  so  far 
to  the  east  that  the  course  he  wants  to  make  is  S.SW. ;  at  that  point  he  gets  the  wind;  and 
thus  he  is  forced  to  go  as  far  as  22^  W.  before  he  can  cross  the  parallel  of  5°  N.  He  then 
goes  back  to  28°  30'  W.,  where  he  crosses  the  line  15  days  after  crossing  10°  N. 

Ship  Forest  King,  (G.  L.  Luce,  captain,)  New  York  to  St.  Juan  del  Sud  ;  twenty-seven 
days  out. 

"Sept.  1,  1855.  Lat.  29°45'N.;  long.  40°34' W.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  SE.  byE., 
SE.  b}'  E.,  SE.  byE.  Commences  with  a  pleasant  breeze;  at  6  a.  m.,  squally;  ends,  moderate 
and  pleasant. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  28°  31'  N. ;  long.  40°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S., 
E.  by  S.  Commences  with  a  moderate  breeze.  Why  is  it  the  barometer  is  falling  gradually 
since  we  took  this  easterly  wind  ?  I  cannot  understand  why  it  stood  so  high  during  the  calms 
and  bafiling  winds. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  27°  11'  N. ;  long.  39°  47' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  W^inds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S., 
SE.  byE.  Commences  with  a  moderate  wind  and  clear  atmosphere;  at  midnight,  very  light 
wind.  We  have  been  by  the  wind  for  3  weeks,  and  but  a  few  hours  during  the  time  have  we 
had  a  five  knot  breeze.     Ends  moderate  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  4.  Lat.  25°  40'  N. ;  long.  39°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.35.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.  Commences  Avith  a  moderate  wind,  very  pleasant;  middle,  fresher  breeze  than  we  have 
had  for  three  weeks;  ends  with  fresh  trades. 

Sept.  5.  Lat.  23°  58'  N. ;  long.  39°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.35.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  from  E.SE.  I  crossed  lat.  31°,  ten  degrees  east  of 
Maury's  August  directions,  and  it  is  well  I  did,  for  it  is  impossible  to  make  the  courses  he  gives. 
Although  passing  so  much  to  the  east,  and  having  the  wind  so  as  to  make  some  easting,  I  am 
now  to  westward  of  September  track.     [See  his  remarks  September  14  and  17.] 

Sept.  6.  Lat.  22°  00'  N. ;  long.  37°  43' W.  Barometer,  30.32.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.  Commences  with  fresh  trades;  heav}^  head  sea.  Midnight,  strong  breezes  and  squally; 
ends  squally;  rain  very  fine. 

Sept.  7.  Lat.  20°  04'  N.;  long.  37°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.28.  Winds:  East,  E.  by  S., 
E.  by  S.  Commences  with  a  fresh  wind,  squally;  a.  m.,  dark  and  cloudy  with  fine  rain;  ends 
very  squally;  squalls  come  from  the  E.SE. 

Sept.  8.  Lat.  17°  55' N.;  long.  36°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S., 
E.  by  S.  Commences  with  squally,  gloomy  looking  weather,  and  thick  atmosphere;  12  m., 
strong  breezes;  ends  with  strong  breezes  from  the  east,  and  squally. 

Sept.  9.  Lat.  15°  41'  N.;  long.  34°  50' W.  Barometer,  30.28.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E., 
E.  Commences  with  a  strong  breeze  from  the  east,  and  squally;  middle,  alternately  clear 
and  overcast;  ends,  strong  breezes  and  squally. 

Sept.  10.  Lat.  13°  30'  N. ;  long.  33°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE., 
E.  by  N.  Commences  with  strong  trades  and  squally;  at  12  m.,  very  clear  and  pleasant  ; 
ends  squally. 

Sept.  11.  Lat.  11°  20'  N.;  long.  31°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.15.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE., 
E.NE.     Commences  with  a  strong  breeze.     The  squalls  commence  from  SE.,  but  do  not  change 


280  THE   WIND    AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

the  wind  more  than  two  points;  heavy  tide  rips;  12  m.,  very  squally;  tide  rips  in  all  directions; 
2  p.  m.,  wind  changed;  calms,  squalls,  and  wind  all  ways.     Ends  Avith  heavy  rain. 

Sept.  12.  Lat.  10°  54'  N. ;  long.  30°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.23.  Winds  variable  through- 
out. Commences  with  heavy  rain  and  squally;  6  a.  m.,  clear  and  pleasant;  light  breeze  from 
the  west  at  12  m.  The  past  day  we  must  have  had  a  strong  current  setting  to  the  E.NB. 
Expected  to  make  about  a  SE.  course;  but,  by  observation,  made  E.  by  S.  ^  S.  I  will  here 
remark  that  I  think  we  had  an  easterly  current  most  of  the  time  after  getting  the  trades.  Ends 
very  pleasant. 

Sept.  13.  Lat.  9°  10' N. ;  long.  28°  44' W.  Barometer,  30.17.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  N. 
by  W.  Commences  with  beautiful  weather,  and  a  fine  breeze  from  the  north;  12  m.,  nearly 
calm;  ends  calm. 

Sept.  14.  Lat.  8°  24' N. ;  long.  28°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.17.  Winds,  N.N W.,  calms, 
SW.  Commences  with  clear  and  pleasant  weather.  At  1  a.  m.,  a  breeze  sprung  up  from 
S.SW.;  12  m.,  wind  SW.,  very  squally.  We  are  now  not  quite  100  miles  east  of  Maury's 
track  for  September.  The  current  has  set  us  so  much  to  the  eastward,  or  I  should  have  been 
nearer  to  it.     Ends  pleasant. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  7°  46'  N.;  long.  26°  20'  W.  Current,  56  miles,  NE.  Winds:  SW.,  SW., 
SW.  Commences  with  a  SW.  wind  and  moderate;  12  m.,  was  surprised  to  find  we  had  such  a 
current.     Ends  pleasant. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  6°  33' N.;  long.  25°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.18.  Winds:  SW.,  variable, 
SW.  Commences  with  variable  wind  and  rain.  Ends  with  a  fresh  breeze  and  squally;  strong 
easterly  current. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  4°  26'  N. ;  long.  24°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.16.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by 
S.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  a  W.  by  S.  wind  and  squally;  8  a.  m.,  heavy  rips;  9  a.  m.,  took 
the  wind  from  the  S.SW.;  12  m.,  squally;  4  p.  m.,  tacked  to  the  W.  by  S.  [He  is  now 
beating  to  get  west.     See  his  remarks  September  5.] 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  3°  25'  N. ;  long.  25°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.16.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S., 
S.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  12  m.,  very  pleasant;  p.  m.,  wind 
S.SE.     Hope  we  have  the  trades.     Ends  with  fresh  breezes. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  1°  35'  N.;  long.  27°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.14.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE., 
S.SE.      Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  ends  with  fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  0°  16' S. ;  long.  28°  52' W.  Barometer,  30.16.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE. 
by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Commences  with  fine  weather;  12  m.,  are  south  of  the  equator,  47  days  out. 
I  feel  perfectly  well  satisfied  with  getting  through  the  doldrums.  When  ten  days  out,  had  I 
had  a  leading  wind  for  three  days,  and  then  had  the  winds  as  Ave  have  had  since  passing  30°  N., 
the  passage  to  the  equator  would  have  been  a  good  one  for  this  vessel;  but  those  sixteen  days 
in  the  "Horse  latitudes,"  have  caused  an  unusually  long  passage.  Maury's  average  is  forty- 
one  days  for  this  season.  I  think,  had  I  kept  further  to  the  north,  and  gone  further  east  before 
getting  into  the  "Horse  latitudes,"*  it  Avould  not  have  been  as  it  turned  out;  but  I  think  it 
seldom  that  any  one  has  such  winds  and  calms  for  so  long  a  time  as  we  had  them. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  2°  14'  S.;  long.  30°  07' W.  Barometer,  30.16.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by 
S.,  SE.  by  S.  Commences  with  fine  weather  and  smooth  sea;  12  m.,  very  pleasant  with 
exceedingly  clear  atmosphere;  ends  with  beautiful  weather. 

•"*  No  sailing  directions  can  be  given  for  crossing  these  calm  Lelts  except  such  as  are  contained  in  these  emphatic  words: — 
"Make  the  best  of  tour  way  across  them  without  regard  to  longitude." 


TO   THE   "FAIE   WAy"   OFF   ST.   EOQUE — AUGUST.  281 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  4°  50'  N.;  long.  31°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.15.  Winds:  SE.  by  S., 
SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Commences  with  a  fine  breeze;  6  a.  m.,  set  steer-sails,  ship  going  7  knots. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  7°  34'  N.;  long.  32°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.18.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by 
E.,  E.SE.  Commences  with  a  fine  breeze  and  very  pleasant  weather;  ends  very  pleasant,  and 
moderate  southeast  wind." 

Brig  Mary  Wilkins,  (S.  Nickerson,  captain,)  New  York  to  Buenos  Ayres;  twenty-one  days 
out. 

August  27,  1856.  Lat.  28°  15'  N.  j  long.  42°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of 
air,  83°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.NE.  Wind  light,  first  part;  latter  part,  fresh, 
and  fine  weather. 

August  28.  Lat.  25°  28' N. ;  long.  41°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.  First  part,  strong  breeze,  with  passing 
squalls;  middle,  the  same,  with  fair  weather;  latter,  squally,  with  rain;  gulf-weed. 

August  29.  Lat.  22°  46'  N. ;  long.  41°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,  80°.  Winds,  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  gentle  gales.  If  these  are  what 
are  called  the  northeast  trades,  I  think  they  should  have  a  new  name  given  to  them.  Latter 
part,  a  sharp  sea  from  southeast;  heavy,  damp  weather.     Left  all  gulf- weed  in  lat.  24°  00'  N. 

August  30.  Lat.  20°  35'  N. ;  long.  39°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  First  part,  strong  wind  and  sharp  sea;  middle, 
fresher  wind;  sea  sharp  and  ugly;  latter  part,  the  same. 

August  31.  Lat.  18°  33'  N. ;  long.  38°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  First  part,  strong  winds,  and  damp  heavy  weather; 
latter  part,  same,  with  sharp  sea  from  the  east. 

Sept.  1.  Lat.  16°  20'  N.;  long.  "36°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  byS.  First  part,  strong  winds  and  hazy  weather, 
with  light  squalls  of  rain;  sharp  sea;  middle,  strong  trades,  and  weather  the  same;  latter, 
the  same. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  13°  47'  N. ;  long.  35°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  East,  SE.,  E.  First  part,  thick  hazy  weather  with  bad  looking  squalls, 
with  rain;  middle,  more  moderate;  wind  inclining  south  and  clearing  off;  latter,  fine  weather 
and  light  breeze.     Looks  like  northeast  trades  yet. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  11°  57'  N.;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.  First  part,  light  breeze  and  fine  weather; 
middle,  the  same;  latter,  the  same;  swell  from  northeast;  water  discolored,  like  soundings. 

Sept.  4.  Lat.  11°  01'  N. ;  long.  33°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  ^  mile,  NW.  Winds:  SE.,  E.,  E.SE.  First  part,  light  winds  and 
pleasant;  middle,  nearly  calm.  I  expect  the  trades  have  left  us,  and  now  shall  have  to  take 
it  as  we  can  catch  it.  We  are  in  the  September  track  as  projected  by  Lieut.  Maury;  therefore 
feel  satisfied  we  are  in  the  best  place.     Latter  part,  light  wind,  veering  towards  the  south. 

Sept.  5.  Lat.  10°  23'  N. ;  long.  33°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  calm,  SE.  and  calm,  SE.  and  variable.  First  part,  calm,  with  a  large 
long  swell  from  southeast;  tide  rips;  middle,  calm  and  light  winds;  latter  part,  light  and 
variable.     Strong  riplings. 

Sept.  6.     Lat.  9°   31' N. ;  long.  32°  50' W.     Barometer,   30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
VOL.  11 36 


282  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

water,   82^.     Current,  ^  mile,  SE.     Winds:  calm  and  variable,   calm  and  variable,  variable. 
Light  variable  breezes  and  calms. 

Sept.  7.  Lat.  7°45'N.;  long.  30°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  1^  miles,  E.SE.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.  Light  winds  and 
pleasant.     Latter  part,  slight  rain. 

Sept.  8.  Lat.  6°  40' N.;  long.  29°  15' W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  1|  miles,  W.  Winds:  E.NE.,  SW.,  S.  First  part,  light' wind  ;  middle 
part:  at  9  p.  m.,  a  violent  squall  of  wind  and  rain,  blowing  till  3  a.  m. ;  latter,  light  winds; 
heavy  rain  squall  at  5  a.m. 

Sept.  9.  Lat.  5°  40'  N. ;  long.  27°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  Light  winds  and  cloudy;  forced  to  the  eastward 
very  unwillingly. 

Sept.  10.  Lat.  5°  28'  N.;  long.  26°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  First  part,  gentle  breezes  and  cloudy;  at  4 
p.  m.,  tacked  to  the  westward;  large  swell  from  the  south;  at  9,  tacked  to  the  southeast;  at  11 
p.  m.,  very  hard  squall  of  wind  and  rain  from  south.  Latter  part,  strong  gales  and  cloudy; 
sharp  sea.  At  meridian  tacked  to  the  west.  I  am  further  to  the  east  than  I  intended,  but  I 
think  I  have  been  forced  here.  • 

Sept.  11.  Lat.  3°  58' N. ;  long.  28°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  strong  winds  and  rough  sea 
from  south;  middle,  the  same;  latter  part  the  same. 

Sept.  12.  Lat.  2°  02'  N.;  long.  30°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.  and  S,  S.,  and  variable,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  strong 
breezes ;  ugly  sea;  middle,  the  same  ;  sea  somewhat  gone  down;  latter,  pleasant  with  a  good 
breeze. 

Sept.  13.  Lat.  0°  02'  N.;  long.  31°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  strong  breeze  and  fine  weather  ; 
sharp  sea  from  south;  middle,  strong  breeze  and  passing  clouds.  Shall  cross  the  line  to  the 
west  of  32°  W. ;  according  tq  your  chart  we  must  soon  get  the  wind  further  to  the  east.  Latter 
part,  the  same. 

Sept.  14.  Lat.  0°  52' south  ;  long.  32°  22' W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air, 
81°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  strong  breeze;  middle  and  latter, 
wind  fine.  My  faith  fails,  and  tacked  ship  to  the  east  at  4  a.  m.  Notwithstanding  my  long 
passage,  I  would  again  follow  the  charts  by  all  means,  as  far  as  the  wind  would  admit.  At 
meridian  tacked  to  the  SW. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  3°  23'  S.;  long.  33°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.97 ;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79©.    Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.    Strong  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout- 

Sept.  16.     Lat.  5°  26'  S.;  long.  34°'oO'  W.     Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,   82° 
of  water,  80°.     Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,   S.SE.     Commences  with  squalls  of  wind  and 
rain,  with  very  ugly  sea.     At  5  p.  m.  passed  to  leeward  of  the  Koccas  ;  saw  a  large  flock  of 
birds  ;  it  being  hazy,  saw  no  land.     No  current  the  last  24  hours.     Middle  and  latter,  strong 
breeze  and  clear.     At  11  a.  m.  made  Cape  St.  Roque,  bearing  west,  distant  12  miles." 

The  Mary  Wilkins  had  a  tedious  time  from  port  to  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  She  felt  the 
eastwardly  set  north  of  the  line,  and  withal  was  skilfully  navigated,  considering  the  winds 
she  had. 


TO  THE   "FAIR  WAy"    OFF   ST.  ROQUE — AUGUST.  283 

Ship  Ocean  Telegraphy  (George  H.  Willis,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco  ;  twenty- 
one  days  out. 

"  August  30,  1855.  Lat.  29°  08'  N. ;  long.  45°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.14  ;  temperature  of 
air,  81°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Light  breezes  throughout.  At  11 
p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW. 

August  31.  Lat.  27°33'N.;  long.  45°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.  Throughout,  light  airs  j 
clouds  coming  from  east,  has  appearance  of  trades. 

Sept.  1.  Lat.  26°  12'  N.;  long.  44°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  E.NE.  to  E.SE.,  E.NE.  to  E.SE.  Throughout,  light  airs  ;  weather 
clear  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  24°  15'  N.;  long.  44°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.NE.  to  E.SE.  Throughout,  light  breeze  and  fine  weather.  Has 
the  appearance  of  trades  during  the  night. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  21°  28'  N.;  long.  43°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.NE.  to  E.SE.  First  part,  light;  latter,  fresh  breeze  and  heavy 
head  sea  from  south. 

Sept.  4.  Lat.  18°  46'  N. ;  long.  43°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.03  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Commences,  fresh  breeze  and  very  heavy  sea. 
Throughout  the  night,  squally.     Latter,'  pleasant. 

Sept.  5.  Lat.  15°  43'  N. ;  long.  41°  41' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds  :  E.  to  E.  by  N. 
Throughout,  good  breeze  and  fine  weather  ;  heavy  sea  from]  south.     Current,  north,  17  miles. 

Sept.  6.  Lat.  12°  44'  N. ;  long.  40°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Moderate  breeze  and  occasional  light  showers  of  rain; 
several  tide  rips.  Clouds  rising  all  around  the  horizon,  particularly  at  south,  looks  like  the 
trades,  giving  out  heat  lightning. 

Sept.  7.  Lat.  10°42'N.;  long.  39°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.  to  SE.  Throughout,  baffling  winds  and  squally  with  rain  ; 
occasional  lightning  during  the  night;  passed  some  heavy  rips;  heavy  clouds, cumulus,  hanging 
in  the  horizon. 

Sept.  8.  Lat.  11°  06'  N.;  long.  38°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds  :  calm,  SE.,  S.E.     Light  airs  and  calms  ;  passed  some  heavy  rips. 

Sept.  9.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water  81°. 
Winds  :  E.NE  to  E.,  E.NE.  to  E.  From  8  p.  m.  squally  with  rain;  occasionally  lightning; 
heavy  rips. 

Sept.  10.  Lat.  7°  37'  N.;  long.  35°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.  to  E.SE.  and  calm.  Commences  moderate;  during  the  night 
squally  with  very  heavy  rain;  middle,  calm.  At  8  a.  m.  wiiid  came  out  S.SW,  fresh  breeze  ; 
many  rips. 

Sept.  11.  Lat.  7°  24'  N. ;  long.  32°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.  to  S.  Moderate  throughout,  and  pleasant;  wind  baffling; 
no  rips. 

Sept.  12.  Lat.  6°  32' N.;  long.  31°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds  :  S.  to  S.SE.,   calm,  variable.     Begins,  light  breeze.     At  9  p.  m.  very 


284  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

dark  and  heavy  rain  ;  composantes  on  each  mast  head  ;  water  emitting  much  light.     From  8 
a.  m.  light  air  from  S.SW. ;  weather  clearing  up. 

Sept.  13.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  80°; 
Winds:  S.  to  S.SW.,  S.  to  S.SW.  Throughout,  wind  from  south  to  S.SW.;  heavy  bank 
with  thunder  and  lightning  hanging  in  the  N.NE.,  occasionally  rising  up  and  settling  away 
again  as  the  southerly  wind  breezes  up. 

Sept.  14.  Lat.  5°  15'  N. ;  long.  27°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.96  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  to  S.SW.,  very  baflfting.  Fine  weather  throughout.  Tacked 
many  times  to  get  to  southward,  endeavoring  to  get  to  the  southward  without  getting  further  to 
the  east.     Current,  E.  by  N.,  26  miles.     Three  voyages  found  this  same  current. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  4°  54'  N. ;  long.  27°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  east,  22  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  Light  airs  throughout;  stood  to 
the  westward  ;  water  emitting  much- phosphorescence. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  4°  45'  N.;  long.  28°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  S.,  S.,  variable.  Commences,  fine  clear  weather  and  light  breeze. 
At  6  p.  m.  heavy  clouds  came  up  very  suddenly  from  west ;  wind  changed  to  westward  with 
heavy  rain  ;  stood  to  the  westward  until  wind  changed. 

Sept.  17.  Lat  3°  42'  N. ;  long.  29  3°2'.  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds  :  calm,  S.,  S.  Commences,  calm.  At  6  p.  m.  light  breeze  ;  stood 
to  westward. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  1°  42'  N. ;  long.  31°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  S,  S.  by  E.  Commences,  fine  breeze  and  settled  weather  through- 
out ;  stood  to  westward. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  1°  24'  south  ;  long.  33°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.96  ;  temperature  of  air, 
79°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breeze  and  fine 
settled  weather  throughout.  At  2.30  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  32°  23'  W. ;  41  days  14^ 
hours  from  New  York.  Distance  sailed,  4,365  miles;  Maury  gives  4,310  miles.  Last  year 
came  down  same  season  in  29  days,  distance  4,043  miles  to  same  crossing. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  4°  40'  S.;  long.  34°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.99  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by.  S.  Throughout,  moderate  breeze  and 
fine  weather.     At  6.30  a.  m.,  Roccas  shoal  bore  east,  two  miles  distant. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  8°  03'  S. :  long.  34°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.SE.  to  SE.,  E.SE.  to  SE.  Throughout,  moderate  and  fine  weather. 
Fetched  by  without  tacking,  and  have  had  no  current  since  crossing  the  equator,  and  very 
little  annoyance  from  doldrums  between  the  trades  ;  but  plenty  to  the  northward  of  them. 
Have  endeavored  to  follow  the  new  route  as  nearly  as  practicable,  and  shall  continue  to  do  so." 

Ship  N.  B.  Palmer,  (Charles  P.  Low,  captain,)  New  York  to  Hong  Kong;  fourteen  days  out. 

"Sept.  13,  1855.  Lat.  28°  53'  N. ;  long.  39°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.45;  temperature  of 
air,  79°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SE.,  E.SE.  Light  airs  and  beautiful  weather. 
Latter,  moderate  breezes  with  squally  appearances  in  the  east. 

Sept.  14.  Lat.  25°  25'  N. ;  long.  38°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.     Light  breeze,  moderate,  fine  trades. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  21°  39'  N. ;  long.  36°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  E.     Fresh  trade-wind,  at  7,  heavy  squalls,  fine  breeze. 


i 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY  "  OFF  ST.  ROQUE AUGUST.  285 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  17°  43'  N.;  long.  35^  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  77°.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.     Fresh  trades  with  heavy  clouds. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  13°  54'  N.;  long.  34°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  S.SW.  Fine  trades  and  passing^squalls,  at  10  a.  m.  heavy 
clouds  rising  from  the  southward,  with  nasty  swell.  At  times  the  NE.  trades  would  reach  us, 
and  then  the  southerly  wind  prevailed,  strong  tide  rips,  one  would  think  there  was  a  five-knot 
current. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  10°  37'  N. ;  long.  32°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  At  3  p.  m.,  after  having  lost  the  NE.  trades  apparently, 
they  again  began  to  blow  and  the  sea  went  down,  we  had  a  fine  breeze  and  pleasant  weather; 
at  midnight  dark  and  cloudy;  in  the  middle  watch  the  water  was  so  luminous  that  we  could 
almost  count  the  stitches  in  the  royals;  ends,  moderate  breeze. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  9°  32'  N. ;  long.  31°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.70;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant;  latter,  moderate, 
with  wild-looking  squalls  from  the  SE.  to  NW.,  some  rain  at  half-past  11a.  m. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  8°  36'  N.;  long.  29°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  N.  Light  and  baffling  throughout,  very  many  fish,  dolphins, 
bonetas,  and  albicone;  an  easterly  current  of  a  knot  and  a  half  an  hour.* 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  7°  25'  N. ;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  N.,  NW.,  N.  Variable  and  cloudy  with  rain;  ends,  light  airs  from  N.  and 
cloudy. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  6°  43'  N.;  long.  28°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  N.,  SW.,  S.SW.  Light  airs  throughout  with  lovely  weather,  heavy  swell 
from  south. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  6°  36'  N. ;  long.  26°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  Commences  with  light  breezes  and  light  rain  squalls; 
middle,  moderate  breeze;  at  8  tacked  to  the  westward. 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  5°  56'  N.;  long.  27°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First,  light  breeze  and  fine  weather;  middle,  light 
and  variable,  with  drizzly  rain;  latter,  light  airs;  must  have  had  10  or  15  miles  current  to  the 
eastward  the  last  24  hours. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  5°  13'  N. ;  long.  27°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  S.SE.  First,  light  airs  with  heavy  clouds  rising  in  the  south; 
middle,  light  airs  and  calm;  ends,  moderate  breeze  with  dark  rain  clouds. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  3°  29'  N. ;  long.  29°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  S.SE.  Commences,  light  airs  and  squally  appearances  in  the 
south;  middle,  fresh  skysail  breeze;  latter,  fine  trades. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  1°  26'  N. ;  long.  31°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  80°,j 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  trades  and  beautiful  weather; 
middle  and  latter,  the  same;  am  rather  pinched  with  the  wind,  but  shall  stand  on  and  trust  to 
Maury. 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  0°  38'  S.;  long.  32°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Light  trades  and  pleasant  weather,  no  current. 

''ThJB  is  the  easterly  current  already  mentioned  as  prevailing  in  summer  and  fall. 


286 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Sept.  29.  Lat.  3°  05'  S. ;  long.  32°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  SE.  First,  light  airs  and  rain  squalls  with  wind 
baffling  from  SE.  to  E. ;  middle,  passing  rain  squalls;  latter,  fresh  trades  from  SE.  For  the 
last  ten  days  barometer  has  risen  and  fallen  a  tenth  every  twelve  hours. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  6°  49'  S.;  long.  33^  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  byE.  Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather,  weathered 
the  Roccas  by  37  miles;  no  current  at  all  since  crossing  the  line;  ends,  fine  trades  and  pleasant. 
Thanks  to  Lieutenant  Maury  for  one  day  at  least  saved  on  the  passage  by  not  tacking." 

COMPUTED  ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  RIO,  kc— September. 


Longitude. 

Cotirse. 

DISTANCES. 

WINDS  ;    PER   CENT. 

Latitude. 

Slants  from — 

11 

Direct. 

Per  cent. 

Average. 

Head. 

Pair. 

Calms. 

^m       *** 

2  .Q 

N'dorE'd. 

S'd  or  W'd. 

o    o 

40°  27'  N. 

70°  00' 
65    00 

E 

186 
249 

13.0 
9.9 

210 
274 

2.5 
2.2 

«)17.0 
«)12.4 

u)14.0 
7.5 

66.5 
77.9 

3,4 
5.1 

200 

38    52 

E.S.E 

184 

37    14 

60    00 

E.S.E 

256 

7.4 

275 

0.7 

12.6 

7.7 

79.0 

3.3 

447 

35    35 

55    00 

E.S.E 

260 

7.4 

279 

1.6 

8.8 

7.2 

82.4 

4.0 

123 

35    00 

54    18 
50    00 

S.E 

48 
232 

25.3 
15.0 

60 
267 

9.4 
3.0 

13.7 
3.0 

«j16.6 
«)43  0 

60.3 
52.0 

3.5 
0.0 

139 

33    31 

E.S.E 

34 

31    47 

45    00 

E.S.E 

272 

15.4 

313 

6.0 

4.0 

«)22.0 

68.0 

5.7 

50 

30    00 

42    55 
40    00 
37    16 
37    16 

S.E 

151 
217 
208 
300 

15.0 
17.9 
16.8 
4.2 

174 
255 
243 
313 

2.9 
2.8 
3.4 
4.2 

11.5 

11.2 

17.9 

wVi.5 

to  21.7 

to  25.2 

to  16.8 

0.0 

63.9 
60.8 
61.9 
85.3 

4.2 
2.7 
1.1 
2.6 

69 

27    27 

S.E 

36 

25    00 

S.E 

89 

20    00 

S 

38 

15    00 

35    06 

S.3.E 

335 

0.0 

325 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

23 

10    00 

32    £8 

SS.E 

325 

7.8 

349 

1.6 

wll.3 

9.8 

77.1 

6.1 

61 

8    47 

30    00 

E.S.E 

191 

16.8 

223 

2.8 

3.6 

to  30.8 

60.8 

4.0 

73 

5    00 

27    11 
29    15 

S.E 

321 
325 

18.4 
14.1 

380 

370 

5.8 
6.2 

9.6 
W34.3 

to  23.0 
1.4 

61.6 
58.1 

7.1 
0.0 

104 

Equator* 

s.s.w 

70 

3868 

4310 

1    58  S. 

30    00 

s.s.w 

118 

17.4 

138 

4.4 

wl3.3 

5.7 

58.6 

0.0 

297 

3    00 

31    02 

s.w 

88 

9,6 

98 

0.0 

«>48.2 

0.0 

51.8 

0.0 

27 

5    00 

31    52 

s.s.w 

130 

12.5 

145 

0.0 

u.62.5 

0.0 

37.5 

0.0 

24 

5    19 

Zi    00 

s.s.w 

21 

3.4 

22 

0.0 

TO  16.7 

0.0 

83  3 

0.0 

12 

7    00 

32    42 

s.s.w 

108 

7.2 

115 

0.0 

«>35.7 

0.0 

64.3 

0.0 

14 

7    43 

33    00 

s.s.w 

47 

1.3 

48 

0.0 

w   6.0 

0.0 

94.0 

0.0 

17 

9    00 

33    32 

s.s.w 

83 

8.0 

91 

0.0 

w  36"6 

0.0 

63.4 

0.0 

30 

Captain  Willis  has  made  two  September  passages  in  the  Ocean  Telegraph.  The  distance 
"sailed  to  the  line  on  one  was  4,043,  and  on  the  other,  4,365  miles.  The  computed  average  is 
4,310.  The  close  agreement,  which  is  very  marked,  especially  in  ships  that  are  well  handled, 
between  the  computed  and  the  actual  distance,  may  be  taken  as  one  of  the  best  practical  proofs 
that  can  be  given  as  to  the  accuracy  of  our  knowledge  concerning  the  general  character  of  the 
winds  in  this  part  of  the  ocean. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  NE.  trade-winds  prevail  in  September  and  October  along  this  route 
only"to  the  east  of  longitude  50°,  and  then  only  between  the  parallels  of  15°  and  25°  N.  They 
sometimes -blow  in  other  parts  of  the  ocean,  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  i}i&j  prevail. 

Endeavor  to  cross  the  meridian  of  50°,  in  September  and  October,  before  you  do  the 

parallel  of  30°  N.,  and  do  not  consider  yourself  hopelessly  to  leeward,  if  you  he  forced  to  cross 
* 

*  Tlie  best  routes  for  October  and  November  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  for  September  and  December. — See 

Pilot  Charts. 


X 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST,   EOQUE SEPTEMBER.  SSt 

the  parallel  of  20°  N.,  as  far  west  as  longitude  45°  or  the  parallel  of  10°  N.,  as  far  as  36°  or 
37°  W. ;  for  in  September  and  October,  as  the  Pilot  Charts  show,  you  may  frequently  meet, 
between  10°  N.  and  the  equator,  the  SE.  trade-winds. 

The  SE.  trades  may  be  calculated  on  with  certainty  between  7°  N.  and  13°  N.,  between 
35°  and  40°  "W.  Occasionally,  the  SW.  monsoons  are  found  between  the  same  parallels;  they 
will  enable  you  to  make  easting.  The  SE.  trades,  when  taken  in  the  northern  hemisphere  in 
this  month,  are  frequently  at  S.SE. ;  and,  therefore,  it  is  not  difficult  for  vessels  that  find 
themselves  as  far  west  as  longitude  37°,  in  latitude  10°  N.,  to  get  to  the  eastward  of  34°  before 
crossing  the  line.  The  best  crossings  are  shown,  by  trial,  to  be  long.  33°  for  10°  N.,  long.  28° 
for  5°  N.,  and  31°  for  the  equator.  This  is  the  worst  month  in  the  year,  the  average  to  the 
line  running  as  high  as  37  days.  From  May  to  October  inclusive  is  the  worst  time  for  quick 
passages.  The  average  for  these  six  months  is  six  days  greater  than  it  is  for  the  other  six 
December  gives  an  average  of  nine  days  less  than  their  average,  and  twelve  days  less  than 
the  average  for  September.     December  is  the  best  month  for  quick  runs  and  small  averages. 

Between  long.  30°  and  35°  the  equatorial  calms  are  found  from  4°  to  12°  N.,  and  between 
long.  25°  and  30°  they  and  the  SW.  monsoons  are  found  from  12°  to  the  equator;  and  as  a 
general  rule  they  are  found  more  and  more  vexatious  as  you  go  east. 

Captain  Sinclair,  when  in  command  of  the  United  States  frigate  Congress,  on  her  way  to 
South  America,  with  that  close  observation  of  all  the  phenomena  about  him  which  gives  a 
particular  value  to  his  remarks,  observed  the  difficulties  of  crossing  this  belt  far  to  the  eastward. 
He  crossed  it  in  January,  1818,  and  inferred  that  there  was  a  belt  of  monsoons  between  the 
two  trades.  He  was  mistaken  as  to  the  time  of  the  year.  He  crossed  this  belt  in  January; 
and  though,  in  January,  the  winds  are  sometimes  from  the  SW.,  yet,  at  that  time  of  the  year, 
they  have  nothing  of  the  character  of  monsoons  about  them. 

I  quote  a  passage  from  his  journal : 

"We  made  a  great  run  from  their  latitude,  (the  Cape  de  Yerdes,)  to  about  7°  30',  when 
the  NE.  trade  began  gradually  to  leave  us,  which  it  did  effectually  before  we  reached  the 
latitude  of  6°  30'  N.,  having  run  from  19°  30',  a  distance  of  near  nine  hundred  miles,  between 
the  31st  December  and  the  5th  January;  and  from  this  time  to  the  17th  there  was  little  else 
than  a  continual  calm,  except  when  occasionally  disturbed  by  a  thunder  squall  and  violent  rains, 
though,  considering  we  were  at  one  time  as  far  east  as  long.  19°  W.,  we  had  very  little  rain 
and  very  few  squalls  of  wind;  those  we  had  were  principally  from  S.SW.  to  W.SW. ;  indeed, 
there  appears  to  be,  between  the  NE.  and  SE.  trade-winds,  which  we  found  to  be  from  6°  30' 
N.  to  the  equator,  a  light  monsoon  from  the  SW." 

Had  this  remark  been  made  in  the  summer,  instead  of  the  winter,  it  would  have  been 
perfectly  correct. 

If,  after  getting  within  these  latitudes,  i.  e.  those  in  which  the  calms  are  mentioned  as 
prevailing,  and  the  wind  should  come  out  at  SE.,  prefer  the  port  tack;  for,  before  you  make 
the  land,  you  are  almost  sure  to  have  the  wind  out  from  the  S.SE.,  when  you  can  make  your 
easting  within  the  regions  of  the  perpetual  SE.  trades. 

After  getting  the  SE.  trades,  and  finding  himself  a  little  pinched  for  easting  to  clear  the 
land,  the  skilful  navigator  will  see,  from  the  Pilot  Charts,  that,  by  standing  on  with  the  wind 
at  SE.,  all  the  chances  are  in  his  favor.  If  the  wind  haul  to  S.SE.  he  can  go  about  and  make 
easting.  If  it  veer  to  E.SE.,  or  further,  he  cai\  lay  up  and  clear  the  land;  for  whether  you 
go  this  or  that  side  of  Fernando  de  Noronha,  in  this  or  any  other  month,  is  a  matter  of  no  sort 


288  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

of  consequence,  excepting  only  so  far  as  the  difference  of  longitude  is  concerned.  If  you  can 
weather  it,  do  so,  but  do  not  waste  time  simply  that  you  may  pass  to  the  eastward  of  it. 

Good  passages  are  sometimes  made  in  September,  but,  as  a  general  rule,  the  most  tedious 
seasons  of  the  year  are  the  summer  and  fall  months,  for  passages. 

After  losing  the  NE.  trades,  the  navigator  may  consider  himself  fortunate,  in  this  month, 
if  he  is  not  baffled  about  for  more  than  a  week  before  he  gets  the  SE.  trades. 


TO   THE    "FAIK  WAy'     OFF    ST.   EOQUE — SEPTEMBER. 


289 


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290 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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TO   THE   "FAIR  WAY"    OFF   ST.   ROQUE — SEPTEMBER. 


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292  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

Captain  Skinner,  of  the  brig  Director,  writes  : 

"This  being  my  first  acquaintance  of  your  Charts  and  Directions,  and  my  first  voyage  to  the 
Brazils,  I  must  confess  I  did  feel  a  little  timid  ;  but  I  followed  your  directions  as  near  as  I 
possibly  could  ;  if  I  did  not,  I  hope  that  I  will  be  convinced  of  my  error.  I  appreciate  your 
Charts  and  Book  of  Directions  very  highly,  and  will  continue  to  keep  the  abstract  on  all 
future  occasions. 

You  perceive  that  I  had  a  strong  current  between  the  latitude  7°  and  5°  N.,  (September 
7-10,)  not  getting  an  observation  for  four  days.  I  found  the  brig  nearly  3°  further  E.  than  I 
expected;  whether  I  had  it  in  one,  two,  three,  or  the  fourth  day,  I  can't  say,  but  suppose  had 
some  each  day.  I  was  speaking  with  several  captains,  and  they  say  that  they  have  always 
found  a  strong  current  about  there  going  to  the  eastward." 

An  eastwardly  current  is  often  found  north  of  the  line  in  summer  and  fall ;  and  at  those 
seasons  it  may  be  counted  on  with  some  degree  of  certainty. 

Ship  S.  H.  Talbot,  (W.  Burgess,)  forty -four  days  out. 

"Oct.  21,  1856.  Lat.  0°  06'  N.;  long.  33°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air, 
84°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S. ;  fresh  breezes,  and  fine  throughout.  I  crossed  the 
parallel  of  30°  N.  in  long.  42°  W.;  since  then,  made  all  the  easting  I  could  without  making 
northing.  I  had  the  NE.  trades  from  SE.  toE.SE. ;  lost  the  trades  in  lat.  11°  N.;  took  the 
SE.  trades  far  south,  (at  S.  by  E.,)  in  lat.  3°  N.,  and  am  now  on  the  line,  in  long.  33°  28'  W., 
44  days  from  Cape  Henry  ;  and  if  one  poor  fellow  ever  had  hard  luck,  surely  I  have  this  time, 
and  a  pretty  good  chance  of  getting  back-strapped.     [Let  us  see  how  it  will  be.] 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  1°47'  S.;  long.  33°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  80°.     Winds  :  SE.  by  E. ;  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds  ;  fine  weather. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  3°  15'  S.;  long.  33°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°  ; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds  :  SE.  by  S. ;  fresh  breezes.     A.  m.,  short  sea  from  SE. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  4°  58' S. ;  long.  34°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  water, 
80°.     Winds  :  SE.  ^  S. ;  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  fine;  stood  to  the  E.  by  N.  8  hours. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  6°  24'  S. ;  long.  34°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  E.SE.  ;  begins,  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds.  At  5  p.  m.,  made 
the  land;  at  7.30  p.  m.,  tacked  ofi"  shore;  at  midnight,  tacked  to  southward.  A.  m.,  light 
breezes  E.SE.,  just  shaving  the  land  along,  about  8  miles  distant. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  8°34'S.;  long.  34  °00' W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.  by  N.;  begins  light  breezes  ;  laying  along  the  coast  within  8  or  10 
miles  ;  cleared  St.  Augustine  without  tacking.     A.  m.,  moderate  breezes;  fine  weather." 

It  is  very  hard  to  disabuse  the  minds  of  mariners  of  the  terrible  ideas  they  have  of  Cape 
St.  Roque  and  its  myths.  Lieutenant  Bennett,  who  has  compiled  many  of  these  crossings  and 
made  the  extracts  from  the  logs,  informs  me  that  he  selected  the  most  westerly  crossings  in 
order  to  show  its  worst  side.  The  logs  of  vessels  that  crossed  east  of  30°  are,  for  illustration, 
by  no  means  as  instructive  as  those  which  have  been  selected,  on  account  of  their  western 
crossings.  These  present  the  very  cases  in  which  navigators,  who  write  daily  in  their  journal 
as  they  feel,  are  most  apt  to  complain;  and  yet  how  often  does  the  morrow  show  the  fears  and 
complaints  of  to-day  to  have  been  groundless. 

Ship  Winged  Arrow,  (F.  Bearse,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  thirteen  days  out. 
"Sept.  14,  1855.     Lat.  28°  13' N. ;  long.  34°  22' W.     Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of 
air,  80°;  water,  81°.    Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  byS.,  E.  byS.    Fresh  breezes  and  light  showers  of  rain. 


J 


TO  THE  "  FAIR  "WAY  "  OFF  ST,  ROQUE SEPTEMBER.  %$^ 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  24°  23'  N. ;  long.  34°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  B.,  E.,  E.  by  S.     Fresh  breeze  and  squalls  of  rain. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  20°  46'  N. ;  long.  33°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  78°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.     Fresh  breezes;  light  squalls;  thick,  dark  clouds  ahead. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  17°  09'  N. ;  long.  32°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  79°. 
Winds  :  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  Fresh  breeze  and  dark  cloudy  weather.  No  perceptible 
current. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  13°  23'  N. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.     Fresh  breezes  and  dark  cloudy  weather. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  11°  07'  N. ;  long.  32°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  fresh;  at  2  p.  m.  came  on  very  hard  rain, 
and  wind  veering  SE. ;  middle  and  latter,  light  breezes  and  squalls;  ran  north  to  take  the 
south  monsoons. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  10°  19'  N. ;  long.  30°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81^.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  NW.  First  part,  fresh;  at  4  p.  m.  tacked  ship  to  E. SB., "wind 
veering  south;  two  hours  rain;  the  remainder  clear;  turbulent  sea. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  8°  56' N.;  long.  30°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  N.NW.  Moderate  breezes;  a  sharp  head  sea  from  south; 
slow  progress. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  7°  48'  N. ;  long.  29°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  NW.,  SW.,  S.SW.;  at  8  p.  m.  wind  changed  to  south  in  a  light  squall; 
still  a  head  sea. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  7°  30'  N. ;  long.  28°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  81°.     Wind:  S.,  S.  by  W.,  calm.     Light  breezes  and  calms;  showers  of  rain. 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  7«  05'  N.;  long.  29°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  86° j 
water,  81°.     Winds:  calm,  S.,  variable.     Light  variable  breezes,  with  rain;  head  sea. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  6°  31'  N. ;  long.  28°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable.     Light  airs;  squalls  and  rainy  weather. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  5°  36'  N.;  long.  29°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Winds:  S.,  variable,  S.  First  and  middle,  variable  and  squally;  latter,  more  settled;  tacking 
occasionally. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  3°  36'  N.;  long.  31°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.     Moderate  breeze,  and  clear,  pleasant  weather. 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  1°  22'  N.;  long.  34°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  The  ship  is  well  to  the 
west,  but  shall  stand  on,  unless  a  slant  happens,  and  beat  up  the  latid. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  0°  46'  S.;  long.  34°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh;  stood 
two  hours  eastward;  at  4  a.  m.  ship  on  the  equator  in  34°  40'  W.;  in  all  probability  shall  fetch 
to  leeward  of  St.  Roque.     I  do  not  fear  the  consequences. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  3°  40'  S. ;  long.  35°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  84°. 
Current,  16  miles,  W.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Fresh  breeze  and  clear  weather. 
Close  hauled. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  5°  06'  S. ;  long.  35°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air  is  from 
"attached"  thermometer.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Current,   15  miles,  W.NW. 


294  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Fresh  gales.  At  5  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward;  at  midnight  tacked  south;  at  meridian  saw 
the  land,  St.  Roque,  7  miles,  and  tacked  off;  very  sharp  head  beat  sea. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  5°  37'  S. ;  long.  35°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.01.  Current,  12  miles,  W.NW. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Commences  with  fresh  gales;  wind  veered  to  S.SE. ;  at  2  a.  m. 
tacked  in  shore;  at  meridian  tacked  oflf;  land  in  sight." 

Thus  he  cleared  the  "bug-bear."  Suppose,  on  the  28th,  he  had  gone  about;  the  chances 
are  he  would  have  been  beating  there  for  several  days;  whereas,  by  standing  on,  he  stood  his 
chances,  and  finally  beat  no  more  than  was  necessary  to  enable  him  to  clear  the  land. 

Skip  Defender,  (Captain  Beau  champ,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  twelve  days  out. 

"Sept.  15,  1855.  Lat.  28°  02'  N.;  long.  40°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of 
air,  78°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  Commences,  light  breezes;  middle  and  latter, 
good  breezes  and  pleasant  weather,  the  weather  looks  very  much  like  the  trades. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  24°  28'  N.;  long.  39°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.35;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Good  whole-sail  breeze  throughout.  First  and 
latter  parts,  pleasant;  middle,  squally. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  21°  13'  N.;  long.  39°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Whole-sail  breeze;  first  and  latter  parts,  pleasant; 
middle  part,  squally. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  17°  40'  N. ;  long.  38°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.28;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.     Whole-sail  breeze  and  pleasant,  saw  tide  rips. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  14°  17'  N.;  long.  37°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.NE.  Commences,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle 
and  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  squally  with  rain,  strong  tide  rips. 

Sept.  20.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  Commences,  fresh  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
light  breezes  and  light  squalls  with  heavy  rain;  strong  tide  rips. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  11°  48'  N.;  long.  37°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  E.  Light  airs  and  calms;  latter  part,  light  breeze  and 
pleasant,  strong  tide  rips,  experienced  some  NW.  current  the  last  two  days. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  11°  32'  N.;  long.  36°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  E.,  NW.,  NW.  Light  baffling  winds  and  squalls. 
From  2  to  4  p.  m.  heavy  rain,  quite  a  heavy  swell  for  the  last  three  days. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  10°  53'  N.;  long.  35°  39'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  N.,  NE.,  calm.  Light  baffling  winds  and  pleasant,  strong  tide  rips,  felt 
but  little  current,  if  any. 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  10°  46'  N. ;  long.  35°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds :  calm,  calm,  E.  Light  breezes  and  calms.  No  current,  but  strong  tide 
rips. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  10°  37'  N. ;  long.  35°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.     This  day  calm. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  10°  12'  N.;  long.  35°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°: 
water,  82°.  Current,  |  knot,  NW.  Winds:  E.,  calm,  E.SE.  Light  baffling  winds  and  pleasant; 
strong  tide  rips. 

Sept.  27.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  82°.  Winds; 
E.NE.  and  calm,  S.SW.,  NE.  Commences,  light  airs  from  E.,  at  2  p.  m.  a  squall  from  E.NE., 
with  a  good  breeze  for  two  hours ;  middle  and  latter,  squally  with  rain  and  lightning. 


TO  THE  "fair  way"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE SEPTEMBER  295 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  9°  18'  N. ;  long.  33°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.     Light  variable  winds  and  squally. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  8°  44'  N.;  long.  32°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  SW.,  variable,  S.SW.  Pleasant  weather.  First  part,  moderate  breeze; 
middle  and  latter,  light  airs. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  8°  56'  N.;  long.  30°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  84°.  Current,  1  knot,  NE.  Winds:  S.,  variable,  variable.  First  part,  light  breezes 
and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  airs  and  squally.  I  would  get  south  if  I  could,  but 
we  have  had  so  little  wind  for  ten  days  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  get  anywhere. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  8°  15'  N.;  long.  30°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  E.SE.    Calms  and  light  airs,  with  heavy  swell  from  all  directions. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  6°  29'  N.;  long.  30°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  83°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  5°  20'  N.;  long.  30°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  S.  Commences,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and 
latter,  light  breeze  and  squally  with  thunder  and  lightning. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  5°  00'  N.;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle,  moderate  and  squally;  latter, 
pleasant  with  good  breezes. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  2°  40'  N.;  long.  31°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  quite 
a  heavy  swell  from  the  south,  some  lightning  in  the  north  through  the  night. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  0°  17'  N. ;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30. 10;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water, 
81°.  Winds:  SE.  byS.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Moderate  and  pleasant.  Out  35  days,  and  well  to  the 
westward;  but  as  we  have  a  breeze,  we  can  get  along  some.  In  looking  over  my  book  of  direc- 
tions, I  cannot  find  a  ship  that  has  had  as  tedious  a  time,  after  leaving  the  NE.  trades,  as  I  have 
had.  When  we  had  any  wind  it  was  generally  in  our  favor,  and  when  I  could  not  make  easting,! 
stood  SW.,  which  has  caused  me  to  cross  the  line  so  far  west.      [That  was  right,] 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  2°  35'  S. ;  long.  33°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30. 10.;  temperature  of  air,  80^;  water, 
80°.   Current,  ^  knot,  W.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  5°  31'  S. ;  long.  34°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water, 
80°.    Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.    No  current."  ^ 

Ship  Flying  Fish,  (G.  W.  Adams,  captain)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  twelve  days  out. 

"Sept.  24,  1855.  Lat.  29°  55'  N. ;  long.  37°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air, 
78*=^.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light  airs  from  S.SE.;  at  midnight, 
squalls  from  NW.     Ends  pleasant.     No  tide  rips,  no  gulf-weed. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  26°  34'  N. ;  long.  38°  22'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.  byE.,  S.SE.,  E.SE.  Commences  light  breezes;  at  midnight,  light  squalls;  ends, 
brisk  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  23°  22'  N. ;  long.  37°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  87°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  E.SE.  Commences  brisk  breezes.  Latter  part,  very  pleasant. 
Throughout,  a  swell  from  S-  SE. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  20°  00'  N. ;  long.  36°  17' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E,  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  Ends  the 
same.     No  gulf-weed. 


296  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  16°  43'  N. ;  long.  34°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  79°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Commences  brisk  breezes  and  pleasant;  through  the 
night  the  same;  ends  pleasant. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  13°  24'  N.;  long.  31°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds,  E.  ^  S.,  E.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  pleasant;  latter  part,  wind 
light  and  pleasant.     Swell  from  south. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  12°  12' N.;  long.  31°  49' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Commences  light  airs.  Through  the  night,  light  airs.  Swell  from 
the  north;  tide  rips;  now  and  then  smooth  water;  every  indication  of  strong  current,  but  none 
perceptible  by  experience.  [I  wish  navigators  who  meet  with  these  tide  rips  and  have  an 
opportunity,  would  try  the  currents  in  them  from  a  boat.  ] 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  10°  38' N.;  long.  31°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  Commences,  light  airs;  middle,  light  breezes  and  rain 
squalls;  latter,  pleasant.  Plenty  of  tide  rips;  swell  from  south;  no  perceptible  current  by 
observation. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  7°  51'  N. ;  long.  30°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.  byS.,  E.  Commences,  gentle  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  steady  breezes ; 
ends,  brisk  breezes,  and  passing  clouds.     Tide  rips  less  frequent  than  yesterday. 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  5°45'N.;  long.  30°  35' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds:  E.,  SE.  and  calm,  SE.  and  calm.  Commences,  brisk  breezes  and  fine  weather.  At 
midnight,  light  rain  squalls  from  SE.  At  2  a.  m. ,  calm.  Latter  part,  squally  'appearances  all 
around  the  compass;  ends  the  same.     No  tide  rips. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  4°  46'  N.;  long.  31°  29' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.  to  S.SE.,  E.SE.  to  S.SE.  Commences  with  light  airs  and  squally.  Through 
the  night,  very  squally,  and  much  rain  and  lightning;  latter  part  the  same.     No  tide  rips. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  4°  46'  N. ;  long.  30°  09' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  very  squally,  with  light  rain; 
middle,  brisk  breezes  and  cloudy;  ends  the  same.     No  tide  rips.      Current,  ^  mile,  W.NW. 

Oct.   6.     Lat.   3°  24' N.;  long.   30°  20' W.     Barometer,   30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84° 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.     Fine  weather  throughout.     Wind  very  steady  and 
weather  pleasant.     No  current  that  we  can  perceive  by  observation. 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  0°  30'  N. ;  long.  31°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  very 
pleasant.     Same  throughout.     Experienced  no  current  by  the  observations. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  2°  25'S.;  long.  31°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  toSE.  by  S.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  breezes;  middle 
and  latter  the  same.  At  5  p.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  31°  28'  W.,  25  days,  2  hours  from 
Boston  light.     No  current. 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  4°  00'  S. ;  long.  31°  59'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  very 
pleasant;  middle,  strong  breeze;  latter,  more  moderate. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  6°  38'  S.;  long.  33°  23' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.  byS.,  variable.  First  part,  brisk  breezes.  At  1  p.  m.,  made  Fernando  do 
Noronha,  bearing  NW.  by  W. ,  27  miles  distant.  At  1  a.  m. ,  squalls  of  rain.  Ends,  wind  from 
SE.  and  S.SE." 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE SEPTEMBER.  297 

Ship  Flying  Dutchman,  (A.  Hubbard,  captain,)  New  York  to  Port  Philip,  New  South 
Wales;  four  days  out. 

"Sept.  20,  1854.  Lat.  29°  00'  N. ;  long.  59°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of 
air,  81°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  byS.,  E.  byS.,  E.  by  S.  Moderate  winds  and  hazy  sky. 
Lightning  from  E.,  round  by  S.  to  SW.  At  4  a.  m.,  light  rain  squalls;  wind  dying  away.  Ends 
with  light  winds  and  fine  weather. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  28°  55'  N. ;  long.  58°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.  to  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  Light  airs  and  fine;  3.30  p.  m.,  wind 
hauled  to  W.SW. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  28°  53'  N. ;  long.  58°  22' W.  Barometer,  30.23;  temperature  of  air,  90°; 
water,  84°.     Winds:  W.,  calm,  calm.     Light  variable  airs  and  calms. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  28°  28'  N. ;  long.  56°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Light  airs  and  calm.  At  2  a.  m.  breeze  up.  Lat- 
ter moderate  and  pleasant.  Notwithstanding  every  appearance  of  our  being  in  the  ' '  Horse 
latitudes,"  and  Mr.  Maury's  recommendation  to  make  all  southing  possible,  I  decide  to  make 
mostly  easting.  [Sailors  have  an  old  saying  which  recommends  those  who  understand  the  case 
better  than  the  Doctor,  to  take  charge  of  the  medicine  chest.  I  am  very  willing  to  give  it  to 
such  men  as  Captain  Hubbard,  with  this  understanding,  however,  that  if  things  should  not 
turn  out  well,  the  blame  shall  not  be  laid  upon  my  prescriptions.  M.] 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  27°55'N.;  long.  53°44'W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  S,  At  4  p.  m.  light  rain  squalls.  A  sea  rising  from  the 
N.  and  W.  Middle,  light  variable  winds  with  rain  squalls;  latter,  light  winds  with  squally 
appearances  in  the  west.  A  high  long  sea  from  north. 
^.  Sept.  25.  Lat.  28°  00'  N. ;  long.  51°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Light  winds  and  fine  weather;  middle,  the  same;  a 
heavy  sea  still  from  north;  latter,  the  same.  Northerly  sea  subsiding  somewhat.  A  line  of 
light,  fleecy,  trade-wind  looking  clouds  entirely  around  the  horizon  to  a  height  of  10°. 
&,  Sept.  26.  Lat.  27°  23'  N. ;  long.  50°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  Light  variable  winds  with  occasional  rain  squalls 
throughout:  I  have  noticed  for  the  past  few  days,  (as  I  have  often  before  in  the  same  kind  of 
light  weather,)  a  visible  disturbance  in  the  atmosphere,  corresponding  with  the  daily  fluctuation 
of  the  barometer* — such  as  squalls,  a  freshening  of  the  breeze,  or  a  breeze  springing  up  near 
those  hours  at  which  the  barometer  is  the  lowest. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  27°  04'  N. ;  long.  49°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm,  E.  Light  airs  and  calm.  At  5 'a.  m.  took  a  breeze  from 
E.NE. 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  25°  41'  N. ;  long.  49°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  byS.,  E.  byS.,  SB.  Light  winds  and  variable  with  cloudy  weather;  mid- 
dle, light  and  unsteady,  with  occasional  rain  squalls;  latter,  moderate  and  unsteady  with  frequent 
squalls. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  24°  54'  N. ;  long.  49°  26' W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  —  ; 
j  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  same.  Light  variable  winds  with  frequent  rain  squalls 
'     throughout. 

Sept.  30.     Lat.  23°  56'  N. ;  long.  49°  30'  W.     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 

**  I  hope  you  'will  project  daily  your  barometric  curves.     See  plate  XIX,  Vol.  1. 
VOL.  II 38  ♦ 


298  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

water,    84°.     Winds:  calm,   E.   by  N.,   SE.   by  E.     Light  variable  winds,   with  freqnent  rain 
squalls. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  22°  48' N.;  long.  49°  18' W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  77  ; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Light  winds  and  variable  with  fine  weather.  Middle 
and  latter,  squally  and  calms. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  23°  06' N. ;  long.  48°  38' W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  SE.  First  and  middle,  frequent  squalls  from  SE.  to 
SW.,  with  rain;  latter,  light  winds  with  fine  weather. 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  20°  59'  N. ;  long.  47°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  byS.,  SE.  Light  winds  and  variable,  with  occasional  squalls; 
middle,  the  same;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  18°  10' N.;  long.  46°  24' W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.    Fresh  breezes  and  squally;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  15°  40'  N.;  long.  44°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  Fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  trade-like 
weather;  middle,  fresh  and  cloudy;  latter,  unsteady  breezes  with  frequent  showers.  At  11.  a. 
m.  wind  shifted  south;  wore  ship;  doldrum  looking  weather. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  15°  16' N.;  long.  44°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  calm,  E.SE.  Moderate  winds,  and  unsteady  with  cloudy  weather  and 
frequent  showers;  middle,  cloudy  and  calm;  latter,  cloudy  and  light  winds. 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  13^  20' N.;  long.  43°  27' W.  Barometer,  29.89;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  No  current.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Light  variable  winds,  and  squally,  and  calms 
throughout,  with  continual  current  ripplings. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  12°  19' N.;  long.  43°  03' W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.NE.  Light  variable  winds  and  calm.  Current  rips 
throughout;  no  current  perceptible. 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  11  58'  N.;  long.  42°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.,  S.  by  W.  Light  airs,  and  fine;  middle,  light  airs  and  calm; 
At  1.  a.  m.  wind  shifted  to  S.  by  W.,  in  a  squall;  latter,  variable  winds  with  light  rain  squalls. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  11°  28'  N.;  long.  41°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.  Light  variable  airs  and  calms;  a  sea  from  SE.;  a  suc- 
cession of  current  rips  throughout;  line  of  direction,  W.SW.,  and  E.NE. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  10°  45'  N.;  long.  40°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  E.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  airs  all  around  the 
compass;  latter,  heavy  squalls  and  much  rain. 

*  Oct.  12.  Lat.  8°  55'  N.;  long.  40°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Strong  breezes,  with  frequent  heavy  squalls; 
middle,  moderate  winds,  with  a  high  irregular  sea;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  fine.  I  notice  for 
the  last  two  days,  the  lines  of  agitated  water  appear  all  to  run  nearly  E.NE  and  W.SW,,  and  fol- 
low each  other  at  regular  intervals  of  some  4  or  5  miles  apart;  the  motion  of  the  waves  running 
at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  rip. 

Oct.  13.  Lat.  7°  00'  N.;  long.  40°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  E. by  S.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  unsteady,  with  frequent  squalls 
middle,  unsteady  and  squally;  latter,  variable  and  calm. 

Oct.  14.     Lat.  6°  46' N.;  long.  39°  04'  W.     Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 


1 


TTO   THE    "  FAIR   WAY"  OFF   ST.  ROQUE SEPTEMBER.  299 

water  84°.  Current,  east,  1  knot.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  Light  variable  winds  and 
calms  throughout;  no  rips  in  sight  the  past  24  hours;  whales,  shark,  bonita,  albacon,  and  other 
fish  abounding. 

Oct.  15.  Lat.  6°  50'  N.;  long.  37°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  84°.  Current,  east,  1^  knots.  Winds:  S.,SE.,  SE.  Light  variable  airs  and  calm ;  latter, 
light  winds  and  j5ne  weather.  One  year  ago  last  July,  I  experienced  a  similar  current  in  the  same 
latitude,  but  some  10°  further  east. 

Barometer,    29.93;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
S.  by  E.,  calm,    calm.    Light  airs  and  calms 


Oct.  16. 

Lat.  6° 

49'  N.;  long.  36°  25'  W. 

water,    84°. 

Current, 

east,    1^  knots.     Winds: 

throughout. 

Oct.  17. 

Lat.  6° 

29'  N.;  long.  35°  18'  W. 

water,  85°. 

Current, 

S.  79°  E.,  2  knots.     Winds 

Barometer,   29.94;  temperature  of  air,   88°; 
S.SE.,  calm,  calm.     Light  variable  winds  and 
squally;  calm;  middle,  light  airs  and  calm;  latter,  the  same. 

Oct.  18.  Lat.  5°  59'  N.;  long.  34°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  85°.  Current,  east,  northerly,  1^  knots.  Winds:  calm,  NW.,  S.  Light  airs  and  calm; 
middle,  light  winds  and  variable,  with  frequent  squalls;  latter,  light  winds  and  calm;  a  sea 
from  S.SE. 

Oct.  19.  Lat.  5°  43'  N. ;  long.  33°  33' W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
water,  84°.  Current,  east,  southerly,  1^  knots.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.  Light  variable  airs 
and  calms  throughout.     I  notice  slight  current  rips. 

Oct.  20,  Lat.  5°  25'  N.;  long.  32°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  No  current  perceptible.  Winds:  S.,  calm,  S.  by  E.  Light  variable  winds  and  calm; 
middle,  calm;  at  2,30  a.  m.  took  breeze  in  a  squall  with  light  rain;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and 
cloudy;  current  rips,  not  so  marked,  however,  as  on  the  10th  and  12th. 

Oct.  21.  Lat.  5°  40' N.;  long.  28°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy.  Not  obtaining  my  latitude  yes- 
terday, by  observation,  I  find  that  we  must  have  had  a  northerly  current  of  —  miles,  during  the 
last  24  hours. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  4°52'N.;  long.  29°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  87°;  of 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.  Moderate  winds  and  cloudy. 
Middle,  light  winds  and  unsteady,  with  passing  clouds  and  fine  weather  ;  the  commencement  of 
a  trade  of  some  kind  I  hope.     Ends,  fine. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  2°  57'  N.;  long.  30°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  N.  64°  W.,  lyV  knots.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Light 
winds  and  fine  ;  slight  appearance  of  current  rips  ;  middle,  the  same  ;  latter,  moderate  winds 
and  fine  trade-like  weather. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  1°  13'  N. ;  long.  31°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  79°.  Current,  NW.,  1  knot.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Moderate,  with  passing 
clouds  and  fine  weather.     At  7.30  a.  m.  tacked  to  eastward. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  1°17'N.;  long.  29°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  N.  27°  W.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Moderate  winds  and 
cloudy.     Middle,  fresh  trades.     At  7.30  a.  m.  tacked  to  S.SW.,  with  a  fine  fresh  trade. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  1°55'S.;  long.  31°  52' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  79°.  Current,  N.  79°  W.,  U  knot.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SW.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate 
"winds  and  fine.     Middle,  fresh  breezes  and  squally  ;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 


300  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

Forty-one  days  from  New  York  ;  oh  horror  !  and  a  first  class  clipper  at  that,  with  Maury's  Charts 
on  board.  Our  prospect  of  making  the  shortest  passage  to  Australia  ruined.  [See  remarks 
September  23.    M.] 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  5°  39'  S.;  long.  32°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.03  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Current,  N.  10°  W,  xf  knot.  Winds  :  SB.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Fresh  breezes 
and  fine.  At  1.30  a.  m.  made  Noronha,  bearing  E.  by  S. ;  outline  just  seen  with  night  glass. 
Weather  beautiful." 

Barque  Havana,  (English,)  (John  M.  Stocktc«i,)  from  St.  John's,  N.  F. ;  17  days  out. 

"Oct.  3,  1855.  Lat  30°  10'  N. ;  long.  27°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.03  ;  temperature  of  air, 
79°;  of  water,  78°.  Wind:  S.SW.  to  S.SE.  Begins  with  squalls  of  rain  and  fresh  breeze. 
At  6  a.  m.  begins  heavy  rain  and  light  winds  and  continue  to  11  a.  m.  At  2  p.  m.  it  began 
an  incessant  heavy  rain  and  continued  with  intermissions  to  8  p.  m.,  when  the  sky  showed 
appearance  of  breaking  away  ;  continues  fresh  breeze. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  29°  40'  N. ;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind  :  SW.  Light  winds  and  force  as  entered  throughout ;  for  the  most  part 
the  sky  looking  dirty  grey  ;  midnight  had  an  increasing  swell  from  the  NE. ;  several  porpoises 
seen :  no  weed. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  28°30'N.;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Wind:  W.SW.  Light 
variable  winds  as  noted  ;  water  exceedingly  smooth;  an  increasing  light  swell  from  the  NE., 
no  weed  seen  ;  scarcely  steerage  way  on  the  ship  at  midnight.  An  American  barque  in  com- 
pany, bound  south  ;  suppose  it  to  be  one  of  the  two  we  saw  on  the  3d  instant. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  27°  29'  N. ;  long.  31°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  W.SW.  Light  airs  and  baffling  ;  water  exceedingly  smooth  ;  a  swell 
still  from  the  NE.  Judging  from  the  barometer,  I  fancy  we  are  bordering  close  on  the  trades  ; 
no  weed  seen  ;  barque  still  in  company. 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  26°  58'  N. ;  long.  31°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.93  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind:  S.SW.  to  S.  Light  winds  in  the  last  and  first  parts.  Middle,  increasing 
fresh  breeze  ;  from  9  a.  m.  to  3  p.  m.  passing  squalls  ;  at  2  p.  m.  tacked  west,  the  wind  having 
hauled  in  a  squall ;  at  4  p.  m.  tacked  east  again.  Ends,  at  midnight  a  pleasant  breeze  and  fine 
weather. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  26°  02'  N. ;  long.  29°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind  :  SW.  to  S.SW.  Fresh  breeze  and  fine  pleasant  weather  throughout  ;  no 
weed.  I  now  see  my  mistake  I  alluded  to  in  standing  to  the  north  and  east  on  the  26th  Sep- 
tember. Had  I  kept  to  the  southward  and  westward  I  should  in  all  probability  have  been  in 
the  belt  of  equatorial  calms. 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  24°  27'  N. ;  long.  28°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind  :  SW.  by  W.  Light  winds,  airs,  and  calms  throughout ;  northerly 
swell ;  several  dolphins  seen  ;  no  weed. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  24°  00'  N. ;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  78°.  Calm.  Calms  and  cats'  paws  from  all  points  of  compass  ;  northerly  swell ;  no 
weed  ;  several  dolphins  about  the  ship. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  23°  42'  N. ;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind  :  NW.  to  N.NE.  Begins  with  light  airs  and  baffling,  with  calms.  At 
8  a.  m.  light  cats'  paws  from  the  NW. ;  at  10  a.  m.  increasing  light    breeze  from  the  N.NE. 


TO   THE    "fair   way"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE  —  SEPTEMBER  301 

No  Oil,  all  stud  set  ;  fancy  it  is  the  first  of  the  trades.  Ends  with  an  increasing  light  trade 
Entered  tropic  at  5.30  p.  m.  in  longitude  28°  W. 

Oct.  12.  Lat.  22°  23'  N. ;  long.  28°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind  :  E.  by  N.  Pleasant,  fine  breeze  throughout,  and  nearly  cloudless  sky  ; 
all  studding  sails  to  the  best  advantage;  ship's  course  south,  true;  no  weed;  water  very  trans- 
parent. 

Oct.  13.  Lat.  19°  34'  N.;  long.  28°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperatere  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind  :  E.  Fresh  breeze  and  pleasant  fine  weather  throughout,  and  not  a 
cloud  to  be  seen  until  sunset ;  a  hazy  horizon  throughout ;  fancy  there  are  clouds  in  the  haze, 
but  not  visible  ;  no  weed.  '^ 

Oct.  14.  Lat.  16°  34'  N. ;  long.  28°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.91  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  89°.  Wind  :  E.  by  S.  Pleasant  and  fine  throughout.  Midnight,  very  light  winds  ; 
no  weed  ;  water  very  smooth  ;  smoky  haze  on  horizon. 

Oct.  15.  Lat.  14°  19'  N. ;  long.  28°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.92  ;  temperature  of  air,  8°3; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Pleasant  light  breeze  throughout ;  continually  passing  tide  rips  ; 
no  weed  ;  during  the  night  the  ship's  wake  was  a  blaze  of  illuminated  globules. 

Oct.  16.  Lat.  12°  29'  N. ;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperatue  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind  :  E.  by  S.  Pleasant,  fine  weather  throughout ;  any  quantity  of  tide  rips 
seen  during  the  day  ;  no  weed. 

Oct.  17.  Lat.  10°  40'  N. ;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.  Begins  with  fine  and  continues  pleasant;  steady  breeze  up 
to  5  p.  m.,  when  it  arose  squally  and  baffling  from  all  points  of  the  compass,  attended  with 
thunder  and  lightning  and  rain  ;  a  westerly  and  easterly  wind,  stormy  for  the  ascendancy.  At 
10  p.  m.  the  wind  gradually  settled  in  the  eastward  again.  Ends,  showery  and  smoky  looking 
clouds  ;  at  3  p.  m.  spoke  the  ship  "Isia,"  from  Chincha  ;  reports  took  the  NE.  trades  in  3°  N., 
showed  longitude,  29°  40'.  At  4  p.  m.  exchanged  longitude  with  a  French  brig,  showed  28° 
30',  ours  28°  23'  W.,  by  chronometer  ;  no  weed.  [N.  B. — I  think  the  captain  of  the  "Isia" 
intended  to  say  lost  the  SE.  trade  in  3°  N.,  instead  of  taking  the  NE.  trades  in  that  latitude, 
or  misunderstood  the  question  as  to  where  he  took  the  NE.  trades.] 

Oct.  18.  Lat.  8°  43'  N. ;  long.  28°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.87  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind  :  E.SE.  Variable  wind  as  entered,  with  thunder,  lightning  and  rain 
during  the  night,  and  clouds  appear  to  rise  in  all  points 

Oct.  19.  Lat  7°  58' N.;  long.  28°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
of  water,  84°.  Wind  :  variable.  Light  variable  airs,  calms,  and  squalls  of  light  misty,  heavy, 
and  light  rain,  having  little  or  no  wind  in  them  ;  during  the  night  continual  flashes  of  lightning  ; 
cross  bubbles  of  seas  ;  no  weed. 

Oct.  20.  Lat.  7°  13'  N. ;  long.  29°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.87  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  E.SE.  to  S.  Light  baffling  airs  with  misty  squalls  of  rain  throughout, 
and  generally  during  the  night  a  heavy  shower  of  rain.  Ends  with  an  increasing  cross  swell 
from  the  S.  and  NE.  A  barque  in  company  ;  think  it  to  be  one  of  two  in  company  on  the 
3d  instant. 

Oct.  21.  Lat.  6°  42'  N. ;  long.  27°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.89  ;  temperature  of  air,  86°: 
of  water,  83°.  Wind :  SW.  by  S.  Misty  and  heavy  rain  squalls  during  the  night ;  for  the  most 
part  of  the  day  pleasant  and  fine  with  light  variable  airs.  Noon,  a  large  shoal  of  dolphin 
round  the  ship,  caught  about  10  of  them,  weighing  from  12  to  33  pounds  each,  perhaps  there 


302  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

are  50  in  the  shoal,  and  several  young  sharks  ;  took  two  of  the  latter  also,  weighing  about  15  lbs. 
each.     Strong  tide  rips  setting  southward  and  eastward  ;  southerly  swell. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  5°  35'  N. ;  long.  27°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  W.SW.  to  W.  Light  variable  airs  and  high  winds  in  squalls  from 
midnight  till  8  p.  m.,  when  the  winds  increased  to  a  pleasant  light  breeze,  and  assumed  the 
appearance  of  the  SE.  trades  ;  increasing  southerly  swell  ;  no  weed. 

Oct.  23.  (37  days  out  from  St.  John's,  New  Foundland.)  Lat.  4°  53'  N.;  long.  26°  17'  W. 
Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  82°.  Wind:  S.  by  E.  Pleasant  SB. 
trades  as  noted;  took  them  in  5°  N.  and  longitude  eastward  of  26°.  At  4  a.  m.  tacked  west; 
wind  S.  by  E.  I  am  much,  and  I  may  say  happily,  disappointed  in  finding  a  strong  southerly 
and  easterly  current  instead  of  a  westerly,  so  much  spoken  of  in  these  latitudes.  These  currents 
are  frequent,  and  careful  observations  by  the  chronometer  and  ship's  way,  and  are  to  be  relied 
upon.     I  send  you  the  sights  and  calculations. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  3°  12'  N. ;  long.  27°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°.. 
of  water,  81°.  Wind  :  S.  by  E.  Fine  and  pleasant  throughout,  with  a  light  breeze  ;  water 
smooth  ;  high  swell  from  the  southward.  At  midnight  the  wind  was  quite  faint,  and  at  day- 
light freshened  again.  At  8  a.  m.  a  large  American  clipper  ship  passed  us  bound  south,  name 
unknown  to  us  ;  was  on  the  same  tack  as  we  were. 

[N.  B. — November  6  1855.  I  have  no  doubt  this  ship,  ^being  a  clipper,  cleared  St.  Roque 
without  making  a  tack.  I  fancy  you  will  be  in  possession  of  her  log,  and  if  worth  the  trouble, 
you  can  know  the  truth  of  this  remark.  ] 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  2°  30'  N. ;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.89;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81|°.  Wind:  S.  Light  wind  throughout,  with  pleasant,  fair  weather;  no  weed;  light 
set  to  NW. ;  the  wind  veering  from  S.  by  E.  to  S.  during  the  most  of  the  time;  southerly 
swell. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  2°  07' N.;  long.  30°  36' W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  to  E.SE.  Begins  light;  at  8  a.  m.  wind  began  to  veer  easterly; 
noon,  wind  E.SE.;  at  8  p.  m.  increasing  fresh;  midnight,  ends  fresh  and  fine  weather;  NW.  cur- 
rents as  noted.  These  currents  are  by  the  ship's  way  and  several  observations  of  the  chro- 
nometer.    Southerly  swell  continues. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  0°  47' N.;  long.  30°  52' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  Fresh  trades  and  fine  throughout;  crossed  the  line  at  midnight 
in  31°  32'  W.,  44  days.  I  must  refer  again  to  the  mistake  of  24th  September.  Had  I  tacked 
to  the  southward  and  westward  that  day,  I  believe  my  passage  would  have  been  at  least  8  or 
10  days  less.  You  will  notice  the  trouble  in  getting  south  again.  I  have,  as  I  before 
expressed,  (and  every  intelligent  navigator  must,)  every  confidence  in  your  book  of  Directions 
and  Charts.     My  last  passage  to  the  line,  under  your  direction,  27  days  in  February. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  0°  53' S. ;  long.  31°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  82°: 
of  water,  80°.     Wind:    SE.  by  S.     Fresh  trades  and  fine  throughout. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  2°  46' S. ;  long.  33°  16' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79|°.  Wind:  S.SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  Strong  trades  and  fine;  no  weed;  passing  in  the 
night  large  and  fine  pieces  medusae;  currents  as  noted;  the  winds  are  very  steady,  veering 
little  more  than  half  point.  I  doubt  if  I  clear  St.  Roque ;  but  I  shall  keep  on,  unless  the  wind 
hauls  a  point  or  more  to  the  southward.  I  may  go  clear:  and,  if  not,  my  chances  are  as  good 
for  beating  near  the  land  as  here. 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.   EOQUE — SEPTEMBER.  303 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  4°  38'  S.;  long.  35°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79°. 05.     Wind:  SE.  by  S.     Strong  trades  and  fair;  at  3.30  p.  m.  saw  the  land;  tacked  at 

5  p.  m.  in  7^  fathoms;  Point  "Lorio''  or  "  Calcanhar"  S.SE.,  6  or  8  miles;  saw  several  cata- 
marans; midnight,  tacked  in;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  off,  and  at  8  a.  m.  tacked  in  again.  I  notice  the 
wind  as  we  draw  in  shore  veers  a  point  or  more  eastward,  and  hauls  again  in  the  offing. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  4°  55'  S. ;  long.  35°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  80°.  Wind:  SE.  to  SE.  ^  S.  Fresh  trades;  at  3  p.  m.  made  the  land  and  tacked;  Point 
"  Calcanhar"  about  the  same  distance  and  bearing,  as  yesterday.  Not  having  made  anything 
to  windward,  stood  off;  the  wind  steady  at  SE.,  and  at  8  p.  m.  the  wind  having  hauled  |  to  | 
east,  tacked  to  the  south  again;  quite  a  heavy  sea,  and,  with  the  plunging  of  the  ship,  it 
requires  —  points  to  keep  her  good  full  at  times. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  4°  05'  S.;  long.  34°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79^°.  Wind:  SE.  to  SE.  ^  E.  Fresh  trades;  stood  in  the  offing,  and  tacked  as  the 
wind  would  favor  us  with  half  point  or  any;  but  the  chances  are  hard  for  beating;  wind  con- 
tinues veering  from  SE.  to  ^  point  on  either  side. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  4°  46'  S. ;  long.  35°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  79^.  Wind:  SE.  The  currents  in  the  offing  have  been,  as  you  will  notice,  8  miles 
more  than  in  shore;  consequently,  there  is  nothing  to  be  gained  by  keeping  well  off  shore;  2 
p.  m.  saw  the  land  again;  made  several  short  tacks  in  shore,  and  gained  a  little;  saw  a 
brigantine  working  up  within  half  a  mile  of  shore ;  took  her  to  be  a  coaster,  as  she  came  to 
anchor  at  dark.  I  believe  the  current  close  in  shore  is  not  so  strong  as  it  is  a  few  miles  from 
the  land.     We  tacked  in  3|  to  4  fathoms. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  4°  16'  S. ;  long.  34°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  80°.     Wind:  SE.  by  S.  ^  S.     Fine  pleasant  weather  and  moderating  breeze;  stood  off 

6  p.  m.  Friday  (2d)  until  Saturday  (3d),  7|  p.  m. ;  the  wind  having  hauled  SE.,  tacked  south 
again.  Since  to  the  southward  of  the  Roccas,  we  have  had  a  fall  of  dew  every  night,  say  a 
medium  quantity.  The  officer's  report  during  the  nights,  for  several  past,  shooting  stars  have 
descended  from  all  points,  and  converged  to  the  southward.  The  water  here  appears  to  be  filled 
with  medusae,  and  of  two  species,  fine  and  large;  the  fine  is  only  visible  by  friction  in  the  ship's 
wake,  but  the  large  are  seen  in  large  globular  pieces  in  the  distance,  as  well  as  near  the  ship, 
and  the  flashes  are  so  vivid  as  to  affect  the  sight. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  5°15'S.;  long.  34°  16' W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E. ;  moderate  light  trades  and  fine;  happily  disappointed  in 
finding  currents  only  nineteen  miles.  This  would  appear  by  the  preceding  days  in  this  vicinity: 
the  greater  force  the  wind,  the  more  current.  (I  should  like  to  have  the  force  and  direction  of 
the  wind  tAvo  degrees  east.)     Ends,  smooth  water. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  7°  13'  S. ;  long.  30°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  80°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Pleasant  fine  weather  throughout.  Sailing  with  the  land  in  view, 
15  or  18  miles  distant;  am  now  clear  of  St.  Roque,  with  less  detention  than  I  anticipated.  I 
think,  as  a  general  rule,  a  fair  representation  of  the  currents  off  St.  Roque  is  the  coast  to  the 
south  of  Cape  Henry,  in  Virginia.  You  will  notice  there  is  no  end  to  my  blunders.  I  fear  I 
shall  be  classed  under  the  head  of  "  dull  captains  and  dull  ships, ''  (p.  528,  7th  Ed.)  You  will  readily 
notice  that,  on  the  29th  of  October,  I  had  the  wind  from  SE.  by  S.  to  S.SE.,  and- should  have 
availed  myself  of  a  slant  to  the  eastward  of  12  or  16  hours;  perhaps  I  should  then  have  gone 
clear  of  St.  Roque.     I  kept  on  with  the  anticipation  I  would  fetch  out.     I  think  I  was  very 


$04  THE    WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

fortunate  in  getting  through  the  monsoons.  Every  day's  experience  proves  the  value  of  your 
Book  of  Directions  and  Charts,  and  I  beg  to  refer  navigators  to  that  part,  from  the  line  to  St. 
Roque,  in  which  you  quote  the  Staghound  as  an  illustration,  and  I  must  observe,  my  confidence 
and  presumption  is  so  great  in  that  part  of  your  directions,  had  you  been  sailing  between  St. 
Roque  and  the  line  from  your  infancy,  your  experience  could  not  have  improved  your  present 
instructions." 

SJiip  Baven,  (Josiah  Crocker,  captain,)  Richmond,  Ya.,  to  Sydney;  thirteen  days  out. 

"  Oct.  10,  1855.  Lat.  28°  38'  N, ;  long.  42°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,  78°.  "Winds:  calm,  SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle,  calm  and  light  airs;  latter, 
fresh  gales  and  bad  sea. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  26°  30'  N.;  long.  40°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  E.NE.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  gales 
and  squally  weather,  with  sharp  lightning  in  the  SE.  and  NE. ;  middle,  very  squally;  latter, 
fine  weather  and  smooth  sea. 

Oct.  12.  No  observation.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  E.SE.  First  part,  fine  weather  and  passing  clouds.  Middle,  very  squally, 
with  thunder  and  lightning;  very  hard  rains;  wind  hauling  to  the  southeast;  at  6  a,  m.,  tacked 
to  the  southwest;  latter  part,  very  heavy  rain  and  bad  lightning.  Wind  all  around  the 
compass. 

Oct.  13.  Lat.  24°  50'  N. ;  long.  37°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.      Calm  throughout,  and  very  hot  weather. 

Oct.  14.  Lat.  24°37'N.;  long.  39°  07' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.      Calm  throughout. 

Oct.  15.  Lat.  23°  40'  N.;  long.  36°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S..  First  part,  very  light  airs  and  passing  clouds;  middle,  the 
same;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  dark  cloudy  weather. 

Oct.  16.  Lat.  22°  34'  N. ;  long.  34°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  77°.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.  Good  breezes  and  cloudy 
weather. 

Oct.  17.  Lat.  21°  30'  N.;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  dark  cloudy  weather, 
and  very  light  airs;  at  5  p.  m.  tacked  ship  to  W.SW.     Middle  and  latter,  the  same. 

Oct.  18.  Lat.  19°  50'  N.;  long.  35°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  E.NE.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  S.,  SE.,  E.SE.  First  and  middle,  light  airs 
and  cloudy;  latter,  fine  weather  and  smooth  sea.  I  hope  I  have  the  trades,  if  they  can  be 
BO  called. 

Oct.  19.  Lat.  16°  30'  N.;  long.  35°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  SW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Fine  breezes  from  east,  and  cloudy; 
smooth  sea. 

Oct.  20.  Lat.  12°  40'  N.;  long.  35°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80.     Current,  SW.,  ^  mile.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  NE.     Fine  trades  and  smooth  sea. 

Oct.  21.  Lat.  9°  50' N.;  long.  34°  04' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.     Current,   SW.,  ^  mile.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  SE.     First  part,  fine  trades  and 


TO  THE  "fair  way"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE SEPTEMBER.  305 

passing  clouds;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  hard  rain  and  calm;  very  squally  in  the  south;  dark 
heavy  clouds  and  threatening  appearances. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  8°25'N.;  long.  33°  25' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  SW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  First  and  middle,  light  airs  and 
squally;  latter,  very  squally  with  rain. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  7°  07'  N.;  long.  33°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  S.  Very  squally,  and  wind  hauling  to 
the  southward;  tacked  ship  to  the  eastward. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  7°  47'  N.;  long.  30°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  fresh  gales  and  squally; 
middle,  the  same;  latter,  more  moderate;  tacked  to  the  W. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  7°  30'  N.;  long.  32°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  N.  First  part,  light  airs  and  fine 
weather;  at  midnight  tacked  to  the  SE.;  middle,  very  light  airs;  latter,  squally. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  6°  20'  N.;  long.  30°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  N.,  W.,  SW.  First  part,  hard  rain  and  light 
airs;  middle  and  latter,  very  moderate,  and  fine  weather. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  6°  18'  N.;  long.  29°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.  Calm  and  light  airs  throughout, 
with  occasional  light  showers. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  5°  24'  N. ;  long.  29°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.,  S.  First  part,  light  airs  and  very 
fine  weather;  heavy  tide  rips;  middle,  hard  rain;  latter,  very  squally.  Hard  chance  getting 
to  the  line. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  5°  10'  N.;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NE.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  Light  airs  and  squally,  with  calms 
throughout;  tacked  several  times;  bound  to  stick  to  the  track. 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  4°  40'  N.;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NE.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  squally  and  bad  weather; 
middle  and  latter,  the  same. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  3°  57'  N.;  long.  30°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  fine  breezes;  tacked 
to  the  eastward;  middle,  light  airs;  tacked  to  the  SW.;  latter  part,  light  airs. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  3°  15'  N.;  long.  31°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  fine 
weather;  at  1.30  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward,  at  8  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW.;  middle,  fine 
breezes  and  light  showers  of  rain;  latter,  very  light  airs  and  squally. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  2°  09'  N. ;  long.  32°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  1^  miles.  Winds:  S.,  SB.,  S.SE.  First  part,  fine  weather;  stood 
to  the  eastward  8  hours;  middle,  squally;  latter,  fine  weather. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  1°  30'  N. ;  long.  32°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  NW.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.  First  and  middle,  fine  weather; 
tacked  several  times;  latter,  fresh  gales. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  0°  42'  N.;  long.  32°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  NW.,  2  miles.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  very  squally  and  bad  sea; 
VOL.  II 39 


306  THE   WIND   AND   CUKKENT    CHARTS. 

middle,  tacked  to  SW.,  after  standing  12  hours  to  the  E.SE,  and   lost  30  miles;  latter  part, 
trades  from  the  south. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  1°  32'  S. ;  long.  32°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SB.  by  S.  First  part,  fine  breezes; 
at  4^  p.  m.  tacked  to  E.NE, ;  at  8^  p.  m.  tacked  to  S.SW.;  at  midnight  on  the  line,  in  long. 
33°  00'  W.,  too  far  west;  can't  do  any  better;  shall  not  fetch  past,  but  shall  stand  for  the  land. 
This  has  been  a  hard  chance  for  me  at  any  rate;  15  days  from  10°  N.  Do  you  think  I  should 
have  done  better  to  have  gone  as  far  as  27°,  as  I  did  in  my  last  two  passages  ?  Please  inform 
me.  Middle,  fresh  gales  and  passing  clouds;  latter,  bad  sea  on;  ship  plunging  out  of  sight 
forward. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  4°  30'  S.;  long.  34°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  77°.  Current,  NW.,  1^  miles.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  First  part,  fresh  trades  and 
squally;  cannot  fetch  past,  so  much  current  and  bad  sea  on;  ship  plunging  all  under  forward; 
middle  and  latter,  fresh  gales. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  5°  50'  S.;  long.  34°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78.  Current,  NW.,  1  mile.  Winds:  SE:,  SE.,  SE.  First  part,  fresh  gales;  at  1^  p.  m. 
tacked  to  the  E.NE.;  at  midnight  to  the  SW.  by  S.  Middle,  fresh  trades  ;  latter,  the  same. 
Land  in  sight  ;  9  a.  m.  passed  St.  Roque,  but-  cannot  lay  along  the  land.  I  did  not  have  much 
trouble  to  fetch  past." 

It  is  very  easy  after  one  sees  how  the  winds  have  been  to  say  what  the  course  should  have 
been.  But  I  hope  navigators  will  not  regard  my  critiques  upon  their  tracks  ever  in  an  offensive 
light.  We  must  profit  each  by  the  experience  of  others.  It  is  my  aim  to  give  sailing 
directions,  and  to  lay  them  down  so  clearly  that  all  who  will  may  understand  them,  and  I 
know  no  better  way  of  doing  this,  than  by  making  examples  teach  by  the  experience  which 
others  are  kind  enough  to  spread  before  me. 

Captain  Crocker  was  certainly  not  favored  by  the  winds.  The  "doldrums"  lasted  him 
from  8°  N.  to  the  line,  12  days.  His  whole  effort  seems  to  have  been  to  get  south,  and  so 
clear  them  ;  I  do  not  see  how  he  could  have  done  better.  In  October,  1852,  Captain  Crowell, 
of  the  Robert  Wing,  made  this  passage  in  39  days  to  the  "fairway"  off  St.  Roque.  She 
crossed  8°  N.,  180  miles  west  of  the  Raven,  made  a  due  south  course  thence  to  the  line,  and 
with  a  9  days  beat  cleared  the  "  bugbear  ;"  total  from  6°  N.  to  the  "fair  way"  off  St.  Roque, 
14  days,  against  the  Raven's  17. 

I  think  that  Captain  Crocker  made  a  decided  gain,  or  rather  avoided  a  positive  loss  by  not 
going  away  further  east. 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  Rohert  Patten,  (George  S.  Paine,  captain,)  from  St.  John's,  N.  B., 
to  Port  Adelaide,  Australia,  185G.      [A  dull  ship,  so  says  her  captain.] 

"Sept.  29.  Lat.  43°  43'  N.;  long.  67°  14  W.  At  4  a.  m.,  Machias  Seal  Islands  light 
bore  NE.,   distance  12  miles  ;  at  8  a.  m.  islands  not  in  sight  from  deck.     Pleasant  weather. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  42°  40'  N.;  long.  67°  06' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  62°;  water,  55°. 
Winds:  E.SE.    Moderate,  weather  pleasant.    I  find  the  ship  very  crank,  as  well  as  a  dull  sailer. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  42°  30'  N. ;  long.  66°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  62°;  water  54°. 
Wind:  SE.     Strong  and  thick  weather,  with  rain. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  42°  52'  N.;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90:  air,  60°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  W.     Fresh  gales  and  rainy  weather. 


I 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE — SEPTEMBER.  307 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  42°  18'  N.;  long.  63°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  58°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.  toNW. ;  light,  and  fine  weather. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  410  55'  N.;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  65°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  NW.  toNB. ;  light  and  baffling;  weather  thick;  gulf-weed  seen  to-day.  We  are  in  the 
northern  edge  of  the  gulf  stream. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  40°  10'  N.;  long.  00°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air  65°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.NE. ;  fresh  and  thick  weather. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  39°  20'  N.;  long.  57°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  68°;  water  78°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  NW.  Strong  gales  and  thick  weather;  ends,  pleasant;  lots  of  Carey  chickens 
about, 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  38°  06'  N.;  long.  55°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  70°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.  Fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather ;_^quantities  of  gulf- weed  about; 
pass  the  southern  edge  of  the  gulf  stream  at  8  p.  m.;  very  strong  tide  rips. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  37°  12'  N. ;  long.  52°  55  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  air,  76°;  water,  77°; 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.;  moderate;  first  part,  pleasant;  latter  part,  squalls,  with  light  rains. 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  36°  16'  N.;  long.  50°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  74°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.  Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant;  large  quantities  of  yellow  sea-weed  about; 
and  strong  tide  rips. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  35°  43'  N.;  long.  49°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  77°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  E.SE. ;  light  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  calm,  and  heavy  rains. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  34°  59'  N.;  long.  47°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air  76°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  W.  to  N.     Light  and  pleasant;  large  fields  of  sea-weed. 

Oct.  12.  Lat.  34°  52'  N.;  long.  46°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  76°;  water,  76°. 
Winds :  W.  to  N.     Light  airs  and  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  13.  Lat.  34°  35'  N. ;  long.  45°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  75°;  water,  76°. 
Winds :  NE.  to  SE.     Moderate  breeze  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  14.  Lat.  32°  36'  N.;  long.  44°  40' W.  Barometer,  28.98;  air,  77°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.  Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant.  A  ship  in  sight,  steering  S.SE.  by  the 
wind;  passing  us  fast;  evidently  a  clipper. 

Oct.  15.  Lat.  30°  25'  N.;  long.  43°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  79°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.     Fresh  gales  and  squalls,  with  rain. 

Oct.  16.  Lat.  29°  42'  N.;  long.  42°  49' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  79°;  water,  77°; 
Winds:  E.NE.  Light  airs  and  pleasant;  hardly  got  the  trades  yet,  I  fear.  We  are  rather 
far  west  to  fall  into  the  trades;  but  there  is  no  help  for  it  now,  she  must  go. 

Oct.  17.  Lat.  28°  30'  N. ;  long.  42°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.     Wind:  E.NE.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  18.  Lat.  27°  20'  N. ;  long.  41°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.     Wind:  E.NE.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  19.  Lat.  25°  42'  N.;  long.  39°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
water,  79°.  Wind:  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  middle  part,  squally,  with 
rain. 

Oct.  20.  Lat.  23°  44'  N.;  long.  38°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.     Wind:  NE.  to  SE.     Fresh  trades  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  squally,  with  rain. 

Oct.  21.     Lat.  22°  32'  N.;  long.  38°  53'  W.     Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 


308  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

water,  80°.     Wind:  E.SE.  to  S.     Light  baffling  airs  and  fine  weather;  wind  drawing  more  to 
the  westward.     Tacked  twice;  making  every  effort  to  get  south  without  regard  to  longitude. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  22°  20'  N. ;  long.  38°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80°.     Wind:  S.  to  S.  by  W.     Light  baffling  airs  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  22°  20'  N. ;  long.  37°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  83°.     Wind:  S.     Light  airs  and  calms;  dull  music  this. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  21°  40'  N.;  long.  37°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  83°.     Wind:  easting.     Light  airs  and  calms. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  20°  22'  N.;  long.  36°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  E.  to  E.  by  S.  by  light.     Weather  pleasant. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  18°  38'  N.;  long.  36°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.     Wind:  E.  by  S.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  16°  32'  N.;  long.  35°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°;     Wind:  E.  by  S.     Moderate  breeze  and  thick  weather. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  14°  18'  N.;  long.  35°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.  to  E.  Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather.  An  excellent  chance 
for  a  run  if  I  had  a  fast  ship. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  12°  05  N.;  long.  34°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Wind:  E.  to  E.NE.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  light.  Weather 
pleasant;  strong  tide  rips. 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  10°  14' N.;  long.  33°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Wind:  E.  by  N.  to  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant;  tremendous  tide  rips, 
the  strongest  I  ever  saw. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  8°  26'  N.;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Wind:  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant.  Current  changes  to  the  eastward,  ^ 
knot  per  hour. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  6°  50'  N.;  long.  32°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  E.NE.     Light  and  pleasant. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  7°  20'  N.;  long.  31°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  84°. 
water,  83°.  Wind:  E.NE.  Light  airs  and  thick  weather.  A  northern  current,  1  mile  per 
hour. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  6°  56'  N.;  long.  30°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  light  baffling  airs  and  calm,  with  rain. 

Nov.  4.  Lat  6°  20'  N.;  long.  30°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  baffling,  with  thick  squally  weather. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  5°  07' N.;  long.  30°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  SE.     Light  airs  and  pleasant. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  4°  48'  N.;  long.  31°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.     Wind:  SE.  to  S.SE.     Light  airs  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  squalls,  with  rain. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  2°  44'  N.;  long.  32°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.73;  air,  83°;  water,  83°.  Winds  : 
SE.,  fresh  and  moderate  ;  gales  and  pleasant. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  1°  18'  N.;  long.  33°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  83°;  water,  83°.  Winds^ 
SE.,  slight  and  pleasant. 

Nov.  9.     Lat.  0°  04'  S.;  long.  33°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  83°;  water,  83°  nds  : 

SE.  by  E.     Light  breeze  and  pleasant. 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE SEPTEMBER.  309 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  1°  20'  S.;  long.  32°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  84°;  water,  82  ^ 
"Winds  :  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  breeze  and  pleasant. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  2°  50'  S. ;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  air,  83°;  water,  82°. 
Winds  :  SE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant.  This  is  my  eighth  voyage  across  the  equator,  and 
I  have  never  before  experienced  such  light  winds,  either  in  the  NE.  or  the  SE.  trades,  as  I 
have  this  time. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  4°  22'  S.;  long.  34°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  84°;  water,  81°. 
Winds  :  E.SE.     Light  and  fine  weather. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  5°  11'  S.;  long.  34°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  84°;  water,  84°. 
Winds  :  E.SE.  and  SE.  by  E.  Light  and  fine  weather.  Middle  part,  squally  ;  at  2  p.  m.  tacked 
to  the  N.  and  E. ;  sounded  in  7  fathom  water ;  stood  6  hours  to  theN.  and  E.,"  [and  then  went 
clear.] 


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TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF   ST.    ROQUE — OCTOBER.  313 

Ship  "  Gladiator,' '  Capt.  Wm.  H.  Whitfield,  46  days  out  from  Baltimore. 

"Nov.  19,  1855.  Lat.  4°  08'  S.;  long.  32°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.6  ;  temperature  of  air, 
84°  ;  of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  E.SE.  This  day  brisk  trades  from  E.SE.;  heading  S.,  all  sail 
set.  At  11  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  NE. ;  at  2.30  a.  m.  to  the  S.  At  daylight  Ferdinand  Noronha 
bore  S.  by  W.,  distant  13  miles  ;  ran  round  to  the  leeward  of  it,  and  steered  S.SW.  j  set  stud- 
ding sails.  On  the  6th  July,  1854,  I  left  Buzzard's  bay,  bound,  as  now,  around  Cape  Horn 
light.  The  ship  would  sail  8  miles  per  hour  on  a  wind  ;  now,  we  are  deeply  loaded  with  coal, 
and  can  get  but  5*  knots  out  of  her  on  a  wind.  We  crossed  the  equator  on  the  44th  day  out, 
(long.  28°  31',)  and  now  have  crossed  on  the  same  44th  day,  (long.  31°  20',)  and  have  fetched 
as  far  to  windward  as  we  wish,  having  stuck  to  Maury's  track  all  the  passage." 

Extrojcis  from  letter  and  log  of  Capt.  K  H.  Howes,  of  the  harque  ^  ^  Speediuell,"  on  a  voyage  from 
Boston  to  Bio  de  Janeiro  ;   October  1  to  November  19,  1856. 

"I  followed  your  track  out  for  October,  crossed  the  line  in  31°  20',  passed  5  miles  to  the 
weather  of  the  ^  Boccas,'  and  weathered  Pernambuco,  with  topmast  studding  sails  set,  without 
tacking  ;  had  a  fair  passage  out  for  the  season,  49  days,  which  was  the  least,  by  ten  days,  from 
any  port  in  the  United  States^  that  had  arrived  there  for  six  weeks. 

You  will  see  the  difference  of  our  passage  with  the  barques  'Mystery'  and  'Benjamin 
Burgess'  that  sailed,  one  15  days  before,  the  other  the  same  day  with  us,  as  entered  in^out- 
ward  log  ;  also  the  longitude  crossing  the  line.  My  passage  to  New  Orleans  was  as  good  as 
any  that  left  about  the  time  we  did.  You  have  my  thanks,  with  thousands  of  others,  for  the 
valuable  services  you  have  rendered  the  commercial  community,  and  best  wishes  for  continued 
success." 

Extract  from  the  SpeedweWs  log. 

"Nov.  19,  1856.  At  4  p.  m.  came  to  off  the  fort,  got  a  visit,  and  at  6  anchored  on  the 
discharging  ground,  making  a  passage  of  49  days.  The  barque  'Mystery'  left  15  days  before 
us  ;  arrived  in  one  hour  ahead  of  us.  He  crossed  the  line  in  29°  ;  we  in  31°  20'*,  and  had  the 
wind  so  that  we  weathered  Pernambuco  at  least  60  miles  with  topmast  studding  sail  set.  The 
'  Benjamin  Burgess '  left  Boston  the  same  time  we  did  ;  not  here  yet,  the  evening  of  the  23d. 

P.  S. — The  'B.  Burgess'  arrived  the  13th  of  December;  passage  74  days;  crossed  the 
equator  in  27°  50'." 

Ship  Flying  Dragon,  (James  A.  Little,  captain,)  New  York  to  Calcutta;  30  days  out. 

"Nov.  27,  1854.  Lat.  0°  45'  S.;  long.  36°  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,' 80°. 5.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Good  steady  breezes  and  pleasant. 
The  meridian  of  36°  W.  is  further  west  than  I  should  like  to  cross  the  equator;  but  there  has 
been  no  alternative.  I  was  in  a  good  position  when  I  crossed  the  parallel  of  27°  N.  in  40°  W., 
since  which  time  the  winds  have  had  very  little  northing  in  them.  I  could  have  been  further 
east  if  I  had  dallied  along  in  the  doldrums;  but  I  prefer  a  breeze  to  a  calm.  Tacked  ship 
twice;  the  wind  holds  very  steady. 

•^  This  ship  not  being  as  good  as  an  average  sailer,  her  run  is  not  included  in  the  means ;  but  she  shows  that  31°  is  not 
too  far  W.  for  a  dull  ship. 

VOL.    II 40 


314  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  1°  57'  S. ;  long.  35°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80.5°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Current,  W.NW.,  ^  knot.  At  6  p.  m. 
tacked  to  the  southward.  The  winds  generally  incline  more  to  the  east  during  the  night.  I 
have  noticed  it  during  several  passages.  The  current  increases  as  I  go  south  and  approach 
the  land. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  3°  34'  S.  j  long.  35°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  Current,  NW.,  1  knot.  Pleasant  weather. 
I  am  now  clear  of  Cape  St.  Roque.  Midnight  tacked  ship  in  20  fathoms  water;  at  3  a.  m. 
tacked.  I  have  cleared  the  cape  in  3  days  from  the  line;  stood  NE.  15  hours  only.-  I  have 
felt  but  little  current.  When  a  ship  is  pinched  for  room,  then  stick  close  to  Lieutenant  Maury's 
Sailing  Directions. 

Nov.  30.  Lat.  5°  46'  S. ;  long.  34°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  by  S.      Current,  W.NW.,  |  knot.     The  land  in  sight." 

Ship  Susan  L.  Fitzgerald,  (Edward  Pesend,  captain,)  Baltimore  to  Valparaiso. 

"Nov.  19,  1854.  Lat.  10°  35' N. ;  long.  32°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of 
air,  81°;  water,  81°  Winds:  E.  and  SE.,  SE.,  E.  and  E.SE.  Throughout  this  day  baffling 
and  squally  winds  from  E.  to  SE.,  shifting  frequently,  with  squall's  of  wind  and  rain;  at  times 
calm,  and  then,  again,  hard  puffs.  Tried  the  temperature  of  the  rain,  and  found  it  10°  colder 
than  air  or  sea  water,  viz:  rain  water,  71°;  air  and  sea  water,  81°;  and  suppose  we  are  ,near 
the  equatorial  doldrums. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  8°  18' N. ;  long.  31°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  part  baffling  and  squally  winds  from  E. 
to  E.SE.,  with  rain,  in  squalls  and  lightning;  ends  with  moderate  winds  from  S.SE.,  and  fine 
weather.  If  this  should  be  the  SE.  trade  wind,  I  am  in  a  bad  position,  excepting  the  wind 
should  favor  me,  which  I  do  not  expect.     I  suppose  I  must  beat  to  windward. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  6°  18'  N. ;  long.  30°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  calm,  NE.  First  and  middle  part  light  airs  from  S.SE.;  ends  with 
calm  and  light  airs  from  NE.  A  high  sea  from  southward;  squally  appearance  all  round.  A 
ship  in  sight  astern,  2  miles  off,  apparently  a  French  clipper,  bound  to  the  southward.  I 
suppose  I  crossed  her  during  my  tacking  in  the  course  of  the  night. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  6°  10'  N. ;  long.  30°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  Baffling  and  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  calm.  Throughout  this  day  baffling  and 
squally  winds  and  calms,  and  heavy  rain  and  lightning  from  all  quarters,  and  a  high  sea  from 
the  southward,  the  ship  plunging  very  heavily.  The  French  clipper  nearly  out  of  sight  astern. 
A  marked  decrease  in  temperature  of  water  and  air,  which  I  attribute  to  the  heavy  rain. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  4°  50'  N.;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  part  moderate  breezes  from 
E.NE.,  with  a  high  sea  from  the  southward.  Middle  and  latter  part  calm,  and  a  moderate 
breeze  from  S.SE.,  with  fine  weather.  All  sail  set  by  the  wind.  During  the  last  48  hours  the 
current  has  set  to  the  W.SW.  about  60  miles.  If  the  wind  continues  from  S.SE,,  I  shall  have 
to  tack  to  the  eastward  for  awhile. 

Nov.  24.  Lat.  2°  27'  N.;  long.  31°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.SE.  Throughout  this  day  moderate  breezes  from  S.SE.  to  S.  All 
sail  set  by  the  wind.     The  ship  sailed  104  miles  E.SE.,  and  56  miles  SW.,  which  ought  to  have 


TO  THE  "FAIE  way"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE — OCTOBER.  315 

given  her  68  miles  easting  and  71  miles  southing,  yet  the  ship  has  made  but  12  miles  to  the 
south  and  "20  miles"  to  the  west — thus  showing  the  current  has  been  setting  NW.  3  miles 
an  hour.      [This  is  north  of  the  line  and  showing  a  very  uncommon  current.  ] 

Nov.  25.  Lat.  2°  15'  N. ;  long.  31°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SB.,  SE.  Throughout  this  day  squally  winds  from  S.SB.  to  SE., 
with  a  rough  head  sea.  We  have  run  ont  of  the  strong  NW.  current  experienced  yesterday, 
which  is  shown  by  the  remarkable  decrease  of  the  temperature  of  the  water  from  84°  to  79°. 
I  am  now  about  crossing  the  equator  much  further  west  than  I  desire;  but  there  has  been  no 
help  for  it.     I  have  had  no  chance  to  get  to  the  east. 

Nov.  26.  Lat.  0°  15'  N. ;  long.  32°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  80.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE,  by  S.  Throughout  this  day  brisk  breezes  from 
S.SE.  to  SE.  by  S.,  and  a  rough  sea.  This  is  the  longest  passage  I  have  ever  had  to  the 
equator,  and,  besides,  I  am  in  a  very  bad  position,  not  the  remotest  chance  of  getting  clear  of 
Cape  St.  Augustine.  [0,  you  doubter,  see  what  he  says  on  the  29th.]  I  do*  not  think  I  will 
ever  cross  the  equator  to  the  west  of  30°  again. 

Nov.  27.  Lat.  1°  37'  S.;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.  and  SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  Throughout  this  day  moderate  and  baffling 
winds  from  S.SE.  to  SE.,  and  fine  weather.  All  sail  set  by  the  wind;  made  two  short  tacks, 
each  to  the  east.  At  noon  made  the  Roccas,  bearing  south  10  miles  distant.  Either  the 
books  and  charts  are  wrong,  or  both  of  my  chronometers  are  wrong — the  longitude  not 
agreeing  by  16  miles.      [Their  long,  is  33°  49'.] 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  3°  45'  S.;  long.  33°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Throughout  this  day  light  and  variable  winds  from  SE. 
to  E.SE.,  and  smooth  water.  Ship  on  the  port  tack  during  the  24  hours;  find  a  very  light 
current  to  the  west;  the  wind  has  favored  me  more  than  I  anticipated,  and  now  think  I  may 
fetch  by  Cape  St.  Augustine  without  tacking  any  more. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  6°  07'  S. ;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Throughout  this  day  light  winds  from  SE.  to  E.SE. 
At  4  a.  m.  checked  in  the  braces,  and  set  all  studding  sails.  I  have  got  by  Cape  St.  Augustine 
without  much  trouble;  have  stood  to  the  eastward  but  8  hours  altogether  since  crossing  the 
equator.  I  was  apprehensive  at  one  time  that  I  would  be  jammed;  but  have  seen  no  land 
since  passing  the  Roccas." 

Ship  Mameluke,  (E.  Whitney,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  12  days  out. 

"Oct.  16,  1855.  Lat.  29°  28' N. ;  long.  42°  03' W.  Barometer,  29,90;  temperature  of 
air,  75°;  water,  76°.  Current,  N,  85°  W.,  I  mile.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NE.,  NW.  First  part, 
strong  winds  and  passing  squalls.  Middle,  fresh  and  varying  from  NW.  to  N.NE.,  with  heavy 
showers  of  rain  ;  lightning  from  the  NE.     Latter,  pleasant. 

Oct.  17.  Lat,  27°  42'  N, ;  long,  39^  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  74^  ; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  W.NW,,  W.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part,  fresh  winds  and  fine  weather; 
middle,  strong  westerly  wind,  with  overcast,  cloudy  weather;  latter,  hard  SW.  gales  and  squally. 

Oct.  18.  Lat.  27°  25'  N. ;  long.  36°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30,39  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Current,  N.,  I  mile,  for  two  days.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  to  SW.,  S.  First  part, 
hard  SW.  gales.  Middle,  hard  squalls,  with  rain  in  torrents  ;  lightning  from  all  quarters  ; 
steady  till  2  a.  m.     Latter,  moderate  southerly  winds,  and  close,  muggy  air. 

Oct.  19.  Lat.  26°  05'  N.;  long.  37°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.45  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.     Current,  N.  22°  E.,  \  mile.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     First  part,  moderate 


316  THE   WIND   AND    CURKENT   CHARTS. 

winds  ;  at  1  p.  m.  tacked  to  SW.     Middle,  light  winds  and  pleasant  weather.     Latter,  wind 
the  same  and  fine  weather. 

Oct.  20.  Lat.  23°  45'  N. ;  long.  38°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.45  ;  temperature  of  air,  SO^^'; 
water,  77°.  No  current.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  part,  pleasant;  middle,  light 
breezes  and  pleasant;  latter,  light  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  21.  Lat.  21°  31'  N.;  long.  38°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.44  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  faint  airs  and 
fine  weather;  middle,  light  winds  and  weather  the  same;  latter,  the  same. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  19°  18'  N.;  long.  37°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.39;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  to  E.  by  S.  First  part, 
moderate  winds;  middle  and  latter,  light  breeze  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  23.  Lat,  16°  41'  N.;  long.  36°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  No  current.  Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  variable  and 
squally;  middle,  brisk  breezes  and  light  passing  cumulus  clouds;  latter,  brisk  easterly  winds 
and  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  13°  45'  N. ;  long.  34°  57' W.  Barometer,  30.21;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  First  part,  fine  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle, 
fresh  easterly  winds  and  pleasant  throughout ;  latter,  squally  appearances  ;  at  meridian  a 
squall  of  wind  and  rain  from  SE.     No  meridian  observation. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  13°  00'  N.;  long.  35°  59'  W.  Barometer,  30.24;  temperature  of  air, 
79°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  to  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SW.  First  part,  squally;  at  5  p.  m.  heavy 
squall  from  SE.,  hard  gales  from  SE.  and  S.SE.  Middle,  hard  gales  with  severe  squalls  of  wind 
and  rain;  at  5  a.  m.  wind  canting  southerly;  wore  ship.  Latter,  light  S.SW.  airs,  and  over- 
cast ;  cloudy  weather. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  12°  11'  N. ;  long.  35°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.36;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  water,  81°.  Easterly  current  for  two  days  of  | mile.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm,  E.SE.  First 
part,  variable;  plenty  of  rain.  Middle,  faint  airs  with  some  rain.  Latter,  Aveather  clearing  up; 
light  easterly  airs. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  10°  21'  N.;  long.  34°  12'  W.  Barorneter,  30.24;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  and  S.SE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  pleasant;  middle, 
moderate  winds  and  fine  weather  ;  latter,  variable  and  squally,  with  much  rain. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  9°  25'  N.;  long.  34°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.26;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Current  for  two  days,  N.  70°  E.,  ^  mile.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  light  and 
baffling.  First  part,  light;  middle,  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather;  latter,  light  baffling 
airs.     At  9  a.  m.  tacked  to  eastward  ;  at  11  tacked  to  southward. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  7°  57'  N. ;  long.  33°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  E.,  E.  to  S.SE.,  E.  to  SE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  pleasant.  From  G 
to  8  p.  m.  squally;  blowing  strong  in  squalls  from  E.  to  SE. ;  raining  in  torrents.  Middle, 
squally;  wind  variable;  heavy  rain;  sometimes  an  eight  knot  breeze,  and  then  followed  by 
calm.     Latter,  variable,  with  some  rain. 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  7°  12'  N. ;  long.  34°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.  Current  for  two  days,  W.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  E.SE.;  baffling  from  SE.  to  S.,  and 
W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  faint  baffling  airs  and  calm;  middle,  the  same,  with  frequent  show- 
ers of  rain  ;  latter;  light  variable  airs. 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE — OCTOBER.  317 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  6°  57'  N.;  long.  33°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  calm  and  N.,  SE.,  calm  and  S.  First  part,  calm;  at  8  p.  m.  light  squall 
from  the  northward.     Middle,  light  baffling  airs  and  calms  ;  rainy.     Latter,  the  same. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  6°  57'  N.;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.23;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current  for  two  days,  N.,  |  knot.  Winds:  SW.,W.SW,  W.SW.  First  part,  light 
baffling  airs;  middle,  light  airs  and  fine  weather;  latter,  the  same. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  7°  02'  N.;  long.  32°  31'  W.  Barometer,  30.22  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  N.,  1  knot.  Winds:  W.SW.,  calm,  S.SB.  First  part,  light  airs  and 
pleasant.  Middle,  calm;  at  daylight  a  light  air  sprung  up  fromS.SE. ;  tacked  to  S.W.  Latter, 
light  airs  and  clear. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  6°53'N.;  long.  32°  27' W.  Barometer,  30.28;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  80®.  Winds:  S.SE.,  variable,  variable.  First  part,  faint  airs  and  calm;  middle  and  lat- 
ter, variable  and  light,  with  steady  rain. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  6°  45'  N.;  long.  32°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.22.  Temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.      Calm  throughout,  with  slight  rain. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  6°  13'  N.;  long.  30°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  E.,  1  knot.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  S.SE.  First  part,  calm.  Middle, 
calm  ;  at  sunrise  a  light  air  sprung  up  from  S.SE.     Latter,  the  same. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  4°36'N.;  long.  31°  31' W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  part,  light  winds  and  pleasant.  Middle, 
moderate  breezes,  with  a  large  SW.  sea;  squally  occasionally.  Latter,  the  same,  with  torrents 
of  rain. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  2°  36'  N.;  long.  32°  49' W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SB.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  thick  passing 
clouds;  large  SW.  sea.  Middle,  squally;  sea,  the  same.  Latter,  moderate  and  occasional  light 
squalls. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  1°  32'  N. ;  long.  34°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  N.  47°  W.,  2knots.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light 
winds  and  pleasant;  at  3  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward;  at  7  p.  m.  squall  from  E.SE.,  tacked  to 
the  southward.     Middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  1°  51'  N.;  long.  32°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  N.  63°  W.,  2  knots.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  mode- 
rate and  pleasant;  at  1  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward.  Middle,  steady  winds  and  overcast, 
cloudy  weather.     Latter  part,  wind  steady;  current,  47  miles  W.NW.     No  bugbear  about  that. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  0°  37'  N.;  long.  34°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  79^; 
water,  80°.  Current,  N.  81°  W.,  2^  knots.  Winds:  S.  by  E.  and  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S. 
First  part,  light  winds  and  cloudy;  at  4  p.  m.  squalls  from  the  eastward;  tacked  ship.  Middle, 
squally  and  heavy  showers  of  rain;  morning,  clearing  up  and  wind  steady.  Latter,  moderate 
and  pleasant;  60  miles  westerly  current. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  1°  58'  S.;  long.  34°  51' W.  Barometer,  30.17;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  N.  85°  W.  ^  knot.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  wind 
brisk;  middle,  steady  winds  and  fine  weather;  latter,  brisk  breezes  and  clear. 

Nov.  12.     Lat.  4°  37'  S.;  long.  35°  43'  W.     Barometer,    30.20;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 


318  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

-water,  79°.     Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.     First  part,  brisk  breezes  and  fine  weather;  middle, 
steady  wind  and  fine  weather;  latter,  pleasant.     At  meridian,  water  slightly  discolored. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  5°  25'  S.;  long.  35°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  and  E.SE.  First  part,  pleasant;  at  1  p.  m. 
saw  the  land;  at  2.30  p.  m.  tacked  offshore;  sounded  in  7  fathoms.  Middle,  moderate  breezes 
and  pleasant  weather;  at  12  m.  tacked  to  southward;  at  8  a.  m.  fresh  squall  from  E.  by  S. 
Meridian,  wind  light;  Cape  St.  Roque  bearing  W.  |  S.  by  compass." 

Ship  Samuel  Russell^  (E.  Jones,  first  officer,)  Noav  York  to  San  Francisco;  16  days  out. 

"Oct.  22,  1853.  Lat.  29°  57' N.;  long.  32°  05' W.  Sympiesometer,  29.95;  temperature 
of  water.  76°.     Winds:  SW.,  calm,  SW.     Yery  light  airs  and  calms ;  swell  from  N.NW. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  29°  09' N.;  long.  31°  38' W.  Sympiesometer  29.90;  temperature  of  water, 
75°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.     Yery  light  air;  heavy  swell  from  N. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  27°  37'  N.;  long.  31°  48'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
73°;  water,  74°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle,- light  air;  latter,  very  light; 
bafiling  and  squally  weather. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  24°  32'  N.;  long.  32°  08'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air, 
73°;  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  First  part  moderate;  middle  and  latter, 
fresh  trades;  heavy  swell  from  N.  by  E. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  20°  15'  N.;  long.  31°  50' W.  Sympiesometer,  29.80.  Winds:  SE.  by  E., 
SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.     Fresh  trades;  middle  part,  squally,  with  rain. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  16°  12' N.;  long.  31°  55'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air, 
77°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  fresh,  squally,  and  showers; 
middle  and  latter,  steady;  very  light  northerly  swell. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  12°  01'  N. ;  long.  32°  07'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air, 
79°;  water,  79;  Winds:  E.  byS.,  E.by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Fresh  steady  trades  and  cloudy.  During 
the  last  three  days  the  sympiesometer  has  fallen  in  the  same  manner  as  it  has  done  before  with 
me,  in  the  same  latitude,  or  about  15°  each  side  of  the  equator. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  10°  17'  N.;  long.  32°  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.60.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SB. 
Commences,  fresh  trades;  at  6  p.  m.,  nearly  calm.     Latter,  squally,  rainy,  and  calm. 

'Oct.  30.  Lat.  8°39'N.;  long.  30°  00' W.  Sympiesometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air, 
74°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.E.,  S.E.,  S.E.  First  part,  light  and  squally;  middle  and  latter, 
very  fresh  gales,  rain,  and  squally. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  7°  42'  N. ;  long.  30°  55'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  W.SW.  First  and  latter,  very  light  air,  drizzling  rain 
throughout. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  6°  55'  N. ;  long.  30°  34'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.52;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.     Light  variable  gales.     Latter  part,  squally. 

Nov.  2.  No  observation.  Sympiesometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  SE., 
SE.,  calm.     Yery  light  airs  and  calms  ;  rain  squalls. 

Nov.  3.  Lat  4°  07'  N. ;  long.  31°  37'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Light,  moderate  gales,  and  squally. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  3°  52'  N.;  long.  30°  03'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.55.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S. 
by  E.,  S.  by  E.     Moderate  gales  and  very  squally  and  rainy. 


TO   THE    "fair  way"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE OCTOBER.  319 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  2°  01'  N. ;  long.  30°  52'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  80°  5 
water,  80°.     Winds  :  S.  by  E.,  SE.,  SE.     Moderate  and  steady  gales. 

Nov.  G.  Lat.  0°  23'  S. ;  long.  31°  21'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Moderate  gales  ;  at  7  a.  m.,  squally  and  showers. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  3°  25'  S.;  long.  32°  03'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.60.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE. 
Moderate  and  steady.     At  11  a.  m.,  made  Fernando  de  Noronha,  bearing  S.SW. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  7°  08'  S. ;  long.  33°  17'  W.  Sympiesometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Strong  trades  and  fine  weather." 

The  Samuel  Russell  "split  the  difference."  She  commenced  on  the  old  route  and  glided 
off  into  the  new. 

Barque  Maury ^  (C.  A.  Fletcher,  captain,)  New  York  to  Shanghae;  six  days  out. 

"Nov.  1,  1855.  Lat.  29°  54'  N. ;  long.  49°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.80;  temperature  of  air, 
75°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  light  breezes  from  the  eastward; 
cross  swell  from  south  and  northwest.     Middle  part,  wind,  E.NE.     Latter  part,  fine. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  26°  43'  N.;  long.  47°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Brisk  breezes  and  light  showers  of  rain. 
Looks  like  trades;  hope  so. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  25°  17'  N.;  long.  47°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  W.,  E.  First  part,  light  easterly  winds  ;  from  7  p.  m.  to  4 
a.  m.,  variable,  with  heavy  rain;  thunder  and  lightning;  past  4  a.  m.,  wind  east,  variable. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  22°  57'  N. ;  long.  46°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable.  Baffling  winds  throughout;  cross  swell; 
thunder  and  lightning. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  21°  59'  N. ;  long.  46°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable.  Brisk  breezes  until  4  p.  m.;  rain  throughout 
the  rest  of  the  day;  squally  northeasters;  no  trades. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  21°  43'  N.;  long.  43°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.E.,  S.,  S.  by  E.  Current,  N.,  ^  knot.  First  part,  brisk  breeze;  middle 
part,  the  same.     Tacked  to  the  eastward.     Lightning  in  the  northward. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  20°  28'  N. ;  long.  43°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  NW.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  E.  by  S.  Light  airs  from  S.SE; 
middle  part,  the  same;  latter  part,  moderate;  hard  NE.  trades  blowing  from  S.SE! 

Nov.  8.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.92.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  82°.  Winds: 
E.SE.,  variable,  variable.     Thunder  and  lightning  throughout;  rain  and  variable  winds. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  17°  10' N.;  long.  42°  23' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.,  E.,  variable.     Throughout,  variable  weather.     Hard  rain  squalls. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  15°  00'  N. ;  long.  42°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  W.,  1  knot.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  variable.  First  part,  light 
variable  breeze;  swell  from  SE.  At  8  p.  m.  a  meteor  passes  from  S.  to  NE.,  about  25°  above  the 
horizon,  showering  stars  as  it  went.     Middle  and  latter  parts,  as  the  first.     Strong  tide  rips. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  12°38'N.;  long,  (not  observed.)  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air, 
I  83°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  First  part,  easterly  winds  and  cloudy  weather;  middle 
I  and  latter  part,  SE.  wind,  with  heavy  rain. 


320  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Nov.  12.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  82^^;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     All  these  24  hours,  SE.  wind,  and  heavy  rain. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  11°  14'  N.;  long.  39°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.87j  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  First  part,  swell  from  the  eastward,  and  moderate 
breeze  from  the  SE. ;  middle  part,  wind  east;  strong  tide  rips  ;  fine  winds,  E.  by  N. 

Nov.  14.  No  observation.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  brisk  breeze;  middle,  the  same;  latter  part, 
the  same. 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  7°  18'  N.;  long.  37°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.82;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  84°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  First  part,  brisk  breeze;  4  p.  m.,  heavy 
squalls  from  E.  by  N. ,  and  heavy  rain.  Ship  in  sight,  standing  to  the  southward.  Alter  his 
bearings  3  points  in  2  hours  in  favor  of  "Maury."  Latter  part,  light  breeze  from  E.  by  S. 
No  tide  rips. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  5°  24'  N.;  long.  36°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  84°;  current,  N.  by  E.,  1  knot.  Winds  :  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  Throughout,  light 
breeze  from  E.  by  S. ;  current,  24  miles,  from  N.  by  E.     [Query :  Is  not  the  current  S.  by  W.  ?] 

Nov.  17.  Lat.  4°  14'  N.;  long.  35°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  83°;  current,  N.  by  E.,  1^  knots.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  by  N.  First  part,  mode- 
rate breeze;  short  swell  from  SE. ;  heavy  (cum.)  clouds  hanging  to  the  south,  with  sharp  light- 
ning; middle  and  latter  parts,  fair, 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  2°  28'  N.;  long.  36°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°.  Winds:  E.,  S.E.  and  NE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light  easterly  winds  and  fair 
weather;  middle,  heavy  squalls  from  the  eastward;  rain,  thunder  and  lightning;  latter,  fine 
wind. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  00°  12'  S.;  long.  36°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°;  current,  W.  byN.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.  byS.  First  part,  fine  SE.  trades; 
middle  part,  same;  latter,  fair  wind  well  to  the  eastward.  Cross  the  equator  long.  36°  20'  W., 
new  route,  and  good  average  for  October. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  3°  00'  S.;  long.  36°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.83  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°;  current,  W.SW.,  1|  knots.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Throughout,  brisk 
breeze  from  the  eastward  favoring  us,  having  crossed  so  far  to  the  westward.  This  of  course 
is  what  is  called  "Back-strapped."     Never  having  been  back-strapped,  I  think  myself  all  right. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  4°  47'  S.;  long.  36°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  82;  current,  N.,  |  knot.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.;  fine  breeze  from  E.  by 
S.;  middle  and  latter  parts,  same.  At  8  a.  am.  tacked  to  N.  E.  off  St.  Roque,  flat,  20  fathoms 
water,  coral  and  shells.     At  10  tacked  on  shore.     Ends,  fine. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  4°  56'  S.;  long.  35°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.82;  temperature  of  air,  84°: 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  At  1  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  at  3.30  tacked  on  shore;  at  6 
tacked  off  shore.  Midnight,  tacked  on  shore;  at  2  a.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  on 
shore;  and  at  11.30  tacked  off.  7  fathoms,  sand  and  shells.  Meridian,  fine.  Point  Toiro, 
SW.,  5  miles  distant. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  5°  42'  S.;  long.  34°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  E.,   E.,   E.     Magnetic  variation  observed,  11°  05' W.     First  and  middle 


TO  THE    "FAIR  WAY"    OFF    ST.   EOQUE OCTOBER.  321 

parts,  brisk  breeze.     At  3.30  tacked  on  shore;  at  7.30  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore.     10  fathoms, 
coral  and  shells.      At  1   a.  m.  tacked  to  S.  by  E.     Latter  part,    moderate  breeze.     Straps 

removed.^  * 

Ship  Cornet^  (Joseph  Arquit,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  6  days  out. 

"Nov.  2,  1855.  (Civil time.)  Lat.  29°  21'  N.;  long.  49°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.28;  tem- 
perature of  air,  72°;  water,  73°.  Clouds:  cir.  W.SW.;  cum,  NW.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  First 
and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter  part,  brisk  winds  and  pleasant;  long  heavy  rolling  swell 
from  E  to  E.SE.  This  wind  acts  very  much  like  the  trades;  if  it  is,  it  is  something  new  in  my 
experience. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  26°  33'  N.;  long.  47°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.,  east.  Brisk  winds  and  passing  rain  squalls.  Heavy 
swell  from  east.     Ship  braced  moderately  sharp,  and  close  by  the  wind.     Many  flying  fish. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  24°  12'  N.;  long.  45°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,.  77°.  Clouds:  nimb.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Continued  squalls  of  wind  and  rain  through- 
out. In  some  of  the  squalls,  ship  going  10  knots  with  top-gallant  sails  in;  and  between  some 
of  them  only  2  or  3  knots  with  royals.  During  some  of  the  squalls  the  wind  would  go  as  far 
south  as  S.SE.  and  SE.  for  a  short  time.  During  the  night,  frequent  sharp  flashes  of  lightning 
near  the  horizon,  at  SW.     No  observations. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  22°  04'  N.;  long.  45°  47' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air  76°; 
water,  78°.  Clouds:  nimb.  and  cum.,  NW.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.SE.  and  SE.  First  and  middle 
parts,  much  rain  from  heavy,  sluggish  looking,  lead-colored  clouds.  Sharp  lightning  in  the 
eastern  horizon,  at  intervals  of  10,  15,  and  20  minutes;  no  thunder.  Latter  part,  clouds  more 
broken;  wind  going  gradually  to  southward.  At  noon,  tacked  to  east.  At  noon,  in  company 
with  barque  Maury,  which  sailed  from  New  York  one  day  before  us. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  22°  01'  N.;  long.  44°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  78°.  Clouds:  nimb.  and  cum.  Winds:  baffling,  E.NE  to  SE.,  E.SE.  to  E.NE.,  SE. 
Rain,  rain.  The  most  contemptible  weather  I  have  ever  known.  Through  the  night  much 
sharp  lightning  from  all  points  of  the  compass.  At  9  a.  m.  cleared  off  with  bright  sunshine. 
Tacked  at  various  times  as  the  wind  required. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  22°  08'  N.;  long.  43°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  79°.  Clouds:  cum.  and  stra.  Winds:  SE.,'^SE.,  SE.  Light  winds,  and  clear  throughout. 
I  consider  myself  in  a  very  bad  position  for  a  favorable  passage  to  the  equator;  especially  with 
the  wind  SE.,  as  it  has  been  the  last  24  hours. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  20°  17'  N.;  long.  43°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water  79°,  Clouds:  cum.,  NW.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Light  winds,  and  clear. 
Hard  NE.   trades  this. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  18°  11'  N.;  long.  43°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds:  cum.  stra.,  and  stratus;  very  little  motion.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE. 
Light  winds  throughout.  First  and  middle  parts,  clear;  latter  part,  very  light  passing  rain 
squalls. 

Nov.  10.     Lat.  16°  43'  N.;  long.  43°  20'  W.     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.     Clouds:  cir.,  no  motion;  cum.,  NW.     Winds:  baffling,  SE.  to  E.  by  N.,  E.to  SE., 
VOL.    II 41 


322  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

E.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  hard  baffling  wind  and  rain  squalls,  with  sharp  lightning  and 
loud  thunder  at  all  points  of  the  compass;  dead  calm  between  the  squalls.  Latter,  light 
winds,  and  clear  bright  weather.  Very  smooth  sea.  I  am  going  south,  when  I  can  do  it  with- 
out making  too  much  westing,  and  trust  to  chances  for  making  easting. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  14°  20'  N. ;  long.  42°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  bj  S.,  E.,  E.  Light  winds  and  hazy  smoky  weather.  I  think  there 
can  be  but  little  wind  to  the  eastward  of  us,  or  it  would  not  be  so  smooth. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  11°  52'  N.;  long.  42°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds,  nimb.  and  cum.  Current,  W.NW.,  15  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE., 
E.SE.  Light  winds  and  thick  rainy  weather;  much  sharp  lightning.  Latter  part,  strong 
rippling  on  the  water,  with  long  smooth  streaks  running  NE.  and  SW. ;  the  water  quite  green, 
and  looking  very  much  like  soundings.  During  the  24  hours  a  current  of  15  miles,  W.NW. 
The  sea  very  smooth. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  10°  25'  N.;  long.  41°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds:  cir.  stra.,  E. ;  cum.,  W.  Current,  NW.,  15  miles.  Winds:  baffling, 
E.NE.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  thick,  rainy  weather  ;  during  first  part  tacked  several 
times,  as  required.  Latter  part,  clear  and  pleasant;  during  the  night  strong  ripplings  on  the 
water,  which  we  could  hear  for  a  mile  from  us. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  8°  46'  N. ;  long.  40°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  81°.  Clouds:  cir.  stra.  E.,  cum.  W.  Winds:  E.,  E.  to  NE.,  E.NE.  to  E.  Light 
winds  and  light  passing  rain  squalls.     Strong  tide  rips,  but  do  not  detect  any  current. 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  7°  34'  N.;  long.  40°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.  Clouds:  stra.  and  cum.,  NW.  Winds:  calm,  E.,  SE.  First  part,  dead  calm. 
Middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  from  E.  to  SE. ;  many  tide  rips,  which  we  had  a  good 
opportunity  of  observing  when  becalmed.  They  came  up  in  ridges  as  long  as  the  eye  could 
reach  from  all  points  of  the  compass,  but  mostly  from  E.  I  examined  the  ridges  very  closely, 
but  could  not  see  any  fine  drift  matter  of  any  kind,  as  you  can  on  the  edges  of  currents  in 
many  parts  of  the  ocean.  We  have  had  no  currents,  unless  they  have  been  from  different 
directions,  and  one  counteracting  the  other. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  6°  07'  N.;  long.  40°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  82°.  Clouds:  stra.  and  cir.,  cum.  W.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.  Current,  W.,  15  miles. 
Light  winds  and  pleasant.  There  has  been  no  time  since  noon  to  midnight  but  that  there  has 
been  tide  rips  either  in  sight  or  hearing,  mostly  tending  NE.  and  SW.  in  long  narrow  ridges. 
From  8  p.  m.  to  9  p.  m.  the  ocean  appeared  like  a  boiling  cauldron,  which  we  sailed  through 
for  three  miles.  The  bubbling  made  a  loud  noise,  which  we  heard  for  a  long  time  after  we 
had  sailed  through  it.  The  ship  had  a  very  singular  motion,  like  striking  her  keel  on  a  soft 
muddy  bottom  in  a  short  rough  sea-way — the  same  as  I  have  felt  in  the  harbor  of  Montevideo. 
The  motion  was  noticed  by  all  on  board.  We  have  had  a  current  of  15  miles,  going  W.  I 
have  often  noticed  tide  rips  in  this  part  of  the  ocean  before,  particularly  when  bound  home, 
(for  I  have  never  been  where  I  am  now,  bound  out,  before,)  and  have  mentioned  them  in  my 
abstract  log,  but  they  were  different  from  what  we  had  last  night.  The  ship  would  come-to 
and  fall-off  three  points  without  any  regard  to  the  rudder. 

Nov.  17.  Lat.  3°  57'  N.;  long.  38°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  82°.     Clouds:  cum.,  W.NW.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.     Light  winds  and 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST,    EOQUE — OCTOBER.  323 

light  passing  rain  squalls;  no  tide  rips.     From  good  observations  I  think  we  have  had  a  current 
of  20  or  30  miles,  going  E.NE. 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  1°  08'  N.;  long.  39°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  82°.  Clouds:  cir.  stra.  and  cum.,  W.NW.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  Current,  20  miles, 
W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  winds  and  smooth  sea.  Latter  part,  brisk  and  pleasant, 
with  rough  sea  from  SE.  A  current  of  20  miles  to  W.NW.  40°  W.  is  a  hard  place  to  cross 
the  equator;  but  there  is  no  back  out  now — I  must  trust  to  chances  and  the  good  sailing  quali- 
ties of  my  ship  to  get  me  out  of  the  scrape. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  2°  09' S. ;  long.  39°  29' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Clouds:  cum.,  NW.  Current,  15  miles,  W.NW.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  | 
S.  Light  winds  and  hazy;  no  tide  rips;  crossed  equator  in  39°  30' W.  From  good  observations 
I  judge  we  have  had  15  miles  current  to  W.NW.  If  we  have  any  luck  to  get  round  St.  Roque, 
I  think  we  will  beat  ships  that  are  to  eastward  of  us;  it  has  been  so  smooth  that  I  think  there  has 
been  very  little  Avind  east  of  us.     Lieut.  Maury  will  be  able  to  tell. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  2°  30' S. ;  long.  38°  55' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds:  cum.,  W.NW.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  by  S.  No  current.  First  part,  brisk. 
Middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  and  pleasant;  at  5.30  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  wind  headed 
us  off,  a  short  time  after  we  tacked,  to  N.NE.;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  in  shore  and  head  up  SE.  by 
S.  a  short  time,  but  soon  headed  off  to  S.  by  E.  We  have  had  no  current;  and  from  our  bad 
luck  in  tacking  I  think  Ave  have  done  A\^ell.  When  Ave  tacked  first  the  land  Avas  in  sight, 
some  ten  miles  off. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  2°  57'  S.;  long.  38°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds:  cum.,  W.NW.  Current,  10  miles,  W.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE. 
Light  Avinds  and  pleasant.  At  4  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  on  shore.  There 
has  been  a  small  Avesterly  current.  The  Avind  is  ver}^  true  and  steady;  no  slants;  all  our  gain 
is  by  hard  Avork.     If  aa^c  had  a  strong  trade  Ave  could  soon  beat  around  the  Cape. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  4°  07'  S.;  long.  37°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Clouds:  cum.,  W.  No  current.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.,  E.  Light  Avinds,  clear, 
and  pleasant.  At  6  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  the  land  in  sight,  distant  5  miles.  At  midnight 
tacked  in  shore.  At  11  a.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  the  land  W.SW.,  5  miles.  Very  hazy  over  the 
land.     All  Ave  want  is  a  good  strong  trade,  and  we  could  soon  get  out  of  trouble. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  4°  24'  S.;  long.  36°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
Avater,  80°.  Clouds:  cum.,  W.NW.  Current,  26  miles,  W.  by  N.  Winds:  E,  by  S.  |  S.,  E., 
E.  by  S.  First  part,  light;  middle  and  latter  parts,  brisk  Avinds  and  pleasant.  At  8  p.  m. 
tacked  on,  at  midnight  tacked  off,  shore;  at  4  a.  m.  tacked  on.  I  expected  to  make  more  these 
24  hours  than  Ave  have  made  before,  but  have  been  disappointed,  having  had  more  current 
than  any  day  previous.     More  Avind;  more  current. 

Nov.  24.  Lat.  4°  17'  S. ;  long.  36°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
Avater,  78°.  Clouds:  cum.,  W.NW.  Current,  15  miles,  W.NW.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.SE. 
Brisk  Avinds  and  pleasant.  At  2  p.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  land  in  sight,  quite  plain  from  deck. 
Tacked  at  various  times  after,  to  get  every  advantage  of  the  slightest  shifts  of  the  Avind.  At  7 
a.  m.  standing  in  shore,  and  land  in  sight  from  top-sail  yards;  saAv  very  heavy  breakers  from 
deck,  bearing  S.SE.,  3  miles.     Tacked  off  shore;  saAv  the  breakers  very  plain  after  avo  tacked. 


324  THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 

Nov.  25.  Lat.  4°  35'  S.;  long.  35°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Clouds:  stra.  and  cum.,  W.NW.  Current,  16  miles,  W.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  i  S., 
E.SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  brisk;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  and  pleasant.  Tacked  at 
various  times,  as  required.  At  8  a.  m.  tacked  off  shore;  the  land  S.,  15  miles.  In  all  our  in- 
shore tacks  since  on  the  coast  we  have  found  colored  or  white  water  before  seeing  the  land, 
which  is  a  good  guide,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  breakers  we  saw  yesterday. 

Nov.  26.  Lat.  5°  22'  S.;  long.  35°  01' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Clouds:  stra.  cum.,  NW.  Current,  16  miles,  W.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE. 
Light  winds  and  pleasant.  At  2  p.  m.  tacked  off;  at  midnight  tacked  on;  at  noon  the  land  in 
sight  from  foreyard.  Well  I  we  are  clear  of  St.  Koque,  and  right  glad  am  I  of  it.  In  looking 
over  our  route,  I  do  not  see  where  I  could  have  shortened  our  passage,  except  by  keeping 
further  north  the  first  four  days  out  from  New  York.  Lieut.  Maury  can  tell  where  I  have 
made  mistakes." 

Note. — Captain  Arquit,  on  concluding  his  passage  at  San  Francisco,  says:  "March  14, 
1856.  The  Comet  has  made  the  best  passage  to  this  port  of  any  ship  that  sailed  from  New 
York  during  the  months  of  October  or  November,  and  passed  Cape  St.  Roque  in  shorter  time 
than  any  ship  that  crossed  the  equator  to  the  eastward  of  her.  The  ship  "  Charmer,"  that 
sailed  before  the  "Comet,"  tacked  near  the  equator,  and  crossed  it  five  times,  and  had  a  long 
passage  to  St.  Roque — another  striking  proof  of  the  loss  by  "dallying  in  the  doldrums,"  and 
of  the  advantages  of  standing  on  for  slants  and  chances. 

Ship  Ringleader,  (Richard  Matthews,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  eleven  days  out. 

"Nov.  8,  1855.  Lat.  28°  18' N.,  long.  41°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air, 
75°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  ditto,  E.SE.  All  day  brisk  breeze  from  E.  to  E.SE.,  and 
clear;  trade  appearances;  all  sail;  smooth  sea  and  good  weather. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  25°  23'  N.;  long.  40°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  ditto,  ditto.  Comes  in  strong.  Middle,  light  airs  and  smooth 
sea.     Latter,  brisk  breeze  and  puffy;  steering  full  and  by;  some  weed.     All  day  good  weather. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  22°  40'  N.;  long.  40°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  ditto,  E.SE.  First  and  middle,  brisk  breeze  and  puffy  from 
SE.  to  E. ;  passing  clouds,  and  light  showers.     Full  and  by  are  the  orders  of  the  day.  ^ 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  19°  38'  N. ;  long.  39°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  ditto,  ditto.  Comes  in  light  and  variable.  Middle,  brisk  and 
puffy;  some  light  showers  of  rain.     Latter,  fresh  and  squally;  high  wind  now. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  16°  52'  N.;  long.  38°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  ditto.  All  day  strong  breeze  and  squally;  light  showers;  steer- 
ing full  and  by;  all  sail  set.  '^| 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  14°  00'  N.;  long.  36°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.  Current,  W.NW.,  20  miles.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  ditto.  All  day  strong  breeze  and 
puffy,  and  head  sea;  all  sail;  no  weed,  no  fish,  nor  birds;  steering  full  and  by. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  11°  05'  N.;  long.  34°  35' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Current,  NW.,  20  miles.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  E.  by  S.  All  day  strong  breeze  and 
passing  clouds,  and  head  sea;  light  showers.  Plenty  of  flying  fish;  no  birds  nor  weed.  Heavy 
tide  rips;  steering  full  and  by. 


TO    THE   "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE — OCTOBER.  325 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  8°  35' N. ;  long.  32"^  50' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  NW.,  24  miles.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  ditto.  Commences,  fresh  breeze  and 
good  weather;  at  6  p.  m.  black  clouds  rising  in  SE.,  and  squally  looking  weather.  Middle, 
squally,  and  bad  chop  of  sea;  heavy  tide-rips  all  day.  Latter,  light  breeze  and  squally;  steer- 
ing full  and  by. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  6°  10'  N.;  long.  31°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E,  by  N.,  E.,  ditto.  Comes  in  fresh  and  fine,  except  now  and  then  light 
squalls.  Middle,  fresh  and  dark;  dark  clouds  in  the  south,  drawing  in  the  doldrums;  at  2,  squalls 
from  SE.,  and  dark  clouds  in  SW.,  and  heavy  thunder  and  lightning.  Latter,  strong  breeze 
from  the  E.,  and  rain  and  lightning  steady. 

Nov.  17.  Lat.  4°  05'  N.;  long.  31°  00'  W,  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Current,  SE.,  15  miles.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  Commences,  fresh 
breeze  from  E.,  and  black  squally  weather;  steady  lightning  from  SE.  to  SW.,  and  heavy  rain. 
Middle,  steady  breeze  from  the  E.;  at  2  p.  m.  heavy  squalls  from  S.;  all  light  sails  in,  and  heavy 
head  sea,  and  torrents  of  rain.  Latter,  light  breeze,  and  clouds  thin,  but  overcast;  SE.  cur- 
rent ;  steering  full  and  by. 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  2°  42'  N.;  long.  31°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  to  E.SE.,  E.SE.  Trade  clouds.  Comes  in  light  breeze  and 
puffy;  light  showers  of  rain,  and  bobbing  sea.  Middle,  light  airs  and  clear  overhead;  low 
down,  all  around  clouds,  heavy,  but  little  movement.  Middle  and  latter,  squalls  from  E.  to 
S.SE.,  and  hard  rain  and  lightning. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  — °  34'  S.;  long.  32°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.E.,  ditto,  ditto.  Clouds,  light  trade.  Commences,  hard  squalls  from 
E.  to  SE.,  and  much  lightning  all  around  the  compass,  and  rain;  intervening  calms;  at  8  a.  m. 
breezed  up  steady  breeze  from  SE.,  and  clearing  off.  Middle,  brisk  SE.  trades,  and  fine 
weather;  trade  clouds.     Latter,  the  same;  smooth  sea  and  fine  weather. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  4°  00'  S.;  long.  33°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  ditto.  Comes  in  brisk  trades  and  fine  weather;  all  sail; 
at  8  a.  m.  (19th,  sea  time)  crossed  the  equator,  long.  32°  20'  W.;  only  23  days  and  1  hour  from 
Boston,  and  fair  wind  only  two  days;  it  is  hard  to  beat;  experienced  no  current  this  day.  Mid- 
dle and  latter,  brisk  trades  and  beautiful  weather,  and  smooth  sea;  passing  clouds  from  S.E. 
So  ends.  Made  220  miles  full  and  by.  If  the  wind  continues  we  shall  barely  shave  by  the 
coast  of  Brazil. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  7°  40'  S.;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  E.SE.  Trade  clouds.  Commences  with  brisk  breeze  from 
SE.,  and  fine  trade  weather,  and  smooth  sea;  at  11  a.  m.  passed  near  where  the  Roccas  shoal 
is  laid  down  on  my  chart,  but  saw  nothing  of  it;  steering  full  and  by.  Middle,  strong  trades; 
at  8  p.  m.  abreast  of  St.  Roque,  25  days  6  hours  from  Boston;  no  current  this  day.  Latter, 
the  same,  and  smooth  sea. 

Nov.  22.     Lat.  10°  48'  S.;  long.  35°  15'  W.     Barometer,   29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 

I       water,  81°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  ditto,  ditto.     First  and  middle,  brisk  trades  and  fine  weather;  at 

2  p.  m.  abreast  of  Pernambuco,  just  26  days  from  Boston.     Land  30  miles  ofi",  but  being  hazy 

I  cannot  see  anything.     Wind  canting  to  the  eastward;  braced  in  and  set  studding-sails.     This 


326  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

is  the  first  time  we  have  started  our  braces  since  the  6th  November,  then  being  in  lat.  37°  N., 
which  is  very  remarkable,  making  2,700  miles  dilF.  lat.,  and  coming  through  the  doldrums  too. 
We  had  squalls  which  varied  from  S.SE.  to  E.,  but  kept  on  port  tack  all  the  time.  During  this 
16  days  tack  I  have  been  sharp  braced,  but  was  enabled  to  fetch  just  where  I  should  have  gone 
had  I  the  wind  aft — say  in  lat.  5°  N.,  long.  31°  W.,  and  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  32|  W. 
1  think  my  route  is  far  enough  east  for  any  ship  crossing  to  the  southward.  I  think  this  a  model 
track.  The  two  last  voyages  I  crossed  in  longs.  34°  30'  and  36°  35'  W.,  and  fell  to  leeward  both 
times,  but  had  no  difficulty  in  getting  past,  as  I  never  found  anything  of  the  bugbear  of  N.W. 
currents,  but,  if  any,  a  SE.  set,  slight." 

Ship  Saneho  Panza,  (J.  B.  Hildreth,  captain,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  nineteen  days  out. 

"Nov.  1,  1855.  Lat.  29°  24'  N. ;  long.  43°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds  :  E.NE., 
E.,  E.SE. ;  moderate  breezes  and  heavy  rain  squalls.  Middle  and  latter  part,  steady  heavy 
rain.  Royals  and  all  light  sails  set.  Winds  baffling  from  NE.  to  SE.  during  the  squalls.  Large 
quantities  of  sea-weed.     Lightning  in  NE.  between  8  and  9  p.  m. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  27°  08'  N. ;  long.  43°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  E.NE. 
Begins  steady,  constant  rain.  Middle,  same,  with  moderate  winds;  ends  cloudy  and  moderate, 
with  light  rain  squalls.     Large  quantities  of  weed. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  25°  56'  N.;  long.  42°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  NE.  toSE.,  calm, 
E.SE.  First,  winds  varying  from  NE.  to  SE. ;  end,  moderate  breezes  and  flying  clouds;  very 
little  weed.  The  ship  has  sailed  one-third  more  distance  than  necessary,  from  the  winds 
veering  ahead. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  24°  17'  N.;  long.  41°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Begins  moderate  breezes, 
but  unsteady;  middle,  squalls  from  E.  to  SE.,  and  calm,  with  abundance  of  rain;  ends,  fresh 
breezes  and  constant  showers  and  squalls  of  rain;  no  regular  trades;  ends  with  rain,  rain,  rain. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  22°  24'  N.;  long.  41°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  E. 
Begins,  thick  rain  and  constant  squalls;  middle,  constant  squalls  from  S.SE.,  Avith  much,  thunder 
and  lightning  in  the  SW.;  ends,  strong  breezes  and  constant  heavy  squalls  of  rain.  Yery  bad 
turbulent  sea;  more  like  Gulf-stream  weather  than  trades. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  21°  26'  N.;  long.  41°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.87.  Winds:  E.SE.,  S.SE.,  E.SE. 
Begins,  strong  breezes,  and  clearing  off;  much  heat  lightning;  at  10,  tacked  to  E.  by  N.; 
middle,  moderate  light  breezes;  ends  same,  with  fine  weather;  find  myself  300  miles  west  of 
where  I  ought  to  be. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  20°  47'  N.;  long.  41°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.88.  Winds:  S.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.SE. 
Begins,  light  airs,  calms;  middle,  light  airs;  ends,  light  breezes  and  fine  weather;  evidently  a 
SW.  set  current. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  18°  44'  N.;  long.  41°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  E.SE. 
Begins, "light  breezes,  and  fine  weather;  middle,  same;  ends,  moderate,  light  breezes,  and  fly- 
ing clouds;  the  first  and  only  day  that  we  have  had  anything  like  trade-wind  weather. 

Note. — Have  made  no  account  of  current  owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  compasses. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  16°  46'  N.;  long.  41°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.89.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.  This 
24  hours  something  like  trade-wind  weather,  but  winds  are  far,  very  far  south;  good  breezes 
and  pleasant  weather;  all  sail  set,  and  braced  sharp  by  the  wind  ever  since  we  crossed  30°  N.; 
think  no  dull  ship  should  cross  30°  N.,W.  of  40°  W.  long.,  unless  it  be  in  March  or  April. 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE OCTOBER.  327 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  14°  40'  N.;  long.  41°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S., 
E.  Fine  steady  trade-wind  weather,  but  wind  far  south;  ship  400  miles  too  far  west;  may  the 
devil  take  the  luck;  abundance  of  flying  fish. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  12°  27'  N.;  long.  40°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  E.SE. 
Begins,  fresh  breezes  and  squally  from  S.SE.;  middle  same;  ends,  fresh  breezes  and  squalls 
from  SE.;  one  squall  from  S.  at  3  p.  m.;  very  pleasant;  ship  crowded  to  westward  continually; 
all  night  sea  white  from  effects  of  atmosphere  on  the  slime  and  spawn  of  the  ocean. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  11°  27'  N.;  long.  40°  52'  W.*  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E., 
variable,  with  calms.  Begins,  fresh  breezes  and  squalls  from  S.SE.;  middle,  fresh  breezes  and 
constant  rain,  with  squalls  of  wind  and  much  heat  lightning.  First  and  second  parts,  squalls 
from  S.SE.  and  E.;  latter  part,  squalls  of  wind  from  S.  by  E.,  and  constant  rain;  abundance  of 
flying  fish,  porpoises,  black  fish,  and  a  few  albacore;  sea  surface  very  bright  with  phosphores. 
cent  light:  cause,  atmosphere  on  the  spawn  and  animalculas  with  friction  of  the  water. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  9°  45'  N.;  long.  39°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.SE.,  NE.,  NE. 
Begins,  dark  and  gloomy  weather  and  light  rains;  middle,  cleared  off,  good  weather;  sea 
sparkling  very  bright  during  the  night;  ends,  fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather;  numerous  tide 
rips.  The  surface  of  the  sea  by  daylight  discolored  like  dirty  rain  water;  whether  caused  by 
the  heavy  rain  or  animalculae  at  the  surface  cannot  say. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  9°  13'  N. ;  long.  39°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.77.  Winds:  variable,  NE.  to  S., 
SW.  and  calms;  throughout  this  day  variable  light  airs,  calms,  and  rain  squalls;  strong  tide 
rips;  constant  rain.     Never  shall  cross  the  limits  of  NE.  trades  so  far  west  again. 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  8°  00'  N.;  long.  39°  13'  W.  Winds:  NE.,  calms  and  squalls,  E.  Begins, 
heavy  rain  from  NE;  middle,  rain  squalls  from  NE.,  SE.,  and  SW.,  with  sharp  lightning  all 
around;  thunder  in  southwest  at  times;  ends,  constant  squalls  of  pouring  rain,  with  some 
wind;  numbers  of  flying  fish  and  bonita  about.  During  the  night  fire-balls  at  mast  head; 
torrents  of  rain. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  6°  38'  N. ;  long.  38°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S., 
E.  by  S.  Current,  31  miles,  S.  by  E.  ^  E.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  passing  showers; 
middle  part,  light  breezes  and  fine  weather;  ends,  light,  with  very  fine  weather.  Strong  S. 
by  E.  I  E,  current  this  day.     Tide  rips  at  times  throughout  the  day.     Ship  sails  very  dull. 

Nov.  17.  Lat.  4°  41'  N.,  long.  38°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Current,  24  miles,  E.NE. 
5  E.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  E.  Begins,  fine,  with  light  rain  squalls;  middle,  heavy  rain  squalls, 
ends,  light  rains  and  calms,  with  showers  of  rain,  and  a  bobble  of  a  sea  from  all  quarters. 
The  Devil  take  Sancho  Fanza,  the  ship  is  as  had  as  her  namesake  was  I 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  3°  32'  N. ;  long.  37°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.73.  Winds  :  E.,  E.  by  S.,  E. 
First  part,  light  airs  and  troubled  sea;  middle,  light  airs  and  squalls  of  rain;  ends,  light 
airs  and  cloudy.  Noon,  tacked  to  N.NE. ;  37  days  out  and  not  across  the  equator.  A  remark- 
ably long  swell  from  NE. ;  similar  to  SE.  swell  of  South  Pacific  trades. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  3°  53'  N. ;  long.  37°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Current,  88  miles,  N.NE. 
5  E.,  (for  the  last  two  days.)  Winds:  Calm,  E.,  E.  First  part,  calm,  cloudy,  muggy,  disa- 
greeable weather,  with  high  sea  from  NE. ;  middle,  moderate  light  breezes;  ends,  brisk- 
breezes  and  passing  clouds.  Have  had  88  miles,  N.NE.  ^  E.,  current  the  last  two  days,  which 
probably  causes  the  high  swell.  Lightning  in  the  northeast  during  the  night.  Flying  fish  and 
bonita  about. 


328  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  4°  00'  N.;  long.  35°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.73.  Winds:  E.NE.  to  E.SE. 
Brisk  breezes  from  E.NE.  to  E.SE.,  with  flyii^g  clouds  and  a  few  squalls,  though  very  light. 
Weather  good,  with  passing  clouds.     Considerable  of  a  high  sea  for  the  tropics. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  4°  45  N.;  long.  34°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E., 
SE.  Begins,  moderate  breezes  and  light  rain  squalls;  middle,  same;  ends,  fresh  breezes  and 
hard  rain  squalls,  with  dark  heavy  weather.     Standing  to  NE.  to  get  my  easting  made  up. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  4°  20'  N.;  long.  34°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.77.  Current,  54  miles,  N.NE. 
1^  E.,  in  the  last  three  days.  Winds:  SB.,  NE.,  NE.  Begins,  dark  gloomy  weather  and  fine 
rain;  middle,  moderate  and  squally;  ends,  the  same,  but  passable  weather.  Have  not  had 
as  much  easterly  set  as  I  expected,  the  last  three  days,  by  40  miles.  Hope  to  get  clear  of  this 
weather  soon. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  3°  01'  N.;  long.  34°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.77.  Current,  15  miles,  west. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Begins,  fresh  breezes  and  squally;  middle,  fresh  breezes 
and  bright  moonlight;  ends,  strong  trades^  and  bright  clear  weather.  Roycds  set;  ship  throwing 
water  all  over  the  decJcs.      With  a  crowd  of  sail,  ship  goes  six  knots  by  the  ivind. 

Nov.  24.  Lat.  0°  50'  N.;  long.  34°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Current,  13  miles,  west. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  byE.,  SE.  by  E.  Fresh  breezes  and  good  weather.  Wind  steady  and 
no  squalls.  We  have  had  two  days  pleasant  weather;  what  a  wonder!  Shall  fall  to  leeward 
of  St.  Roque.  42  days  at  sea,  and  expect  to  cross  the  equator  in  eight  hours  more.  Average 
distance  per  day,  since  leaving  Boston,  105^  miles. 

Nov.  25.  Lat.  1°  14'  S.;  long.  35°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.83.  Current,  10  miles,  west. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE^  by  E.  Crossed  the  equator  last  evening  at  8  o'clock;  42 
days  and  9  hours  from  Boston — the  longest  passage  I  ever  had  to  the  line.  This  24  hours, 
steady  trade-winds  and  fine  clear  weather.  Sea  from  SE.  increasing;  is  larger  than  it  ought  to 
be  for  the  amount  of  wind  we  have  had.     Flying  fish  numerous. 

Nov.  26.  Lat.  3°  11'  S. ;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Current,  12  miles,  west. 
Winds:  SE.  byE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  This  day,  fine  pleasant  weather  throughout.  Severa 
boobies  about  during  the  night.     Winds  moderate  and  steady. 

Nov.  27.  Lat.  4°  40' S. ;  long.  35°  43' W.  Barometer,  29.82.  Current,  18  miles,  west. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  Tacked  several  times  to  NE.  Fine  pleasant  weather  and  brisk 
trades.  Saw  several  catamarans  this  morning.  At  noon,  tacked  in  30  fathoms  water.  Shoal 
water  in  sight,  south  of  us.     Stood  NE.  -|  E. 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  3°  30'  S. ;  long.  34°  07'  W.  Current,  32  miles,  NW.  by  W.  i  W.  Wind: 
SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.  Strong  trades  and  fine  weather,  and  a  devil  of  a  current — 
about  30  miles,  this  day.     Ship  not  logged  correctly;  am  not  positive. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  3°  24'  S.;  long.  33°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Current,  39  miles,  NW. 
I  W.  Wind:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  Fine  weather,  with  brisk  trades.  At  4  a.  m.,  tacked  to  S.  by 
W.  2  W. ;  royals  and  sky  sails  set;  ship  very  wet.     Several  boobies  and  guano  birds  about. 

Any  man  that  allows  himself  to  cross  the  equator  west  of  32°  is  a  d d  fool.     Perhaps,  if 

Lieutenant  Maury  would  allow  those  ships  that  fall  to  leeward  to  be  averaged,  his  route  would 
not  be  quite  so  short. 

Nov.  30.  Lat.  4°  58'  S. ;  long.  34°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Current,  13  miles,  W.NW. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  light   breezes   and   very  fine  weather. 


TO    THE    "FAIR    WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE OCTOBER.  329 

Number  of  boobies  and  guano  birds  about.     Have  not  had  much  current  to-day.     Hope  to  pass 
St.  Roque  some  day. 

Dec.  1.  Lat.  1°  00'  S.;  long.  33°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  S.SE.,  NE.,  NE. 
Moderate  light  airs  from  S.SW.  At  4,  tacked  to  northeast;  at  6,  tacked  to  south.  Middle, 
fresh  breezes  from  northeast;  what  a  wonder!  Hauled  up  SE.  to  fetch  off  the  land.  At  8  a.m. 
set  topmast  and  top-gallant  studding  sails.  A  fair  wind  such  a  rarity  crew  have  forgotten  how 
to  reeve  gear.  Steered  S.SE.  Fine  weather  throughout.  Noon,  steered  south.  Ship  goes  8^ 
knots;  all  staggering  fidl;  smooth  sea  and  ivind  quartering. "  See  abstracts  of  Barque  3Iaury  and 
Ships  Ringleader  and  Cornet^  in  connection  with  the  foregoing  passage— a  striking  difference,  truly  ! 

Captain  Hildreth,  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  attributes  his  long  passage  to  the  Charts;  and  it 
is  but  fair  that  an  examination  should  be  had  of  the  question  raised  by  him.  His  remark  on 
Nov.  29  implies  a  grave  charge,  and  he  would  fain  induce  others  to  believe  in  its  truth  if  we 
put  the  remark  in  the  log  in  connection  with  the  anonymous  paragraph*  which  appeared  in  the 
public  prints  of  the  day  after  his  return  to  the  United  States  from  this  voyage. 

It  so  happens  that  I  have  the  abstract  logs  of  three  other  vessels  that  were  making  the 
same  passage  at  the  same  time  that  Hildreth  was.  I  have  quoted  their  abstracts,  (pp.  319- 
326,)  and  I  now  tabulate  their  position,  side  by  side  with  that  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  that 
navigators  may  judge  for  themselves  whether  that  ship  was  properly  handled,  and  ascertain 
whether  Capt.  Hildreth  or  Lieut.  Maury  be  most  to  blame  for  her  long  passage. 

e  "THE  NEW  SAILING  CHARTS. 

"  New  York,  June  11,  1857. 
"  To  the  Edilor  of  the  Herald  : 

"  Noticing  in  your  issue  of  yesterday  that  a  ship  is  reported  ashore  about  20  miles  north  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  Brazil,  and 
which  is  in  all  probability  an  outward  bound  vessel  from  one  of  the  Atlantic  ports,  it  occurred  to  me  that  while  Mr,  Maury 
calls  public  attention  to  the  few  examples  of  speedy  passages  resulting  from  crossing  the  equator  far  to  the  westward,  he 
would  be  conferring  a  benefit  upon  those  interested  in  the  subject  by  giving  publicity  to  the  cases  of  delay  and  jeopardy  oc- 
casioned by  pursuing  that  route,  thereby  enabling  them  lo  discriminate  between  the  long  experience  of  practical  navigators 
and  the  anticipations  of  unsustained  theory.. — [New  York  Herald,  June  21,  1857.]  Roccas." 


VOL.  II — —42 


330 


THE   WIND   AJSB   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Maury,  Capt.  Fletcher. 

Comet,  Capt.  Arquit.      . 

Sancho  Panza, 

Capt.  Hildreth. 

Ringleader,  Capt.  Matthews. 

Date. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

November  1 

29°    54' N. 
26     43 

49°    58' W. 

47     45 

29°    24' N. 

27       8 

43°    26' W. 
43       9 

37     12  N, 
37     16 

54       0 

2 

• 

29°    21' N. 

49°    45' W. 

50     45 

3 

25     17 

47     10 

26      33 

47     14 

25     5J 

42     56 

36     37 

47     30 

4 

22     57 

46      13 

24      12 

45     52 

24     17 

41     58 

36      16 

45     20 

5 

21     59 

46       7 

22       4 

45       8 

22     24 

41     52 

35     48 

45     16 

6 

21     43 

43     19 

22       1 

44     25 

21     26 

41     24 

33     40 

44     25 

7 

20     28 

43     36 

22       8 

43     50 

20     47 

41     33 

30     45 

43       0 

8 

No  observation. 

No  observation. 

20     17 

43     42 

18     44 

41     43 

28     18 

41     30 

9 

17     10* 

42     23 

18     11 

43     45 

16     46 

41      33 

25     23 

40     40 

10 

15       0 

42     12 

16     43 

43     20 

14     40 

41     26 

22     40 

40     40 

11 

12     38 

No  observation. 

14     20 

42     57 

12     27 

40     54 

19     38 

39     40 

12 

No  observation. 

No  observation. 

11     52 

42     45 

11     27 

40     52 

16     52 

38     15 

13 

11     14 

39     32 

10     25 

41     51 

9     45 

39     51 

14       0 

36       0 

14 

No  observation. 

No  observation. 

8     46 

40     33 

9     13 

39     43 

11       5 

34     35 

15 

7     18 

37     34 

7     34 

40     28 

8       0 

39     13 

8     35 

32     50 

16 

5     24 

36     31 

6       7 

40       5 

6     38 

38     18 

6      10 

31       0 

17 

4    14 

35     32 

3    57 

38     35 

4    41 

38     19 

4       5 

31        0 

18 

2     28 

36       3 

1       8 

3»     18 

3     32 

37     34 

2     42 

31     35 

19 

0     12  S. 

36     20 

2       9  S. 

39     29 

3     53 

37      15 

0     34  S. 

32     25 

20 

3       0 

36     31 

2     30 

38     53 

4       0 

35     53 

4       0 

33     25 

21 

4     47 

33       8 

2     57 

38     10 

4     45 

34     44 

7     40 

34     15 

22 
23 

4  56 

5  42 

35     15 
34     40 

4     07 
*4     24 

37     58 
36     57 

4     20 
3       1 

34     13      . 
34     41       1 

Clear   of   St.  i 
Roque i 

25i  days. 

24 

4      17 

36       0 

0     50 

34     41 

25 
26 

All  clear  of  St.  i 
Roque ) 

29  days. 

4  35 

5  22 

All    clear    ofi 
St.  Roque..  J 

35     17 
35       1 

28  days. 

1     14  S. 

Got   clear  of"! 
St.    Roque,  !- 
Dec.  1 J 

35       2 

49  days. 

*  "In  company  vvitli  the  barque  Maury,  which  sailed  from  New  York  one  day  before  us." 

With'^ucli  an  exhibit  as  this,  it  is  no  matter  of  surprise  that  Capt.  Hildreth  should  wish 
to  put  the  blame  on  any  shoulders  but  the  proper  pair. 

On  the  1st  of  November  his  ship  and  the  Maury  were  about  the  same  latitude;  but  he  was 
400  miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  Maury,  and,  consequently,  in  a  much  more  favorable  position. 
The  next  day  the  Comet  came  along  in  the  track  of  the  Maury. 

These  three  ships  sailed  in  a  line  abreast  for  17  days,  and  until  they  reached  the  parallel 
of  4°  N.  In  the  meantime  the  Ringleader  crossed  30°  N.  in  Hildreth's  wake  but  a  week 
behind  him;  but  she  came  up  "hand  over  fist,"  and  on  the  I7th  found  herself  also  in  line 
with  the  rest  near  the  parallel  of  4°  N.  ♦ 

Have  the  ships  now,  as  they  cross  this  parallel,  preserved  the  relative  position  in  which 
they  crossed  30°  N.  ?  Let  us  examine  :  the  Ringleader  has  gained  a  week,  the  Comet  a  day 
on  Hildreth,  whose  ship  has  sagged  terribly  to  leeward. 

Between  30°  and  4°  N.,  the  Sancho  Panza  made 5°     7'  of  easting  ; 

the  Comet  made 11     10 

the  Ringleader  made 12     00 

the  Maury  made 14     26  "  ^ 

Why  did  not  Hildreth  make  12°  or  14°  of  easting  as  well  as  his  consorts?  He  had  the 
same  winds.  But  instead,  Fletcher  had  passed  to  windward  of  him  in  the  Maury,  and  was  now 
near  3°  to  the  eastward  of  him  ;  Arquit,  of  the  Comet,  had  gained  a  day  on  Fletcher,  and  two 
weeks  on  Hildreth  ;  he  was  near  enough  to  have  seen  the  unfortunate  Sancho  Panza  in  4°  N.; 


TO  THE  "fair  way"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE OCTOBER.  331 

while  Matthews,  of  the  Ringleader,  who  had  crossed  30°  N.  in  Hildreth'  s  wake,  was  now  full 
440  miles  away  to  the  eastward  of  him,  making  fine  time  and  a  splendid  run. 

So  far  we  have  had  only  slipshod  navigation  in  the  Sancho  Panza;  but  now  we  have  some- 
thing worse.  She  professed  to  have  taken  the  Sailing  Directions  for  her  guide;  and  but  for  these 
three  witnesses,  we  might  have  inferred  that  she  had  been  sailed  properly.  But  now  her  course 
is  such  as  to  show,  even  if  there  were  no  other  evidence,  that  the  Sailing  Directions  are  not 
responsible  for  this  long  passage,  for  he  did  not  go  hy  them. 

If  there  be  any  one  point  which  I  have  labored  to  impress  upon  navigators  concerning  the 
"new  route  to  Rio,"  it  is  the  importance  of  standing  on,  and  not  attempting  to  beat  when  you 
find  yourself  in  a  tight  place  about  the  line.  By  standing  on  when  you  are  well  to  the  west- 
ward, the  wind  may  haul  so  as  to  take  you  clear  of  St.  Roque,  as  it  frequently  does,  or  it  may 
give  you  the  benefit  of  a  slant,  as  it  always  does,  by  which  you  may  beat  in  4,  6,  8,  oi*  10,  in- 
stead of  12  or  14  point  tacks.  And,  at  any  rate,  if  the  worst  comes  to  the  worst,  and  you  have 
to  go  into  a  dead  beat,  you  might  as  well  undertake  it  near  St.  Roque  as  in  mid-ocean,  for  I 
refer  each  navigator,  not  to  tradition,  but  to  his  own  experience,  and  to  the  hundreds  of  ab- 
stracts that  have  been  quoted  in  this  and  previous  editions  of  this  work,  to  sustain  me  in  the 
assurance  that  there  is  no  current  between  the  line  and  St.  Roque  which  any  seaman  who  knows 
what  to  do  with  his  ship,  and  who  has  a  ship  worthy  of  him,  need  fear.  Still,  notwithstanding 
all  this  array  of  facts,  notwithstanding  we  challenge  any  navigator  to  give  us  any  authority  or 
evidence  in  favor  of  dangerous  currents  about  St.  Roque  beyond  the  alarm  raised  by  hydrogra- 
phers — Horsburgh  and  others — because  some  English  transports  were  wrecked  there  in  the 
last  century;  I  say,  notwithstanding  that  shipmasters  cannot  adduce  any  proof  in  favor  of  these 
terrible  currents,  the  belief  in  them  is  so  common  and  deep  seated  in  the  minds  of  mariners, 
that  many,  as  the  abstracts  I  have  quoted  will  show,  are  in  fear  and  trembling  of  these  currents 
of  fabulous  power  when  they  find  themselves  on  the  equator  as  far  west  as  30°  or  31°.  The 
fear  which  seamen  have  been  taught  to  entertain  of  St.  Roque  and  its  currents  reminds  one  of 
the  dread  Avith  which  the  ancient  mariners  regarded  the  Sirens;  and  all  that  is  wanted  to  break 
this  modern  spell  is  the  daring  of  Ulysses. 

An  English  transport  of  the  last  century  could  not  sail  over  5  knots,  with  a  favorable  wind, 
at  best ;  and  what  could  she  do  in  turning  to  windward  anywhere  in  a  sea-way,  whether  there 
was  any  current  or  not.  Of  course  if  such  a  vessel  fell  to  feeward  of  St.  Roque,  she  was  back- 
strapped  with  a  vengeance.  She  never  could  get  round.  But  this  is  not  the  case  with  modern 
ships.  Between  the  line  and  St.  Roque  a  current  of  1  or  2  knots  to  the  Nd.  and  Wd.  is  some- 
times met  with.     But  what  is  such  a  current  to  a  long-legged  ship  of  the  present  day  ? 

Of  the  correctness  of  these  remarks,  and  of  the  propriety  of  standing  on  for  "luck  and 
slants,"  a  beautiful  illustration  is  afibrded  by  the  ships  whose  passages  we  are  considering. 
On  the  17th,  being  near  4°  N.,  the  Comet  and  the  Sancho  Panza  were  almost  in  sight  of  each 
other;  they  were  both  well  to  leeward,  and  likely,  if  they  kept  on,  to  cross  the  equator  near 
40°  W.  The  wind  was  at  east.  Under  these  circumstances  Hildreth  determined  to  abandon 
the  Sailing  Directions,  and  to  do  the  very  thing  he  was  cautioned  and  advised  and  warned  not 
to  do.  He  determined  to  have  a  beat  of  it,  though  he  was  in  4°  N.,  and  it  was  more  than  pro- 
bable that  before  he  got  to  the  line  the  wind  would  haul  to  SE.  or  S.SE.  and  give  him  a  slant; 
still  he  must  have  a  dead  beat  then  and  there.     Why  beat  in  4°  N.,  instead  of  3°  S.  ?     The 


332  THE   WIND   AND    CUEKENT   CHARTS. 

other  vessels  wisely  stuck  to  their  guide — the  experience  of  thousands  faithfully  transcribed 
and  spread  before  them — and  they  all  did  well. 

Arquit,  in  the  Comet,  stood  boldly  on,  and,  though  he  crossed  the  equator  in  39°  20'  W., 
he  cleared  St.  Roque  nearly  a  week  before  Hildreth  did  with  his  lumbering   "old  squirm." 

Fletcher,  in  the  Maury,  took  the  chances  and  stood  boldly  on  likewise.  He  tossed  his  cap 
in  the  breeze  off  St.  Eoque  as  he  passed  it  all  clear  six  days  before  Hildreth  saw  it. 

Matthews,  in  the  Ringleader,  also  stood  on,  Ulysses  like,  and  went  by  "like  a  shot"  ten 
days  ahead  of  the  Sancho  Panza.     They  beat  her  this  much  from  4°  N. 

But  Captain  Hildreth  failed  to  catch  the  spirit  of  Ulysses  which  bore  his  consorts  so 
triumphantly  by;  instead  of  following  their  example  he  turned  aside,  in  4°  N.,  from  the  Sailing 
Directions  and  "dallied  in  the  doldrums"  for  six  days  on  this  side  of  the  line.  In  doing  so, 
he  went  directly  against  all  of  my  doctrines  and  precepts,  and,  though  the  name  of  his  ship  is 
in  the  November  catalogue  for  the  new  route,  I  have  rejected  her  passage  and  crossings  for 
these  reasons. 

There  are  good  working  breezes,  and  sometimes  sharp  and  sudden  squalls,  off  St.  Roque, 
but  I  have  yet  to  hear  of  the  first  vessel  that  ever  encountered  a  gale  of  wind  there.  There 
are  no  hidden  dangers  about  it.  Fernando  Noronha  is  above  water,  bluff  and  bold;  the  Roccas 
shoal  has  been  accurately  surveyed,  and  is  well  placed  on  the  charts;  and  with  proper 
attention  to  the  three  L's  in  navigation,  there  is  no  more  danger  of  any  seaman  getting  his 
ship  ashore  in  attempting  to  beat  her  by  St.  Roque  than  there  is  in  entering  the  harbor  of  Rio. 

As  to  passing  inside  or  outside  of  Fernando  Noronha,  there  is  no  choice  further  than  a 
mere  question  as  to  longitude — go  on  the  side  that  is  nearest,  is  the  rule. 

The  passages  of  these  four  ships  are  very  instructive,  being  made  at  the  same  time  from 
different  crossings  of  30°  N. ;  and  also  since  they  bear  directly  with  their  evidence  upon  the 
value  of  the  Sailing  Directions. 

Experience  had  proved  that  the  best  crossing  place  of  30°  N.  in  November  is  near  the 
Ringleader's  track,  and  the  passages  of  these  ships  bear  out  the  Sailing  Directions  in  every 
respect.  Vessels  are  recommended  in  coming  out  of  the  Chesapeake  and  ports  north  to  make 
as  much  easting,  when  the  winds  are  fresh  and  fair,  as  they  will  allow,  going  to  55°,  or  even  to 
50°,  before  crossing  the  parallel  of  37°-8°.  Matthews  did  this — Arquit  and  Fletcher  dashed 
on — and  the  Avinds  were  very  tempting.  And  I  agree  perfectly  with  Arquit  in  his  remark, 
when,  after  passing  St.  Roque,  he  reviewed  his  course  to  see  wherein,  if  at  all,  he  had  erred: 
"In  looking  over  our  route,"  says  he,  "I  do  not  see  where  I  could  have  shortened  our  pas- 
sage except  by  keeping  further  north  the  first  four  days  out."  Nor  do  I.  Had  he  kept  further 
north  for  these  first  four  days,  he  will  see  by  Matthews'  log,  who  did  keep  further  north,  what 
was  the  probable  loss  by  this  mistake. 

However,  had  I  been  in  the  Comet  or  the  Maury — good  sailers  both — I  should  at  least 
have  felt  the  force  of  the  temptation,  if  I  did  not  yield  to  it  as  Arquit  and  Fletcher  did.  They 
were  six  days  to  their  crossing  place,  against  Matthews  11  and  Hildreth  19.  And  though  the 
time  from  the  former  crossing  to  the  "fair  way"  off  St.  Roque  be  longer,  yet  the  difference 
ought  not,  ordinarily,  to  be  so  great  as  the  difference  between  6  and  11  days. 

If  the  time  from  30°  N.  to  the  equator,  or  the  "fair  way"  off  St.  Roque,  were  the  only 
parts  of  the  passage  to  be  considered,  we  should  not  hesitate  to  recommend,  anywhere  between 


:1 


TO   THE    'FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE — OCTOBER.  333 

the  meridians  of  35°  and  30°  as  the  best  crossing  of  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  at  this  season.  But 
we  must  consider  the  time  from  port  to  30°  N.,  as  well  as  the  time  from  30°  N.  to  the  '*fair 
way"  off  St  Roque,  and  when  we  come  so  to  adjust  the  two  together  so  as  to  give  the  shortest 
time  from  port  to  St.  Roque,  we  have  to  bring  the  crossing  of  30°  well  to  the  west.  See  p.  144. 
It  is  remarkable  that  navigators  should  have  been  so  deeply  impressed  with  the  magnitude 
of  imaginary  dangers  of  St.  Roque.  Notwithstanding  the  abundance,  and  force,  and  weight  of 
the  evidence  going  to  show  how  exaggerated  the  notions  of  these  dangers  have  been,  there  is 
scarcely  a  sailor  who  crosses  the  line  as  far  as  31°  or  32°  west  for  the  first  time,  but  quakes  in 
his  shoes  in  fear  of  St.  Roque.     Such  remarks  as  the  following  are  common  : 

Barque  Almatia,  (Captain  A.  B.  Richardson.) 

"Nov.  26,  1857.  Lat.  1°  15'  S. ;  long.  32°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  air,  82°;  water, 
79°.  Current,  W.NW.,  ^- knot.  Winds:  SE.,  throughout;  moderate  breezes,  and  fine  weather. 
I  think  that  I  have  done  well  in  crossing  the  line  in  less  than  24  days,  with  a  very  deep  ship; 
thanks  to  Lieutenant  Maury.  I  am  a/raid  that  I  shall  fall  to  leeicard  of  St.  Boque  ;  but  I  will 
stand  on  and  trust  to  Maury. 

Nov.  27.  Lat.  0°  55'  S. ;  long.  31°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.8;  air,  81|°;  water,  80°. 
Current,  W.NW.,  1  knot.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  strong  breezes. 
At  4  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward  ;  at  11  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  SW.  Ends  with  good  strong 
breezes  and  flying  clouds. 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  3°  11'  S. ;  long.  32°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  air,  82°;  water,  80°.  Cur- 
rent, NW.  by  W.,  \  knot.  Winds:  SE.  Throughout  all  of  this  day  moderate  breezes  and 
fine  weather.  I  notice,  for  the  last  four  days,  that  the  barometer  raises  in  the  forepart  of  the 
day  and  falls  in  the  afternoon. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  5°  51'  S. ;  long.  33°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  air,  80°;  water,  80°. 
Current,  NW.,  ^  knot.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  E.SE.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  fine 
weather.  At  1  p.  m.  made  Ferdinand  Noronha,  bearing  S.  by  E.,  25  miles  distant.  At  6  p.  m. 
it  bore  east,  12  miles  distant.     Middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes  and  fine. 

Nov.  30.  Lat.  8°  38'  S.;  long.  33°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  air,  81°;  water,  81°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  Throughout,  fine  weather  and  moderate  breezes.  I  find  that  this  hughear, 
Cape  St.  Roque,  is  more  in  talk  than  reality;  for  if  I  had  crossed  a  degree  further  to  the  west- 
ward, I  should  have  found  no  trouble  in  getting  past  with  the  slant  I  had  on  the  ofi'-shore  tack. 
I  think  more  of  Maury's  directions  than  ever." 

Ship  Brewster^  (Captain  Wm.  Clark,)  26  days  out  from' New  York. 

"Dec.  17,  1855.  Lat.  1°  08'  S.  ;  long.  31°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of 
air,  83°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  S.SE.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes.  Crossed  the  equator 
in  long.  30°  45'  W.,  26  days  4  hours  from  Sandy  Hook,  New  York,  which  is  the  best  passage  I 
ever  made  to  the  equator.  I  fear  falling  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Roque;  but  I  shall  follow 
Lieut.  Maury's  Sailing  Directions,  and  trust  to  luck. 

Dec.  18.  Lat.  3°  52'  S. ;  long.  32°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  At  10  a.  m.  made  Ferdinand  Noronha,  and  passed  6  miles 
east  of  it.  Now  my  fears  begin  to  subside  about  falling  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque.  Brisk  trade 
winds  and  hot  weather;  28  days  out. 

Dec.  19.     Lat.    6°  53'  S. ;  long.  33°  16'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  85°  ; 


334  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  This  day,  until  midnight,  prosperous  breezes;  ship  going  8  knots 
by  the  wind.  Latter,  more  moderate.  Distance  per  log,  192  miles.  Saw  two  vessels,  one 
steering  NE.,  and  one  SW.     Ends  fine  weather.      29  days  out." 

Ship  Emilia^  (Benjamin  Wingate,  captain,)  thirty-seven  days  out  from  St.  John's. 

"Dec.  20,  1856.  Lat.  0°42'S.;  long.  30°  19' W.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  S.E.  I  cannot  say  I  have  experienced  any  current  the  last  twenty-four 
hours,  and  trust  I  may  not,  for  my  ship  is  very  tender,  so  much  so  that  I  have  not  had  royals, 
studding  sails,  or  a  mizen  top-gallant  sail  set  since  leaving  St.  John's,  still  I  find  I  am  only 
two  days  over  the  average  to  the  equator." 

Vessels  from  Newfoundland  ought  not  to  have  such  long  passages.  The  route  for  them  is 
about  the  same  all  the  year  round.  Putting. to  sea  they  should  make  the  best  of  their  way  to 
the  calm  belt  of  Cancer,  aiming  to  cross  it  on  a  meridian  anywhere  between  30°  and  38°  W. ; 
and  from  that,  taking  the  Sailing  Directions  for  the  month  as  their  guide,  let  them  make  the 
best  of  their  way  for  the  appropriate  equatorial  crossing.  The  passage  from  St.  John's  ought 
to  be  shorter  by  at  least  two  days  than  the  passage  from  New  York. 

Traders  into  the  other  hemisphere  from  the  British  American  provinces  will  find  it  best  to 
take  a  route  from  30°  N.  to  the  line  intermediate  between  that  from  the  United  States  and  that 
from  Europe  to  the  equator;  and  in  the  Directions,  under  those  two  heads,  they  will  find  full 
instructions  how  to  shape  their  course  from  30°  N.  to  the  line. 

From  abstract  log  of  Ship  Chamberlain,  (Isaac  Jennings, )  from  Philadelphia  to  Calcutta. 

"Dec.  30,  1854.  Lat.  G°  34'  S. ;  long.  34°  45' W.  Fine  Aveather  and  fresh  breezes  through- 
out; heading  along  from  S.  to  S.  by  E.  with  the  land,  about  twenty  miles  distant.  At  6  p.  m. 
tacked  to  the  southward;  the  breeze  freshened  and  hauled  more  to  the  eastward,  and,  to  use 
Maury's  own  term,  'I  went  by  the  cape  like  a  shot.'  I  am  now  thirty-four  days  out,  and  past 
St.  Roque,  which,  considering  that  I  have  had  no  NE.  trades — I  am  on  the  wind  all  the  time, 
from  two  to  three  degrees  to  leeward  of  the  prescribed  route,  and  crossing  the  equator  in 
34°  15',  and  after  all  weathering  the  land  by  making  a  short  tack  to  the  eastward  of  only  seven 
hours,  I  repeat  that,  taking  all  this  into  consideration,  with  a  light  ship  of  950  tons  register, 
drawing  but  twelve  feet  six  inches,  is  doing #vell.  And  now  that  I  am  "  out  of  the  woods," 
and  breathing  more  freely  than  I  have  done  for  some  days  past,  I  should  not  in  justice  fail  to 
acknowledge  the  great  benefit  that  I  have  received  from  Maury's  "  Sailing  Directions"  and 
general  remarks  upon  the  routes  across  the  equator  ;  not  because  I  pursued  the  route  prescribed, 
but,  being  by  adverse  winds  forced  far  to  leeward,  I  was  encouraged  by  his  own  opinion,  sup- 
ported by  the  abstracts  of  other  vessels,  to  stand  along,  feeling  assured  that,  under  the  circum- 
stances, it  was  the  6e6'^  course,  and  confidently  expecting  that  "something  would  turnup." 
That  this  opinion  has  been  sometimes  shaken  I  must  admit.  After  crossing  the  line  west  of 
34°  I  began  to  make  up  my  mind  for  a  "  time  of  it;"  weathering  the  cape,  (a  week  at  least,) 
and  amid  the  variety  of  opinions  I  was  much  at  a  loss  what  to  do,  to  stand  down  to  the  land  or 
to  beat  to  windward  between  the  line  and  two  degrees  south.  I  at  length  resolved  to  stick  to 
Maury,  and  if  I  failed  in  judgment  to  "pin  it  upon  his  sleeve."  It  will  be  perceived  that  by 
following  his  advice  I  have  been  rewarded  by  the  happiest  results,  and  consequently  it  would 
be  ungrateful  to  withhold  from  him  the  credit  due. 

The  wind  favored  me  as  I  drew  south,  and,  with  one  short  tack,  I  had  no  difficulty  in 
clearing  the  land. 

On  my  last  voyage  in  the  "  Arcole,"  September,  1852,  I  crossed  the  line  in  31°   made  the 


THE   "FAIR   way"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE OCTOBER.  335 

land  off  Pernambuco,  and  was  obliged  to  tack.  I  then  wished  that  I  was  two  or  three  degrees 
to  the  eastward,  and  undoubtedly  I  should  think  the  same  now  were  it  not  for  the  reply  received 
from  Lieutenant  Maury  with  regard  to  my  previous  voyage,  in  w^iich  he  very  kindly  returns 
me  the  abstract  of  another  ship,  (at  that  time  two  or  three  degrees  to  windward,)  con- 
vincing me  that,  unfavorable  as  it  might  appear,  my  situation  was  decidedly  the  best.  By  a 
combination  of  the  same  abstract  around  the  Horn,  and  up  to  the  line  on  the  other  side,  I 
received  much  valuable  information;  and  was  corrected  in  other  erroneous  ideas  with  regard  to 
the  passage  from  the  Horn  to  San  Francisco,  and  for  which  I  have  failed  to  acknowledge  the 
indebtedness  I  owe. 

I  have  no  doubt  there  have  been  many  vessels  in  the  same' situation  as  myself  during  the 
late  passage;  and  it  would  be  very  gratifying  to  know  how  they  have  been  rewarded,  especially 
those  that  have  tacked  to  make  easting  north  of  the  line,  or  those  that  have  taken  the  old  route 
or  that  have  beat  to  the  eastward  of  the  new. 

Please  notice  the  fluctuations  of  the  barometer  which  I  have,  it  rises  and  falls  twice  during 
the  twenty-four  hours,  highest  about  10  o'clock  a.  m.  and  p.  m.,  and  lowest  about  4  o'clock 
a.  m.  and  p.  m.  I  have  always  noticed  this  fluctuation  within  the  tropics,  near  the  equator, 
and  believe  that  I  have  remarked  it  in  previous  abstracts,  though  I  have  not  been  so  particular 
to  record  its  hourly  variation." 

This  barometric  tide  is  noticeable  everywhere  within  the  tropics.  It  is  so  regular  that  one 
may  tell  by  the  turn  of  this  tide  the  time  of  day  within  a  few  minutes.  Captain  Jennings' 
remarks  as  to  the  time  of  high  and  low  barometer  are  perfectly  correct. 

Ship  Bald  Eagle,  (W.  H.  Treadwell,  captain,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  twelve  days  out. 

"Nov.  10.  Lat.  30°  17'  N. ;  long.  41°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
water,  J2°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  ditto,  ditto.  Moderate  and  pleasant;  smooth  sea;  rain  squalls 
at'intervals. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  27°  25'  N. ;  long.  39°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  75°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.NE.  Gentle  breeze;  smooth;  pleasant.  At  sundown  rain 
squalls;  heavy  clouds  passing  over  in  the  night. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  25°  15'  N. ;  long.  38°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  73; 
water,  76,     Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  N.  by  W.,  NW.    Pleasant  weather;  faint  airs;  swell  from  NE. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  23°  58'  N. ;  long.  37°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.     Pleasant;  wind  baffling.     Rolling  swell  from  NE. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  22°  03'  N, ;  long.  39°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  78; 
water,  78.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  E.SE.  Begins  moderate;  from  sunset  to  11  p.  m.  hard  rains; 
after  midnight  fresh  from  S.  by  E. ;  smooth  and  cloudy;  lightning  in  SE.  and  S.;  morning  fresh, 
SE.  by  S. ;  overcast;  sun  shining  through.     Ends  fresh,  E.SE. ;  smooth. 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  19°  09'  N. ;  long.  39°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water, |79°.  Winds :|E.SE.,j^SE.  by  E.,  ditto.  Good  breeze;  hazy  and  cloudy  on  the  horizon; 
clear  overhead;  southerly  sea. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  16°  11'  N. ;  long.  38°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78.  Winds:  E.SE.  and  E.  by.  S.,  E.,  ditto;  cloudy  and  wild  on  the  horizon  in  E.  and 
SE.;  pleasant  overhead.     Middle  part  pleasant;  ends  the  same;  sharp  on  a  wind. 

Nov.  17.     Lat.  13°  09'  N. ;  long.  36°  54'  W.     Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 


336  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

water,   80*^.     Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,   E.     Pleasant;  squalls  passing  over  towards  sunset,  with 
slight  rain.     In  night,  shooting  stars  in  the  east;  short  sea  from  east. 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  10°  00'  N. ;  long.  34°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.  First  part,  pleasant;  middle  part  same;  rain  clouds 
in  morning;  ends,  pleasant  and  light  breeze. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  8°  13'  N. ;  long.  33°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  temperature  of  air,  80° 
water,  82°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  SE.,  E.  by  S.  Begins,  moderate  breeze  E.  by  N.  after  sunset 
lightning  in  NE.  and  W.;  clouds  passing  over;  bank  of  clouds  in  NE.  and  SW.  at  2  a.  m. 
sudden  shift  of  wind  to  SW. ;  fresh,  with  rain;  after  a  short  time  hauls  to  SE,,  moderate 
cloudy  and  rainy.  In  morning  light  from  E.  by  S. ;  patches  of  heavy  clouds  hanging  round. 
Day  ends,  pleasant  east  breeze;  light  and  smooth. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  5°  39'  N. ;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.66;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  SE.  to  E.NE.,  E.  by  N.  to  S.SE.  Hard  rains;  squally;  thunder 
and  lightning;  smooth.  Ends,  pleasant,  moderate  breeze;  thunder  and  lightning  high  up 
overhead,  and  in  the  NE. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  5°  12'  N.;  long.  33°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  SE.  by  S.  Faint  baffling  airs;  pleasant.  Tacked  ship  four 
times. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  4°  38'  N.,  (doubtful)  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of 
air,  79°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.NE.,  ditto.  Begins  faint;  during  night  hard  rains;  squally 
and  calms;  ends  same 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  2°  11'  N.;  long.  33°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.  Currrent,  1  mile  W.NW.  Winds:  NE.  to  E.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  Hard  rains;  squally; 
moderate.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  steady  breeze;  broken  clouds  passing  over;  have  not  been 
able  to  get  to  windward;  shall  stand  to  eastward  to-morrow  if  the  wind  holds  at  S.SE.,  and  is 
steady.     How  could  I  have  shortened  this  passage  so  far  ? 

Nov.  24.  Lat.  2°  34'  N.;  long.  32°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  1|  miles  NW.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  Moderate  and  pleasant; 
slight  sea  from  SE. 

Nov.  25.  Lat.  0°  01'  N.;  long.  34°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  1  mile  west.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  ^  S.  Pleasant;  trade  clouds  passing 
over.     Long  passage  to  the  line,  28  days,  4,172  miles. 

Nov.  26.  Lat.  2°  46'  S.;  long.  35°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
winter,  79°.     Winds:  SE.,  ditto,  ditto,     Pleasant;  short  sea  from  SE. 

Nov.  27.  Lat.  2°  17'  S.;  long.  34°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  79°.  Current,  1  mile  NW.  Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Begins  mode- 
rate and  pleasant;  short  and  pleasant  sea  from  SE.,  standing  NE.  by  E.  until  4  a.  m.,  then  S. 
In  night  smooth.     Day  ends  pleasant;  light  breeze. 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  4°  42'  S.;  long.  34°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Current,  ^  mile  N.NW.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  E.  to  E.SE.,  SE.  Pleasant  and  smooth; 
light  breeze. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  70°  12'  S.;  long.  34°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.  to  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  to  SE.  byE.  Light  breeze;  pleasant 
and  smooth.  At  6  p.  m.  high  land  near  St.  Roque,  bore  W.  SW.  40  miles  distant.  In  little 
more  than  three  days  we  have  passed  St.  Roque  with  perfect  ease. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE NOVEMBER. 


337 


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VOL.  II- 


43 


338 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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TO    THE    "FAIR   WAY      OFF    ST.   EOQUE — NOVEMBER. 


339 


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340  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Barque  Hannibal,  (Captain  F.  W.  Kline,)  10  days  out,  from  Richmond,  Va.,  to  Rio. 

"Dec.  2,  1856.  Lat.  29°  44' N. ;  long.  43°  43' W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of 
air,  71°;  of  water,  72°.  Wind:W.NW.  Fresh  and  moderate  breezes  throughout,  and  change- 
able weather.  A  large  swell  coming  from  NW. ;  course,  SB. ;  distance,  170  miles.  Observa- 
tions not  good  enough  to  ascertain  the  set  of  the  current;  besides,  I  have  no  variation  chart, 
nor  azimuth  compass.     Passed  considerable  quantities  of  sea-weed. 

Dec.  3.  Lat.  27°  10'  N. ;  long.  41°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  76°.  Wind:  W.NW.  Fresh  and  moderate  breezes  throughout.  Middle  part,  squally; 
ends  pleasant.  Barometer  gradually  rising;  sea  smooth,  with  the  exception  of  a  N.NW.  swell; 
abundance  of  sea-weed.  Have  had  an  easterly  current  or  an  extraordinary  variation.  I  will 
get  an  amplitude  the  first  fair  sunrise  or  sunset.     Course,  SE.  |  S.;  distance,  193  miles. 

Dec.  4.  Lat.  25°  33' N.;  long.  40°  39' W.  Barometer,  20.98;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  76°.  Wind:NW.  Moderate  and  light  breezes,  and  pleasant  throughout.  Barometer, 
slowly  going  up.  Passed  through  considerable  quantities  of  sea-weed.  This  morning  had  a 
beautiful  sunrise.  I  took  out  the  brass  compass  and  got  an  amplitude.  The  old  swell  still 
rolling  heavy  from  N.NW.     Course,  S.SE.  ^  E. ;  distance,  107  miles. 

Dec.  5.  Lat.  25°  02'  N.;  long.  40°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  76°.  Wind:  SW.  Very  light  breezes  all  these  24  hours,  amounting  to  almost  a  calm. 
During  the  middle  part  passed  a  large  ship  with  painted  ports,  bound  south.  Made  more 
easting  than  I  intended.  Course,  SE.  by  S. ;  distance,  38  miles.  The  sea  smooth,  except  the 
old  N.NW.  swell,  Avhich  continues.     Plenty  of  sea-weed. 

Dec.  6.  Lat.  23°  40' N. ;  long.  39°  41' W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind:  SW.  by  W.  to  W.  Light  winds  and  calm  weather.  Ship  out  of  sight, 
astern.  Morning,  passed  or  saw  a  schooner  astern;  left  him  steering  southward.  Saw  a  fin- 
back whale.  No  grass  or  weed.  Course,  S.  by  E.  |  E. ;  distance,  87  miles.  Delightful 
pleasant  weather. 

Dec.  7.  Lat.  22°  17' N. ;  long.  38°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water:  78°.  Wind:  NW.  First  and  middle  part,  moderate  and  light  breezes,  from  W.SW. 
to  NW. ;  latter  part,  light  north  winds  and  calms.  At  midnight,  spoke  the  barque  Alfred, 
(British,)  from  Bordeaux,  bound  for  Kingston,  Jamaica;  he  wanted  our  longitude,  his  chro- 
nometer having  broken  down.  Saw  a  large  school  of  porpoises.  The  old  N.NW.  swell  still 
continues.  Clouds  of  various  forms;  have  but  little  motion.  Course,  S.S.  |;  distance,  98 
miles. 

Dec.  8.  Lat.  22°  00'  N.;  long.  38°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  calm.  First  part,  calm,  with  reddish  cumulo- stratus  clouds  coming 
from  east,  and  cirrus  from  west.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  calm  up  to  10  a.  m.,  then  a  very 
light  air  from  S.SE.  Query:  Is  it  calm  in  the  longitude  of  40°  W?  Perhaps,  I  did  wrong  by 
steering  from  d  to  d,  as  projected.  Perhaps  it  would  have  been  better  had  I  been  in  45°  and 
25°,  and  now  been  skinning  along  the  route  in  the  northern  edge  of  the  trades.  The  old 
N.NW.  swell  continues.      Course  made,  SE.,  24  miles. 

Dec.  9.  Lat.  20°  05' N. ;  long.  38°  09' W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:E.SE.  First  part,  light  SE.  winds  and  calms;  middle  part,  moderate 
trades;  latter  part,  brisk  breezes  and  fair  weather  throughout.  The  old  N.NW.  swell  fol- 
lowing us.     Course  made,  S.  |  E. ;  distance,  116  miles. 

Dec.  10.     Lat.  17°  40'  N.;  long.  37°  15'  W.     Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 


TO  THE  ''FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  KOQUE NOVEMBER.  341 

of  water,  78°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.  First  part,  brisk  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  moderate  and  brisk  breezes,  with  dry  passing  clouds  and  pleasant  weather.  S.  by  E.  |  E. ; 
distance,  154  miles. 

Dec.  11.  Lat.  14°  48' N. ;  long.  36°  01' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.  Fresh  gales  and  dry  pleasant  weather,  with  dry  passing 
clouds;  plenty  of  flying  fish.      Course  made,  S.SE.;  distance,  186  miles. 

Dec.  12.  Lat.  12°  12'  N. ;  long.  35°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  E.  ^  S.  Moderate  trades  and  fine  pleasant  weather,  with  dry  passing 
clouds.  A  large  ship  to  the  westward,  bound  south;  close-hauled.  Course  made,  S.  by  E.  |  E.; 
164  miles. 

Dec.  13.  Lat.  9°  34' N. ;  long.  33°  28' W.  Barometer,  29.82;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  E.  |  N.  Brisk  breezes  and  dry  pleasant  weather  throughout.  All 
drawing  sail  set;  close  hauled  by  the  wind  since  entering  these  trades;  keeping  a  tolerable 
good  full;  the  royal  taken  in  and  set  as  required.  Great  schools  of  flying  fish,  (a  large  full 
moon.)     Latter  part,  fresh  trades  and  hazy.      Course  made,  S.SE.  |  E. ;  distance,  185  miles. 

Dec.  14.  Lat.  7°05'N.;  long.  32°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°."  Wind:  E.  First  part,  fresh  trades  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  dry  passing 
squalls;  latter  part,  large  cum.  stratus  clouds  passing  over  from  E.  by  S.;  all  drawing  sail  set 
by  the  wind.  Passed  through  great  schools  of  flying  fish.  Course,  S.SE.  |  E.;  distance,  174 
miles. 

Dec.  15.  Lat.  4°  51'  N. ;  long.  30°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  E.  ^  S.  First  and  middle  part  brisk  trades  and  dry  squalls;  latter 
part,  moderate.  Very  large  cum.  stratus  clouds  coming  from  E.SE.  The  cum.  stratus  so  high 
as  to  penetrate  the  upper  strata  of  clouds.      Course  made,  SE.  by  S. ;  distance,  164  miles. 

Dec.  16.  Lat.  3°  11' N.;  long.  30°  29' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  76; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  E.NE.  to  NE.  First  part,  lost  the  trades;  middle  part,  got  the 
doldrums;  latter  part,  squalls  and  rain.  One  squall,  which  had  been  brewing  in  the  east  and 
northeast,  came  out  very  sudden;  was  compelled  to  lower  all  sail;  split  the  royal  (a  good  sail) 
before  I  could  get  it  furled.  This  was  one  of  the  hardest  squalls  1  ever  experienced  in  these 
latitudes;  lasted  20  minutes,  and  was  succeeded  by  another,  which  compelled  us  to  let  go  our 

Iopsail  halliards;  lasted  one  hour.  Course,  SW. ;  distance,  104  miles  per  D.  R.  No  obser- 
ration. 
•  Dec.  17.  Lat.  1°  22'  N.;  long.  31°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
I  water,  80°.  Wind:  SE.  First  part,  very  dark,  cloudy  weather,  bearing  squalls  from  E.SE. 
b  E.NE. ;  6  p.  m.,  took  in  the  light  sails  and  double  reefed  for  the  dark  night;  at  midnight  the 
1  stars  began  to  appear;  made  all  sail;  latter  part  got  the  SE.  trades,  with  fine  weather,  and  dry 
'      passing  clouds.     Course,  S.SW.  5^  W. ;  distance,  106  miles. 

Dec.  18.  Lat.  1°  27' S. ;  long.  31°  52' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  fresh  SE.  trades;  about  midnight  crossed  the 
equator  in  long.  31°  40'  W.,  with  a  strong  breeze  and  squally  weather,  and  a  rough  sea. 
Course,  S.  by  W.  |  W. ;  distance,  174  miles. 

Dec.  19.  Lat.  4°  29'  S.^  long.  32°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Fresh  trades  and  pleasant  weather.  All  sail  set,  close  hauled 
by  the  wind;  7  a.  m.,  made  the  Island  of  Fernando  Noronha,  bearing  W.SW.  per  compass; 
checked  in  the  yards,  and  set  the  topmast  studding  sail.  I  now  consider  myself  dear  of  Cape 
St.  Hoque.      Course,  S.  |  W. ;  distance,  184  miles." 


342  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  ROUTE  TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"   OFF  ST.  ROQUE. 

The  navigator  who  has  read  the  remarks  on  the  passage  to  "ports  beyond  the  equator," 
page  138,  and  to  "the  'fair  way '  oif  St.  Roque,"  page  143,  and  studied  the  monthly  route 
tables,  pages  149,  167,  &c.,  also  the  monthly  time  tables,  pages  152,  168,  &c.,  will  now  be 
prepared  to  glance  back  and  take  a  general  review  of  the  routes;  for  he  has  gained  a  better 
point  for  such  a  survey  than  he  would  have  occupied  without  a  previous  study  of  the  tables. 

The  crossings  of  many  vessels  are  given  in  the  time  tables,  not  so  much  for  any  light  they 
themselves  throw  as  to  the  passage,  but  because  they  serve,  many  of  them  at  least,  to  illustrate 
the  computed  route  of  the  tables  ,•  because  they  demonstrate,  in  a  negative  way,  the  correctness 
of  these  routes,  and  because  they  serve,  or  ought  to  serve,  to  give  navigators  confidence  in  the 
Charts  and  Sailing  Directions  based  upon  them. 

In  reviewing  these  tracks,  one  thing  will  not  fail  to  arrest  the  attention  of  the  navigator, 
and  that  is,  the  success  with  which  the  line  may  be  crossed  as  far  westward  as  34°  or  35°. 

Vessels  bound  from  Europe  to  ports  beyond  the  equator,  will  be  guided  with  fidelity  by 
the  Pilot  Charts  along  the  best  routes,  which  for  the  most  part  is  plain  sailing.  As  a  rule,  it 
will  be  out  of  their  way  to  come  west  of  30°  before  they  reach  the  doldrums.  In  them,  they 
should  beat  across  rather  than  steer  E.SE.  or  W.SW.,  for  any  length  of  time  along  them. 

They  should  also  beat  when  necessary,  and  when  not,  stand  due  south,  across  the  calm 
belt  of  the  horse  latitudes.     See  the  chapter   "from  the  Lizard  to  the  line." 

In  the  foregoing  Sailing  Directions  dull  captains  and  dull  ships  are  ignored.  In  crossing 
the  calm  belts  and  shaving  ticklish  points,  such  ships  must  crab  it  along  as  best  they  may,  for 
I  do  not  pretend  to  give  any  directions  that  are  suited  to  them,  especially  the  latter. 

Plates  II  and  III. — The  tracks  with  the  arrows  (Plates  II  and  III)  are  the  tracks  which  I 
have  recommended,  and  the  dotted  tracks  are  some  of  the  tracks  which  have  actually  been 
performed.     They  contain  also  the  lanes  for  the  steamers  between  Europe  and  America. 

Now,  suppose  we  had  the  tracks  of  a  hundred  ships,  hence  to  Rio,  all  made  in  the  month 
of  January  of  diff"erent  years  ;  that  in  every  instance,  and  with  every  change  of  wind,  each 
one  of  the  ships  making  these  tracks  had  been  managed  without  a  mistake  ;  that  they  had  in 
every  instance  steered  the  best  course  possible  ;  that  when  necessary  to  go  about,  each  one 
had  gone  about  exactly  at  the  right  moment  ;  and  that  whenever  the  wind  came  out  ahead, 
they  had  all,  without  exception,  invariably  gone  off  on  the  right  track  ;  and  that  the  tracks  of 
these  hundred  vessels,  no  two  of  them  having,  let  it  be  supposed,  sailed  in  company,  were 
projected  on  a  chart  before  us;  What  should  we  have  ?  We  should  probably  have  a  hundred 
separate  tracks,  for  it  can  scarcely  be  supposed  that  any  two  of  them  would  coincide  all  the 
way.  And  the  navigator,  with  that  chart  before  him,  would  have  displayed  before  him,  as 
clear  as  he  has  the  sun  at  mid-day  in  a  cloudless  sky,  the  best  route  to  Rio  in  the  month  of 
January. 

Suppose,  moreover,  that,  with  these  100  tracks  before  us,  we  should  wish  to  draw  a  line  or 
describe  a  route  which  should  represent  the  mean  average  track  of  the  entire  100  ships.  We 
should  then  point  to  this  line  and  say,  this  is  the  route  pursued  by  these  100  vessels,  and 
this  therefore  is  the  best  average  route  for  all  vessels  to  take  in  the  month  of  January  ;  and 
when  we  should  come  to  look  at  the  January  route  thus  recommended,  we  should  find,  probably, 
that  not  one  of  these  100  vessels  had  actually  sailed,  even  for  one  mile,  or  for  one  foot,  upon 
it ;  that  they  had  crossed  this  mean  path,  now  in  this  place,  now  in  that,  at  one  time  from  this 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  EOQUE — REVIEW  343 

side,  and  again  from  that.  Under  such  circumstances  no  right-minded  mariner  would  hesitate 
for  a  moment  about  taking  this  route.  But  he  would  not  attempt  to  describe  with  the  keel  of 
his  ship,  in  the  ocean,  this  line  that  he  had  drawn  on  the  chart;  for  that  line  was  drawn  merely 
to  designate  the  parts  of  the  ocean  through  which  she  was  to  pass. 

Now,  just  such  lines,  obtained  from  data  quite  as  conclusive,  with  regard  to  the  routes  here 
recommended,  have  been  actually  drawn  for  different  months  ;  they  are  the  mean  or  average 
tracks,  in  some  parts  of  the  way,  of  700  such  vessels  in  a  month  ;  in  other  parts,  only  for  20, 
or  whatever  be  the  number  of  observations  that  could  be  procured. 

It  is  true  that  in  the  case  of  the  Charts  I  have  not  actually  had  100  such  unerring  vessels 
to  give  me  the  mean  or  best  average  route  for  each  month,  but  I  have  had  what  perhaps  was 
better.  I  have  had  the  direction  of  the  wind  in  each  district  of  the  ocean  given  for  100  times 
and  upwards  for  each  month  in. different  years  ;  and  when  the  navigator  is  told  the  direction 
whence  the  wind  comes,  he  can  tell  as  well  what  course  he  could  have  steered  as  though  he 
had  himself  been  there  and  actually  steered  it. 

I  have,  therefore,  summed  up  all  the  winds  and  calms  for  each  month  in  every  district  on 
the  Pilot  Chart,  and  calculated  the  chances  of  head  winds  and  of  fair  winds,  for  every  point  of 
the  compass,  through  every  such  district.  With  these,  I  then  proceed  to  determine,  by 
mathematical  discussion,  the  mean  or  average  route,  which,  taking  both  calms,  head  winds, 
and  increase  of  distance  into  account,  should  give,  on  the  average,  the  shortest  passage,  in  time, 
to  the  equator. 

Of  course,  then,  when  a  vessel  comes  to  try  the  new  route  thus  computed,  and  to  project 
on  the  Chart  the  track  she  actually  makes  through  the  water  from  day  to  day,  it  is  not  to  be 
expected  that  the  track  so  performed  will,  when  laid  down,  exactly  overlay  the  one  already 
projected  on  the  Chart  as  her  guide.  There  will  be  a  general  conformity  between  the  two, 
but  nothing  like  the  actual  coinciding  of  two  lines.  Sometimes  the  vessel  will  be  on  one  side 
of  the  computed  track  and  sometimes  on  the  other. 

These  remarks  are  called  forth  by  the  fact,  that  some  navigators  appear  to  think  that  there 
is  some  sort  of  virtue  in  the  black  mark  on  the  Chart,  which  represents  any  one  of  these  routes, 
as  the  April  route,  for  instance  ;  if  driven  from  the  April  route  by  head  winds,  one  of  these 
navigators,  had  he  been  in  the  Memnon  at  a,  (Plate  II,)  would  have  stood  north  to  get  her  keel 
on  the  black  mark  for  April  ;  and  again  at  &,  he  would  have  stood  to  the  southward  and  west- 
ward to  get  upon  the  April  track  again. 

Now,  the  Memnon  at  a  or  at  &  was  in  just  as  good  a  position  as  she  would  have  been  had 
she  been  "right  upon  the  track."  Her  very  clever  master  therefore  did  right ;  he  conformed 
to  the  Sailing  Directions,  and  was  pursuing  the  route  recommended  as  closely  and  as  well  as 
though  his  track  had  fallen  all  the  way  from  h  down  to  the  equator  upon  the  line  with  the 
arrows,  which  is  projected  on  the  Charts  to  represent  the  April  route. 

The  tracks  of  the  vessels  projected  on  Plates  II  and  III  have  not  been  selected  on  account 
of  their  short  passages  ;  many  other  vessels  have  made  passages  shorter  than  these.  I  have 
taken  them  only  for  the  purpose  of  illustration  and  demonstration. 

In  the  conformity  between  the  April  route  of  the  Chart  and  the  actual  track  of  the 
Memnon  in  crossing  the  calms  of  Cancer,  the  Charts  show  a  sharp  elbow  thence  to  the  equator. 
The  Memnon,  without  intending  to  make  this  elbow,  was  forced  by  the  winds  to  make  it ; 
and  the  Sailing  Directions  indicated  that  there  probably  would  be  an  elbow  here.  The 
Memnon  (Captain  Joseph  R.  Gordon)  crossed  the  line  in  19  days  ;  he  had  no  difficulty  in 
clearing  Cape  St.  Roque,  and  made  a  fine  passage. 


344  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 

It  was  the  same  case  with  the  Surprise,  (Captain  P.  Dumaresq,)  with  the  Seaman,  (Captain 
Joseph  Mj^'ick,)  and  with  the  Dragon,  (Captain  Andrew,)  and  with  a  host  of  others  whom  I 
might  mention,  were  it  desired.  Those  that  I  have  mentioned  had  to  the  equator  22,  20,  and 
24  days  respectively.  And  it  is  remarkable  how  the  tracks  of  these  vessels,  and  many  others 
that  have  followed  these  Sailing  Directions,  have  conformed  in  their  windings  and  irregularities 
to  the  tracks  of  the  Charts. 

From  the  crossing  by  these  vessels  of  5°  N.,  to  the  place  where  they  crossed  the  line,  it 
is  very  nearly  a  direct  south  course,  and  exactly  such  as  is  represented  by  the  tracks  with  the 
arrows,  generally  for  winter  and  spring  ;  and,  as  before  remarked,  the  lines  which  represent 
the  tracks  for  these  months  do  not  represent  the  tracks  which  it  is  probable  that  one  ship  in 
100  will  actually  make,  but  they  represent  the  mean  or  average  track  which  100  ships,  sailed 
by  navigators  that  never  were  wrong,  would  make. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  Plate  III.,  which  is  an  illustration  of  the  summer  and  fall  routes  : 

This  is  the  season  of  the  year  in  which  short  passages  are  the  most  difficult  by  any  route, 
old  or  new. 

Track  x  is  the  track  of  a  ship  that  had  the  Charts  on  board.  The  captain  of  that  ship, 
judging  from  the  track  that  he  had  made,  evidently  undertook  to  do  what  now  and  then  an 
opinionated  navigator  is  found  with  hardihood  enough  to  do,  viz  :  setup  his  "own  experience" 
against  the  experience  of  the  thousand  of  navigators  who  had  gone  before  him,  all  of  which  is 
spread  out  upon  the  Charts  before  him.  Captain  Hildreth,  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  is  a  striking 
instance  in  illustration  of  this.  Her  log  is  given  at  p.  326.  Her  example  ought  to  serve 
the  faint-hearted  as  a  beacon  and  a  warning.  To  that  end  I  have  discussed  it  at  length  under 
the  route  for  October. 

The  track  of  the  brig  Acasta  is  given  on  the  Plate  as  an  illustration  of  an  attempt  often 
made  to   ' '  split  the  difference"  between  the  old  and  new  route. 

She  sailed  from  Sag  Harbor,  September  20,  1850  ;  went  as  far  as  22°  W.,  and  crossed  the 
line  in  long  26° — November  14 — 55  days.  She  got  the  doldrums  in  about  11°  N.,  and  they 
stuck  by  her  for  15  days,  and  until  she  reached  2°  N. 

The  fragment  of  the  track  to  illustrates  the  case  of  a  vessel  that  attempted  the  new  route, 
and  abandoned  it  when  she  fell  in  with  the  equatorial  doldrums  in  11°  N. — September  25.  She 
was  going  on  very  well,  but  here  she  met  the  southerly  monsoons  which  the  Charts  warned  her 
of  at  this  season  of  the  year.  The  wind  came  out  S.SW.,  and  she  Avent  on  fanning  to  the 
eastward  and  to  leeward.     From  this  place  it  took  her  16  days  to  reach  the  line. 

Such  cases  as  these  are  becoming  more  and  more  uncommon — the  errors  are  generally 
committed  by  standing  too  much  towards  the  old  track,  or  by  a  sort  of  superstitious  dread  of 
St.  Roque,  or  by  a  fickleness  of  purpose. 

Navigators  often  follow  the  new  route  bravely,  until  they  get  into  the  equatorial  calms;  here 
their  heart  seems  to  fail  them,  and  they  bolt  at  the  very  time  when  they  should  stick  more 
closely  to  their  guide.  Again,  I  refer  for  its  teachings  to  the  log  of  Sancho  Panza.  Hildreth, 
with  his  blunders,  is  very  instructive.     His  example  will  help  to  enforce  this  lesson. 

The  region  which  these  calms  usually  include  is  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge  ;  it  shifts  about, 
but  Plates  II  and  III  show  its  mean  place  at  the  four  seasons.  In  each  season,  it  is  sometimes 
above  and  sometimes  below  the  place  assigned  it  on  the  Chart.  But  I  have  drawn  it  there  to 
show  navigators  how  they  mistake,  when,  being  as  far  west  even  as  31°  or  32°   they  fall  into 


TO    THE    "fair   way"    off    ST.    ROQUE — REVIEW.  345 

these  calms,  and  think  of  making  longitude  by  fanning  along  to  the  eastward  or  an  E.NE.  or 
perhaps  a  NE.  course.  The  further  they  go  on  such  occasions  the  broader  grows  the  belt, 
and  the  greater  becomes  the  difficulty  of  getting  across  it. 

I 'have  projected  on  Plate  III,  by  a  dotted  line,  the  track  of  a  ship,  and  marked  it  y,  as 
an  illustration  of  bad  management  under  such  circumstances,  though  it  is  by  no  means  an 
extreme  case.  This  ship  had  40  days  to  the  line,  took  the  new  route,  and  followed  it  bravely 
until  she  reached  the  equatorial  calms,  in  longitude  29°.  She  was  then  far  enough  to  the 
eastward,  and  not  too  far  west ;  she  should  not  have  been  afraid  to  cross  the  line  as  far  west 
as  32°.  But  instead  of  proceeding  to  make  the  best  of  her  way  across  this  belt  where  it  was 
narrow,  and  where  two  or  three  days  at  most  would  have  sufficed  for  crossing  it,  she  proceeded 
to  flap  along  to  the  eastward  as  far  as  21°  ;  and  thus,  in  consequence  of  the  monsoons,  found 
herself  to  leeward ;  for,  as  it  has  been  already  explained,  p.  240,  Cape  St.  Roque  has,  in 
summer  and  fall,  two  lee  sides  ;  and  it  is  as  bad,  nay,  of  the  two  a  little  worse,  to  fall  to 
leeward  by  going  too  far  to  the  east  in  the  southwardly  monsoons,  than  it  is  to  fall  to  leeward  by 
going  too  far  west  in  its  east  tracks.     In  either  case  Cape  St.  Roque  is  to  windward. 

Captain  Shackford,  of  the  Chanticleer,  has  just  furnished  me,  in  her  abstract  log  of 
September  and  October,  1857,  with  an  excellent  illustration  of  falling  to  leeward  east.  He 
sailed  from  New  York,  bound  to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  On  the  29th  day  out,  she  reached  the 
doldrums  in  lat.  12°,  long.  26°.  She  then  encountered  the  SW.  monsoons  ;  went  as  far  as 
18°  30'  W.,  and  was  21  days  from  12°  N.  to  the  equator.  This  is  a  longer  time  than  any  of 
the  vessels  that  have  fallen  to  the  leeward  west  have  had  in  clearing  St.  RDque.  I  quote  the 
illustrative  part  of  her  log  : 

Barque  Chanticleer;  twenty-nine  days  out  from  New  York. 

"Sept.  23,  1857.  Lat.  12°  45'  N.;  long.  27°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.58;  temperature  of 
air,  81°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  N.  Dark  dismal  weather  all  this  day,  with  light  variable 
winds;  lightning  in  S.     Noon,  something  finer;  appearances  of  a  strong  current. 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  12°  07'  N.;  long.  26°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.61;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  NW.  First  part,  cloudy,  winds  light  and  steady;  middle  part, 
thunder  and  lightning  in  S.,  heavy  showers,  light  airs;  latter  part,  fine  clear  weather,  nearly 
calm,  great  signs  of  the  doldrums. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  11°  40'  N.;  long.  26°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  First  part,  finest  kind  of  weather,  with  very  light 
breezes,  swell  from  S. ;  middle  part,  weather  dark  and  cloudy,  wind  very  light,  lightning  in  S.; 
latter  part,  wind  variable  with  light  squalls  and  rain.  I  have  seen  no  regular  "  tide-rips,"  but 
the  water  when  calm  appears  like  a  current. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  10°  11'  N.;  long.  26°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  E.SE.  First  part,  light  airs  with  small  showers,  thunder  and  lightning 
in  SE.;  middle  and  latter  part,  fine  breezes  with  very  pleasant  weather. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  9°  35'  N.;  long.  26°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  with  heavy  squalls  and  rain, 
lightning  in  N. ;  middle  part,  wind  light  and  variable  with  violent  squalls  and  heavy  rain; 
latter  part,  very  light  airs,  with  signs  of  a  clear  up.  Noon,  calm  and  pleasant.  Reefed  top- 
sails twice  this  day. 

Sept.  28.     Lat.  8°  45'  N.;  long.  26°  20'  W.     Barometer,   29.66;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
VOL.  II 44 


346  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

of  water,  82°;  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE...  First  part,  fine  weather  with  light  wind,  swell  from  S.; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  fine  breezesr  with  besi; -kind  of  weather  for  this  country.  Passed 
through  some  "tide-rips." 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  7°  16'  N.;  long.  26°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
of  water,  83°.  Wind:  N.  First  part,  steady  and  pleasant  breezes  with  most  delightful 
weather;  middle  part,  wind  light  and  steady  with  a  few  heavy  showers;  latter  part,  nearly 
calm  and  very  hot.     Swell  nearly  run  down. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  6°  14'  N.;  long.  25°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  temperature  of  air,  88°; 
of  water,  82°.  Wind:  SW.  First  part,  light  airs  with  pleasant  and  very  hot  weather, 
lightning  in  N.,  wind  veered  against  sun;  middle  part,  squally  and  changing  with  thunder, 
lightning,  and  rain;  latter  part,  fine  breezes  with  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  6°  15'  N.;  long.  23°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.61;  temperature  of  air,  85°;  of 
water,  83°.  Wind:  S.SE.  to  S.SW.  First  part,  variable  with  strong  puffs,  weather  showery; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  wind  variable  and  squally  with  frequent  showers,  heavy  sea  on.  Noon, 
strong  squalls;  under  double-reefed  topsails. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  6°  25'  N.;  long.  22°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  80;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind:  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  with  a  few  rain  squalls;  exchanged 
longitude  with  a  "Bremen,"  23°  40';  middle  part,  steady  breezes  with  fine  weather;  latter 
part,  fresh  breezes  with  very  hard  squalls  from  S.  with  rain.     Noon,  nearly  calm. 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  5°  48'  N.;  long.  21°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air  82°;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind:  S.  to  SW.  First  part,  heavy  squalls  with  rain  enough  to  make  a  young 
flood;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  with  frequent  heavy  squalls  and  lots  of  rain. 
The  squalls  come  so  thick  and  fast  that  it  is  nothing  but  "  clew  down  and  clew  up." 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  5°  40'  N.;  long.  19°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind:  S.SW.  First  part,  nothing  but  heavy  squalls  with  rain,  rain,  rain;  middle 
part,  strong  breezes  with  heavy  squalls  and  heaps  of  rain,  tide-rips;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes 
and  very  baffling,  with  cloudy,  dark  weather.  Noon,  a  heavy  head  sea;  that  with  the  current 
shoulders  us  over  to  the  east;  a  large  swell  from  SE. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  5°  35'  N. ;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  81°.  Wind:  S.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes,  weather  cloudy  and  unsettled,  big  circle 
round  moon;  middle  part,  light  variable  wind  with  an  occasional  shower,  dark  and  cloudy; 
latter  part,  partly  clear  with  light  airs,  a  barque  in  company,  swell  still  holds  up.  I  am  going 
to  the  westward  to  look  for  a  change. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  5°  28'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  81°.  Wind:  S.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  with  cloudy  weather,  rain  squalls  all 
around,  two  sail  in  company;  at  7  the  wind  changed  to  SE.  in  a  squall  with  light  rain;  middle 
part,  nearly  calm  with  fine  pleasant  weather,  the  first  since  the  month  came  in.  I  crossed 
these  parts  in  October,  1854,  but  think  this  a  worse  chance  than  I  had  at  that  time.  Wind 
veering  and  hauling;  tacked  ship  twice,  but  it  is  "no  go." 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  5°  00' N.;  long.  18°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.64;  temperature  of  air,  84° 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  First  part,  wind  backing  and  filling  ;  weather  fine 
a  few  rain  squalls  about;  middle  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squalls  with  some  heavy  showers 
latter  part,  fine  weather,  with  good  breeze  ;  a  heavy  head  sea  on;  tacked  ship  to  westward 
saw  four  sails  standing  to  S.  and  E. 


TO  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE REVIEW.  347 

Oct.  8.  Lat.  4°  25'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.61;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  82°.  Wind:  S.  First  part,  fine  breezes,  with  dark  heavy  clouds;  middle  part,  fresh 
breezes,  with  pretty  fine  weather;  saw  two  more  fellows  standing  to  eastward;  latter  part, 
wind  freshening  with  strong  pufFs,  weather  cloudy;  wind  favors  in  the  puffs;  some  tide  rips; 
saw  a  fellow  standing  "our  road"  under  double-reefed  topsail  ;  good  luck  to  him  ! 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  3°  50'  N. ;  long.  20°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  81°.  Wind:  SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  dark  stormy  weather; 
middle  part,  weather  dark  and  heavy,  with  light  rain;  lightning  in  NB. ;  at  4  a.  m.  wind  changed 
suddenly  to  N.NW.,  with  a  flood  of  rain;  latter  part,  wind  light  and  variable,  with  a  shower 
now  and  again;  some  tide  rips;  spoke  a  Portuguese  brig,  28  days  from  Lisbon,  longitud^20° 
02'  by  two  chronometers. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  3°45'N.;  long.  21°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.  First  part,  light  baffling  airs,  with  light  drizzly  rain;  middle 
part,  light  airs  and  most  parts  clear;  lightning  in  the  north;  latter  part,  wind  light  and  variable, 
with  small  rain;  the  same  awful  looking  weather;  saw  a  fellow  bound  N. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  3°23'N.;  long.  21°  15' W.  Barometer.  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water  81°.  Wind:  S.SW.  First  part,  light  airs  and  cloudy;  rain  squalls  all  about;  lightning 
in  S. ;  middle  part,  light  variable  wind,  with  sky  overcast;  it  looks  bad  enough  to  scare  a  fellow; 
latter  part,  wind  veering  to  south,  weather  dark  and  cloudy;  three  sails  in  company. 

Oct.  12.  Lat.  2°  45'  N.;  long.  22°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.  First  part,  wind  light  and  variable,  with  pretty  fine 
weather;  middle  part,  strong  squalls,  with  heavy  showers;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes,  with 
strong  squalls  of  wind  and  rain. 

Oct.  13.  Lat  1°  48' N.;  long.  23°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.60.;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Wind:  S.  First  part,  strong  squalls,  with  fine  showers;  middle  part,  fresh 
breezes,  with  dark  cloudy  weather;  a  heavy  head  sea  on;  latter  part,  steady  breezes,  with 
the  finest  weather  for  a  month;  saw  English  ship  homeward  bound. 

Oct.  14.  Lat.  0°  23' N.;  long.  25°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  78°.  Wind:  S.SE.  Light  steady  breezes  all  parts  of  this  day,  with  real  summer 
weather.  At  5  p.  m.  crossed  the  line,  51  days'  passage,  the  longest  I  have  ever  made,  and  the 
worst  chance." 

In  case  of  falling  to  leeward  on  the  east,  p.  345,  one  is  apt  to  find  an  easterly  set  with  squalls, 
light  winds,  baffling  airs,  and  torrents  of  rain.  In  falling  to  leeward  west,  on  the  contrary, 
the  current  is  sometimes  favorable  and  sometimes  adverse,  the  weather  is  always  good,  and 
the  wind  fresh  enough  to  enable  a  ship  fully  to  show  her  weatherly  qualities.  There  is  always 
more  of  a  head  sea  to  be  encountered  in  falling  to  leeward  west  than  there  is  in  falling  to 
leeward  east.  But  crack  captains  in  weatherly  ships  will  never  hesitate  which  way  to  fall — 
^f  fall  to  the  leeward  they  must;  though  there  is  seldom  any  necessity  of  falling  to  leeward 
either  way.  The  safe  middle  course  is  the  best,  and  the  Pilot  and  Trade-Wind  Charts  with 
these  Sailing  Directions  point  that  out  plainly  enough. 

When  at  h,  ship  y  (Plate  II)  should,  instead  of  making  about  an  E.  by  S.  course,  have 
stood  on  the  other  tack,  making  the  best  of  her  way  south,  and  not  caring  to  get  east  of  30°. 
She  might  have  been  content  to  keep  herself  betwen  29°  or  30°,  and  31°  or  32°  while  she 
crossed  these  calms. 


348  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

I  have  not  yet  found  a  single  case  in  "which  there  has  been,  after  crossing  the  line  as  far 
as  32°,  the  least  difficulty  in  clearing  St.  Roque.  Navigators  should  not  hesitate,  if  they  are 
pinched,  to  go  inside  of  Fernando  de  Noronha.  But  in  doing  that,  they  should  take  care  not 
to  run  foul  of  the  Roccas,  latitude  3°  51/  S. ;  longitude  33°  49'  "W.  These  shoals  were  carefully 
surveyed  by  Lieutenant  S.  P.  Lee,  United  States  brig  Dolphin. 

The  trans-equatorial  trade  of  Europe  as  well  as  that  of  America  is  interested  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  light-house  or  beacon  on  the  Rocas.  Grass  Island  is  ten  feet  or  more,  so  says 
Lieut.  Lee,  above  the  water,  and  the  cocoa  nuts  Avould  grow  finely  there.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  request  contained  in  the  following  letter  will  be  complied  with  at  an  early  day  : 

Observatory,   Washington^  October  29,  1858. 

Sir  :  The  new  routes  to  the  line  have  brought  the  Rocas  of  Brazil  in  the  fair  way  of  all 
vessels  bound  hence  to  Rio,  to  California,  India,  China,  Australia,  or  to  any  of  the  ports 
beyond  either  of  the  two  great  southern  capes. 

These  shoals  were  well  surveyed  by  Lieut.  S.  P.  Lee,  in  the  Dolphin,  in  1852,  when  she 
was  sent,  under  the  law  of  1849,  to  assist  in  the  investigations  of  this  office.  They  are  in  lat. 
3°  51'  S.,  long.  33°  49'  W.  Two  small  islands.  Grass  and  Sand  islands,  are  on  these  shoals. 
They  are  a  few  feet  above  the  water.  The  first  warning  that  a  navigator  has  of  his  approach 
to  them  is  generally  by  the  breakers. 

Captain  Samuel  G.  Brooks,  of  the  barque  "Inman,"  thinks  that  cocoa  nut  trees  would 
grow  on  them,  and  serve  as  an  admirable  beacon  to  the  numerous  ships  that  pass  that  way. 

Seeing  that  these  shoals  lie  in  such  a  great  thoroughfare,  for  they  are  also  in  the  track  of 
all  homeward  bound  traders  from  South  America  and  coasters  from  California,  and  considering 
the  importance  of  the  suggestion,  I  have  to  request  that  some  of  the  vessels  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil  be  directed  to  procure  both  the  nut  and  plant  of  the  cocoa  palm,  and  plant  them  on  the 
Rocas  as  they  pass  them. 

The  vessels  of  the  Paraguay  expedition,*  as  they  return  home,  afibrd  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity of  carrying  out  this  suggestion. 

Respectfully,  &c., 

M.  F.  MAURY,  Superintendent. 

Hon.  Isaac  Toucey,  Secretary  (f  the  Navy,  Washington. 

I  have  the  track  of  one  vessel  that  dashed  on,  crossed  the  line  in  41°  on  the  19th  day  out,  and 
on  the  32d  day  was  south  of  the  parallel  of  Rio.  This,  though,  was  in  the  winter  and  spring, 
when  vessels  can  afford  to  keep  to  the  westward,  and  it  was  going  further  west  than  I  should 
advise. 

But  suppose  a  vessel  to  cross  in  32°  or  33°,  and  to  get  the  SE.  trades  at  SE.  By  standing 
on  S.SW.,  she  keeps  herself  in  a  position  in  which  any  change  of  wind  is  favorable.  If  it  haul 
to  the  eastward,  she  can  lay  up  and  clear  the  land;  if  it  haul  to  the  southward,  she  can  go 
about  and  make  easting,  and  get  along  rapidly  by  stretches  on  long  and  short  legs. 

The  current  so  much  dreaded  off  St.  Roque  is  a  good  deal  of  a  bugbear.  Navigators  have 
been  frightened  at  this  current  ever  since  some  English  transports  were  cast  ashore  by  it, 
some  time  in  the  last  century.  But  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  was  quite  as  much  of  an 
undertaking  for  the  clumsy  transport-built  ships  of  England  in  the  last  century  to  contend 
against  a  current  of  one  knot,  as  it  is  now  for  one  of  our  first-rate  clipper  built  ships  to  contend 
with  one  of  4  or  5  knots. 

«  Flag  Officer  Shubrick  has  been,  November  2,  inetructed  accordingly  by  the  department. 


TO    THE    '  FAIR    V\^AY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE REVIEW.  349 

The  log-book  of  the  Celia,  quoted  in  the  3d  edition  of  this  work,  is  an  example.  It  would 
have  been  impossible  for  that  ship  to  beat  against  a  one-knot  current.  In  the  days  of  this 
wreck,  the  passage  from  England  to  India  averaged  nine  months.  Warren  Hastings,  when  he 
went  out,  was  10  months  on  the  way.  The  passage  is  now  often  made  by  our  ships  in  less 
than  3  months.  Therefore,  the  ships  of  those  days  might  be  well  cautioned  against  currents  as 
dangerous,  which  the  ships  of  the  present  day  would  scarcely  regard. 

Now,  my  investigations  show  that  there  is  rarely  off  Cape  St.  Roque,  and  in  the  fair  way 
from  the  equator  south,  either  a  sweeping  or  a  horsing  current.  Indeed,  many  accurate  and 
close  observers  pass  there  without  reporting  any  current  at  all ;  and  though  navigators  should 
always,  especially  in  summer  and  fall,  be  on  the  lookout  for  a  current  there,  and  should  always 
make  allowance  for  one  that  is  to  set  them  back  with  the  land,  yet  when  they  do  encounter  a 
current  there,  they  may  be  assured  that,  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  neither  difficult  to  overcome, 
nor  dangerous  on  account  of  its  set. 

For  the  guidance  of  navigators  who  follow  the  new  route,  and  are  pinched  in  clearing  St. 
Roque,  as  they  no  doubt  will  occasionally  be,  I  repeat  the  following  suggestions  : 

From  the  line,  in  longitude  33*^,  Cape  St.  Roque  bears  S.SW.  From  this  crossing-place, 
in  a  smart  ship,  that  will  fetch  where  she  looks,  a  SE.  wind  all  the  way  from  the  line  would 
just  prevent  the  vessel  from  clearing.  But  the  chances  are  more  than,  a  hundred  to  one  that 
the  wind  will  not  hang  steadily  at  SE.  all  the  way  from  the  line  to  St.  Roque.  If  it  haul  to 
E.SE.  you  can  lay  up  and  clear.     If  it  haul  to  S.SE  you  can  put  about  and  make  easting. 

But  suppose  the  wind  holds  steadily  at  SB.  or  at  any  other  point  which  will  prevent  you 
from  clearing  the  cape;  draw  a  line  from  your  place  on  the  Chart  to  the  cape,  and  avoid  falling 
to  the  west  of  that  line,  by  taking  advantage  of  slants,  or  by  beating  accordingly  as  you  may 
have  the  wind,  and  making  long  and  short  stretches.  I  quote  the  case  of  the  Stag  Hound  as 
an  example  : 

"  Six  days  out  from  New  York,"  writes  Captain  Richardson,  "broke  off  main  topmast, 
and  that  in  its  fall  took  all  three  topgallant  masts.  Soon  after  took  a  W.SW.  and  west  gale  ; 
run  the  ship  dead  before  the  sea  and  wind  ;  in  consequence  of  this,  crossed  the  equator  in  about 
longitude  28°  30'  W.,  in  twenty-one  days  from  New  York.  Losing  topmast,  we  had  no  main 
topsail  in  the  ship  for  nine  days,  and  no  top-gallant  sails  for  twelve  days;  had  we  not  met  with 
this  accident,  I  think  we  should  have  been  down  to  the  line  in  sixteen  days. 

In  latitude  4°  N.  the  NE.  trades  left  us,  then  baffling  down  to  latitude  2°  N.  Then 
took  the  wind  at  S.SE.  and  SE.  until  near  the  coast  of  Brazil,  when  the  wind  hauled,  so  we  did 
not  have  to  make  a  tack  ;  presume,  had  we  crossed  in  longitude  30°  W.  we  should  have  fetched 
along  the  coast." 

This  letter  of  Captain  Richardson  is  quoted  as  an  illustration  of  what  I  have  endeavored 
to  impress  upon  navigators,  with  regard  to  their  course,  after  crossing  the  line  well  to  the 
westward,  and  when  it  appears  to  be  touch  and  go,  as  to  clear  St.  Roque,  viz:  stand  boldly  on, 
and  take  advantage  of  slants  and  short  legs  to  make  long  ones. 

I  received  the  abstract  of  another  vessel  about  the  same  time  that  crossed  in  31°  and  I 
notice  in  the  remarks,  after  crossing  the  line — "back-strapped"  —  "no  chance  of  weathering 
Cape  St.  Roque"  —  "shall  evidently  fall  to  leeward,"  "bad  luck,"  &c.  Yet  this  desponding 
navigator  stood  boldly  on,  took  advantage  of  a  slant,  stood  off  for  eight  hours,  went  past  St. 
Roque  like  a  shot,  and  the  thirty-second  day  out  from  New  York  crossed  the  parallel  of  Rio. 
The  log  books  of  this  office  afford  many  cases  of  this  sort,  but  one  is  a  sample  of  the  whole. 


350 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Mistakes  in  the  route  to  Rio  are,  I  am  liappy  to  say,  becoming  much  less  frequent.  The 
Charts  are  evidently  much  better  understood  now  than  they  were  formerly. 

In  truth,  the  old  route  is  nearly  broken  up.  It  is  now  rarely  attempted.  But  occasionally 
vessels  evidently  aim  to  "split  the  difference"  between  the  old  route  and  the  neiv,  by  steering 
•a  sort  of  middle  course  between  them.     This  I  have  called  the  Middle  Route. 

Many  of  the  vessels  which  take  this  middle  route,  evidently  set  out  with  the  intention  of 
trying  the  new  route,  but  they  get  a  little  pinched  ;  or  the  winds  are  too  favorable ;  or  the 
dread  of  that  bugbear  off  Cape  St.  Roque — a  westwardly  current — seizes  them ;  or,  through 
fear  of  falling  to  leeward,  of  getting  back-strapped,  &c.,  they  go  too  far  east,  get  delayed  in 
the  doldrums  or  southwardly  monsoons,  and  so  faU  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque  hy  going  too  far  east. 

Now  and  then,  I  hear  of  a  mariner  who,  like  Hildreth,  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  "does  not 
believe  in  the  new  route."  I  hope  all  who  are  skeptical  will  examine  the  foregoing  tables 
attentively.  The  crossings  by  the  new  route  afford  an  example  of  one  vessel  for  every  8 
hours  during  the  year;  and  of  the  thousand  vessels  there  recorded,  but  four  have  fallen  to  leeward 
of  Cape  St.  Roque,  and,  in  consequence  thereof,  their  passage  from  the  United  States  to  the 
fair  way  off  St.  Roque  was  prolonged  only  three  days  on  the  average  ;  their  mean  place  of 
crossing  the  equator  was  in  long.  36°.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  average  passage  of  the  four, 
from  the  United  States  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque,  was  one  week  less  than  the  average  to  the 
same  parallel  by  the  old  route. 

The  table  of  crossings  by  the  old  and  middle  routes  gives  the  passages  of  281  vessels. 
The  masters  of  these  evidently  did  not  have  faith  enough  in  the  Charts  to  justify  them  in  their 
opinion  in  sticking  to  the  Sailing  Directions ;  some  disregarded  them  altogether ;  some 
attempted  to  "split  the  difference,"  and  take  a  middle  course  between  the  old  and  the  new 
routes;  but  the  table  shows  how  dearly  they  paid  for  their  doubts — their  passages  on  the 
average  being  about  25  per  cent,  longer  than  the  average  from  the  United  States  by  the  new 
route  ;  the  difference  being  as  31.4  to  38.5. 

3Iean  monthly  crossings  o/"  281  vessels  hy  old  and  middle  routes. 


30"  N. 

25°  N. 

20°  N. 

15°  N. 

10°  N. 

5°  N. 

Long.  W. 

Days  to  line  by  routes. 

Middle. 

Old. 

38»  48' 

36  41 
35  52 

37  CO 

35  04 
37  38 
41  29 
37  03 

36  49 

34  18 

35  07 
34  52 

33°  26' 
33  23 
31  45 
33  00 

33  04 

35  22 
39  02 

36  47 

34  47 
31  32 

31  00 

32  40 

32°  01' 
31  18 

30  56 

31  36 
31  25 
33  16 
35  37 
35  55 
33  31 
30  37 

30  23 

31  46 

31°  28' 
30  01 

29  45 

30  04 

29  47 

31  10 
33  23 

30  29 

31  51 
29  35 
29  21 
29  48 

29°  21' 
28  33 
28  01 
28  03 

27  21 

28  30 
30  08 
32  22 
27  57 
27  55 

27  56 

28  12 

27°  20' 
27  41 
27  07 
26  43 

26  14 
24  00 

22  41 

24  57 

23  44 

25  34 

27  52 
25  54 

28»  58' 

27  19 

26  56 

28  27 

27  21 

27  X 

28  25 

27  38 
26  43 

28  15 
28  55 
26  54 

37.2 

32.7 

31.7 

35.5 

43 

40.8 

38.9 

46.7 

41 

40.3 

36 

38 

36.8 

Februar}' 

37 
35 

April . 

36.3 

May 

45.9 

43.8 

July 

43.3 

49.7 

September 

43.7 
42.5 

38.5 

December 

41.5 

38.5 

41.2 

1 

Now,  if  we  take  the  mean  of  the  best  six  passages,  for  each  month  by  the  new  route,  we 
shall  have  the  elements  for  a  mean  monthly  average,  derived  from  72  vessels,  which  gives  23.7 
days  to  the  line  ;  the  mean  crossing  place  being  on  the  meridian  of  30°  50',  or  about  30'  west 
of  the  average  of  the  whole  913.     The  shortest  monthly  runs  being  from  November  to  April 


TO   THE    "FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE REVIEW. 


351 


inclusive,  and  varying,  for  these  months,  from  15  to  22  days.  The  longest  are  from  June  to 
October  inclusive.  Long.  32°  23'  is  the  most  westerly  crossing  of  these  monthly  means — being 
the  mean  place  of  crossing  of  the  best  six  in  December. 

"This,"  says  Captain  Chase,  of  the  L.  Gilmore,  "is  my  sixth  voyage  across  the  line  to 
the  south  with  Mr.  Maury's  'Wind  and  Current  Charts'  on  board;"  and  he  thus  sums  up  his 
passages  to  the  line  : 

"Brig  Georgiana,  left  New  York  December,  1850,  28  days. 

November,  1851,  31      " 

"Barque  Minitonka,  (lost  topmast  in  9°  N.),  June,  1853,  36      " 

December,  1854,         33      " 

Carilla,  from  Cape  Henry,  July,  1856,  34     " 

"Schooner  L.  Gilmore,  New  York,  November,  1857,         24     " 

' '  Average 31  days. " 

Lieut.  Kennedy,  commanding  the  U.  S.  storeship  Supply,  on  her  recent  voyage  to  Rio, 
mentions  a  striking  instance  of  the  advantage  of  sticking  to  the  Charts,  and  conforming  to  the 
Sailing  Directions.  He  crossed  in  the  month  of  February,  34  days  out,  in  long.  33°  W.  He 
was  pinched,  and  made  the  land  7  miles  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Roque.  He  stood  boldly  on ; 
took  advantage  of  a  slant,  as  recommended,  and  got  by  without  any  difficulty.  The  barque 
Polka,  however,  which  was  in  company,  stood  off  to  the  northward  and  eastward  in  order  to 
get  an  offing,  and  pass  to  windward  of  the  Lsland  of  Fernando  de  Noronha.  This  brig,  though 
a  better  sailer  than  the  Supply,  did  not  arrive  at  Rio  until  several  days  after  the  Supply. 

The  following  table  shows  the  names  of  fifty-three  vessels  that  have  crossed  the  line  west 
of  33°  W.  and  of  twenty-seven  that  have  crossed  it  east  of  25^°  W.,  with  the  time  from  port 
to  the  line,  and  thence  to  the  offings  of  St.  Roque  via  each  crossing. 


Name. 

Month. 

Whence. 

Equatorial 

crossings — 

Days. 

Total  days  to  St. 
Roque,  via  crossings. 

West  of  33°. 

East  of  25°  30'. 

Equator. 

St.  Roque. 

W.  of33°. 

E.  of25°30' 

Hudson  Trask , . . , 

January 

...do 

35°  04' 
33    20 

26 

20i 

27 

22 

46 

20 

45 

40 

26 

31 

29 

35 

24 

34 

25 

42 

44 

33 

45 

22 

27 

29 

23 

31 

2 
21 
4 
3 
2 
6 
3 
8 
19 
5 
2 
2 
7 
3 
6J 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
5 
3 
3 
7 

j-        25i 
25 

}        46J 

1-        304 

1 

J 

31i 

Governor  Morton 

New  York 

Boston 

...do 

24°  50' 

31 

Jsabelita  Hyne 

February  .... 
...do 

33    20 

Empress 

....do 

19    19 

23  30 

24  36 

48 

Michael  Angelo 

....do 

Vandalia 

...do 

. 

i          40 

Iluma 

April 

...do 

New  York 

37    10 
35    28 

. 

Levanter 

....do 

23      0 

Queen  of  the  East 

...do 

....do 

36 

Flying  Cloud 

Mav 

....do 

33    41 
33      0 
36    38 
35    45 
33    35 

Ottawa 

...do 

....do 

Gulden  State , 

..do 

....do 

Belle  of  the  West 

..do 

Sea  Serpent 

...do 

New  York 

....do 

Rubicon 

...do 

20    48 

24  37 

25  40 
24    10 

Union 

...do 

...  do 

Nestorian 

...do 

....do 

}.          48* 

J 

St.  Andrew 

...do 

Philadelphia 

Plying  Cloud 

June 

..do 

33      0 
33    25 

33  0 

34  0 
33    10 

Witch  of  the  Wave 

Chile 

...do 

....do 

Grey  Eagle 

...do 

Canvas  Back 

.  .do 

Boston 

352 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

TABLE— Continued. 


Name. 


Inez 

Jamestown 

Mermaid 

Hazard 

Wild  Pigfion 

Robert  Wing 

Parana 

Pride  of  the  Sea 

Uueen  of  Clippers.... 

Magnolia 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas. 
Witch  of  the  Wave.... 

Sheffield 

Manchester 

Edwin 

Tarolinta 

Sea  Witch 

Chenango 

Raritan 

Oriental 

Cohota 

Morning  Light 

Winged  Arrow 

Monterey 

Medford 

Margaret 

Lady  Franklin  

Miantonomi 

Golden  City 

Ringleader 

Roscoe 

Mameluke 

Lucy  Elizabeth 

Edwin 

Trade  Wind 

Cyclone 

Dashing  Wave 

Gertrude 

Sabine 

Cumet 

Maury 

Bald  Eagle 

Saucho  Panza 

Alice 

Flying  Dragon 

Hurricane 

Golden  Gate 

Storm 

Telegraph 

Winfield  Scott 

Reindeer 

Great  Republic 

Lcighton 

Wm.  Chamberlain 

Retriever 

Ludwig 

Average 


Month. 


May. 
..do.. 
July., 
...do., 
...do., 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


August .... 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

September, 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

October.... 

..do 

..do 

...do 

...dor. 

...do 

...do 

November . 

...do 

..do 

..do. 

...do'. 

...do.....'.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

December . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Whence. 


Boston  .... 
Baltimore.. 
New  York. 

,...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


....do 

Boston , 

New  York. .. 

...  do 

Boston 

New  York... 

Boston 

Baltimore.. .. 

Norfolk 

Boston 

....do 

Philadelphia. 

Boston 

....do 

....do 

Philadelphia. 
New  York... 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York... 

Boston 

....do 

...do 

New  York... 

Boston 

Philadelphia. 
New  York... 
Boston  ...... 

New  York. .. 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

....do 

....do 

New  York... 

....do 

Philadelphia . 
St.  John's... 
New  York. .. 


Equatorial  crossings- 


West  of  33°.    East  of  25°  30'. 


33  30 

35  40 

34  45 
33  26 

33  43 

34  10 

36  0 
33  34 


33  01 

34  40 


34  0 

33  27 

34  0 
34  15 
34  15 


34  0 

34  55 

33  15 

38  50 

34  30 

39  30 
36  20 

34  25 

35  0 
34  25 

36  0 

34  0 
33  56 

35  30 
33  45 

33  0 

34  30 

35  0 

33  10 

34  20 


34    34 
25    25 


18  34 

24  0 

24  40 
22  42 

25  39 
24  50 
20  25 
24  0 


25  10 

25  54 

24  35 

24  12 


25      0 
25      0 


20      2 
25    19 


Days. 


Total  days  to  St. 
Roque,  via  crossings. 


Equator.  St.  Roque.  W.  of  33 


48 
44 
33 

:^ 

33 

33 

38 

26 

33 

36 

25 

29 

55 

55 

54 

46 

35 

58 

55 

55 

29 

38 

30 

34 

44 

32 

43 

47 

28 

28 

53 

37 

41 

38 

22 

30 

2d 

35 

50 

23i 

24 

28 

42i 

38 

27 

27 

20 

18 

22 

33 

36 

15J 

27 

31 

50 

35 


2 
5 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
2 
6 
3 
3 
6 
3 
3 
2i 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
S 
3 
2 
2 
2 
3 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
3 
5 
11 
9 

4 
^ 

2 
3 
3 
3 

7 

4 

4 

2 

3f 

2i 

2J 

4 

3 


40^ 


36i 


!-    29 


E.of25''30' 


\        49i 


>        51 


40i 


42i 


I    46 


I 


TO    THE    "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST     ROQUE REVIEW.  353 


This  table  is  very  instructive  ',  it  contains  a  list  of  all  the  vessels  that  have  crossed  west 
of  33° — a  point  from  which  it  was  considered,  a  few  years  ago,  that  a  vessel  would  be  certain 
of  falling  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque.  Nevertheless,  it  appears  that,  though  some  of  the 
crossings  be  as  far  as  39°  W.,  the  average  of  all  to  the  fair  way  off  St.  Roque  is  eight  days  less 
than  the  average  of  those  that  have  crossed  to  the  east  of  25 1.  A  more  conclusive  proof  of  the 
advantages  of  the  new  route,  and  of  the  disadvantages  of  the  old,  could  not  be  offered.  With 
this  exhibit,  no  more  may  be  said  of  the  time  that  is  lost  by  pursuing  the  old  route.  The 
demonstration  is  complete.  The  longest  passage  west  of  33°  is  that  of  the  Sheffield  :  she 
crossed  in  34°  34',  in  August,  and  had  61  days.  The  longest  passage  east  of  25°  30'  is,  in  the 
same  month,  by  the  Chenango,  from  25°  30';  she  also  had  61  days.  The  furthest  crossing  point 
for  this  month  was  36°  west,  28  days  ;  the  furthest  east  was  in  18°  30',  with  58  days  ;  the 
average  difference  for  this  month,  throwing  out  the  exceptional  cases  of  the  Sheffield  and  the 
Chenango  on  each  side,  is  20  days  in  favor  of  falling  to  leeward  west,  instead  of  east. 

The  chief  point  of  information  as  to  the  new  route  appears  now  to  be,  not  where  should  the 
navigator  cross  the  equator,  but  in  the  practical  answer  to  this  question  :  Which  is  the  best 
way  of  crossing  the  "equatorial  calms?"  The  region  most  liable  to  these  calms  is,  as  I  have 
before  explained,  wedge-shaped,  with  the  point  of  the  wedge  directed  towards  South  America. 
The  winds  in  these  calm  regions  are  often  from  the  southward  and  westward  ;  indeed,  as 
you  approach  the  coast  of  Africa,  in  summer  and  fall,  these  southwardly  winds  assume  the 
character  of  a  regular  monsoon. 

The  place  of  these  calms  varies,  too.  It  is  sometimes  at  the  equator ;  sometimes  in  5°, 
10°,  or  even  in  15°  north,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year. 

And  the  ansM^er  to  the  question,  "How  to  cross  them?"  having  entered  them,  is  this: 
Unless  you  are  fearful  of  falling  to  leeward,  or  you  are  already  too  far  to  leeward,  and  want  to 
make  easting  in  the  southwardly  winds  of  the  doldrums,  do  your  best  to  make  southing,  for  by 
that  course  you  will  clear  them  soonest. "  By  that  course  you  run  directly  across  them  ;  by  an 
east  or  west  course  you  run  along  with  them. 

It  appears,  however,  by  these  tables,  that  the  average  passages  to  the  equator  by  the 
new  route  have  been  greatly  reduced. 

Moreover,  by  comparing  the  new  route  crossings  with  the  "middle  route,"  as  the  tracks 
made  by  those  navigators  who  attempt  to  "split  the  diff'erence"  between  the  old  route  and  the 
new  are  called,  we  shall  see  how  much  they  lose.  They  lose,  on  the  average,  during  a  portion 
of  the  year,  a  week  or  more,  and  several  days  at  any  season. 

It  will  not  escape  the  notice  of  men  who  study  these  tables  as  carefully  as  they  ought  to 
be  studied,  that,  from  May  to  November,  inclusive,  vessels  that  go  the  new  route  cross  the 
parallel  of  5°  N.  further  to  the  eastward,  on  the  average,  than  they  do  the  equator.  The 
cause  of  this  is  obvious  :  it  is  owing  to  the  monsoons  of  the  doldrums.  Hence,  we  deduce  a 
rule  which  will  apply  to  all  months,  and  it  is  this  :  When  you  cross  the  parallel  of  10°  N.  in 
30°,  or  31°,  or  32°  W.,  and  can  make  a  south  course  good,  don't  care  to  go  any  further  east. 
Of  course,  if  you  meet  these  southwest  monsoons,  as  in  the  summer  and  fall  you  will  sometimes 
do,  even  as  far  west  as  32°,  you  will,  in  that  case,  be  compelled  to  obey  the  winds,  and  make 
easting  ;  but  when  you  are  between  27°  and  32°,  always  prefer  the  tack  that  will  give  you 
most  southing,  because  it  will  put  you  across  the  doldrums  soonest ;  and  if  it  bring  you  across 
tie  further  west  than  32°,  or  even  33°  you  may  consider  yourself  in  a  good  position,  and  clear 
of  a  region  of  light  airs  and  baffling  winds. 
VOL.  II 45 


354  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  exhibit  will  serve  to  convince  the  skeptical  that  these  Charts  are 
what  they  purport  to  be — i.  e.,  the  result  of  the  experience  of  all  the  navigators  whose  logs  I 
could  lay  hand  on  for  comparison,  and  that  they  are  not  based  on  any  theory  of  anybody. 

Some  vessels  are  put  down  on  the  middle  route  which  did  not  intend  to  take  it.  They 
were  forced  further  to  the  eastward,  before  crossing  the  horse  latitudes,  than  they  intended  to 
go.  They  did  the  best  they  could,  and  might  have  been  classed  under  the  new  route  ;  for, 
when  winds  are  ahead,  the  ' '  new  route  "  expects  the  navigator  to  do  the  best  he  can,  for  head 
winds  will  now  and  then  drive  him  broad  off  the  track. 

If  the  few  passages  that  come  under  this  category  had  been  so  classed,  the  contrast  in 
favor  of  the  new  route  would  have  been  still  more  striking  than  it  is. 

There  is  a  remarkable  conformity  between  the  average  track  by  the  crossing  tables  and 
the  computed  route,  or  what  may,  in  some  sort,  be  called  the  theoretical  route,  inasmuch  as  it 
was  predicated  on  the  Pilot  Charts,  and  is  the  deduction  entirely  of  figures  and  calculation, 

Thus,  the  average  crossings  of  the  six  vessels  that  made  the  best  passages  in  February 
were,  in  reality,  for  the  parallels  of  north  latitude,  viz:  30°,  25°,  20°,  15°,  10°,  5°,  in  longi- 
tude 42°  36',  38°  14',  35°  16',  33°  14',  30°  20',  30°  20',  30°  8'  W.  The  computed  route 
crosses  these  parallels  in  45°  40',  37°  45',  35°  35',  33°  28',  31°  23',  31°  23'  W. 

It  appears,  from  this,  that  the  best  average  route  which,  according  to  the  Pilot  Charts,  a 
vessel  should  take  to  reach  the  equator  in  February,  is  just  such  as  the  mean  of  the  six  best 
tracks  that  have  been  actually  made,  show  it  to  be. 

Thus,  we  find  that  the  computed  routes  of  the  tables  have  stood  every  test.  The  time  it 
would  take  to  make  the  passage  by  them  was  computed  beforehand,  entered  in  the  tables, 
and  recommended  to  navigators  for  adoption.     Ships  try  the  route,  and  find  the  time  correct. 

The  distance  to  be  sailed  through  the  water,  taking  into  the  account  the  detour  which  a 
vessel  under  canvas  must  make  on  account  of  head  -winds,  was  calculated.  Trial  proves  the 
tables  surprisingly  correct  here,  too,  for  navigators  have  kept  their  run  by  the  log,  summed  it 
up  at  the  equator,  turned  to  the  computed  distance  to  be  sailed  by  the  new  route  for  that 
month  in  the  tables,  and  found  the  two  agreeing,  in  some  cases,  within  ten  miles  of  each  other, 
and  seldom  differing  in  any  over  a  hundred.  In  a  voyage  of  four  thousand  or  five  thousand 
miles,  a  steamer  could  not  run  closer  to  the  actual  distance  than  this. 

But  of  all  the  tests  to  which  these  calculated  routes  were  to  be  subjected,  perhaps  the 
severest  one  was  that  which  related  to  the  track  which  the  vessel  should  make  through  the 
water — the  path  she  was  to  follow  over  the  ocean — in  order  to  make  these  quick  runs. 

The  winds  had  been  tabulated,  the  currents  had  been  considered,  and,  taking  into  account 
these  fickle  and  very  subtle  elements,  with  such  arguments  as  might  be  legitimately  draAvn 
from  the  doctrine  of  chances,  the  actual  course  which  a  vessel  under  all  these  influences  would 
make  from  day  to  day  on  her  destination  was,  like  the  path  of  a  comet  through  the  skies,  made 
the  subject  of  calculation,  determined  and  announced. 

Now,  when  we  come  to  compare  the  mean  track,  for  any  month,  of  the  vessels  that  have 
best  fulfilled  the  requirements  of  the  new  route,  with  the  track  of  the  tables,  we  find  the  two 
tracks  identical.  These  tracks  are  quite  as  close  together  as  would  be  the  tracks  of  the  indi- 
vidual vessels  of  a  fleet  attempting  a  voyage  of  such  a  length  in  company. 

Practical  illustrations  of  this  are  frequently  afforded,  especially  by  smart  ships,  ably  com- 
manded and  well  navigated.  A  striking  case  of  this  is  afforded  in  the  abstract  log  of  the 
clipper  ship  Sword  Fish,  (H.  N.  Osgood,)  during  a  voyage  of  circumnavigation,  which  she  ha 


» 


TO   THE   "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE REVIEW.  355 


accomplished,  including  thirty-five  days  in  port,  in  ten  months  and  ten  days.     In  this  time  she 
logged  39,977  miles,  and  averaged  153  miles  per  day. 

She  sailed  from  New  York,  bound  to  California,  April  3,  and  the  following  remarks  are 
entered  in  her  abstract  log  for  the  22d  of  that  month  :  ' '  Fine  weather  ;  at  meridian,  I  am  on 
the  equator,  after  a  passage  of  18  days  and  15  hours  from  Sandy  Hook ;  and  believed  to  have 
followed  Maury's  track  for  this  month,  and  am  satisfied  of  its  correctness.  Distance  logged  to 
line,  4,002  miles." 

Maury's  computed  distance  for  April,  4,051  miles,  and  for  this  part  of  the  voyage  she 
averaged  8.95  knots  the  hour.  Thus,  these  Charts  are  bringing  out  the  fact  that  there  are, 
upon  the  broad  ocean,  great  highways  or  turnpikes,  if  you  please,  almost  as  clearly  marked 
out  by  the  winds  and  the  currents  as  are  the  common  highways  of  the  earth  by  marks  upon 
the  land. 

I  have  frequently  recommended  vessels  that  happen,  as  now  and  then  they  will,  in 
attempting  the  new  route,  to  find  themselves  too  far  to  the  westward,  as  they  approach  the 
doldrums,  not  to  tack  and  stand  back  to  the  northward,  but  rather  to  stand  on  and  take 
advantage  of  all  the  chances  that  will  be  offered.  There  are  two  occasions  on  which  they 
should  do  this,  especially  in  summer  and  autumn:  the  first  is  when  they  enter  the  belt  of 
southwardly  monsoons  in  the  doldrum  region;  the  other  is  when  they  get  the  SE.  trades  ;  for, 
in  each  of  these  two  regions,  the  wind  is  often  so  well  to  the  southward  as  to  admit  of  an  east 
course.  That  it  is  so  in  the  latter  region  has  been  illustrated  in  the  course  of  this  work  by 
numerous  examples;  and  at  last  I  am  enabled  to  quote  an  actual  experiment  made  in  illustration 
of  the  former  by  the  barque  Edna,  (J.  L.  Groton,)  from  Pensacola  to  Rio,  in  August.  Her 
master,  hoAvever,  has  returned  a  very  imperfect  abstract  log,  and  which  he  thinks  can  be  of  no 
possible  use.  He  promises  to  do  better  next  time,  it  is  true,  but  he  should  have  recollected 
his  promise,  and  done  his  best  from  the  beginning.  His  excuse  is  not  an  uncommon  one,  and, 
therefore,  I  take  this  occasion  to  say  to  all  such,  do  your  best  every  voyage,  keep  the  log 
according  to  the  form  for  every  day  you  are  at  sea,  send  it  to  me,  if  you  please,  and  allow  me 
to  be  the  judge  as  to  its  value  ;  perhaps  I  may  find  something  of  value  in  it,  as  in  this 
instance,  where  the  navigator  himself  little  dreams  there  is  anything  that  is  worth  noting. 

The  Edna  appears  to  be  a  dull  sailer.  Coming  out  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  she  fell  to  the 
westward  of  the  August  track,  crossing  18°  N.  in  long.  40°  41',  instead  of  long,  30°,  as  per 
the  new  route.  She  had  the  wind  at  east,  and  stood  on  boldly  to  the  southward  for  the 
monsoons,  resolved  to  take  her  chance  of  making  easting  in  that  belt.  She  reached  the 
parallel  of  8°  N.  in  41°  W.,  and  thought  her  chances  better,  for  the  wind  was  still  at  east. 
But  if  the  worst  should  come  to  the  worst,  she  could  but  go  about,  tack,  stand  to  the  northward, 
and  beat.  She  therefore  stood  on,  and  accordingly,  the  next  day,  in  lat.  7°  N.,  long.  40°, 
she  got  the  monsoons  from  south,  and  ran  east  with  them  along  that  parallel  for  a  week,  when 
she  found  herself  in  long.  25°.  Now,  she  had  overshot  the  mark,  for  these  monsoons  being, 
'  for  most  of  the  time,  at  S.SW.,  again  placed  her  to  leeward,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  her 
proper  track.  She  had  now  to  put  about,  beat,  and  go  back  to  the  meridian  of  29°  before  she 
got  far  enough  south  to  clear  these  monsoons.  Her  mistake  was  in  not  edging  more  to  the 
south  when  she  was  standing  to  the  eastward  in  the  monsoon  belt. 

The  monthly  average  to  the  line  and  the  "fair  way  off  St.  Roque"  is  given  up  to  the  time 
of  the  previous  edition,  and  also  since.  It  will  be  perceived  that  the  gain  "since"  is  very 
marked.     Now,  to  what  should  this  be  ascribed?     To  improvements  in  ship  building?     The 


356  THE   WIND   AND    CUEKENT   CHARTS. 

previous  edition  was  published  in  1855,  and  the  rage  for  clipper  ships  had  then  very  much 
subsided.  The  ships  built  within  the  last  four  or  five  years  have  been  modeled  more  for 
capacity  and  less  for  speed  than  they  were  in  the  "era  of  clipper  ships."  Still  there  is  a 
decided  improvement  in  the  time  of  passage.  The  passages  since  the  previous  edition  are, 
for  most  months,  considerably  shorter  than  they  were  before;  and  the  fact  is  fairly  attributable 
to  the  circumstance  that  the  Sailing  Directions  are  better  understood  and  more  implicitly  followed 
now  than  formerly.  If  they  be  good,  those  who  follow  them  doubtingly  will  be  apt  to  be 
profited  no  more  by  them  than  those  patients  are  who  follow  the  doctor's  directions  when  they 
are  well,  but  resort  to  their  own  nostrums  when  they  are  sick.  When  winds  are  fresh  and 
fair,  the  navigator  is  not  in  need  of  sailing  directions;  but  when  winds  and  weather  oppose,  the 
Sailing  Directions,  like  the  physician's  remedies  for  the  man,  come  most  in  play.  Hildreth,  of  the 
Sancho  Panza,  and  Fletcher,  of  the  bark  Maury,  (see  the  route  for  October,  pp.  319-26),  afford  a 
case  in  point:  one  had  faith  in  his  guide,  the  other  not;  so  also  had  Arquit  and  Matthews. 
They  stuck  to  their  guide;  and,  while  doubting  Hildreth  turned  aside  to  "dally  in  the 
doldrums,"  they  went  by  St.  Roque   "like  a  shot." 

MISTAKES  IN  THE  ROUTE  TO  THE    "FAIR  WAY"   OFF  ST.  ROQUE. 

We  have  had  a  most  elaborate  discussion  and  review  of  the  route  from  the  United  States 
to  the  fair  way  off  St.  Roque.  I  now  give  the  crossings  of  the  disbelievers  and  the  doubters, 
and  of  those  who  attempt  to  "split  the  difference"  by  taking  a  middle  course  between  the  old 
route  and  the  new.  Of  these  last  there  are  two  classes.  One  of  these  classes  fall  into  error 
by  going  too  far  east  to  cross  30°  N.,  and  then  go  off  upon  the  new  route:  these  cross  that 
parallel  to  the  east  of  35°  W.  The  other  class  take  the  new  route  at  the  first  going  off,  and 
cross  30°  N.  to  the  west  of  35°;  they  then,  either  through  fear  of  that  "bugbear  of  St.  Roque," 
or  because  the  winds  appear  adverse,  make  for  the  old  route,  and  go  east  of  25°  before  they 
cross  the  line.  I  have  classed  among  these  some  who  were  forced  to  the  east,  and  who  are  not 
to  blame  for  their  course.  All  such  ought  to  be  classed  with  the  followers  of  the  new  route,  for 
they  did  follow  it  as  closely  as  the  winds  would  permit.  Many  of  them  have  made  good  passages. 
Nevertheless,  as  a  rule,  all  who  crossed  30°  N.  to  the  east  of  35°,  or  who  went  east  of  25° 
north  of  the  line,  are  arranged  in  the  following  tables  of  old  and  middle  route  crossings,  that 
no  more  might  be  claimed  for  the  new  route  than  all  will  admit  as  its  due.  Thus  there  will  be 
found  in  the  old  and  middle  route  crossings — in  December,  the  J.  Maxwell,  27  days  to  the  line, 
in  28°;  in  January,  the  Eagle,  24  days  to  the  line,  in  29°;  in  February,  the  Don  Quixote,  22| 
days  to  it,  in  28°  W. ;  in  March,  the  Shooting  Star  and  Sword  Fish,  each  crossing  the  line  in 
29°,  with  a  passage  of  24  days;  in  April,  the  Cleopatra  crossed  the  line  in  31|°,  after  a  run  of 
24^  days,  but  she  crossed  30°  N.  in  28^°  W.;  the  Helena,  in  June,  crossing  30°  N.  in  34°,  and 
the  line  in  31 1°,  after  a  run  of  25^  days;  in  July,  the  Indian,  with  a  passage  of  29  days;  she 
went  to  20°  W.,  after  crossing  30°  N.  in  47°  W. ;  in  August,  the  Witch  of  the  Wave:  her 
passage  was  27|  days  to  33^°  on  the  line,  after  crossing  30°  N.  in  33°  W. ;  the  Warren  White, 
27|  days  to  30°  on  the  line,  in  October;  and,  finally,  the  Boothnia,  which  made  the  fine  run  of 
29  days  to  30°  on  the  line,  in  November.  All  these  vessels,  save  one,  passed  the  equator  on  a 
new  route  crossing;  still  I  have  not  claimed  them  for  the  new  route. 


OLD   AND   MIDDLE    ROUTE    CROSSINGS. 


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e 

E 
e 

e 

•s 

o 

c 

c 

c 

_r 

'c 

9 
>-> 

'S 
c 
a 
X 

Q 

•a 

3 

s 
s 

s 

FROM  EUEOPE  TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE.  365 

FROM  EUROPE  TO  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE. 

(Extracts  from  the  Seventh  Edition  of  Maury^  s  Sailing  Directions.) 

' '  Since  the  publication  of  the  sixth  edition  of  this  work,  and  the  impulse  which  the  Brussels 
Conference  has  given  to  the  objects  of  it,  I  have  received  abstract  logs  enough  to  justify  a 
preliminary  discussion  of  the  route  from  England  and  Europe  in  the  Atlantic  generally  to  the 
line.  The  results  of  this  investigation  surprised  me,  and  I  am  encouraged  by  them  to  think 
that  that  route,  as  beaten  as  it  is,  and  notwithstanding  it  has  been  the  great  highway  to  India 
and  the  South  Seas  ever  since  the  passages  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  Straits  of 
Magellan  were  discovered,  may  be  even  now  materially  altered  for  the  better.  I  think  that 
this  system  of  research  will  enable  us  to  lay  out  tracks  and  project  routes  by  which  the  passage 
from  Europe  to  the  line  may  be  shortened  several  days,  perhaps  a  week  or  more.  Now  this 
part  of  the  route  is  common  to  all  vessels  bound  from  Europe  into  the  other  hemisphere: 
whether  their  destination  be  South  America,  Australia,  or  California,  India,  China,  or  the 
South  Sea  ports,  the  road  for  all  is  the  same,  as  far,  at  least,  as  the  equator;  and  even  beyond; 
for  this  road  is  common  also  as  far  as  the  parallel  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  indeed  I  might  say  as  far 
as  the  polar  edge  of  the  SE.  trades.  Now,  considering  the  number  of  vessels  that  travel  this 
common  part  of  this  grand  highway,  the  merchandise  they  carry,  the  business  they  do,  it  will 
be  at  once  perceived  that  if  we  can  shorten  the  voyage  along  it,  even  by  the  saving  of  a  single 
day,  we  shall  effect  an  achievement  of  some  consequence  to  the  business  of  the  world.  If  an 
engineer  of  some  highway  on  the  land,  over  which  as  much  merchandise,  property,  and  life 
are  continually  passing,  should,  by  the  display  of  any  skill,  device,  or  artifice  whatever, 
discover  some  short  cut,  which  required  no  outlay  to  open  or  put  in  order,  that  would  save  the 
time  and  expense  of  even  one  hour's  transportation;  and  if,  further,  he  should  secure  the  right 
to  the  discovery,  with  license  to  rig  up  a  toll-gate,  that  all  who  use  this  new  way  should  be 
reasonably  taxed,  people  would  willingly  pay,  and  his  revenue  would  be  princely.  But  happily 
there  are  no  toll-gates  upon  the  high  seas,  and  so  far  from  taxing  those  whom  we  invite  along 
this  road,  we  offer  them  guides,  charts,  and  sailing  directions,  without  price. 
1^  Notwithstanding  all  the  light  which  abstract  logs  and  pilot  charts  and  philosophical  dis- 
quisitions have  of  late  years  thrown  upon  the  subject  of  the  winds  in  the  North  Atlantic,  I  find, 
by  this  preliminary  examination,  that  the  route  from  Europe  to  the  line  is  at  this  day  substan- 
tially that  along  which  the  early  navigators  and  the  buccaneers  groped  their  way  to  the  South 
Seas. 

By  analyzing  all  the  crossings  on  file  when  the  seventh  edition  went  to  press,  we  found  what 
the  Pilot  Charts  might  have  induced  us  to  expect,  viz:  the  closer  in  shore,  the  longer  the 
average  passage  to  the  line.  The  analysis  gave  the  average  time  to  the  equator  from  the 
several  crossings  of  latitude  30°,  as  follows: 

24  days  from  the  mean  of    6 

6 

14 
22 

6 

7 
6 


East  of  16° 

24 

Between 

long. 

16°  and  17° 

23 

u 

17°  and  18° 

24 

u 

18°  and  19° 

24 

u 

19°  and  20° 

23 

u 

20°  and  21° 

22 

rt 

21°  and  22° 

21 

u 

22°  and  23° 

18 

366  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 

Thus,  as  the  place  of  crossing  the  parallel  of  30°  is  further  and  further  to  the  west,  so  is 
the  average  passage  thence  to  the  equator  diminished.  East  of  the  meridian  of  19°,  the 
average  passage,  as  far  as  the  data  of  these  tables  may  be  relied  on,  is  about  24  days.  To  the 
west  of  19°  the  ratio  of  decrease  as  to  length  of  passage,  according  to  this  showing,  is  most 
rapid. 

Now  the  winds  along  this  route  are  an  exact  counterpart  of  those  that  are  found  in  the 
Pacific,  on  the  route  from  California  to  Peru,  Chili,  or  Cape  Horn:  for  the  deserts  of  Mexico 
and  the  United  States  hold  very  nearly  the  same  relation  to  the  NE.  trade-winds  of  the  Pacific 
that  the  deserts  of  Africa  do  to  those  of  the  Atlantic;  and  though  quick  runs  may  be  made 
now  and  then,  both  along  the  west  American  and  west  African  coast,  yet,  in  the  long  run, 
experience  in  the  Pacific  has  amply  proved  that  the  navigator  saves  time  by  keeping  off  from 
the  coast,  and  so  I  apprehend  it  will  be  here.  Indeed,  experience  in  the  Atlantic  goes  directly 
to  show  the  same  thing,  and  to  place  the  opinion  almost  out  of  the  category  of  conjecture,  for 
this  is  the  very  point  upon  which  the  advantages  of  the  new  route  from  the  United  States  to 
the  line  are  based. 

The  passage  to  the  line  from  England  and  the  English  Channel  ought  not,  on  the  average, 
to  be  as  long  by  several  days  as  it  is  from  the  United  States.  In  the  first  place,  the  distance 
from  the  Land's  End  is  not  so  great  by  two  or  three  day's  sail;  and,  in  the  next  place,  the 
winds  are  fairer.  Vessels  bound  to  the  line  from  any  of  the  Atlantic  ports  of  this  country 
have  to  sail  c'ose  hauled  most  of  the  Avay,  but  from  Europe  they  go  free. 

If  the  performance  of  the  ships  whose  abstract  logs  I  have,  and  which  furnish  the  data 
for  these  tables,  be  a  fair  specimen  of  what  ships  generally  do  on  this  route,  and  I  suppose  it 
is  rather  above  than  below,  it  would  appear  that  the  average  passage  the  year  round  to  the 
line  from  England  and  the  English  Channel  is  36  days;  the  months  giving  the  longest  averages, 
such  as  they  are,  being  January  and  March  47  days,  August  46,  and  June  39.  The  first  two 
are  evidently  too  long,  their  averages  being  determined  from  only  two  or  three  passages  each. 
The  average  to  the  line  from  the  United  States  has  been  brought  down  from  41  to  31  days, 
and  the  average  from  the  British  Isles  and  English  Channel  can  be,  I  am  encouraged  to 
believe,  reduced  to  less  than  the  American  average;  and  the  observation,  to  be  contained  in 
the  abstract  logs  that  shall  be  kept  for  us  during  the  next  year  or  two  will,  probably,  enable 
us  to  decide  this  question. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  route  which  I  ventured  to  recommend — not,  however,  without  some 
misgivings,  arising  from  the  want  of  more  ample  data — is  the  same,  very  nearly,  for  all  vessels 
from  whatever  part  of  Europe. 

They  should  aim,  whenever  the  wind  will  allow  the  option,  to  cross  the  parallel  of  30°  N., 
between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°  W.,  but  should  not  contend  with  adverse  winds  for  it; 
having  reached  this  crossing,  their  course  thence  is  due  south  for  the  line,  between  the 
same  meridians.  In  summer  and  fall  they  should  enter  the  southern  hemisphere  about  the 
meridian  of  30°,  but  during  the  rest  of  the  year  they  will  generally  not  be  forced  so  far  over 
to  the  west,  though  they  should  not  care  to  go  east  of  longitude  25°. 

Vessels  from  as  far  north  as  the  English  Channel  should  aim  to  cross  the  parallel  of  40°, 
between  the  meridians  of  20°  and  25°;  and  for  this  reason — ^besides  that  of  winds  a  little  more 
propitious — viz:  In  crossing  the  calms  of  Cancer  the  navigator  wants  to  be  in  such  a  position 
that  he  may  always  be  able  to  go  on  that  tack  which  will  carry  him  most  rapidly  across  this 
belt  of  calms.  In  other  words,  he  wants  to  be  in  that  position  where  it  is  immaterial  to  him 
whether  he  be  making  easting  or  westing,  provided  he  be  on  the  tack  which  will  give  him  the 


FROM  EUROPE  TO  THE  ''FAIR  WAY "  OFF  ST.  ROQUE.  367 

most  southing.     For  this  reason  he  should  aim  to  enter  the  calm  belt  between  longitude  25° 
and  30°  W. 

The  average  crossing  place  of  30°   at  present,  is  about  the  meridian  of  19°  W. 
Navigators  wishing  to  try  the  more  westerly  route  are  referred  to  what  is  said  under  the 
head  of  the  route  to  the  "Fair  Way"  off  St.  Roque,  for  their  guidance  through  the  equatorial 
doldrums  and  other  calm  belts  at  the  various  seasons  of  the  year. 

There  is  room,  also,  for  the  gain  of  a  day  or  two  from  the  line  to  Europe  on  the  return 
voyage.  On  this  voyage  vessels  aim  to  cross  the  equator  too  far  east,  where  they  are  so  very 
liable  to  be  baffled  by  calms  and  light  winds.  It  is  the  passage  over  again,  so  far  as  the  winds 
are  concerned,  from  the  line  in  the  Pacific  to  California. 

There  is,  especially  for  emigrant  ships  to  Australia,  another  recommendation  in  favor  of 
what  may  be  called  this  western  route  from  Europe;  this  recommendation  consists  in  better 
weather  and  more  healthful  breezes,  especially  in  the  region  of  the  equatorial  doldrums, 
where  the  weather,  even  in  January,  is  so  singularly  sultry  and  oppressive.  The  account 
given  of  it  by  Com.  Sinclair,  p.  59,  is  graphic  and  true.  I  have  the  abstract  log  of  an 
emigrant  ship,  from  England  to  Australia  a  year  or  two  ago,  by  which  it  appears  that  she  lost 
in  these  doldrums  no  less  than  thirteen  of  her  passengers.  They  were  healthy  until  the  vessel 
reached  this  region,  and  they  were  again  healthy  for  the  rest  of  the  voyage  after  crossing  it. 
I  notice  an  entry  in  the  log,  made  a  day  or  two  after  getting  clear  of  this  almost  steaming  heat, 
this  damp  belt  of  perpetual  calms  and  ceaseless  rains,  "  sick  recovering  fast."  The  women 
and  children  were  the  principal  sufferers.  This  calm  belt  to  the  east  of  longitude  25°  may  be 
considered  as  the  burial  place  on  the  wayside  from  Europe  to  the  other  hemisphere.  To  the 
west  of  this  meridian  this  belt  is  neither  as  broad  nor  as  difficult  to  pass;  consequently,  both 
time  and  health  invite  navigators  to  pass  it  west  of  longitude  25°.  The  Trade-Wind  Chart, 
and  the  Pilot  Charts  together,  afford  all  the  information  that  the  navigator  can  desire  concern- 
ing the  winds  and  the  calm  places  along  the  routes  between  the  meridians  of  25°  and  30°  W., 
from  the  parallel  of  30°  north  to  the  equator.  My  logs  show  that  vessels  which  cross  the 
equator  to  the  east  of  25°  are  frequently  baffled  by  these  doldrums  for  three  weeks  or  more 
at  a  time.  The  average  time  of  crossing  these  is  from  a  week  or  ten  days  to  the  east  of  25°; 
and  from  three  to  four  west  of  that  meridian.  The  shape  of  the  belt  is  cuneiform,  with  its 
base  towards  the  African  Coast.  The  Trade-Wind  Chart  shows  the  navigator,  at  a  glance,  the 
parallels  between  which  he  may  expect  to  lose  the  northeast  trades  and  enter  those  calms 
every  month  in  the  year. 

Attention  to  that  Chart  and  to  what  has  been  said  under  routes  to  "Ports  beyond  the 
Equator,"  pp.  138,  143,  about  the  calm  belts,  the  trades,  and  crossing  the  line,  and  the  influence 
of  the  African  Desert  upon  the  winds  at  sea,  will  enable  intelligent  shipmasters  to  follow  this 
route  from  Europe  without  further  directions.'' 

Such  were  the  views  and  opinions  expressed  according  to  the  lights  before  us  in  1855, 
when  the  previous  edition  of  this  work  was  in  course  of  preparation  for  the  press.  Since  that 
time  our  own  collection  has  been  enriched  by  many  abstract  logs  kept  on  board  of  co-operating 
vessels  on  their  voyage  from  Europe  to  ports  beyond  the  equator.  We  have  had,  also,  from 
the  Dutch  most  valuable  contributions,  in  their  excellent  treatise  entitled  "Results  of  Theory 
and  Experience  concerning  Winds  and  Sea  Currents  in  some  parts  of  the  Ocean."  Published 
by  the  Royal  Netherland  Meteorological  Institute.     2d  revised  edition." 

Let  us  resume  this  discussion  with  the  new  lights  which  subsequent  experience  and  a  more 


368  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

abundant  supply  of  materials  cast  upon  it.  Referring  to  what  has  been  repeated  above  from 
the  previous  edition,  we  resume  the  discussion  under  the  heading  of — From  the  Lizard  to  the 
Line. 

FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE. 

The  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line,  like  the  route  from  "Europe  to  the  'Fair  Way' 
OFF  St.  Roque,"  p.  369,  is  the  same  for  all  trans-equatorially  bound  vessels  whose  destination 
is  other  than  a  South  African  port.  Whether  the  destination  be  Cape  Town  or  Rio,  the  route, 
until  the  Fair  Way  off  St.  Roque  be  gained,  is  one  and  the  same. 

Our  Dutch  co-operators  at  the  Meteorological  Institute  of  Utrecht  have,  in  the  sailing 
directions  published  from  that  office,  given  tables  of  time  and  crossings  of  455  vessels  from 
the  Lizard  to  the  Line.  To  the  monthly  mean  of  these  the  time  and  crossings  of  144  vessels, 
chiefly  American,  have  been  added  by  Lieutenant  Guthrie,  making  a  total  of  599  vessels. 
These  enable  us  to  do  much  more  than  we  could  do  in  the  seventh  edition  towards  establishing 
' '  finger  boards' '  and  setting  up  ' '  mile  stones' '  at  sea,  for  the  guidance  of  mariners  along  their 
pathless  ways. 

Those  that  pass  inside  the  Cape  Yerde  Islands  are  classed  together  in  these  tables,  while  the 
crossings  of  those  that  went  outside  are  also  arranged  to  themselves.  It  appears  from  this  that 
the  passage  both  of  the  American  and  Dutch  vessels  that  go  east  of  those  islands  is  prolonged 
thereby  about  a  day  on  the  average;  at  some  seasons  more,,  at  some  less,  but  most  in  summer.  It 
moreover  appears  that  the  numbers  are  not  suflSciently  large  to  afibrd  reliable  monthly  averages 
concerning  the  inside  passage;  though  the  Pilot  Charts,  though  our  knowledge  of  the  winds, 
and  our  experience  derived  from  the  study  of  various  routes,  already  discussed,  through  this 
part  of  the  ocean,  all  indicate  as  a  rule  that  the  further  from  the  land  a  vessel  shapes  her 
course  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  the  better  she  will  find  the  winds  ;  and  that  also,  as  a 
rule,  the  further  she  keeps  to  the  west,  provided  she  do  not  go  beyond  certain  limits,  the 
quicker  will  be  her  passage.  This  is  what  was  said  in  the  7th  edition,  and  this  is  what  we 
should  expect  without  any  suggestions  from  the  tables  now  before  us  ;  and  with  them  before 
us  we  may  conclude  that  on  the  long  run  vessels  lose  by  taking  the  inside  passage,  and 
therefore  we  advise  navigators  never  to  take  it  from  choice.  If  winds  or  casualties  force  them 
into  it,  then  let  them  try  it,  but  never  voluntarily. 

I  propose  now  to  discuss  these  tables  of  crossings,  and  the  navigator  who  follows  me  can, 
after  he  has  mastered  the  subject,  turn  to  his  time  table  for  the  month,  and  find  in  that  and  the 
charts,  and  the  extracts  quoted  from  the  logs  in  illustration,  all  the  information  that  it  is  in  my 
power  to  give,  or  that  he  can  at  present  expect  to  have  concerning  this  route. 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE. 


369 


Number  of  vessels,  Dutch  and  American,  and  their  average  time  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line,  hy  the 
passage  ea^t  and  by  the  passage  west  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands. 


AMERICAN. 

DUTCH. 

Ei 

ST. 

WEST. 

EA 

IT. 

ST. 

Days. 

Vessels. 

Days. 

Vessels. 

Days. 

Vessels. 

Days. 

Vessels. 

December 

S29.5 
28.5 
27.8 

4 
3 
2 

27 
31.5 

28.9 

4 
6 
11 

32.1 
31.5 
.35.3 

11 

17 
9 

33.6 

31 

32.9 

16 
17 
11 

January 

February 

Average  and  sum 

28.6 

9 

29.1 

21 

32.9 

37 

32.5 

44 

March 

29.7 
24.2 
^.1 

3 

1 
5 

30.5 
26.1 
31.8 

6 

8 
12 

36.6 
31.8 
33.2 

5 

23 
9 

30.5 
28.6 
32 

15 
39 
34 

April , 

May 

Average  and  sum 

28.7 

9 

29.5 

26 

33.9 

37 

30.4 

88 

June 

36.7 
34.5 
30.2 

2 
3 
2 

29.7 
30.6 
34.5 

17 
9 
11 

32.5 
35.5 
35.4 

4 
4 
4 

33.1 
33.9 
33.8 

37 

July 

53 

August 

38 

Average  and  sum 

33.8 

7 

31.6 

37 

34.5 

12 

33.6 

128 

September., ., , 

42.4 
33.2 
29.7 

2 
4 
3 

33.3 

32 

32 

14 
10 
3 

36.3 
32.4 
36.8 

9 

9 
10 

36.2 
32.9 

36.8 

31 

October , 

24 

November , 

26 

A  verage  and  sum 

35.1 

9 

32.4 

27 

35.2 

28 

35.3 

81 

Total  average  and  sum 

31.5 

34 

30.6 

111 

34.1 

114 

32.9 

341 

Note. — It  appears  that  the  passages  east  are  uniformly  longer  for  the  Dutch,  except  in  December,  June,  and  October  ;  and  that  for  the  American 
they  give  the  shorter  averages  for  January,  February,  March,  and  April ;  for  August  and  November.  But  the  averages  for  these  are  derived  from  an 
insufficient  number  of  passages,  only  two  or  three,  fourteen  in  all,  for  each  month. 

In  this  table  the  Dutch  outnumber  the  American  vessels,  and  the  outside  exceed  the  inside 
passages  in  the  proportion  of  nearly  3  to  1.  The  Dutch  and  the  outside  passages,  therefore, 
give  the  most  reliable  averages.  Nevertheless,  the  monthly  means  for  the  passage  west  of 
the  Cape  Verde  Islands  are  uniformly  in  favor  of  the  American  vessels,  except  for  January  and 
August,  when  for  January  the  mean  of  17  Dutch  passages  is  half  a  day  shorter  than  the  mean 
of  6  American;  and  for  August,  when  the  mean  of  38  Dutch  passages  is  18  hours  short  the 
mean  of  11  American.  The  general  mean  of  the  outside  passages  for  the  year,  however,  is 
2.3  days  in  favor  of  the  American  vessels,  and  one  day  in  favor  of  those  that  go  outside  as 
against  those  that  go  inside  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

To  what  is  this  diflference  owing  ?  Is  it  owing  to  diflference  of  heels  or  of  Jiead,  or  of  winds, 
or  of  all  combined  ?  for  the  American  vessels  pursue  generally  a  more  westerly  route  than 
the  Dutch,  and  in  these  times  the  quickest  passages  have  become  to  be  as  much  the  result  of 
the  head  of  the  master  as  of  the  heels  of  his  ship.  At  present,  however,  we  are  not  able  in 
such  cases  to  separate  the  head  of  tlve  master  from  the  heels  of  his  ship,  or  to  say  how  much  of  this 
difference  is  due  to  the  one  or  the  other.  The  Dutch  cross  30°  north  about  40,  and  the  equator 
VOL.  II 47 


370 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


about  200  miles  further  to  the  east  than  the  Americans  usually  do.  The  Dutch  track  is  shorter  in 
distance  but  longer  in  time  ;  hence  it  seems  that  the  American  not  only  go  further  than  the 
Dutch  but  they  actually  go  in  less  time.  Is  this  owing  to  heels  or  winds?  Perhaps  the 
following  comparative  statement  may  help  us  to  form  a  conjecture : 

Days  and  crossings  from  the  Lizard  to  30°  N.,  and  thence  to  the  Line. 


AMERICAN. 

DDTCH. 

To  30°  N. 

Thence  to  0°. 

'I  0  30°  N. 

Thence  to  0°. 

Days. 

Longitude. 

Days. 

Longitude. 

Days. 

Longitude. 

Days. 

Longitude. 

11.9 
14.6 
11.8 

W. 
21.1 

18.7 
22.2 

15.1 
16.9 
17.1 

W. 

26.5 
25.5 
23.7 

15.9 
11.9 
14.6 

W. 

19.2 
20 

18.7 

17.7 
19.1 
18.3 

W. 

22  7 

22  7 

21 

12.8 

20.6 

16.4 

25.2 

14.4 

19.3 

18.6 

22  1 

Average  miles  per  day 

106 

111 

93 

97 

13.1 
10.5 
12.4 

19.2 
20.5 
19.5 

17.4 
15.6 
19.4 

25.5 
26.5 
24.2 

12.2 
11.3 
12.5 

20.2 
18.7 
19 

18.3 
16.1 
19.5 

21  7 

23.7 

May 

23 

12 

19.7 

17.5 

25.4 

12 

19.3 

18 

22  8 

112 

106 

112 

101 

11.2 
10.3 

14.8 

20.5 
20.7 
19.6 

18.5 
20.3 
19.7 

27.7 
25.5 
26.1 

12.5 
12.3 
12.8 

19 

19.2 

19.2 

20.6 
21.6 
21 

24  2 

July 

21.7 

20.5 

12.1 

20.3 

19.5 

26.4 

12.5 

19.1 

21.1 

22.1 

Average  miles  per  day 

112 

94 

107 

85 

September. 

12.1 
12.9 
11.2 

19.8 
19.2 
20.2 

20.9 
19.1 
20.8 

25 

27.7 

31 

12.8 

13 

12.9 

18.5 
19.5 
19.2 

23.4 
19.9 
20.7 

21.7     ' 

25.7 

23  7 

12.1 

19.7 

20.3 

27.9 

12.9 

19.1 

21.3 

23  7 

112 

91 

104 

85 

Yearly  means. , 

12.2 

20.1 

18.4 

26.2 

13.0 

19.2 

19.7 

22  7 

Yearly  average  miles  per  day 

111 

100 

104 

92 

I 


Note. — The  remarks  ia  relation  to  that  part  of  this  route  which  lies  between  the  Lizard  and  the  trades  should  be  studied 
by  navigators  who  sail  between  Europe  and  the  Southern  States,  West  Indies,  Spanish  Main,  &c. ,  p.  92  ;  as  well  as  those 
coming  from  the  Mediterranean,  pp.  105,  120.  In  confirmation  of  what  is  in  those  chapters  said  in  favor  of  the  trade- 
wind  route  for  the  homeward  passage,  and  of  the  northern  route  for  the  outward  voyage.  Captain  Higgins,  in  transmitting 
his  abstract  log  of  the  Timoleon,  from  Boston  to  Constantinople,  says  : 

"  Noticing  in  your  sailing  directions  you  expressed  a  wish  for  masters  to  mention  whether  they  followed  the  track  recom- 
mended by  you,  and,  if  so,  requested  them  to  express  an  opinion  whether  their  passage  was  shortened  thereby,  I  would 
remark  :  I  followed  your  directions  ;  taking  adverse  winds  into  consideration,  think  my  passage  to  Gibraltar  was  materially 
shortened  thereby,"  as  I  passed  Gibraltatf  one  day  befbre  ft  barque  that  sailed  from  Boston  six  days  prior  to  myself.     The 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE.  371 

This  table  shows  us  the  effect  of  seasons  as  well  as  of  longitude.  It  also  shows  that  the 
American  ships  make  better  time  both  before  and  after  they  cross  30°  N.  than  the  Dutch  do; 
but  it  does  not  reveal  the  cause  of  this  difference,  nor  indicate  whether  the  better  speed  be  due 
to  the  more  westerly  track  of  the  Americans  or  to  their  superior  sailing  qualities.  It  shows, 
indeed,  that  in  the  winter  time,  and  in  the  winter  time  alone,  both  the  Dutch  and  Americans 
make  better  time  from  than  they  do  to  30°  N.  Consequently  we  infer  that  in  winter  the 
northeast  trades  are  more  reliable  than  the  "variables"  on  the  polar  side  of  30°,  and  the 
northeast  trades  are  freshest  in  spring. 

Let  us  pause  to  review  a  little  more  closely  the  winds,  and  survey  the  part  of  the  ocean 
through  which  these  vessels  hold  their  way. 

I  am  surprised  to  find  the  prevailing  character  of  the  winds  between  the  Lizard  and  30° 
N.  as  baffling  as  they  are  thence  along  the  coast  of  Africa  to  the  Line.  The  American  track  from 
the  Lizard  to  30°  N.  is  a  little  more  westwardly,  and  we  find  the  winds,  as  indicated  by  the 
average  distance  made  good  per  day  for  the  several  seasons,  much  more  steady  by  the  American 
than  they  are  by  the  Dutch  track. 

Average  miles  made  good  per  day  from  the  Lizard  to  30°  N.  in  each  of  the  four  seasons. 


American. 

Dutch. 

Difference. 

Winter  ... .__.... ..... . 

106 
112 
112 
112 

93 
112 
107 
104 

13 

Spring 

Summer .... 

0 
5 

Fall 

8 

According  to  the  seasons  and  the  average  rate  of  sailing,  it  appears  that  the  Americans 
are  remarkably  uniform  ;  the  Dutch  not  so  much  so  ;  and  this  we  attribute,  without  hesitation, 
to  the  circumstance  that  along  the  American  track  the  winds,  if  not  fresher,  are  at  least  less 
baffling  than  they  are  along  the  Dutch  track,  which  lies,  on  the  average,  more  inshore. 

barque,  I  have  since  learned,  kept  further  south.  Any  comments  from  me  upon  the  utility  of  your  charts  and  sailing 
directions  would  be  superfluous  ;  they  speak  for  themselves,  as  their  benefit  to  the  mercantile  community  has  already  shown. 
If  I  should  not  be  deemed  presumptuous,  I  would  express  an  opinion  in  regard  to  the  passage  through  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago to  Constantinople  or  Smyrna.  The  usual  route  is,  I  believe,  through  the  Zea  and  Doro  channels,  yet  during  the 
'Etesian  winds,'  which  prevail  from  July  until  tlie  autumnal  equinox,  I  think  the  passage  through  the  Mikoni  channel 
preferable.  Through  the  latter  there  is  scarcely  any  perceptible  current,  and  the  winds  are  such  as  to  enable  a  vessel  to 
fetch  through  without  tacking ;  whereas  through  the  former  you  often  have  one  or  two  knots  current  to  contend  with,  and 
are  obliged  to  make  short  tacks.  My  experience  in  regard  to  it  is  meagre,  I  admit,  as  my  information  is  derived  principally 
from  old  and  experienced  pilots  in  those  parts,  yet,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes,  proves  the  assertion  of  my  informants." 

Also  Captain  Richard  W.  Dixey,  of  ship  Robert  H.  Dixey,  February,  1858,  says : 

"On  my  way  back  from  Bordeaux  to  Mobile,  (December  and  January — see  pp.  115,  116,)  and  through  the  trades,  we  saw 
no  sign  of  the  stormy  petrel,  and  scarcely  any  birds.  We  sailed  many  leagues  also  through  the  trades  before  we  saw  any 
flying  fish.  As  I  have  often  passed  through  these  seas  and  never  before  observed  such  an  absence  of  birds  and  fish,  should 
be  much  obliged  to  you  for  your  opinion  upon  this  ;  also  the  almost  entiro  absence  of  the  jargusso  weed.  During  all  this 
route  the  weather  was  extremely  delightful. 

"I  followed  your  valuable  instructions  so  soon  as  the  winds  allowed  of  it,  and  came  to  anchor  off  Southwest  Pass  in  forty 
days  against  a  majority  of  long  passages  from  different  ports  in  Europe.  I  cannot  say  how  or  what  courses  they  steered  who 
performed  them." 

He  crossed  350  in  25°  W.,  13  days  out  ;  30°  in  25^°  W.,  17  days  out ;  20°  in  iO°,  23  days  out,  and  so  on  ;  steering  west 
between  19°  and  20°  N.  to  long.  80°,  35  days  out.     He  would  have  done  better  if  he  had  crossed  20"  N.  in  250—30°  W. 

Materials  for  this  work  are  accumulating.  These  extracts  should  be  placed  in  the  context,  pp.  92,  120,  &c.,  but  the 
materials  for  it  were  not  at  hand  when  those  chapters  went  to  press 


372  THE   WIND   AND  CURRENT    CHARTS. 

This  is  what  the  pilot  charts  have  indicated,  and  this  is  what  all  our  investigations  of 
routes  running  through  this  part  of  the  ocean  have  suggested.  But  I  did  not  expect  to  find 
the  prevailing  character  of  the  winds  between  the  Lizard  and  30°  N.,  nor  on  the  old  route 
thence  to  the  Line,  so  adverse  and  unpropitious  as  they  appear  to  be,  for  their  average  force  is 
here  expressed  by  good  ships  in  terms  of  4^  knots  an  hour. 

A  track  still  further  from  the  land  even  than  the  American;  indeed  one  that  leads  from  the 
Lizard  to  the  meridian  of  23°  or  25°  W.,  at  its  intersection  with  30°  N.,  would,  I  conjecture, 
take  the  navigator  through  a  part  of  the  ocean  that  would  give  him  an  average  speed  of  five 
knots.  Though  the  distance  from  the  Lizard  to  30°  N.  would  be  eighty  miles  greater  by  this 
route  than  it  is  to  the  present  crossing  of  that  parallel  at  its  intersection  with  20°  W,,  the  time 
from  the  Lizard  would,  on  account  of  both  winds,  sea,  and  speed,  be  shortened;  and  it  is  time, 
not  distance,  that  our  researches  seek  to  shorten. 

In  corroboration  of  this  view  I  refer  to  the  track  of  the  Aetos,  McLaughlin,  among  the  April 
crossings,  to  her  abstract  log,  and  to  a  letter  from  her  very  clever  master,  written  in  Liverpool 
the  day  before  sailing  for  Bombay.  It  will  be  observed  that  her  first  effort  was  to  get  to  the 
westward;  that  she  crossed  45°  N.  nearly  3°  to  the  west  of  the  usual  track.  After  this  she 
followed  as  nearly  as  may  be  the  average  American  route.  As  a  rule,  the  best  route  is  to  aim 
to  cross  40°  N.,  in  19°— 20°  W. ;  35°  N.,  in  about  22°;  30°  N.,  in  24°— 25°,  and  then  aim  for 
the  line  anywhere  between  28°  and  31°  W.  This  route  may  be  varied  a  little  according  to 
the  seasons,  and  in  each  case  according  to  the  circumstances  of  wind  and  weather  by  the  way; 
but  that  it  is  the  route  which  will  prove  the  quickest  on  the  long  run,  I  have  no  doubt.  It  is 
less  boisterous  than  the  route  inshore,  which  is  at  present  followed,  and  the  wind  along  it  is 
more  steady. 

For  vessels  that  -come  through  the  channel,  sailing  directions  here  would  be  out  of  place; 
hence  all  that  pass  that  way  are  taken  up  off  the  Lizard. 

Captain  McLaughlin,  writing  from  Liverpool,  April  22,  says,  in  the  letter  above  mentined: 

"There  is  one  thing  which  I  have  to  contend  against  this  passage,  that  is,  three  British 
clippers  which  have  all  sailed  to-day  for  Bombay.  Ship  Conflict,  1,320  tons,  iron,  and  an 
extreme  clipper,  also  celebrated  for  her  last  voyage  to  Bombay,  (83  days;)  iron  clipper 
Kunjee  Oadunjee,  1,000  tons,  very  sharp  and  in  good  time;  ship  Tiger,  built  in  St. 
John's,  N.  B.,  1,000  tons,  very  long,  draught  17  feet.  These  ships  all  have  the  advantage  of 
me,  as  they  are  in  much  better  trim,  and  these  clippers  are  old  traders  to  Bombay. 

"  In  the  first  place,  my  ship  is  American  tonnage  1,430,  and  English  1,352.  She  has  on 
board  1,768  tons  of  cargo,  1,236  tons  dead  weight,  532  tons  light  freight,  at  1,600  cwt.  to  the 
ton.  She  is  drawing  aft  21  feet,  and  forward  21  feet  3  inches  ;  this  mistake  has  happened  by 
her  being  on  the  ground  when  finished  loading  in  the  dock. 

"Now,  as  it  is  against  the  principles  of  a  Yankee  to  get  heat,  I  will  try  these  fellows  hard. 
Now,  as  to  the  track  which  I  must  pursue,  my  view  is  :  I  will,  if  the  wind  will  allow  me  to  do 
BO,  say,  pass  3°  to  the  east,  Western  Isles,  [that's  right;]  then  straight  for  the  west  cape  of 
De  Verde  Isles,  [it  would  have  been  better  to  have  passed  2°  or  3°  to  the  west  of  them,]  cross 
the  line,  as  circumstances  will  permit,  from  26°  to  28°  W. ;  let  her  go  with  a  good  full  sail 
through  the  SE.  trades;  then  get  into  the  west  winds  as  soon  as  possible;  pass  the  Cape  in  lat. 
38°,  and  go  to  50°  E.  in  30°  S. ;  then  go  to  the  E.  of  Madagascar,  and  cross  the  line  in  62°  or  64°; 
then  run  straight  for  port.  [This  route  was  well  projected.]  Now,  it  is  my  opinion  that  I  can 
cross  the  Line  in  25  days,  [he  did  it  in  29,]  the  Cape  in  50  days,  [he  did  it  in  52,]  and  port  in 


i 


r 


FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO   THE   LIKE. 


873 


80  days,  [he  did  it  in  77^,  and  led  his  squadron  of  competitors,]  which  will  satisfy  me  if  the 
other  ships  do  not  beat  me,  this  time." 

I  have  alluded  to  seamanship  and  navigation  as  elements  which,  in  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  concerning  winds,  weather,  and  currents,  along  different  thoroughfares  of  the 
ocean,  ought  to  be  taken  into  account  whenever  we  attempt  to  calculate  the  length  of  the 
voyage.  These  qualifications,  if  possessed  and  exercised,  will  do  quite  as  much  as  the  speed 
of  the  vessel  herself  in  the  saving  of  time  by  the  way.  This  was  remarkably  exemplified  in 
this  case.  The  competitors  of  the  Aetos  were  quite  if  not  more  swift-footed  than  she,  and  it 
was  the  head  of  the  master,  not  the  heels  of  his  ship,  that  enabled  him  to  bear  the  palm. 
Some  got  into  Bombay  two  and  some  ten  days  after  he  did.  The  "Conflict,"  one  of  our 
crack  co-operators  and  Fitzroy's  prize  observers,  made  the  passage  in  80  days.  The  voyage 
before  she  did  it  in  83.  This  is  no  chance  or  luckj  it  is  the  fruit  of  meteorological  knowledge, 
of  nautical  information,  and  professional  skill. 

But  let  us  return  to  the  question  under  discussion,  which  is  to  account  for  the  difference 
of  the  average  distance  run  daily  by  the  Dutch  and  American  vessels  on  the  route  from  the 
Lizard  to  the  Line.  Whether  this  difference  be  owing  to  difference  of  winds  or  to  difference 
of  sailing  qualities  with  the  same  winds,  it  is  important  to  know.  For,  knowing  this,  we  should 
then  be  able  to  compare  the  Dutch  and  American  vessels  together,  to  speak  more  confidently 
in  other  cases,  and  to  project  the  best  route  for  this  voyage  with  still  greater  confidence. 

It  is,  moreover,  of  importance  that  this  question  as  to  speed  between  the  two  flags  should 
be  rightly  settled,  for  my  colleagues  in  Holland  are  already  beginning,  with  their  contributions 
and  digests,  to  play  an  important  and  valuable  part  in  these  investigations  ;  and  it  is  of  great 
consequence,  therefore,  that,  in  order  to  arrive  at  correct  conclusions  when  we  compare  theirs 
and  ours  together,  we  should  be  able  to  know  whether  the  difference  in  the  length  of  passages 
by  their  ships  be  owing  to  winds  or  to  heels. 

At  p.  147  is  a  table  giving  the  average  rate  of  sailing  per  day  between  30°  N.  and  the 
Line  by  the  new,  middle,  and  old  routes  from  the  United  States  to  the  "fair  way"  off  St.  Roque. 
Repeating  that  table,  we  have  the  following  means  of  comparison  : 

Average  miles  per  day  from  30°  N.  to  the  Line,  by  vessels  from  America  to  the  Line,  and  hy  vessels 

from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line. 


AMERICA   TO  THE  LINE. 

LIZARD    TO    THE  LINE. 

• 

Miles  per  day. 

Miles  per  day. 

New  route. 

Middle  route. 

Old  route. 

A.merican  ships. 

Dutch  ships. 

Winter 

134 

119 

102 

90 

114 
101 

86 
87 

92 
92 
88 
84 

Ill 
106 

94 
91 

97 

Spring  ... . .. ...- . 

101 

Summer ., 

85 

Autumn . . ._.._. 

85 

Average  crossing  of  30°  N. 

42°.  55'  W. 

36°.  30'  W. 

31°.  10' W. 

19°.  55'  W. 

190. 18'  W. 

Average  crossing  Line ... .. .. 

30°.  35' 

28.45 

25.30 

26.25 

22.40 

Average  distance — miles  per  day . 

111 

97 

89 

100 

92 

374  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

This  table  would,  if  we  suppose  all  the  vessels  to  have  the  same  sailing  qualities,  seem  to 
conflict  with  the  idea  that  the  nearer  the  coast  of  Africa  the  lighter  or  more  unsteady  the  NE. 
trade  winds  ;  for,  on  the  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line,  the  average  rate  of  sailing  on  the 
track  of  the  American  vessels  is  greater  than  it  is  by  the  middle  route  from  the  United  States, 
and  the  rate  on  the  track  of  the  Dutch  vessels  is  greater  than  it  is  by  the  old  route  from 
America;  the  average  difference  being  in  each  case  three  miles  a  day  in  favor  of  the  tracks 
from  the  Lizard,  which  are  east  of  the  routes  from  America,  and  therefore  more  littoral  to 
Africa. 

The  American  ships  that  follow  this  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  are  principally 
engaged  in  the  trade  from  England  to  India,  China,  and  Australia.  They  are  fine  ships,  and, 
as  a  class,  are  better  sailers  than  the  average  of  those  which  trade  into  the  southern  hemisphere 
from  the  United  States.  Many  of  the  former  are  large  ships,  of  2,000  tons,  or  more,  and  with 
the  same  winds  the  average  of  these  ships  would  make  better  runs  than  the  average  of  those 
that  take  the  middle  route  from  the  United  States;  and  consequently,  with  winds  not  quite  so 
good,  they  would  average  quite  as  many  miles  the  day  ;  and  this,  it  appears,  they  have  done. 

But  this  being  admitted  with  regard  to  the  American  ships  from  the  Lizard  and  those  that 
take  the  middle  route  from  America,  how  shall  we  account  for  the  fact  that  the  Dutch  ships 
make  as  good  average  runs  along  the  African  shore  as  the  old  route  Americans  do  some  10°  to 
the  west  ?  The  Dutch  ships  are,  as  a  rule,  smaller  than  the  American,  and  therefore  can  fan 
along  with  the  baffling  winds  through  which  their  track  lies  faster  than  large  ships  could. 

At  any  rate,  it  is  probable  that  the  full  effect  of  the  difference  of  strength  in  the  trade- 
winds,  nearer  and  further  from  the  coast  of  Africa,  is,  in  this  table,  masked  somewhat  by  the 
character  of  the  ships  and  their  masters  which  pursue  the  old  route  from  the  United  States,  as 
contrasted  with  that  of  those  which  follow  the  American  and  Dutch  tracks  from  the  Lizard  to 
the  Line. 

Were  the  American  ships,  which  have  given  name  to  this  track  from  the  Lizard,  to  follow 
the  old  route  from  30°  N.  to  the  line,  as  pursued  from  the  United  States,  their  time  would,  I  con- 
jecture, be  less  than  it  is  between  said  old  route  crossing  of  30°  and  the  Line.  Consequently, 
the  average  rate  of  sailing  would  be  greater,  for  I  hold  that  the  further  from  the  coast  of  Africa, 
until  you  get  quite  half  way  across  the  Atlantic,  the  stronger  and  more  steady  are  the  NE. 
trades.     This  is  a  well  established  fact. 

Again,  were  these  same  American  ships  to  follow  the  Dutch  track  from  30°  N.  to  the  Line, 
they  would  not,  I  apprehend,  make  as  good  time  as  the  Dutch  do.  The  Dutch  ships  are 
smaller,  and  in  light  winds  small  ships  will  make  better  way  than  large  ones. 

For  reasons  suggested  by  this  train  of  remarks,  I  feel  persuaded  that  time  between  the 
ports  of  Europe  and  the  Line  is  to  be  saved  for  all  vessels  trading  from  her  marts  to  Brazil,  to 
the  Pacific,  to  Australia,  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  India,  or  to  China ;  for  this  discussion 
shows  that  they  may  get  to  the  Equator  in  less  time  by  crossing  30°  N.  about  long.  24°  and  the 
Line  about  30°  W.  than  they  can  by  any  of  the  routes  now  pursued. 

Being  on  the  Equator  in  30°  W.,  are  they  then  in  as  favorable  a  position  for  the  continuance 
of  their  voyage  as  they  would  be  in  a  more  eastwardly  crossing,  as,  for  instance,  that  of  the 
Dutch  in  22°  40'?  If  so,  then  the  route  now  proposed  will  certainly  afford  the  shortest  passages 
on  the  average.     Let  us  consider  this  question : 

If  Brazil  be  their  destination,  then  there  is  no  room  for  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the 
answer  ;  for  the  daily  experience  of  navigators  shows  that   near   the    meridian  of   30°  is. 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE.  375 

for  all  vessels  bound  to  South  American  ports  south  of  St.  Roque,  or  around  the  Horn,  a 
better  crossing  than  about  the  meridian  of  24°. 

Now,  if  this  fact  can  be  made  to  appear  with  regard  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  also,  and  if 
navigators  can  be  convinced  that  the  average  passage  from  the  Line  to  the  prime  meridian  of 
Greenwich,  on  the  way  thither,  be  less  for  a  western  than  for  an  eastern  equatorial  crossing, 
the  question  as  to  the  best  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  is  settled,  both  theoretically  and 
practically  for  all  routes. 

This  point  will  be  further  discussed  in  the  chapter  on  the  south  Atlantic:  "  From  latitude 
0°  TO  LONGITUDE  0°."  The  navigator  is  referred  to  that  chapter,  but  I  will  state  here  that, 
from  the  discussion  there,  it  appears  that  vessels  which  cross  the  Line  east  of  26°  W.  have 
no  advantage  as  to  time  in  the  run  thence  to  the  prime  meridian  over  those  that  cross  west  of  26°. 

Those  that  cross  the  equator  east  of  26°,  cross  it  usually  in  22°  40',  where  the  Dutch  from 
the  Lizard  cross  it.  Of  those  that  cross  it  west  of  26°,  the  mean  crossing  place  is  in  29°  W. ;  and 
from  this  crossing  their  average  run  to  the  prime  meridian  in  38°  12'  S.  is  four  hours  less  than 
it  is  to  the  same  meridian  in  37°  S.  from  the  Line  in  22°  40';  and  thence,  for  the  continuance  of 
the  voyage,  this  parallel  of  38°  12'  is  more  advantageous  for  running  down  easting  than  37°  is. 

American  ships  that  cross  the  equator  east  of  26°  cross  it  where  the  Dutch  do,  i.  e.,  in 
about  22°  40'.  They  cross  the  prime  meridian  also  at  the  same  place,  and  the  average  time 
taken  to  run  from  the  Equator  in  longitude  22°  40'  to  longitude  0°,  latitude  37°  S.,  is  24.8  days 
by  the  Dutch  and  24.7  by  the  American;  to  reach  37°  S.  from  22°  40'  W.  by  this  route  the 
average  rate  of  sailing  per  day  is  about  120  miles,  showing  that  with  a  5 -knot  breeze  the  two 
flags  are  about  equal  as  to  the  speed  of  the  ships  under  them,  and  reminding  us  to  look  to  the 
winds  and  currents  along  the  different  routes  to  account  for  difference  in  the  length  of  passage. 

Lieutenants  Young  and  McCauley  are  preparing  a  set  of  time  tables  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  the  view  of  settling  the  question  as  to  the  comparative  sailing 
qualities  of  Dutch  and  American  vessels.  Therefore  the  navigator  who  is  bound  through  the  part 
of  the  ocean  now  under  discussion  is  referred  to  those  tables :  ' '  Time  and  Crossings  from  the 
Straits  of  Sunda  to  the  '  fair  way'  off  Good  Hope'  '  for  further  information  under  this  head. 


Hamburg  ship  ^^  Udward,^'  (Captain  Zyhrantz,)  from  Iquique  to  Hamburg. 


I^^ours,  only  on  a  much  smaller  scale,  noting  winds,  currents,  barometer,  atmosphere,  &c. — all 
that  I  found  worth  notice.  I  had  at  first  command  of  a  150  tons  schooner,  which  I  had  ten 
years.  My  first  trip  was  from  Hamburg  to  Valparaiso,  Manilla,  and  back  to  Hamburg.  I  then 
followed  the  directions  given  by  English  books,  (outward  bound.)  Coming  homes,  I,  like  a 
fool,  crossed  the  Line  far  eastward,  and  was  long  in  the  doldrums,  and  came  just  as  far  to  the 
west  as  on  Brazil  voyages.  Afterwards,  in  1845,  on  a  voyage  to  Pernambuco,  in  XII, 
(Dec.,)  I  met  the  winds  east,  with  south  in  them,  off  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  chock  down  to 
the  Line,  which  I  crossed,  terribly  frightened,  in  30°  W.,  and  arrived,  after  a  quick  passage, 
safe  in  Pernambuco.  Returning  in  January,  I  crossed  in  35°  W.,  and  had  a  quick  voyage;  no 
calms,  and,  to  my  astonishment,  did  not  get  further  west  as  above.  There  I  had  a  glimmering 
of  your  new  highway,  which  I  have  sought,  going  down  in  28°  W.  from  the  Cape  Verdes,  and 
returning  in  35°  W.  In  Philadelphia  I  first  heard  of  your  labors,  and  got  a  small  book  for 
passages  to  Europe  and  back.  Two  years  after  I  got  from  the  United  States  consul  in  Leipzic, 
and  have  still,  your  fifth  edition,  without  charts.     The  log  I  sent  you  last  year.  ^    ^^  _     ^ 


376  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

This  voyage  I  had  your  seventh  edition  and  charts,  and  send  you  forthwith  this  log. 
Having  sufficient  and  good  instruments  you  can  rely  on  the  observations  made,  directions  of 
currents  as  far  as  to  become  at  by  difference  of  dead  and  0.  reckonings. 

I  have  nothing  more  to  add,  and  remain  your  most  obedient  servant, 

P.  ZYBRANTZ." 

August  3,  1857. 

With  the  lights  at  present  before  us  touching  the  best  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line, 
we  may  conclude — 

1st.  That  the  best  route  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  is  to  cross  the  parallel  of  40°  N., 
about  the  longitude  of  19°  or  20°,  and  then  to  proceed  as  recommended  at  page  372. 

2d.  That  the  Dutch  vessels  that  follow  this  route  are  lighter,  and  therefore  better  sailers 
than  the  Americans  in  light  winds.  This  question,  however,  cannot  be  definitely  settled  until 
Lieutenant  Young's  time  tables  of  American  vessels  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda  to  the  offings 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  shall  have  been  finished,  so  that  I  may  compare  the  average  daily 
run  of  several  hundred  American  vessels  with  the  runs  of  550  Dutch  vessels  given  in  the  tables 
of  Utrecht.  As  Lieutenant  Young  has,  since  the  above  was  written,  been  ordered  to  sea,  the 
data  for  that  discussion  will  not  be  ready  before  this  goes  to  the  printer  ;  therefore  I  refer 
the  navigator  for  further  information  to  the  route  from  the  Line  to  the  prime  meridian,  thence 
to  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  and  so  back  to  the  line  in  the  Atlantic. 

3d.  That  both  the  NE.  trades  and  the  variables  are  most  baffling  near  the  shore,  and 
for  that  reason  a  good  offing,  both  from  the  Peninsula  and  Africa,  is  desirable. 

4th.  That  for  vessels  bound  from  Europe  to  or  through  any  part  of  the  Indian  ocean,  a 
western  crossing  of  the  Line  is  more  desirable  than  an  eastern  one. 

5th.  That  it  is  better  to  go  outside  than  inside  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

6th.  That  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  we  may  look,  in  winter  and  spring,  for  the  best 
passages,  summerand  fall  being  unfavorable  to  quick  runs. 

7th.  That  the  average  passage  by  the  outside  track  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line  is  at 
present  31^  days,  and  that,  by  taking  the  more  westerly  route  here  recommended,  the  average 
passage  from  the  Lizard  to  the  "Fair  Way"  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  maybe  reduced  3  or 
4  days,  and  the  voyage  to  India  and  China  6  or  8. 

8th.  That  these  time-tables  and  this  system  of  physical  research  into  which  all  the  maritime 
nations  have  entered  as  joint  co-operators,  are  calculated  to  raise  the  standard  of  qualifications 
among  sea  captains,  and  to  keep  them  in  their  race  against  time  continually  up,  each  one  to  his 
mettle.  As  those  qualifications  are  raised  there  is  practically  to  follow  both  a  saving  of  time 
on  the  voyage  and  a  lessening  of  the  dangers  of  the  sea.  Consequently  we  may  expect  the 
average  time  of  passage  by  the  routes  here  recommended  to  be  gradually  diminished  more  and 
more  for  several  years  yet  to  come,  and  until  navigators  generally  shall  master  practically  all 
the  knowledge  concerning  winds,  weather,  and  sea  that  shall  be  developed  in  the  progress  of 
these  researches,  when  the  dangers  of  the  sea  also  will  diminish. 

"I  consider  the  keeping  of  a  journal  such  as  you  require,"  says  Captain  Nichols,  of 
the  John  Carver,  ' '  a  very  useful  and  profitable  exercise,  not  only  for  the  benefit  that  may 
accrue  to  navigators  in  general,  but  individually  to  those  who  keep  them,  as  it  enlarges  their 
field  of  observation,  and  by  those  frequent  observations  improves  the  faculties  of  discernment 
and  calculation  in  regard  to  the  winds,  &c. ,  in  those  regions  where  such  observations  have  been 
carefully  made." 


I 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE.  377 


This  track  from  the  Lizard  passes  through  the  famous  red  fog  region.  I  would  be  glad  to 
have  specimens  of  the  dust.  The  United  States  sloop -of-war  Jamestown  fell  in  with  one  of 
these  fogs  in  February,  1856,  which  lasted  for  six  days,  and  which  so  obscured  the  sky  as  to 
hide  the  sun  and  limit  vision  to  a  few  ship's  lengths. 

"In  regard  to  the  dust  fogs,  said  to  occur  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  in  the  region  of  the 
Cape  de  Yerdes,  we  have  seen,"  says  Dr.  Clymer,  the  surgeon  of  the  fleet,  on  board  that  ship, 
"but  one;  though  the  atmosphere  is  there  often  filled  with  a  dry,  dusty  haze. 

The  red  dust  fog  that  we  saw,  we  passed  through  on  our  return  from  St.  Paul  de  Loando 
to  Porto  Praya,  in  February,  1856.  It  was  in  the  belt  of  the  equatorial  calms,  which  we 
en  erea  from  the  southeast  trades  on  the  first  of  February,  in  two  degrees  north  latitude,  and 
betAveen  twelve  and  thirteen  degrees  west  longitude. 

We  were  immersed  in  the  dust  fog  six  days,  entering  it  abruptly  on  the  night  of  the  9th 
of  February,  in  lat.  7°  30'  N.,  and  long.  15°  W.,  and  emerging  from  it  (and  at  the  same  time 
from  the  zone  of  the  equatorial  calms  into  the  northeast  trades)  on  the  15th  instant,  in  lat.  9° 
N.,  and  long.  19°  W.  With  these  winds  we  beat  to  Porto  Praya,  (in  lat.  14°  54'  N.,  and  long. 
23°  30'  W.,)  crossing  a  southwest  current  of  nearly  a  mile  an  hour,  arriving  at  Porto  Praya  on 
the  22d  of  February. 

The  red  dust  settled  thickly  on  the  sails,  rigging,  spars,  and  decks,  from  which  it  was 
easily  collected.  It  was  an  impalpable  powder,  of  a  brickdust  or  cinnamon  color.  The  atmos- 
phere was  so  dusky  that  we  could  not  have  seen  a  ship  at  midday  beyond  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 
L  The  nature  and  source  of  these  red  dust  fogs  are  matters  of  speculation:  whether  they 
are  of  the  animal,  the  vegetable,  or  the  mineral  kingdom,  and  whether  they  are  wafted  from 
the  plains  of  Africa  by  the  northeast  trade-winds,  or  transported  from  those  of  South  America, 
by  the  return  atmosphere  currents  in  the  upper  strata,  against  the  direction  of  the  surface 
trades,  and  precipitated  in  the  belt  of  calms." 

For  this  extract  I  am  indebted  to  notes  made  during  the  late  cruise  in  the  Jamestown  on 
the  African  station,  under  date  of  March  1,  1857,  by  George  Clymer. 

The  following,  from  a  letter,  and  the  log  of  Captain  Sewall,  of  the  Lepanto,  have  come  to 
^^Band  just  in  time  to  find  a  place  here  by  interpolation.  This  log  and  letter  go  to  confirm  the 
^^•iews  already  expressed  concerning  the  advantages  of  the  western  route.  Indeed  here  is 
^^nother  instance  afforded,  quite  unexpectedly,  as  to  the  difference  between  the  force  of  the 
wind  near  and  further  from  the  coast  of  Africa. 

"I  have  added"  (says  Captain  Sewall)  " in  my  abstract  from  Gibraltar  to  Sumatra,  directly 
beneath*  our  position  at  noon,  the  position  at  noon,  for  each  corresponding  day,  of  the  ship  Comoro, 
Captain  Lord,  who  sailed  in  company  with  us,  and  you  will  perceive  that  she  arrived  the  same 
time  on  the  coast,  though  a  much  faster  vessel  than  the  Lepanto.  You  will  perceive  our  gain 
was  in  crossing  the  Equator  in  the  Atlantic  more  westward  than  he,  and  also  in  running  easting 
down  in  a  higher  latitude,  as  I  endeavored  to  follow  a  great  circle  course  after  clearing  the 
southeast  trades.  But  I  now  think  I  hauled  up  to  the  eastward  too  soon  on  temporarily  losing 
the  trades.  I  should  have  made  more  southing  before  projecting  my  'circle  track.'  I  think 
the  comparison  of  our  track  with  the  Comoro's,  day  by  day,  is  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the 
value  of  your  advice  and  Sailing  Directions  for  the  East  Indies;  and  I  doubt  not  but  that  if  I 
could  have  followed  your  directions  more  perfectly  there  would  have  been  a  much  greater 
difference  shown  in  favor  of  your  routes." 

*  The  position  of  the  Comoro  is  printed  in  brackets,  just  after  the  position  of  the  Lepanto,  p.  378. 
VOL.  II — 48 


378  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

Barque  ^^Lepanto,^^  E.  T.  Sewall. 

"Feb.  8,  1858.  Lat.  35o  22'  N.;  long.  8°  18'  W.  ["Comoro,"*  35°  55'  N. ;  long.  8°  17' 
W.]  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of  air,  67°;  of  water,  — .  Winds:  E.SE.  At  4  p.  m.  left 
Gibraltar  bay  for  west  coast  of  Sumatra;  fine  breezes  and  fair  weather.  American  ship 
"Comoro,"  Captain  Lord,  in  company,  same  destination;  6  p.  m.  passed  Tarifa  light,  and  car- 
ried away  topmast  studding  sail  boom.  Strong  breezes;  latter  part,  light  winds  and  large 
NW.  sea. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  34°  59'  N.;  long.  9°  28'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  35°  25'  N.;  long.  • .]  Ba- 
rometer, 30.27.  Temperature  of  air  64°  ;  water,  — .  Wind:  East.  Throughout  this  day  very 
light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  latter  part,  somewhat  cloudy;  very  heavy  dew;  large  swell 
from  the  NW. ;  passed  a  brig,  same  course.      Comoro  not  in  sight  since  last  night. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  34°  28'  N.;  long.  10°  14'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  34°  57'  N.;  long.  10°  14'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.17;  temperature  of  air,  64°.  Wind:  N.NW.  All  these  24  hours  light  and 
baffling  airs,  and  cloudy  weather;  squally  appearances  in  the  night;  wind  veering  to  every 
quarter;  heavy  dew,  as  usual;  large  swell  from  NW. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  33°  48'  N.;  long.  11°  40'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  34°  04'  N. ;  long.  12°  25'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  63°.  Wind:  North.  This  day  continues  light  and 
variable  winds  and  calms,  with  occasional  sprinkles  of  rain;  a  large  NW.  sea;  latter  part,  more 
settled.     Saw  a  barque  and  brig  steering  westward. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  33°  35'  N.;  long.  11°  36'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  33°  40'  N. ;  long.  13°  19'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.35;  temperature  of  air,  63°.  Wind:  S.  by  W.  Continues  light  and  variable 
airs,  with  calms;  a  large  sea  still  rolling  from  the  northwest;  hazy  sky  and  heavy  dews. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  33°  59'  N.;  long.  13°  22'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  34°  10'  N.;  long.  15°  20'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  60°.  Wind:  W.SW.  Moderate  winds,  and  cloudy, 
hazy  weather;  a  very  large  sea  from  NW. ;  passed  a  barque  on  the  same  tack.  At  10  a.  m., 
wind  veered  to  the  NW.,  with  mist;  cold  and  chilly. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  32°  32'  N.;  long.  15°  50'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  32°  24'  N.;  long.  17°  27'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  60°.  Wind:  NE.  This  day  fresh  breezes  and  squallj'^, 
with  rain,  and  a  heavy  NW.  swell,  as  usual;  8  a.  m.,  made  the  island  of  Porto  Santo,  N.NW., 
30  miles  by  estimation. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  29°  54'  N. ;  long.  18°  05'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  31°  20'  N;  long.  19°  56'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  62°.  Wind:  NE.  Continues  fresh  breezes,  with  a 
large  sea  from  the  NW.  First  part,  thick  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  clear  and 
pleasant;  trade-like  appearances;  lightning  in  the  W.NW  at  midnight. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  27°  21'  N. ;  long.  20°  00'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  29°  09'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.] 
"Barometer,  30.37;  temperature  of  air,  65°.  Wind:  NE.  by  E.  Fine  trades  and  pleasant 
weather  throughout;  large  sea  from  NW.  yet,  causing  the  ship  to  roll  heavily;  all  sail  set. 
Passed  two  brigs  on  same  course. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  24°  42'  N. ;  long.  21°  38'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  25°  58'  N.;  long.  20°  09'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.35;  temperature  of  air,  68°.  Wind:  NE.  Brisk  trades  and  pleasant  weather, 
with  flying  clouds;  all  sail  set,   "alow  and  aloft,"  fore  and  aft;  strong  easterly  current. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  22°  08'  N. ;  long.  23°  10'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  22°  47'  N. ;  long.  20°  13'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  70°.  Wind:  NE.  Moderate  trades  and  cloudy; 
irregular  rough  sea;  saw  a  ship  standing  by  the  wind;  starboard  tack.  Think  there  may  have 
been  an  error  in  longitude  yesterday,  as  we  have  but  little  current  to-day. 

^  Ship  Ckunoro's  position  for  eacli  corresponding  day  at  noon,  as  copied  from  her  abstract  at  Sumatra. 


FEOM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE.  379 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  19°  28'  N.;  long.  24°  51'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  19°  03'  N.  j  long.  20°  26'  W.] 
Barometer  30.24;  temperature  of  air,  70°.  Wind:  NE.  Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather;  all 
sail  set;  passed  a  barque  steering  SW.  by  W.  Saw,  to-day,  the  first  "Portuguese  man-of  war." 
No  birds — no  flying  fish  yet. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  16°  32'  N. ;  long.  26°  29'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  15°  30'  N.;  long.  20°  27'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  72°.  Wind:  NE.  Brisk  trades  and  very  fine  weather; 
all  sail  set  to  the  best  advantage,  &c. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  13°  11'  N.;  long.  26°  02'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  12°  17'  N. ;  long.  20°  20'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  75°.  Wind:  E.NE.  Brisk  trades  and  pleasant  weather; 
Saw,  to-day,  the  first  school  of  flying-fish;  also,  saw  a  few  "Portuguese  men-of-war;"  all  sail. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  10°  15'  N. ;  long.  25°  34'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  9°  44'  N.;  long.  20°  16'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  75°.  Wind:  E.  by  N.  Trades  moderate,  and  veering 
from  E.NE  to  E.  by  S. ;  fine  weather.  Latter  part,  hazy  sky;  considerable  fall  of  dew  this 
night;  numbers  of  flying  fish  seen;  all  sail. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  7°  16'  N. ;  long.  25°  13'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  7°  06'  N.;  long.  20°  02'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  77°.  Wind:  E.  by  N.  First  part,  brisk  trades;  saw  a 
barque  steering  2  points  more  eastward;  saw  a  large  number  of  birds  like  the  small  sea-gull. 
Latter  part,  gentle  trades  and  hazy  sky. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  5°15'N.;  long.  24°  51' W.  [Comoro,  lat.  5°51'N.;  long.  20°  00' W.] 
Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  N.NE.  First  part,  light  and  variable  trades 
veering  from  E.  to  NE.  frequently,  and  back  again;  middle,  heavy  appearances  areund  the 
horizon,  indicating  a  change;  ends,  with  light  airs  and  hazy,  warm,  &c. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  3°  32' N.;  long.  24°  27'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  4°  37  N.;  long.  19°  51' W.] 
Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  NE.  Begins  with  very  light  breezes  and 
pleasant;  at  7  p.  m.,  flash  lightning  in  the  south;  4  a.  ra.,  entered  the  "Equatorial  cloud  ring;" 
variable  airs;  thunder,  lightning,  and  rain  squalls;  ends,  pleasant. 

Feb.  26.  Lat.  2°  08'  N.;  long.  24°  10'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  3°  05'  N.;  long.  19°  55'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  80°.  Wind:  "Doldrums."  First  part,  light  airs  varying 
from  north  to  south  by  the  east;  pleasant  weather;  middle,  gentle  breezes  and  cloudy;  lightning. 
Latter,  thunder,  lightning;  much  rain;  brisk  squalls  from  all  quarters;  ^^ doldrums/'  sea,  from 
S.SE. 

Feb.  27.  Lat.  1°  36'  N.;  long.  24°  10'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  2°  25' N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  79°.  Wind:  "Doldrums."  All  these  24  hours  light 
bafiling  airs  from  all  quarters ;  squalls  of  rain;  thunder  and  sharp  lightning;  complete  "equa- 
torial doldrums;"  wish  we  were  more  westward.     Sail  to  the  north. 

Feb.  28.  Lat.  0°  40'  N.;  long.  24°  10'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  2°  00'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  76°.  Wind:  N.NE.  This  day  continues  light  variable 
airs  from  all  points,  with  hard  squalls;  torrents  of  rain;  filled  up  all  our  water  casks.  A  large 
sea  from  S.SE.  for  the  past  three  days. 

Feb.  29.  Lat.  0°  18'  N.;  long.  24°  10'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  1°  45'  N.;  long.  20°  20'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  Calm.  Throughout  this  day  lightning, 
rain  squalls,  calms,  &c.;  10  a.  m.,  sent  the  mate  on  board  an  iron  steamer  and  schooner  sail 
with  letters  for  the  United  States.  The  stranger  reported  to  be  the  "  Congo,"  32  days  from 
London  for  Pernambuco,  but  from  appearances  is  a  slaver,  being  strongly  manned,  armed,  &c. 


380  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  1.  Lat.  0°  57'  S.;  long.  26°  22'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  0°  50' N.;  long.  20°  40' W.] 
Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  S.  by  E.  First  part,  variable  airs,  calms, 
and  squallsj  middle  and  latter,  moderate  trades  and  fine  weather;  crossed  the  Equator  at  6  p.m., 
22  days  and  2  hours  from  Gibraltar.  I  think  we  should  have  had  less  "  doldrums  "  and  trades 
more  to  the  east  in  30°  W. 

March  2.  Lat.  3°  11'  S.;  long.  28°  21'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  0°  11'  S.;  long.  22°  34'  W.] 
Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.  This  day  moderate  trades  and 
very  fine  weather  throughout;  all  the  "kites"  out;  saw  a  ship  far  to  leeward.  Longitude,  by 
two  good  lunars,  this  day,  28°  12'  W.;  9'  east  of  chro.  Distance  made  good  from  day  to 
day  from  Gibraltar  to  the  line,  2, 747  miles. 

March  3.  Lat.  5°  58'  S.;  long.  29°  40'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  2°  04'  S.;  long.  24°  53' W.] 
Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate 
trades  and  very  fine  weather;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  sky;  7  a.  m.,  brisk  rain  squall 
from  E.SE.;  ends,  fine  and  pleasant;  all  sail. 

March  4.  Lat.  8°  34'  S.;  long.  31°  15'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  4°02'S.;  long.  26°  41' W.] 
Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  84°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  trades  and  fine  weather; 
all  sail  by  the  wind;  trades  hold  for  southward,  I  think;  saw  a  flock  of  "boatswains"  or  tropic 
birds. 

March  5.  Lat.  11°  04'  S.;  long.  31°  25'  W.  [Comoro,  lat.  6°  49'  S.;  long.  27°  24'  W.] 
First  part,  moderate  and  clear;  middle,  much  the  same,  with  a  very  little  rain  sprinkle;  latter 
part,  brisk  trades  and  cloudy;  ship  pitching;  heavy  sea  from  southeast." 


I 


FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO    THE   LINE DECEMBER. 


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382  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  Architect^  (George  A.  Potter,  captain,)  London  to  Hong  Kong  ;  ten  days  out. 

"Dec.  20,  1854.  Lat.  28°  39'  N. ;  long.  21°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.33;  temperature  of  air, 
68°;  of  water,  69°.  Winds  :  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.  Trade-winds  and  fine,  beautiful  weather. 
The  barometer,  I  expect,  will  range  from  30.30  to  30.10  for  a  few  days. 

Dec.  21.  Lat.  25°  06'  N.;  long.  23°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.22  ;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  73°.  Winds  :  NE.,  E.  by  N. ;  a  glorious  trade-wind,  with  occasional  squalls  attended 
with  light  rain.  I  have  put  Massey's  log  over,  and,  if  I  do  not  lose  it,  will  keep  it  going  until 
I  clear  Cape  St.  Roque;  and  with  the  thermometrical  observations  we  may  possibly  contribute 
to  the  location  of  the  limits  of  the  equatorial  current. 

Dec.  22.  Lat.  21°  44'  N. ;  long.  25°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  74°.  Winds  :  E.N.E.  No  current  to-day.  Apparently,  the  distance  run  by  observa- 
tion is  four  miles  greater  than  that  shown  by  Massey's  log.  We  veered  it  out  about  twenty 
fathoms  astern,  but  this  morning  I  observed  the  rotator  skipping  along  at  times,  when  the 
stern  of  the  vessel  rose  in  the  sea.  I  shall  give  it  more  line  to-day,  as  it  is  essential  to  have 
a  proper  scope  of  line  in  order  to  obtain  correct  results  ;  and  a  full  ship  aft  requires  more  than 
a  sharp  one,  as  she  draws  more  water  after  her  ;  a  high  vessel  also  requires  more  than  a  low 
one. 

Dec  23.  Sun  obscured  ;  no  observations  to-day.  Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of  air, 
75°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  E.SE. ;  passing  squalls  and  light  rain.  Massey's  log  shows  230 
miles  these  twenty-four  hours. 

Dec.  24.  Lat.  14°  12'  N.;  long.  28°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.03  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  moderate.  The  atmosphere  to-day  has  been  hazy,  with 
considerable  moisture  in  it.     Saw  a  barque  standing  northerly. 

Dec.  25.  Lat.  10°  56'  N.;  long.  27°  48'  W.  Current,  7  miles,  south.  Barometer,  30.07; 
temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  E.SE.,  E.  I  expected  to  find  a  small  westerly 
current  the  past  twenty-four  hours,  but  I  have  kept  her  up  pretty  well,  and  find  we  have  made 
a  little  easting. 

Dec.  26.  Lat.  7°  46'  N.;  long.  27°  45'.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  SB.  by  E.,  variable.  The  weather  looks  rainy  and  unsettled.  I  expect 
to  lose  the  trades  very  soon.  The  observations  to-day  are  not  good,  and  I  think  we  have  had 
some  currents  to  the  southward  and  westward.  Barometer  very  unsteady.  Massey's  log 
shows  188  miles. 

Dec.  27.  Lat.  6°  01' N. ;  long.  28°  11'  W.  Current,  23  miles,  S.  80°  W.  Barometer, 
30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  NE.,  E.SE.  A  squall  came  up  from 
the  NE.  at  2  a.  m.,  attended  with  much  thunder,  lightning,  and  rain.  I  am  sorry  we  did  not 
get  first-rate  observations  yesterday  ;  but  I  think,  out  of  the  current  marked  in  the  column, 
this  day's  share  is  sixteen  miles  west,  with  no  southing. 

Dec.  28.  Lat.  4°  42'  N.;  long.  27°  39'  W.  No  current.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature 
of  air,  84°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  NE.,  variable,  light.  A  ship  to  the  westward, 
standing  northerly. 

Dec.  29.  Lat.  not  observed.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  81°. 
Winds:  Variable,  SE.,  light.  The  Pilot  Charts  show  that  chances  for  getting  across  the  Equator 
speedily  are  as  good  between  the  meridians  of  20°  and  25°  as  between  25°  and  30°.  I  think, 
in  crossing  from  England  again,  I  shall  endeavor  to  cross  further  east ;  but  from  the  United 
States  the  crossing  to  the  westward  of  30°  is  decidedly  the  best. 


FKOM   THE    LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE DECEMBER. 

Dec.  30.  Lat.  2°  35'  N. ;  long.  29°  06'  W.  Current,  36  miles,  N.  85°  W.  Barometer, 
30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  S.,  S.  by  E.,  moderate.  We  are 
again  one  of  the  unfortunates:  the  Pilot  Chart  shows  that,  out  of  the  thirty-three  vessels  that 
have  been  in  this  square,  not  one  had  the  wind  dead  ahead.  I  hope  the  wind  will  haul  more 
easterly:  if  it  does  not,  we  shall  fetch  a  long  way  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque.  It  would  seem 
foolish  in  coming  from  the  British  channel  to  get  to  leeward. 

Dec.  31.     Lat.  0°  24'  N. ;  long.   30°  12'  W.      Current,  24  miles,  N.  60°  W.     Barometer, 

30.08  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.  Beautiful  weather,  but 
light  trades.  The  wind  has  been  veering  easterly,  and  I  think  there  is  no  chance  of  being 
forced  to  leeward. 

Jan.  1,  1855.  Lat.  1°  39'  S. ;  long.  30°  14'  W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  41°  W.  Barometer, 
30.09;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  Moderate  breezes,  and  clear, 
pleasant  weather. 

Jan.  2.     Lat.  4°  14'  S. ;  long.   31°  05'  W.     Current,    39  miles,   S.   57°  W.     Barometer, 

30.09  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.  Amplitude  observed, 
11°  W. 

Jan.  3.  Lat.  7°  36'  S.;  long.  31°  36'  W.  Current,  38  miles,  S.  57°  W.  Barometer, 
30.03;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds,  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.  A  full 
breeze,  the  ship  making  good  way.  I  can  steer  higher  than  south,  but  don't  care,  as  I  think 
that  is  the  proper  course  until  the  calms  of  Capricorn  are  cleared,  letting  her  go  a  good  hard 
full.  The  current  we  have  now  is  the  equatorial  current,  deflected  to  the  southward ;  this  side 
of  the  equator  it  is  somewhat  strong,  and  I  presume  the  trades  have  been  blowing  fresh." 

Ship  Leontine,  (W.  T.  Ariant,  captain,)  Lisbon  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  ;  six  days  out. 

"December  14,  1851.  Lat.  29°  25'  N. ;  long.  17°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.99  ;  temperature 
of  air,  69°  ;  of  water,  68°.     Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.     Light  airs  and  calms. 

December  15.  Lat.  28°  57'  N. ;  long.  18°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  S.SW. 
Squally  weather. 

December  16.  Lat.  28°  00'  N.;  long.  17°  43'  W.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  S.  Moderate  and 
light  breezes,  with  rain  showers, 

December  17.  Lat.  26°  46'  N. ;  long.  17°  13'  W.  Variation  observed  by  amplitude,  17° 
west.     Winds  :  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.     Moderate  breezes  and  showery. 

December  18.  Lat.  25°  17'  N.;  long.  17°  30'  W.  Winds  :  SW.,  W.  Moderate  breezes, 
with  light  rain. 

December  19.  Lat.  23°  39'  N.;  long.  17°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.80  ;  temperature  of  air, 
69°.  Winds  :  W.SW.,  W.N W.  Light  airs  and  bright  atmosphere.  Variation  of  compass  by 
azimuth,  18°  W. 

December  20.  Lat.  23°  25'  N.;  long.  17°  53'  W.  Winds  :  Calms  and  light  airs,  with  a 
high  swell  from  the  NW. 

December  21.  Lat.  22°  20' N.;  long.  18°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.80.  Variation  observed 
by  azimuth,  19°  W.     Winds  :  SW.,  S.,  E.     Light,  variable  winds  and  calms. 

December  22.  Lat.  20°  47'  N. ;  long.  20°  10'  W.  Winds:  N.NE,  SE.  Changeable  and 
squally,  with  rain  and  lightning. 

December  23.  Lat.  19°  01' N. ;  long.  21°  05' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds :  SE.,  E.SE. 
Light  winds  and  fine  weather  throughout. 


384  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

December  24.  Lat.  17°  23'  N.;  long.  21°  29'  W.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  Light  winds  and 
fine  weather  throughout  this  day. 

December  25.  Lat.  15°  11'  N,;  long.  21°  33'  W.  Winds  :  East.  During  this  day  light 
winds  and  a  bright  atmosphere. 

December  26.  Lat.  12°  45'  N. ;  long.  21°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  East. 
Brisk  winds  and  pleasant  weather  throughout.  By  a  lunar  observation  of  sun  and  moon  the 
chronometer  was  40"  fast  of  Greenwich  mean  time. 

December  27.  Lat.  10°  20'  N.;  long.  21°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE. 
Moderate  winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

December  28.  Lat.  8°  04' N.;  long.  21°  40' W.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  Moderate  winds 
and  pleasant.      Observed  an  easterly  current. 

December  29.  Lat.  6°  25'  N.;  long.  22°  20'  W.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.  Light  winds  and 
pleasant.     Lunar  observation  shows  chronometer  to  be  42"  fast  of  Greenwich  mean  time. 

December  30.  Lat.  4°  08'  N.;  long.  21°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds  :  E.,  E.SE. 
First  and  middle  parts,  light  airs  and  fine  weather ;  latter  part,  squally,  with  a  high  southerly 
swell.     Observed  an  easterly  current. 

December  31.  Lat.  2°  33'  N.;  long.  22°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  E.SE., 
S.SE.     Squally  throughout,  attended  with  rain. 

January  1,  1852.  Lat.  1°  11'  N. ;  long.  23°  43'  W.  No  current.  Barometer,  29.90. 
Winds  :  S.  by  E.,  S.,  S.  by  E.     Light  winds  and  cloudy. 

January  2.  Lat.  0°  11' S.;  long.  25°  08' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.  by  E.  Light 
winds  and  a  bright  atmosphere. 

January  3.  Lat.  1°  05'  S. ;  long.  26°  22' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.  byE.  Light 
and  moderate  winds  and  pleasant. 

January  4.  Lat.  3°  00' S. ;  long.  28°  04' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.SE.  Brisk 
winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

January  5.  Lat.  5°  25'  S. ;  long.  29°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.  by 
S.     Very  pleasant  winds  and  weather  this  day. 

January  6.  Lat.  7°  54'  S. ;  long.  31°  13'  W.  Barometer,  30.10.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.  by 
S.,  SE.     Very  pleasant  winds  and  weather  throughout  this  day." 

Jenny  Pitts,  (J.  L.  Snow,  captain,)  Cardiff  to  San  Francisco  ;  twelve  days  out. 

"December  27,  1853.  Lat.  30°  03'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Current,  8  miles  S.  by  W. 
Barometer,  30.07  ;  temperature  of  air,  68°.  The  thermometer  fell  and  broke  ;  no  other  ther- 
mometer on  board.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle 
part,  gales,  with  squalls  of  rain  ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy  ;  NW.  sea  running. 

December  28.  Lat.  28°  52'  N.;  long.  18°  10'  W.  Current,  6  miles  S.SW.  Barometer, 
30.16  ;  thermometer  attached,  67°.  Winds:  SW.  During  this  day  strong  breezes  and  squally; 
a  heavy  NW.  sea. 

December  29.  Lat.  27°  37'  N.;  long.  17°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  thermometer  attached, 
67°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.  by  SW.  Commences  with  strong  breezes  and  heavy  rain  squalls; 
middle  part,  fresh  gales;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally.  At  6  a.  m.  passed  to  east- 
ward of  Island  Ferro,  8  miles  distant. 

December  30.  Lat.  25°  26'  N.;  long.  18°  26'  W.  Current,  8  miles  S.  by  E.  Barometer, 
30.17;  temperature  of  air,  69°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  N.  During  this  day  fresh  gales  and 
squally  ;  heavy  sea. 

December  31.     Lat.   22°  51'  N.;   long.   19°  51'  W.     Barometer,   30.18.     Winds:   NE., 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE DECEMBER.  385 

E.NE.,  E.     Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  squally  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes 
and  heavy  squalls  of  rain  ;  a  heavy  sea. 

January  1,  1854.  Lat.  19°  51'  N. ;  long.  22°  55'  W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  by  E.  Barometer 
30.19  ;  temperature  of  air,  69°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Commences  with  moderate  gales 
and  squally  appearances  ;  thunder  and  sharp  lightning  to  the  S. ;  latter  part  fresh  from  NE. 

January  2.  Lat.  16°  42'  N.;  long.  21°  23'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  S.  Barometer,  30.18; 
temperature  of  air,  72°.  Winds:  E.NE..  NE.  by  E.  Commences  with  strong  breezes  and 
squally  appearances,  with  lightning. 

January  3.  Lat.  13°  42' N. ;  long.  22°  00' W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  Barometer,  30.19; 
temperature  of  air,  75°.    Winds:  NE.,NE.  byN.    During  all  this  day,  strong  breezes  and  clouy. 

January  4.  Lat.  11°  15' N. ;  long.  23°  05' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
77°.     Winds:  NE.     This  day  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  hail. 

January  5.  Lat.  9°  11'  N.;  long.  23°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°. 
Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  N.NE.     This  day  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 

January  6.  Lat.  6°  52'  N. ;  long.  24°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

January  7.  Lat.  4°  50'  N.;  long.  24°  50'  W.  Current,  6  miles,  N.NW.  Barometer, 
30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  S.,  SE.  First  part,  light  breezes;  latter  part, 
squalls  of  rain. 

January  8.  Lat.  4°  01'  N. ;  long.  25°  34'  W.  Current,  5  miles,  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature,  82°.     Winds:  SE.  to  S.     Light  breezes  and  heavy  rain  squalls. 

January  9.  Lat.  3°  36' N. ;  long.  25°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Winds:  S.  by  E.,  calms,  N.NW.  First  part,  light  airs;  middle  part,  cloudy  and  calms;  latter 
part,  light  airs,  with  heavy  rain. 

January  10.  Lat.  3°  11'  N. ;  long.  25°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
82°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  calms.  Commences  with  light  breezes,  and  rainy;  latter  part  calm  and 
cloudy. 

January  11.  Lat.  1°  57' N. ;  long.  25°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
82°.  Winds:  calms,  N.NE.,  NE.  Commences  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes, 
with  heavy  rain  squalls. 

January  12.  Lat.  1°  49'  N.  long.  25°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  variable;  light,  variable  airs  and  cloudy,  with  much  rain;  boarded  the  American 
schooner  Flying  Eagle,  25  days  from  Boston. 

January  13.  Lat.  1°  37'  N.;  long.  25°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
81°.     Winds:  NW.  to  NE.     During  this  day  light  airs,  shifting  from  NW.  to  NE;  cloudy. 

January  14.  Lat.  1°  01'  N.;  long.  26°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
81°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

January  15.  Lat.  0°  40'  S.;  long.  27°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.     Fresh  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

January  16.  Lat.  2°  40'  S.;  long.  29°  35'  W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  by  E.  Barometer, 
29.98;  temperature  of  air  81°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.     Fresh  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

January  17.  Lat.  4°  47'  S.;  long.  30°  51'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  E.SE.  Barometer, 
30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°.     Winds:  S.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

January  18.     Lat.  6°  27'  S. ;  long.  32°  27'  W.     Current,   8  jniles,   E.   by  S.     Barometer, 
29.98;  temperature  of  air,  81°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  E.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  clear  weather.'' 
VOL.  II — 49 


386 


THE   WIND  AND   CUKEENT   CHARTS. 


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FROM  THE  LIZAED  TO  THE  LINE JANUARY.  387 

Ship  Hornet^  (Benson,  Captain,)  thirteen  days  out. 

"Jan.  21.  Lat.  31°  07'  N.;  long.  19°  39' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  62°;  water,  G3°. 
Wind:  N.NE.     Rain  squalls,  heavy  sea  from  N.NW.,  cloudy. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  27°  59'  N. ;  long.  21°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  air,  66°;  water,  65°. 
Wind:  NE.     Rain  squalls,  much  sea  from  north. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  24°  48'  N. ;  long.  22°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air^  QQ°',  water,  66°. 
Wind:  E.NE.     Hard  rain  squalls;  much  sea  from  north. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  20°  59'  N. ;  long.  24°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  68°;  water,  67°. 
Wind:  E.     Rain  squalls;  much  sea  from  north. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  27°  26'  N.;  long.  26°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  69°;  water,  71°. 
Wind:  NE.     Rain  in  squalls;  much  sea  from  the  north  and  northwest. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  14°  06'  N. ;  long.  26°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  71°;  water,  74°. 
Cloudy.     Wind:  moderate,  east.     Sea  regular.     Pleasant. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  10°  44'  N.;  long.  25°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  air,  75°;  water,  78°. 
Cloudy  dark  weather.     Wind  fresh,  E.NE.     Smooth. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  7°  18'  N. ;  long.  25°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  air,  77°;  water,  79°. 
Pleasant  smooth  sea.     Wind  light,  E.NE. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  4°  37'  N. ;  long.  24°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  79°;  water,  79°. 
Cloudy,  showery,  variable;  and  NE.     Passed  through  a  tide  rip. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  2°  50'  N. ;  long.  24°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  variable.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather,  with  a  long 
swell  from  the  north. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  1°  46'  N.;  long.  25°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE. 
Air,  82°;  water,  81°.     Light  airs. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  00°  11'  N. ;  long.  26°  36'  W.  Current,  half  knot  west.  Barometer,  29.88;' 
temperature  of  air,  81°;  water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.,  variable.     Light  winds  and  showery. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  1°  30'  S. ;  long.  27°  13'  W.  Current,  ^  knot  west.  Barometer,  29.92; 
temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.,  variable,  S.  and  E,  Light  breezes  and 
showery,  with  a  smooth  sea. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  4°  08'  S. ;  long.  28°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  82.     Winds:  E.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  heavy  squalls  with  rain. 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  7°  17'  S.;  long.  29°  28'  W.  Current,  W.,  \  knot  per  hour.  Barometer, 
29.88;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Fresh  breezes  and 
passing  clouds.     Smooth  sea.     Many  small  fish  about  the  ship  this  morning." 

Sliip  Margaret  Mitchell,  (Thomas  Jameson,  captain,)  Greenock  to  Bombay;  ten  days  out. 

"Jan.  11,  1854.  Lat.  30°  16'  N. ;  long.  17°  35'  W.  Current,  E.  by  S.,  22  miles.  Baro- 
meter, 30.54;  temperature  of  air,  63°.  Winds:  N.,  N.NE.,  NE.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  with 
light  showers  of  rain,  a  long  rolling  sea  from  the  northward;  middle  and  latter  part,  moderate 
and  pleasant. 

Jan.  12.  Lat.  27°  49'  N. ;  long.  19°  33'  W.  Current,  25  miles  NW.  Variation  observed, 
2  points  west.  Barometer,  30.55;  temperature  of  air,  67°.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and 
cloudy;  middle  part,  strong  breezes;  latter  part,  moderate.  Winds:  generally  from  the  S. 
and  E. 

Jan.  13.     Lat.  26°  07'  N.;  long.  20°  24'  W.     Current,  S.  39°  W.,  14  miles.      Barometer, 


388  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

30.34;  temperature  of  air,  65°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  NE.     Moderate  and  pleasant,  with  a 
little  rain. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  24°  15'  N.;  long.  20°  11'  W.  Current,  12  miles,  E.  by  S.  No  observa- 
tions of  barometer  or  of  time.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  and 
pleasant;  latter  part,  breeze  increasing,  with  showers  of  rain. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  21°  50'  N. ;  long.  21°  17'  W.  Variation  observed,  18°  W.  Barometer, 
30.40.;  temperature  of  air,  71°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  NE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather  throughout. 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  20°  18'  N. ;  long.  20°  34'  W.  Current,  18  miles  S.  |  W.  Barometer, 
30.32;  temperature  of  air,  69°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  E.SE.  Light  winds  and  fine  weather 
throughout. 

Jan.  17.  Lat.  17°27'N.;  long.  20°  40' W.  Current,  10  miles  W.  Barometer,  30.22; 
temperature  of  air,  70°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle  part,  strong; 
latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Jan.  18.  Lat.  15°  05'  N. ;  long.  20°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.15.;  temperature  of  air,  72°. 
Winds:  E.NE.,  N.NE.  Throughout  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Sailed  through  a 
track  of  discolored  water  for  a  distance  of  30  miles,  such  as  I  would  expect  to  find  in  soundings 
of  60  or  80  fathoms. 

Jan.  19.  Lat.  12°  14'  N.;  long.  21°  49'  W.  Current,  17  miles  S.,  40°  W.  Barometer, 
30.15;  temperature  of  air,  72°.  Winds:  NE.  by  N.  Moderate  winds  and  fine  weather,  with 
a  smoky  horizon. 

Jan.  20.  Lat.  9°  39'  N. ;  long.  22°  04  W.  Current,  21  miles  SW.  Variation  observed, 
15°  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE. 
Throughout  this  day  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Jan.  21.  Lat.  7°  48'  N. ;  long.  22°  10'  W.  No  perceptible  current,  but  strong  rippling. 
Variation  observed,  14°  W.  Barometer,  30.18.;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  78|°. 
Winds:  E.NE,  variable,  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and  clear  weather;  passed  through  strong 
ripplings,  as  if  there  was  a  strong  current. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  6°  17'  N. ;  long.  22°  25'  W.  A  small  current  of  4  miles  SW.  during  the 
day.  Variation  observed,  14°  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  80°. 
Wind:  N.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  4°  36'  N. ;  long.  22°  25'  W.  Current,  13  miles  E.  by  S.  in  24  hours.  Bar- 
ometer, 30.08;  temperature  of  air,  78^°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  N.,  N.NE.  Light  breezes 
and  fine  weather;  small  nimbus  clouds  floating  in  the  atmosphere. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  3°  01'  N. ;  long.  22°  30'  W.  Current,  S.  by  E.,  nearly  one  mile  per  hour. 
Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  E..  Light  winds 
and  fine  weather  throughout. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  2°  07'  N. ;  long.  23°  30'  W.  Current,  43  miles,  S.,  80°  W.  Barometer, 
30.12.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  S.,  S.  by  W.  First  part  light, 
and  clear  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  cloudy  with  a  few  spits  of  rain;  took  in  all  the 
studding  sails  and  braced  sharp  up. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  0°  49'  N. ;  long.  25°  17'  W.  Current,  44  miles,  W.  by  S.,  these  24  hours. 
Barometer,  30.04.;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80^°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.  Light 
and  passing  clouds.  M 

Jan.   27.     Lat.  0°  21'  S.;  long.   27°   23' W.      Current,    25  miles  W.,  81°  N.     Variation' 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE — JANUARY.  389 

observed,  12°  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°;  Winds:  S., 
S.  by  W.,  S.  by  E.     Moderate  and  clear. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  2°  03'  S.;  long.  28°  59' W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  40°  W.  Barometer, 
29.98;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  Throughout  the 
day  moderate  winds  and  clear. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  4°  38'  S. ;  long.  30°  40'  W.  Variation  observed,  one  point  westerly. 
Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S. 
Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  7°  33'  S.;  long.  31°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Throughout  these  24  hours  moderate  breezes  and 
clear  weather." 

Barque  Hydasjpes,  (William  Reid,)  Swansea,  England,  to  Coquimbo;  nineteen  days  out. 

"Jan.  25,  1854.  Lat.  30°47'N.;  long.  17°  24' W.  Barometer,  30.32;  temperature  of 
air,  61°;  of  water,  63°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.  Fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  showers 
of  rain. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  28°  12'  N.;  long.  18°  52'  W.  Variation  observed,  22°  30'  W.  Barometer, 
30.37;  temperature  of  air,  62°;  of  water,  63°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  N.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  variable  and  cloudy. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  25°  45'  N. ;  long.  19°  53'  W.  Variation  observed,  22°  W.  Barometer, 
30.30:  temperature  of  air,  64°;  of  water,  67°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Moderate  breezes  throughout, 
Avith  occasional  squalls. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  22°  42'  N.;  long.  21°  11' W.  Variation  observed,  20°  W.  Barometer, 
30.32;  temperature  of  air,  64°;  of  water,  68°.  Winds:  E.SE.  Strong  winds  and  hazy 
Aveather,  with  a  high  sea. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  19°  52'  N. ;  long.  22°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air  64°; 
of  water,  68°.  Wind:  E.  by  S.  Throughout,  strong  breezes  and  hazy  weather.  It  was  my 
intention  to  have  gone  inside  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  but  finding  the  winds  so  strong  I  kept 
away  to  the  westward  of  them. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  17°  54'  N.;  long.  24°  50'  W.  Variation  observed,  17°  W.  Barometer 
30.20.;  temperature  of  air,  65°;  of  water,  69°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and 
cloudy  Aveather. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  15°  50'  N. ;  long.  26°  04'  W.  Variation  observed,  16°  W.  Barometer, 
30.12;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.  Fresh  breezes  and 
hazy  weather. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  13°  26'  N. ;  long.  25°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  74°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.     Moderate  breezes  and  thick  hazy  weather. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  10°  48'  N. ;  long.  25°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  75°.     Wind:  E.     Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  Aveather. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  8°  30' N.;  long.  25°  42' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water  78°.     Wind:  E.  throughout.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  6°  18' N.;  long.  25°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  4°  19'  N. ;  long.  25°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  80°.     Wind:  E.NE.     Light  breezes  and  passing  showers. 


390         ,  THE   WIND    AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  3°  31'  N.;  long.  25°  03'  W.  Variation  observed,  14°  W.  Barometer, 
30.08,-  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  81°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.     Light  airs  and  rain. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  2°  45'  N. ;  long.  24°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  variable.  Light  airs  and  cloudy;  heavy  showers  of  rain  during 
the  latter  part. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  2°  04' N. ;  long.  25°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds:  variable,  N.NE.,  E.     Light  variable  winds,  with  heavy  rain. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  1°  34' N.;  long.  25°  10' W.  Current,  13  miles,  NW.  Barometer,  30.09; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  81°.     Wind:  variable  throughout,  and  squall}^,  with  rain. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  1°  16' N.;  long.  25°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds:  variable  throughout,  and  calms,  with  rain. 

Feb.  11.  No  observations.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  80°. 
Winds :  variable  and  light,  with  frequent  showers  of  rain. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  00°  14'  N. ;  long.  24°  42'  W.  Current,  17  miles,  NW.  Barometer,  30,08; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  variable,  S.,  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle 
parts,  light  variable  airs,  with  rain;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  1°  11'  S.;  long.  26°  55' W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes  and  fine  pleasant  weather  throughout. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  2°  51'  S. ;  long.  28°  46'  W.  Variation  observed,  13°  W.  Barometer, 
30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  Steady  breezes  and 
fine  weather. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  4°  40'  S.;  long.  30°  11'  W.  Current,  16  miles,  west.  Barometer,  30.05  ; 
temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.  Fine  breezes 
and  clear  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  6°  54' S. ;  long.  30°  51' W.  Current,  12  miles,  W.  Barometer,  30.07;* 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds  :  SE.  by  E.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  fine 
clear  weather. 


TIME   AND   CEOSSINGS   FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO    THE   LINE FEBRUARY. 


391 


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392  THE    WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Ship  Bomance  of  the  Sea,  (William  W.  Henry,)  London  to  Canton  ;  10  days  out. 

"Feb.  18,  1855.  Lat.  30°  10' N. ;  long.  18°  10' W.  Current,  NE.,  1^  knot  per  hour. 
Barometer,  29.55.;  temperature  of  air,  68°;  of  water,  64°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.  Strong 
breezes  and  a  heavy  sea  rolling  down  from  the  NW. 

^  Feb.  19.  Lat.  29°  20' N. ;  long.  19°  00' W.  Current,  NE.,  li  knot  per  hour.  Baro- 
meter, 29.65;  temperature  of  air,  67°;  of  water,  65°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.  Strong 
breezes  and  a  heavy  sea;  wind  varying  in  squalls;  tacked  several  times  as  it  became  necessary. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  26°  00' N. ;  long.  19°  28' W.  Current,  E.NE.,  1  mile  per  hour.  Baro- 
meter, 29.85;  temperature  of  air,  68°;  of  water,  67°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  NE.  moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  24°  13'  N. ;  long  21°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  67°; 
of  water,  67°.     Wind  :  NE.     Throughout,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  22°  01'  N. ;  long.  22°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  70°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Light  and  pleasant  weather;  passed  a  ship  bound 
the  same  way. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  19°  38'  N. ;  long.  24°  30'  W.  Current,  ^  mile  per  hour,  N.  ^  E.  Baro- 
meter, 29.90;  temperature  of  air,  70°;  of  water,  71°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.  Moderate 
trade-winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  16°  21'  N.;  long.  26°  24'  W.  Current,  if  any,  setting  north.  Barometer, 
29.85;  temperature  of  air,  71°;  of  water,  73°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Moderate  trade 
winds  and  pleasant  throughout. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  12°  12'  N.;  long.  27°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  75°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.     Moderate  trades  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  26.  Lat.  9°  12'  N. ;  long.  27°  35'  W.  Fifteen  miles  of  current  during  the  day,  N. 
by  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of  water,  77°.  Wind:  E.,  Light  winds 
and  pleasant  weather;  passed  a  ship  standing  north. 

Feb.  27.  Lat.  5°  10'  N. ;  long.  27°  42'  W.  Current,  N.,  half  a  mile  an  hour.  Barometer, 
29.65;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  of  water,  79.     Winds:  E.,  SE.     Moderate  trades  and  cloudy. 

Feb.  28.  Lat.  2°48'N.;  long.  28°  15' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.,  NE.  Commences  moderate;  clouds  coming  from  the  south; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  baffling,  with  thick  weather  and  rain. 

March  1.  Lat.  00°  58'  N.;  long.  28°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  — °; 
of  water,  — °.  Winds:  NE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Magnetic  variation  observed,  8°  10'  W.  Com- 
mences, cloudy  and  squally,  with  rain  ;  at  4  a.  m.  wind  hauling  to  SE.,  and  clearing  up  ;  hope 
it  is  the  beginning  of  the  SE.  trades;  I  have  been  very  fortunate  in  getting  through  the  doldrums; 
ends  clear. 

March  2.  Lat.  1°  55'  S. ;  long.  29°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.     Moderate  SE.  trades  and  beautiful  weather. 

March  3.  Lat.  4°  35'  S. ;  long.  31°  07'  W.  A  slight  current  perceptible,  setting  west. 
Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  Eby  .,  E.SE. 
Moderate  trades  and  fine  weather. 

March  4.  Lat.  7°  20'  S.;  long.  31°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.     Fine  trades  and  very  pleasant  weather." 

Ship  David  Brotvn,  (George  L.  Brewster,)  London  to  Bombay  ;  7  days  out. 

"Feb.  7,  1855.    Lat.  29°  21'  N.;  long.  18°  22'  W.    Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air. 


FEOM    THE   LIZARD    TO   THE   LINE FEBEUARY.  393 

62°;  of  water,  65°  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  Moderate  and  pleasant;  tacked  several  times 
during  the  night. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  27°  £9' N. ;  long.  18°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  65°; 
of  water,  67°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  baffling  from  SW.  to  W.  A  heavy  swell  from  the  N. ;  ends 
cloudy. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  25°48'N.;  long.  19°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  67°; 
of  water,  67°.  Wind:  W.  Strong  breezes  and  squally,  first  part ;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
pleasant. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  22°  48'  N. ;  long.  21°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,^68°.     Winds:  W.N W.,  N.N W.     Light  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  21°  55'  N.;  long.  19°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  68°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NE.  Moderate  and  overcast;  swell  from  northward  and 
westward. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  20°  02'  N. ;  long.  21°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air;  67°; 
of  water,  69°.  Winds:  N.  to  E.  Cloudy  and  overcast  weather,  with  intervals  of  calms;  great 
swell  from  NW. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  19°  02'  N. ;  long.  23°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  E.     Faint  baffling  airs,  with  intervals  of  calms. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  18°  25'  N. ;  long.  24°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.  to  N.  Light  and  pleasant;  the  Island  St.  Antonio  in  sight  all  day; 
a  shoal  of  black  fish  around  us;  have  not  seen  any  flying  fish  so  far. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  17°  24'  N. ;  long.  25°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  variable  and  calms.  A  heavy  ground  swell  from  the  northward;  sky 
overcast,  and  with  broken  clouds;  the  Island  of  St.  Antonio  in  sight. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  16°  55'  N.;  long.  25°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  E.  First  part,  faint  airs;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  14°  58'  N.;  long.  25°  48'  W.  Current,  W.,  ^  knot  per  hour.  Barometer, 
30.13;  temperature  of  air,  73°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  N.  by  E.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant;  passing  clouds;  not  much  swell  to  day;  the  water  very  luminous  during 
the  night. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  12°  28'  N. ;  long.  26°  03'  W.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile  per  hour.  Barometer, 
30.02;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  N.  by  E.,  E.,  SE.  Irregular  trades 
through  the  day;  a  very  heavy  dew  during  the  night,  and  luminous  appearances  in  the  water. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  10°  19'  N. ;  long.  26°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  by  N.,  E.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather  through- 
out the  day. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  7°  56'  N. ;  long.  26°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.     Moderate,  with  pleasant  weather  and  a  changeable  sky. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  4°  59' N. ;  long.  26°  03' W.  Barometer,  30,03;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.,  Unsteady  breezes,  and  heavy  squalls,  at 
times,  of  wind  and  rain;  a  swell  from  the  southward. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  2°  47°'  N.;  long.  26°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First,  light,  with  some  heavy  rain;  wind  settling  more 
VOL.  II — 50 


394  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

to  the  SE. ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  pleasant;  crossed  the  equator  23|  days  out,  which  with 
the  winds  we  have  experienced  is  not  so  very  bad. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  00°  26'  S.;  long.  28°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  83°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  S.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  24.  No.  observation.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  82°. 
Winds:  southward  and  eastward.     Moderate  breezes,  with  spits  of  rain. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  6°  14'  S.;  long.  30°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.04,  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.  throughout,  heading  up  south;  pleasant  weather;  changeable 
clouds." 

•  Sliip  Gravina,  (Caleb  Sprague,)  London  to  Shanghai;  13  days  out. 

"Feb.  20,  1855.  Lat.  30°  28'  N. ;  long.  18°  14'  W.  Current,  S.  19°  W.,  1  mile  per  hour. 
Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  60°;  of  water,  60°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  and  calms.  Fresh 
breezes  and  squalls,  first  and  middle  parts;  latter  part,  calm. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  29°  05'  N. ;  long.  17°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  63°; 
of  water,  62°.     Winds:  calm,  W.     First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter,  light  airs  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  29°  50'  N. ;  long.  18°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  64°; 
of  water,  62°.     Winds:  W.,  NW.     Light  breezes  throughout,  with  passing  clouds. 

February  23.  Lat.  27°  27'  N.;  long.  19°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.20  ;  temperature  of  air, 
65°;  of  water,  63°.     Winds:  N.NW,  N.,  NE.     High  breezes  throughout. 

February  24.  Lat.  24°  28'  N. ;  long.  21°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.17  ;  temperature  of  air, 
66°;  of  water,  66°.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout. 

February  25.  Lat.  20°  51'  N. ;  long.  23°  43'  W.  Magnetic  variation,  21°  W.  Barome- 
ter, 30.10.     Winds:  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  a  heavy  swell  from  the  W.NW. 

February  26.  Lat.  17°  58'  N. ;  long.  25°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air, 
67°;  of  water,  69°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.     All  these  24  hours  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

February  27.  Lat.  14°  55'  N.;  long.  25°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air, 
70°;  of  water,  71°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  The  island 
of  St.  Antonio  in  sight ;  distant  about  20  miles. 

February  28.  Lat.  11°  49'  N.;  long.  25°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air, 
72°;  of  water,  74°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  horizon. 

March  1.  Lat.  8°  52'  N.;  long.  26°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.98.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  NE. 
Light  breezes  throughout. 

March  2.  Lat.  5°  53'  N.;  long.  25°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.99  ;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  NE.  to  E.NE.     Light  breezes  throughout. 

March  3.  Lat.  4°  09'  N.;  long.  25°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  N.     Moderate  and  pleasant;  latter  part  rain. 

March  4.  Lat.  2°  48'  N. ;  long.  26°  46'  W.  Current,  S.  34°  E.,  about  17  miles  in  24 
hours.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds:  variable,  S.SW. 
First  part  squally,  with  heavy  rain  ;  latter  part  pleasant. 

March  5.  Lat.  2°  16'  N.;  long.  27°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.SE.  Light  airs  and  calms  throughout,  with  a  heavy 
swell  from  the  NE. 

March  6.     Lat.  1°  22'  N. ;  long.  27°  43'  W.     Current,  ^  mile  per  hour,  N.  by  E.     Barom 
eter,   29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°  ;   of  water,  78°.     Winds  :  S.SE.     Light  winds,  with 
NE.  swell. 


I 


FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO   THE   LINE FEBRUARY. 


395 


March  7.  Lat.  00°  26'  S. ;  long.  28°  21'  W.  Variation  observed,  11°  W.  Barometer, 
29.95,-  temperature  of  air,  77°;  of  water,  77°.  Winds:  SB.  by  S.,  SE.  Light  airs  and 
pleasant. 

Lat.  1°  40'  S.j  long.  29°  05'  W.     Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,    78°; 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes,  with  occasional  light  squalls. 
Lat.  3°  32'  S.;  long.  31°  04'  W.     Barometer,  29.92  ;  temperature  of  air,    78°; 
Winds  :  variable,  S.  SE.     Light  airs  and  light  squalls. 
March  10.   Lat.  5°  38'  S.;  long.    32°  17'  W.     Barometer,  29.93  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  S.SE.     Throughout  light  and  pleasant. 

Lat.  6°  53'  S.;  long.  32°  49'  W.     Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
Winds :  SE. ,  variable.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. " 


March  8. 
of  water,  77° 

March  9. 
of  water,  78° 


March  11. 
of  water,  78°. 


396 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO   THE   LINE MARCH.  397 

Ship  PauUsta,  (F.  Calenge,)  Havre,  France,  to  Valparaiso  ;  seven  days  out. 

"March  14,  1855.  Lat.  29°  58'  N. ;  long.  19°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.07  ;  temperature  of 
air,  65°;  of  water,  63°.     Winds:  B.NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate,  with  a  little  rain. 

March  15.  Lat.  27°  15'  N. ;  long.  21°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air, 
66°;  of  water,  68°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.     Light  irregular  breeze  and  cloudy. 

March  16.  Lat.  24°  38' N. ;  long.  22°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
68°;  of  water,  66°.     Winds  :  NE.     Light  and  pleasant;  smooth  sea. 

March  17.  Lat.  22°  14' N.;  long.  24°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air, 
70°;  of  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Light  winds  and  cloudy,  with  a  little 
rain  ;  sea  smooth. 

March  18.  Lat.  19°  55'  N.;  long.  26°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air, 
71°;  of  water,  72°.  Winds  :  NE.,  E.NE.  Moderate,  and  overcast  with  threatening  appear- 
ances. 

March  19.  Lat.  17°  15'  N.;  long.  27°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.07  ;  temperature  of  air, 
74°;  of  water,  75".  Winds  :  NE.,  E.NE.  Moderate,  and  weather  cloudy;  made  the  island  of 
San  Antonio. 

March  20.  Lat.  13°  54'  N. ;  long.  28°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.06  ;  temperature  of  air, 
75°;  of  water,  77°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.  A  short  calm  first  part;  middle  and  latter 
parts  a  fine  breeze. 

March  21.     Lat.  10°32'N.;  long.  28°  38'  W.     Barometer,    30.01;  temperature  of   air, 
76°;  of  water,  79°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.      Cloudy  weather  and  stiff  breeze, 
r       March  22.     Lat.  7°  31'  N.;  long.  29°  14'  W.     Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds:  E.NE.     Throughout  moderate  breeze  and  fine  weather. 

March  23.  Lat.  4°  45'  N. ;  long.  29°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  82°;  Winds  :  E.NE.,  NE.,  S.SE.  Moderate,  light  breeze  ;  sky  overcast,  with  a  few 
drops  of  rain. 

March  24.  Lat.  3°  03' N.;  long.  30°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds  :  variable,  from  NE.  to  SE.  Light ;  very  cloudy,  with  heavy  rains 
thunder  and  lightning  ;  calms  between  the  showers. 

March  25.  Lat.  2°  44' N.;  long.  30°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  84°.  Winds:  variable,  S.  and  E.  andN.  and  E,  Light  airs  and  calms,  with  frequent 
rains;  sea  smooth. 

March  26.  Lat.  1°  47'  N.;  long.  31°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.,  S.SE.  Light  breezes  and  calms  throughout,  with  occasional 
showers. 

March  27.  Lat.  0°  08'  S. ;  long.  33°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  83°.     Winds  :  S.,  S.SE.,  SE.  |  S.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

March  28.  Lat.  2°  47'  S.;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  84°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.     Light  breezes  and  beautiful  weather  ;  smooth  sea. 

March  29.  Lat.  5°  18'  S.;  long.  34°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  84°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  ;  cloudy  weather,  with  slight 
rain  at  times." 


398  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Barque  Eglantine,  (Gleason,)  Lisbon  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  ;  ten  days  out. 

"March  30,  1855.  Lat.  30°  04'  N.;  long.  17°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.20  ;  temperature  of 
air,  62° J  of  water,  62°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  NE.  Fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather,  with^a 
heavy  swell  setting  from  the  NW.  At  11  p.  m.  made  the  island  of  Palma,  one  of  the  Canaries. 

March  31.  Lat.  27°  37'  N.;  long.  18°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air, 
64°  ;  of  water,  67°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  NE.     Fresh  trades  and  cloudy  weather. 

April  1.  Lat.  25°  29'  N. ;  long.  20°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.10  ;  temperature  of  air,  65°; 
of  water,  70°.     Winds :  NE.     Fresh  trades  and  cloudy  ;  saw  some  turtle. 

April  2.  Lat.  23°  08'  N.;  long.  22°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  71°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  First  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle 
part  light. 

April  3.  Lat.  20°  57'  N.;  long.  23°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
o    water,  71°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

April  4.  Lat.  18°  47'  N.;  long.  24°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.01  ;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

April  5.  Lat.  16°  57'  N.;  long.  25°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.  Made  the  island  of  San  Antonio. 
The  air  is  quite  cool  for  this  latitude. 

April  6.  Lat.  14°  12'  N.;  long.  24°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  73°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  flawy.  I  experienced  here 
an  easterly  current  of  about  half  a  mile  an  hour.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes 
and  hazy. 

April  7.  Lat.  11°  28'  N.;  long.  24°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.NE.  Fine  breezes  and  pleasant  throughout ;  latter  part  somewhat 
hazy.  Nothing  of  note  occurred  except  that  I  find  the  current  sets  us  to  the  eastward,  although 
we  are  steering  S.  by  W.  ^  W.,  with  one  point  westerly  variation. 

April  8.  Lat.  8°  56'  N. ;  long.  24°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  7  5  ; 
of  water,  78°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  Light  and  pleasant;  a  swell  setting  from  NE.  The  a 
very  phosphorescent  at  night. 

April  9.  Lat.  7°  16'  N.;  long.  24°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  N.  Light  winds  and  bafiling  airs,  with  pleasant  weather. 
Passed  an  oil  cask. 

April  10.  Lat.  5°  14'  N.;  long.  24°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.  First  part,  light  winds  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  baffling  winds 
and  heavy  rains;  at  8  a.  m.  cleared  up;  latter  part,  baffling  winds  and  calms. 

April  11.  Lat.  3°  54'  N.;  long.  24°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.,  NW.  Calms,  light  airs  and  calms,  with  a  swell  from  the  NE. 
Saw  a  great  number  of  fish,  (bonitos  and  skip  jacks.) 

April  12.  Lat.  3°  28'  N.;  long.  24°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.     Winds:  N W.N.     Calms,  light  baffling  airs  and  calms. 

April  13.  Lat.  2°  49'  N. ;  long.  24°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  Light  variable  airs  and  calms.  A  little  wind  would  be  very  acceptable 
at  this  present  time.     Current  setting  to  the  westward  10  miles  a  day  this  24  hours. 

April  14.     Lat.  2°  26'  N.;  long.  24°  38'  W.     Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  84 
of  water,  82°.     Winds:  N.  and  W.     Light  breezes  and  showery. 


io. 


FROM   THE   LIZAED   TO   THE   LINE MAECH.  399 

April  15.  Lat.  1°  35'  N.;  long.  24°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SW.  Variable  light  breezes,  with  rain.  Saw  large  numbers  of  fish.  A 
schooner  in  company  with  us,  bound  south. 

April  16.  Lat.  0°  56'  N. ;  long.  24°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SW.  Light  baffling  winds  from  SE.  to  SW.,  with  occasional 
showers  of  rain  squalls.     Two  sails  in  company,  bound  south. 

April  17.  Lat.  0°  23'  N. ;  long.  24°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  81°.     Winds:  variable,  light  and  rainy;  the  barometer  rose  to  30.  for  once  again. 

April  18.  Lat.  1°  00'  S. ;  long.  24°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  82°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy,  damp  weather. 

April  19.  Lat.  1°  53'  S. ;  long.  24°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.  Calms.  Where  can  the  SE.  trades  be?  I  am  discouraged,  having 
been  here  12  days  with  scarcely  any  wind.     Latter  part,  a  breeze  springing  up. 

April  20.  Lat.  2°  38'  S. ;  long.  24°  53'  W:  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  Moderate  breeze  and  fine  weather.  I  wish  I  had  crossed  by  your 
directions;  it  would  have  made  my  distance  greater  to  run,  but  I  think  I  would  have  made  it 
up  in  time. 

April  21.  Lat.  3°  12'  S. ;  long.  25°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.,E.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather,  with  light  showers  of  rain. 

April  22.  Lat.  5°  42'  S. ;  long.  26°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  flaws  of  wind  and  light 
showers  of  rain. 

April  23.  Lat.  7°  58'  S.;  long.  28°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  82°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant  weather." 


400 


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FEOM   THE    LIZARD    TO    THE  LINE — APRIL.  401 

Silip  Earl  of  Clare,  (Scott,)  London  to  Bombay;  twelve  days  out. 

"April  16,   1842.     Lat.   30°  48'  N. ;   long.   18°    12'  W.     Winds:   NW.     Variable,    liglit 
breezes. 

April  17.     Lat.  29°  40'  N. ;  long.  18°  24'  W.     Winds:  NE.     Variable,  light  and  variable. 

April  18.     Lat.  27°  14'  N. ;  long.  19°  05'  W.     Winds:  NE.    Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  19.     Lat.  26°  20'  N.;  long.  20°  20'  W.     Winds:  NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  20.     Lat.  24°  12'  N. ;  long.  21°  10'  W.     Winds:  NE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  21.     Lat.  23°  16'  N. ;  long.  21°  04'  W.     Winds :  NE. ,  N W.  by  W.    Light  and  pleasant. 

April  22.     Lat.  21°  18'  N.;  long.  23°  38'  W.     Winds:  NW.N.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  23.     Lat.  19°  40'  N.;  long.  25°  29'  W.     Winds:  NE. 

April  24.     Lat.  16°  55'  N. ;  long.  26°  13'  W.     Winds:  E.     Moderate  breezes. 

April  25.     Lat.  14°  05'  N. ;  long.  25°  38'  W.     Winds:  E.,  throughout. 

April  26.     Lat.  12°  24'  N. ;  long.  24°  28'  W.     Winds:  E.NE. 

April  27.     Lat.  9°  54'  N. ;  long.  25°  26'  W.     Winds:  E.NE. 
.       April  28.     Lat.  8°  03'  N.;  long.  22°  56'  W.     Winds:  NE. 

April  29.     Lat.  6°  05'  N. ;  long.  22°  00'  W.     Winds:  N. 

April  30.     Lat.  3°  37'  N. ;  long.  21°  39'  W.     Winds:  N.,  and  variable  and  light. 

May  1.     Lat.  3°  27'  N. ;  long.  21°  55'  W.     Winds:  variable. 

May  2.  Lat.  2°  53' N. ;  long.  21°  48' W.  Winds:  N.NW.,  and  variable;  squally,  with 
heavy  rain. 

May  3.     Lat.  2°  40'  N. ;  long.  21°  53  W.     Winds:  NW..  W. 

May  4.     Lat.  2°  10' N.;  long.,  no  observation.     Winds:  W.NW. 

May  5.     Lat.  1°  22'  N. ;  long.  21°  02'  W.     Winds:  W.NW.,  NW. 

May  6.     Lat.  0°  09'  N. ;  long.  21°  17' W.     Winds:  variable,  SE. 
fc        May  7.     Lat.  0°  29'  S. ;  long.  22°  08'  W.     Winds:  SE.  and  variable. 
B       May  8.     Lat.  2°  02'  S. ;  long.  22°  30'  W.     Winds:  variable  and  SE. 
H       May  9.     Lat.  3°  52' S.;  long.  23°  20'  W.     Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE. 
B        May  10.     Lat.  5°  27'  S. ;  long.  24°  10'  W.     Winds:  SE.,  and  variable. 
B'       May  11.     Lat.  7°  33'  S.;  long.  25°  26'  W.     Winds:  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather. 

Barque  J.  B.  Lancaster,  (Wm.  Somers,)  Cadiz  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  4  days  out. 

"April  7,  1855.  Lat.  29°  28'  N.;  long.  19°  24' W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of 
air,  64°;  of  water,  64°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.  First  and  second  parts,  light  breezes; 
latter  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  rain. 

Aprils.  Lat.  26°57'N.;  long.  21°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  66°; 
of  water,  67°.     Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds,  with  rain. 

April  9.  Lat.  24°  08'  N. ;  long.  23°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
^of  water,  69°.     Winds:  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  throughout  these  24  hours. 

April  10.  Lat.  21°  10'  N.;  long.  25°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
Jf  water,  72°.     Winds:  NE.  by  E.     Steady  breezes  throughout,  and  passing  clouds. 

April  11.     Lat.  18°  53'  N.;  long.    26°   14'  W.     Barometer,    29.72.     Winds:  NE.    by  E., 
!.NE.,  E.     Moderate  breezes;  a  red  fog  over  the  water. 

April  12.  Lat.  17°  49'  N.;  long.  27°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.,  NE.  by  N.  Light  breezes  throughout  these  24  hours 
and  fine  weather. 

VOL.  II~61 


402  THE  WIND  AND  CU£EENT  CHARTS. 

April  13.  Lat.  15°  49'  N.;  long.  27°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  76.     Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  N.NE.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout. 

April  14.  Lat.  13°  34'  N. ;  long.  27°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  78°.  Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  NE.,  N.NE.  Light  breezes  throughout  and  fine  weather; 
large  schools  of  flying  fish. 

April  15.  Lat.  11°  20'  N. ;  long.  27°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  79.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  by  N.  Light  breezes  throughout,  with  passing  clouds  from 
the  NE. 

April  16.  Lat.  9°  41'  N. ;  long.  28°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  Light  breezes  throughout;  at  8  a.  m.  saw  a  barque  head- 
ing NW. 

April  17.  Lat.  7°  06' N.;  long.  28°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  18.  Lat.  5°  17'  N. ;  long.  28°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  82°.     Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.     Light  breezes,  with  rain  showers. 

April  19.  Lat.  4^  04'  N. ;  long.  28°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.72;  temperature  of  air,  87°'; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  and  calms.  Light  breezes  and  calms,  with  heavy  showers 
of  rain  from  SE. ;  think  I  shall  get  SE.  trades. 

April  20.  Lat.  3°  15' N.;  long.  28°  13' W.  Current,  12  miles,  E.  by  N.  Barometer, 
29.72;  temperature  of  air,  88°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds:  NE.  Short  calms  and  light  breezes, 
with  showers  of  rain. 

April  21.  Lat.  1°  54'  N.;  long.  28°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  calms  and  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  calm;  latter  part,  light,  bafiling 
winds  from  E.,  with  rain. 

April  22.  Lat.  0°  39'  N. ;  long.  28°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  S.SW.  Light  airs  and  calms,  at  spells,  with  heavy  showers  of 
rain  from  all  points  of  the  compass. 

April  23.  Lat.  0°  42'  S.;  long.  29°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  87°; 
of  water,  84°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light  breezes,  with  rain;  latter  part,  fresh 
breezes  and  a  heavy  sea  from  the  S.SE.;  crossed  the  Equator  in  29°  13'  W. 

April  24.  Lat.  3°  07'  S.;  long.  30°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Fresh  breezes  throughout,  with  heavy  rain;  showers 
and  a  high  sea  from  the  SE. 

April  25.  Lat.  5°  56'  S. ;  long.  30°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds:  SE.  Strong  breezes  throughout  these  24  hours,  with  a  heavy  sea  from 
the  S. ;  exchanged  signals  with  an  American  clipper  ship  standing  S.SW." 

Ship  Gloriana,  (Henry  Toynbee,)  London  to  Sydney;  ten  days  out. 

"April  22,  1855.  Lat.  30°  18' N.  ;  long.  19°  20'  W.  Current,  12|  miles,  S.  5°  W. 
Barometer,  30.702;  temperature  of  air,  63°.  6;  of  water,  64°.  3.  Variation  observed  by 
azimuth,  18°  05'  W.     Winds  :  N.NE.     Moderate,  smooth,  swelling  sea. 

April  23.  Lat.  28°  13'  N.;  long.  20°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.22  ;  temperature  of  air,  64° 
of  water,  65°.  4.  Clouds:  cum.  &  cum.  str.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate;  smooth  sea.  Finding  that 
a  boy  had  struck  his  elbow  against  the  Board  of  Trade  barometer,  and  deranged  it  so  that  it 
would  not  act,  I  took  out  some  screws  and  tried  to  examine  into  the  cause ;  but  finding  I  could 
do  no  good  I  packed  it  in  its  case,  and  now  give  my  ship's  barometer.  Specific  gravity  of  the 
Kea-water,  1026.9. 


* 


1 


FROM   THE    LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE APRIL.  403 

April  24.  Lat.  26°  03'  N. ;  long.  21°  32'  W.  Current,  8^  miles,  N.  25°  E.  Barometer, 
30.28;  temperature  of  air,  67°;  of  water,  67°.  Clouds:  cir.  and  cum.  str.  Winds:  NE. 
Moderate,  fresh  breezes,  and  smooth  sea;  slight  NE.  swell.  A  ring  around  the  moon  44°  8'  in 
diameter  ;  it  resembled  a  lunar  rainbow.     Specific  gravity  of  sea-water,  1026.9. 

April  25.  Lat.  23°  38'  N.;  long.  22°  50'  W.  Current,  4|  miles,  N.  12°  W.  Barometer, 
30.25  ;  temperature  of  air,  70°  ;  of  water,  68°.  4.  Clouds:  cir.  cum.  &  cum.  str.  Winds:  NE. 
Moderate,  confused  sea  ;  slight  N.  swell. 

April  26.  Lat.  20°  37'  N.;  long.  24°  22'  W.  Current,  6i  miles,  N.  15°  E.  Barometer, 
30.22  ;  temperature  of  air,  70°.  3  ;  of  water,  69°.  7.  Winds  :  E.NE.  Moderately  fresh  ;  a 
moderate  swell  from  the  E. ;  pleasant  weather. 

April  27.  Lat.  17°  22'  N. ;  long.  26°  04'  W.  Current,  9|  miles,  S.  57°  W.  Barometer, 
30.16  ;  temperature  of  air,  71°.  5  ;  of  water,  73°.  Clouds:  cum.  str.  Moderate  breezes  from 
the  eastward  and  pleasant  weather  ;  a  swell  from  the  NE. 

April  28.  Lat.  14°  05'  N. ;  long.  26°  33'  W.  Current,  16  miles,  S.  60°  W.  Barometer, 
30.09;  temperature  of  air,  73°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate  and  pleasant;  the 
swell  of  the  sea  somewhat  confused. 

April  29.  Lat.  11°  12'  N,;  long.  26°  36'  W.  Current,  30  miles,  S.  9'  W.  Barometer, 
30.03;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  77°.  Clouds:  cir.,  cir.-stratus,  cum. -stratus. 
Winds:  NE.E.     Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant ;  a  confused  sea  from  the  S.  and  W. 

April  30.  Lat.  8°  48'  N. ;  long.  26°  33'  W.  Current,  22  miles,  S.  16°  W.  Barometer, 
30.06;  temperature  of  air,  78°.  2 ;  of  Avater,  79°.  8.  Winds:  E.NE.  Moderately  light; 
several  Mother  Carey's  chickens  in  sight.     Specific  gravity  of  sea-water,  1024. 

May  1.  Lat-  6°  10'  N.  ;  long.  26°  28'  W.  Current,  7  miles,  S.  65°  W.  Barometer, 
30.04;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.  Var.,  light,  with  rain;  con- 
fused sea,  ship  pitching  much.     Specific  gravity  of  sea- water,  1023.9. 

May  2.  Lat.  4°  06'  N. ;  long.  26°  31'  W.  Current,  12^  miles,  S.  14°  W.  Barometer, 
30.05;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Clouds:  cum.,nim. ;  sea  slightlyf  confused. 
Winds  :  S.  and  W. ;  light,  with  rain.     Specific  gravity  of  sea-water,  1023.5. 

May  3.  Lat.  2°  43'  N. ;  long.  26°  59'  W.  Current,  20|  miles,  N.  74°  W.  Barometer, 
29.94;  temperature  of  air,  81°.  3  ;  of  water,  82°.  02.  Winds  :  variable,  SW.  Squally,  with 
heavy  rain- 
May  4.  Lat.  1°  27'  N. ;  long.  27°  51'  W.  Current,  26  miles,  N.  82°  W.  Barometer, 
29.99  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°  ;  of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  SW. ;  moderately  light  and  squally, 
with  rain,  long  swelling  sea  from  the  south.     Specific  gravity  of  sea- water,  1024. 

May  5.  Lat-  0°  13'  N.  ;  long.  28°  24'  W.  Current,  24^  miles,  S.  70°  W.  Barometer, 
30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  6.  Winds:  moderate,  SE.,  SE.  by  E. 
Moderate  and  pleasant-  A  meteor  fell  from  the  southern  cross  to  the  horizon.  Specific 
gravity  of  sea-water,  1024. 

May  6-  Lat.  1°  43'  S.  ;  long.  29°  54'  W.  Current,  40  miles,  S.  54°  W.  Barometer, 
29.99  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  5.  Clouds  :  cum.  and  cum. -str. ;  a  swell  from 
the  SE.     Winds  :  SE.  by  E.SE.     Moderate  trades  ;  pleasant  weather. 

May  7.     Lat.  4°  08'  S.  ;    long.  31°  50'  W.      Current,   41   miles,    S.  60°  W.     Barometer, 

30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°  ;  of  water,  81°.     Winds  :  SE.,  E.SE.     Moderate  ;  some  rain. 

May   8.     Lat.  5°  46'  S.  ;    long.  33°  43'  W.     Current,    23  miles,   N.  78°  W.     Barometer, 

30.01;   temperature   of  air,   80°  ;    of  water,  80°.  8.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.     Squally. 

Mother  Carey's  chickens  very  numerous.     Specific  gavity  of  sea-water,  1024.1." 


404 


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FROM    THE   LIZARD   TO   THE   LINE MAY.  405 

Ship  Aetos,  (D.  McLaughlin,)  Liverpool  to  Bombay;  14|  days  out. 

•'May  8,  1856.  Lat.  30°  12'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.24  ;  temperature  of  air, 
66°  ;  of  water,  65°.     Winds  :  E.NE.,  NE. ;  fine  brisk  breeze. 

May  9.  Lat.  26°  25'  N.;  long.  21°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  68°  ; 
of  water,  68°.      Clouds  :  cir.  from  NE.     Winds  :  NE. ;  throughout  a  fine  brisk  breeze. 

May  10.  Lat.  23°  18'  N.;  long.  23°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  68°; 
of  water,  69°.  Clouds  :  cir.,  NE.  Winds  :  NE.  by  N.  ;  fine  breeze.  Tide  rips,  but  no 
current. 

May  11.  Lat.  20°  27'  N.;  long.  24°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.06  ;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  69°.  Winds  :  NE.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  fine  breeze  and  pleasant ;  ends 
quite  light. 

May  12.  Lat.  No  observations.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  71°  ;  of  water, 
70°.  Clouds  :  cir.  E.  Winds  :  N.NE.  to  E.  Light  winds  and  fine  weather  throughout ; 
clouds  move  quick  ;  latter  part  calm. 

May  13.  Lat.  17°  28'  N. ;  long.  25°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.94  ;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Calms  and  light  winds  from  W.NW.  and  W. ;  light  cat's  paws  all  around  ;  fine 
weather. 

May  14.  Lat.  15°  31'  N.;  long.  25°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds  :  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.NW.  Winds  quite  light  and  faint;  St.  Vincent  in 
siglit.  This  is  very  trying  for  one  who  is  anxious  to  make  a  quick  passage.  At  5  p.m.  set  a 
bottle  afloat  with  a  letter  in  it  containing  ship's  name,  the  latitude,  longitude,  &c. 

May  15.  Lat.  14°  03'  N  ;  long.  25°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.08  ;  temperature  of  air,  — °; 
of  water,  — °.  Winds:  N.,  N.  by  E.,  NE.  by  N.  Light  airs  and  fine  weather  ;  smooth  sea. 
There  seems  to  be  some  prospect  of  a  better  breeze.  Foyo  in  sight  at  7  p.  m.,  distant  102 
miles  ;  if  daylight  I  think  it  might  be  seen  10  or  15  further. 

May  16.  No  observations.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  75°;  of  water,  75°. 
Winds  :  NE.  by  N.,  E.NE.  All  this  24  hours  fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather  ;  tide  rips, 
but  no  current  observed. 

May  17.  Lat.  8°  46'  N.;  long.  25°  22'  W.  Current,  W.NW.,  i  mile  per  hour.  Barom- 
eter, 30.11  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  E.  by  N.,  E.  Fine  breezes, 
and  pleasant. 

May  18.  Lat.  5°  43'  N.;  long.  24°  44'  W.  Current,  24  miles,  E.  by  N.  Barometer, 
30.08  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.  by  N.,  E.  Fine  breeze  all  day; 
water  considerably  agitated.  There  is  a  few  rain  squalls  in  the  SE.,  and  it  looks  to  me  as  though 
the  SE.  trade  winds  might  be  near.     I  am  in  hopes  to  be  let  off  with  little  doldrums. 

May  19.  Lat.  3°  39'  N. ;  long.  24°  10'  W.  Current,  14  miles,  E.NE.  Barometer,  30.02; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.  and  dol.  A  few  rain  squalls  in  the  SE.,  a 
great  way  oflp.  At  1  a.  m.  I  was  taken  aback  for  the  first  time,  wind  going  around  the  compass, 
with  some  rain  ;  latter  part  more  pleasant,  but  distant  squalls  on  all  sides,  with  calms  and 
rain  showers. 

May  20.  Lat.  2°  56'  N. ;  long.  24°  00'  W.  Current,  15  miles,  E.NE.  Barometer,  30.06; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  W.,  W.N.W.,  variable;  light  airs,  mostly 
from  the  northward  and  westward,  and  calms,  with  rain  showers  from  I  don't  know  where. 

May  21.  Lat.  2°  15' N.;  long.  23°  34'  W.  15  miles,  E.NE.,  current.  Barometer,  30.04: 
temperature  of  air,    79°;  of  water,    79°.     Winds  :    SW.,    S.,   S,S]E,     Commences,  with  light 


406  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

showers  and  distant  rain  squalls  ,•  middle  and  latter  parts,  a  moderate  breeze.  Everything 
looks  right  for  the  trades.     Saw  several  vessels  with  booms  out. 

May  22.  Lat.  1°  20'  N.;  long.  25°  15'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  NE.  Barometer,  30.05  ; 
temperature  of  air,  79° j  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SB.  Commences 
moderate,  with  prospects  of  a  better  breeze,  and  a  little  head  swell.      Clouds  act  very  singular. 

May  23.  Lat.  0°  39'  S.j  long.  26°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
w^ater,  78°.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.,  moderate.  If  I  was  further  west  I  think  I  would 
have  a  better  breeze.     There  is  some  light  rain,  and  a  head  swell  from  the  SW. 

May  24.  Lat.  4°  02'  S.;  long.  26°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.08  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds  :  SE.  by  S.,  SE.     A  good  breeze,  with  a  head  swell. 

May  25.  Lat.  7°  35'  S.;  long.  28°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.11  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  SE,  SE.  by  E.     A  brisk  breeze,  with  a  bad  sea  and  occasional  squalls." 

Ship  Olive  Branchy  (F.  Wilson,  captain,)  from  Waterford  to  Pitra;  nine  days  out. 

"May,  14,  1853.  Lat.  29°  39'  N. ;  long.  19°  05' W.  Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of 
air,  64°;  of  water,  68°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  N.  Fresh  breezes,  with  squalls,  and  showers 
throughout ;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  N.  N W. 

May  15.  Lat.  27°  48'  N. ;  long.  20°  14' W.  Barometer,  30.20  ;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
of  water,  69°.     Winds:  N.,  N.NE..,  N      Fresh  breezes,  and  squally  throughout. 

May  16.  Lat.  25°  36'  N. ;  long.  21°  22'  W.  Barometer,  30.30  ;  temperature  of  air,  69°; 
of  water,  69^°.     Winds:  N.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.     Gentle,  steady  trade  winds. 

May  17.  Lat.  23°  05'  N.;  long.  22°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30  30;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds  :  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.     Steady  trade  winds. 

May  18.  Lat.  20°  39'  N. ;  long.  24°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.30  ;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,   72°.     Winds  ;  E.NE.,  D.,  E.NE.     Brisk  trade  wind,  and  cloudy. 

May  19.  Lat.  18°01'N.;  long.  26°  57'.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of 
water,    73°.     Winds  :  E.  NE.,  NE.     Brisk  trade  wind,  and  dull,  gloomy  weather. 

May  20.  Lat.  15°  08'  N. ;  long.  26°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.,  variable,  E.NE.  First  part,  stiff  breezes  ;  middle  part,  light, 
inclining  to  calm  ;  latter  part,  stiff  breeze,  and  dull,  cloudy  weather. 

May  21.  Lat.  12°  25'  N. ;  long.  25°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  77°.  Winds  :  NE.,  NE.  by  N.  Brisk  trade  winds  throughout,  with  a  hazy 
atmosphere. 

May  22.  Lat.  10°  01'  N. ;  long.  24°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.     First  and  middle  parts,  brisk  breeze;  latter  part,  light. 

May  23.  Lat.  8°  42'  N.;  long.  23°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  N.NE.  Light  winds  and  squally,  with  rain.  Passed  through 
several  current  ripples. 

May  24.  Lat.  7°  45'  N.;  long.  22°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  variable.  Light,  variable  winds.  Passed  through  frequent 
squalls,  showers,  and  ripples. 

May  25.  Lat.  7°  18' N.;  long.  22°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  86°; 
of  water,  82°.     Winds:  NW.     Variable,  light  airs,  throughout,  and  fine,  clear  weather. 

May  26.  Lat.  6°  15'  N.;  long.  22°  10'  W.  Current,  S.  45°  E.,  21  miles.  Barometer, 
30.10;  temperature  of  air,  87°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  N.NW.  Calms,  light  airs,  and  calms 
throughout,  with  fine  weather. 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE MAY.  407 

May  27.  Lat.  5"  58'  N. ;  long.  21°  56'  W.  Current,  6  miles,  S.  by  E.  Barometer, 
30.10;  temperature  of  air,  8G°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  and  calms;  faint  airs  and 
calms  throughout. 

May  28.  Lat.  5°  37'  N. ;  long.  22°  10'  W.  Current,  7  miles,  N.  by  E.  Barometer, 
30.10;  temperature  of  air,  85°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  and  calms;  light,  and  calms 
throughout. 

May  29.  Lat.  5°  18'  N.;  long.  21°  48'  W.  Current,  21  miles,  NE.  Barometer,  30.10; 
temperature  of  air,  90°;  of  water,  88°.     Winds:  variable,  and  calms,  with  heavy  rain. 

May  30.  Lat.  4°48'N.;  long.  21^  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
of  water,    82°.     Winds:  Variable,  and  calms,  with  frequent  showers. 

May  31.  Lat.  4°  10' N.;  long.  21°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water  82°.     Winds:  calms  and  variable,  with  a  great  deal  of  rain. 

June  1.  Lat.  3°  48'  N;  long.  21°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  84°.  Winds:  variable,  and  calms,  with  rain.  This  is  the  most  tedious  time  I  ever 
experienced  in  the  variables.  The  last  ten  days,  a  succession  of  calms  and  light  winds, 
tacking  ship  and  working  the  yards  constantly;  it  is  with  the  greatest  difficulty  we  get  the  few 
miles  daily,  and  what  makes  it  worse  is  a  constant  swell  from  the  south.  I  am  sorry  I  did  not 
keep  to  the  westward  and  cross  the  equator  in  about  32°. 

June  2.  Lat.  3°  53'  N. ;  long.  19°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  of 
water,  84°.     Winds:  variable,  and  calms,  Math  rain  throughout. 

June  3.     Lat.  3°  07'  N.;  long.  20°  03'  W.     Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  85°;  of 
water,  83°.     Winds:  SE.,  calms,  S.  by  E.     First  part,  light  airs;  middle,  calms;  latter  part, 
brisk  breezes.     I  now  think  I  have  got  the  trade  winds. 

June  4.  Lat.  2°  14' N. ;  long.  22°  18'  W.  Current,  15  miles,  N.,  72°  W.  Barometer, 
30.20;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  82°.  Wind:  S.,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather. 

June  5.     Lat.  0°  57'  N. ;  long.  24°  25'  W.     Current,   24  miles,  N.  78°   W.     Barometer, 

^^0.20;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  79°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.     Gentle  breezes  throughout. 

^      June   6.     Lat.  0°  17'  S. ;  long.   25°  49'  W.      Current,  16  miles,   N.  64°  W.     Barometer, 

30.10;   temperature   of  air,    80°;   of  water,    79°.     Winds:   S.    by  E.,    S.SE.     Light  breeze 

throughout,  atmosphere  hazy. 

June  7.  Lat.  1°  42'  S.;  long.  27°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather; 
latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  light  showers  and  squalls.  The  wind  hangs  so  far 
south  that  I  have  to  make  westing  very  fast. 

June  8.     Lat.  3°  47'  S.;  long.  28°  39'  W.     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
'    water,  80°.     Wind:  S.SE.     A  brisk  breeze  throughout,  with  fine  weather;  a  long  swelling  sea 
from  the  S.  and  E. 

June  9.  Lat.  6°  25'  S. ;  long.  30°  15'  W.  Current,  29  miles,  S.  49°  W.  Barometer, 
30.15;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  by  B.  Moderate 
breezes  and  fine  clear  weather.     Two  ships  in  company." 

Ship  Seringapatam,  (Henry  Morris,)  Liverpool  to  Hong  Kong;  nine  days  out. 

"May  12,  1851.     Lat.  30°  06';  long.  18°  58' W.     Winds:    N.,E.NE.     Moderate. 

May  13.     Lat.  27°  16'  N. ;  long.  19°  08'  W.     Wind:  E.NE.     Moderately  fresh. 

May  14.     Lat.  24°  58'  N. ;  long.  19°  20' W.    Winds:  E.NE.,  N.NE.    Moderate  throughout. 


408  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

% 

May  15.     Lat.  22°  26'  N. ;  long.  19°  50'  W.  Wind :  NE.  Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

May  16.     Lat.  19°  20'  N.;  long.  19°  40'  W.    Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.   Fresh  breezes  throughout. 

May  17.     Lat.  16°  51'  N. ;  long.  20°  01'  W.     Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.     Moderate  breezes. 

May  18.     Lat.  14°  40'  N.;  long.  20°  06'  W.     Winds:  N.NE.,  N.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes. 

May  19.     Lat.  12°  33'  N. ;  long.  20°  09'  W.     Wind:  N.  by  E.     Light  winds. 

May  20.     Lat.  11°  04'  N.;  long.  20°  09'  W.     Winds:  N.NE.,  NW.     Moderately  light. 

May  21.     Lat.  10°  12'  N. ;  long.  20°  02'  W.     Winds:  NW.,  N.NE. 

May  22.     Lat.  9°  05'  N.;  long.  19°  56'  W.     Winds:  W.,  NW.     Light  and  variable. 

May  23.     Lat.  7°  43'  N.;  long.  20°  02'  W.     Winds:  N.NE.,  E.     Moderately  light. 

May  24.     Lat.  6°  56'  N.;  long.,  19°  58'  W.     Winds:  very  light. 

May  25.  Lat.  6°  20'  N.;  long.  19°  52'  W.  Winds:  N.,  variable,  E.,  Nd.  and  Ed.  Light 
and  balBing. 

May  26.     Lat.  5°  26'  N. ;  long.  20°  04'  W.     Winds:  NW.,  calm,  N.NE.,  light. 

May  27.     Lat.  4°54'N. ;  long.;  no  observation.     Winds:  variable,  W.SW.     "Very  light. 

May  28.     Lat.  4°  04'  N.;  long.,  no  observation.  Winds:  Sd.  and  Wd.,  and  variable  light  airs. 

May  29.     Lat.  3°  17'  N.;  long.,  no  observation.     Winds:  W.SW.,  S.SW.     Moderately  light. 

May  30.     Lat.  1°  55'  N.;  long.  19°  09'  W.     Winds:  N.NW.,  S.     Moderate  breezes. 

May  31.     Lat.  0°  32'  N.;  long.  20°  33'  W.     Winds:  S.,  S.  by  W.     Moderate  and  light. 

June  1.     Lat.  0°  39'  S.;  long.  22°  23'  W.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Moderately  light. 

June  2.     Lat.  1°  20'  S. ;  long.,  no  observation.     Winds:  S.SE.  to  E.     Light  breezes. 

June  3.  Lat.  2°  23'  S. ;  long.  23°  46'  W.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  light 
airs;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes. 

June  4.     Lat.  3°  26'  S. ;  long.,  no  observation.     Winds:  S.SE.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes. 

June  5.     Lat.  4°  12'  S. ;  long.,  not  observed.     Winds:  E.,  SE.,  E.     Moderate. 

June  6.     Lat.  6°  36'  S.;  long.  25°  41'  W.     Wind:  E.     Throughout,  moderate  breeze." 

Ship  Bed  Jacket,  (Samuel  Reed,  captain,)  Liverpool  to  Melbourne;  ten  days  out. 

"May  15,  1854.  Lat.  30°  06' N. ;  long.,  no  observation.  Winds:  variable,  calms  and 
light  weather. 

May  16.  Lat.  22°  44'  N. ;  long.  19°  53'  W.  Winds:  variable;  NE.  First  part,  light 
airs  and  calms;  latter  part,  steady  trade  winds. 

May  17.  Lat.  26°  33'  N. ;  long.  21°  24'  W.  Wind  :  NE.  First  part,  light  and  steady 
trades;  latter,  stiif. 

May  18.  Lat.  23°  36'  N. ;  long.  23°  30'  W.  Wind  :  NE.  Light  throughout  and  some- 
what variable. 

May  19.     Lat.  20°  51'  N. ;  long.  25°  33'  W.     Wind  :  NE.     Weather  like  that  of  yesterday. 

May  20.  Lat.  17°  32'  N. ;  long.,  no  observation.  Winds:  NE. ;  variable.  Light  and 
variable  throughout,  with  cloudy  and  sultry  weather. 

May  21.  Lat.  13°  22'  N. ;  long.  26°  06'  W.  Wind  :  NE.  First  part,  stiff  breezes ; 
latter,  light,  with  sultry  weather. 

May  22.  Lat.  10°  21'  N. ;  long.  25°  17'  W.  Wind  :  Eastward.  Light  and  variable 
throughout.  | 

May  23.  Lat.  8°  21'  N. ;  long.  24°  14'  W.  Wind:  E.SE.  Light  and  variable,  with 
sultry  weather. 

May  24.     Lat.  6°  37'  N. ;  long.  23°  14'  W.     Wind  :  E.     Light  winds  and  sultry  weather. 

m  ■*■ 


FROM  THE  LIZAED  TO  THE  LINE MAY. 


409 


May  25.  Lat.  5°  14'  N. ;  long.  23°  14'  W.  Winds  :  variable,  prevailing  from  NE. 
Light  winds  ;  sultry  weather. 

May  26.  Lat.  3°  53' N.;  long.  23°  22'  "W.  Winds:  variable,  prevailing  from  W.NW. 
Light,  sultry  weather. 

May  27.  Lat.  2°  33' N.j  long.  21°  23' W.  Winds :  variable,  prevailing  from  SW.  Light, 
with  sultry  weather. 

May  28.  Lat.  1°  44'  N.;  long.  21°  40'  W.  Winds  :  variable,  prevailing  from  the  SW. 
Light  breezes. 

May  29.  Lat.  0°  03'  S.;  long.  23°  45'  W.  Winds:  S.SE.  Light  trade  winds  and  sultry 
weather. 

May  30.  Lat.  3°  15'  S. ;  long.  24°  35'  W.  Winds:  S.SE.  Moderate  trades  and  cloudy 
weather. 

May  31.     Lat.  7°  12'  S. ;  long.  27°  38'  W.     Winds:  S.SE.     Stiff  and  fair  weather." 

VOL.  n — 52 


410 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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A 


FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO   THE   LINE JUNE.  411 

Ship  Challenge^  (J.  Kenny,  captain,)  London  to  Hong  Kong;  twelve  days  out. 
"June  4,  1856.     Lat.  30°  05'  N.;  long.  25°  57'  W.     Barometer,  30.15  ;  temperature  of  air, 
72°;  water,  71°.     Winds:  From  S.SE.  to  E.NE. ;  generally  light;  gradually  increasing,  like  the 
beginning  of  the  trades.     Light  clouds  passing. 

June  5.  Lat.  27°  06'  N.;  long.  36°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  71°.  Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.  Moderate,  with  a  smooth  sea;  weather  generally 
pleasant;  a  few  spits  of  rain. 

June  6.  Lat.  23°  05'  N.;  long.  27°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.  A  fine  breeze  and  pleasant  weather  most  of  the  day;  light 
clouds  passing,  with  a  little  rain  in  the  morning. 

June  7.  Lat.  18°  49'  N.;  long.  27°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
water,  74°.  Winds:  E.NE.  Fine  breezes  throughout  the  day,  with  light  trade  clouds  passing 
with  the  wind. 

June  8.  Lat.  14°  45'  N. ;  long.  27°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.  to  NE.  Fine  breezes  throughout  the  day;  thin  hazy  clouds 
nearly  covering  the  sky  at  times  ;  saw  flying  fish  for  the  first  time. 

June  9.  Lat.  11°  39'  N.;  long.  27°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  NE.  to  E.  by  N.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  throughout  the  day; 
the  wind  frequently  varied  from  NE.  to  E.  by  N. ;  a  small  easterly  current  to-day. 

June  10.  Lat.  8°  15'  N.;  long.  27°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.  to  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  and  occasionally  baffling;  thin  clouds 
moving  slowly  from  the  southward,  with  a  light  shower  of  rain. 

June  11.  Lat.  6°  26'  N. ;  long.  28°  18  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  82°.     Winds:  SE.  to  S.SE. 

June  12.  Lat.  4°  35'  N.;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  83°.  Winds :  SE.  to  S.  by  E.  Light  and  unsteady;  a  moderate  swell  from  the  southward; 
clouds  coming  from  the  eastward;  occasional  showers  of  rain.     Magnetic  variation,  15°  36'  W. 

June  13.  Lat.  2°  39'  N. ;  long.  30°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  85°; 
water,  82°.  Winds  :  variable  and  occasional  calms  ;  squalls  of  wind  and  rain,  with  some  heavy 
showers.     Magnetic  variation,  14°  48'  W. 

June  14.  Lat.  2°  06'  N.;  long.  30°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.88  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  first  part,  S.  by  E.,  squally,  with  heavy  showers  of  rain  ;  middle  part, 
a  light  breeze  sprung  up  from  the  SW. ;  latter  part,  wind  varied  to  S.  by  E.,  moderate  and 
pleasant  weather.     Passed  the  ship  Berkshire,  of  Boston,  bound  south. 

June  15.  Lat.  0°  58'  N.;  long.  31°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.92  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  81°.  Wind:  S.SE.  generally,  frequent  showers.  A  drift  to  the  westward  discovered 
by  the  reckoning,  but  uncertain,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  keeping  the  ship's  run  accurately  in 
these  changeable  regions. 

June  16.  Lat.  1°  26'  S.;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.96  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  to  SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  trade  clonds  passing. 
Passed  the  barque  Eliza,  of  Jersey,  bound  southward. 

June  17.  Lat.  4°  47'  S. ;  long.  33°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  SE.  to  S.SE.  Strong  breezes  throughout  the  day  and  frequent  squalls, 
with  light  rain  ;  experienced  a  current  of  about  30  miles  west  during  the  day. 

June  18.     Lat.  5°  00'  S.;  long.  34°  13'  W.     Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 


412  THE  WIND  AND  CUKEENT  CHARTS. 

water,  82°.     Winds:   SE.,  S.SE.     First  part,   fresh  breezes  and  frequent  squalls,  with  rainj 
middle  and  latter  parts,  more  pleasant  and  moderate." 

Ship  Besolute,  (Daniel  McKenzie,)  London  to  Hong  Kong;  ten  days  out. 

"June  17,  1854.  Lat.  29°54'N.;  long.  21°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.26;  temperature  of 
air,  71°;  of  water,  70°.  Current  setting  S.  60°  E.,  at  the  rate  of  |  mile  per  hour.  Clear  and 
beautiful  weather,  with  a  smooth  sea.     Winds:  N.  and  N.NW. ;  rather  light. 

June  18.  Lat.  27°  56'  N.;  long.  22°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.24;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  71°.     Winds:  N.,  NE.     Light,  smooth  sea;  dark  clouds  on  the  horizon. 

June  19.  Lat.  26°  01'  N.;  long.  24°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.24;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  Occasional  showers  and  rain  squalls.  A  current  of 
^  mile  per  hour,  setting  S.  13°  E. 

June  20.  Lat.  24°  18'  N. ;  long.  24°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  73°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.     Moderate,  pleasant  weather,  with  a  smooth  sea. 

June  21.  Lat.  21°  44'  N. ;  long.  26°  22'  W.  Current  setting  about  ^  a  mile  per  hour, 
W.SW.  Barometer,  30.19;  temperature  of  air,  73°;  of  water,  73°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  East. 
Moderate,  with  passing  clouds. 

June  22.  Lat.  18°  36'  N.;  long.  27°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  75°.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate,  pleasant  weather,  and  passing  clouds. 

June  23.  Lat.  14°  36'  N. ;  long.  27°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  75°.     Winds:  E.,E.NE.     Fine  winds  and  pleasant  weather,  with  a  swell  from  the  NE. 

June  24.  Lat.  11°  28'  N. ;  long.  27°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind:  East.  Light;  clouds  heavy;  the  upper  strata  passing  quickly  N.NW. ; 
weather  damp. 

June  25.  Lat.  9°  49'  N. ;  long.  28°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  79^°.  Winds:  E.,  N.NE.,  N.  Moderate  and  pleasant  weather,  with  much  phos- 
phorescence in  the  water.     A  current  of  about  1  mile  per  hour  setting  west. 

June  26.  Lat.  7°  56'  N. ;  long.  27°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  81°.  Winds:  N.,  E.NE.,  and  calm.  The  weather  generally  clear  and  pleasant;  a  passing 
shower  now  and  then,  with  a  long  swell  from  the  SE. 

June  27.  Lat.  6°  32'  N. ;  long.  27°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  Light;  much  fine  rain  and  squalls  of  wind,  and  rain, 
with  sharp  lightning  to  the  SE. 

June  28.  Lat.  6°  00'  N. ;  long.  26°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.  Light  winds  generally,  and  occasional  squalls,  with  a  long 
SE.  swell. 

June  29.  Lat.  5°  02'  N.;  long.  26°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  83°.     Winds:  calms,  S.SE.     Baffling  and  calms;  made  very  little  progress. 

June  30.  Lat.  4°  15'  N.;  long.  26°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  82°.     Winds:  calm,  SE.,  S.     Frequent  showers  and  baffling  airs. 

July  1.  Lat.  3°  12'  N. ;  long.  27°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  82°.     Winds:  variable,  S.,  S.SE.     Moderate,  with  passing  showers. 

July  2.  Lat.  0°  25'  N.;  long.  30°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  A  current,  setting  W.NW.,  of  about  1  mile  an  hour. 
Moderate  breezes. 

July  3.     Lat.  2°  09'  S.;  long.  31°  14'  W.     Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 


I 


FROM   THE    LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE JUNE.  413 

water,   80°.     Winds:  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather  throughout,   with  a  long 
southerly  swell. 

July  4.     Lat.  4°  26'  S.;  long.  32°  16'  W.     Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  o 
water,  81°.     Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.     Fine  trade  winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

July  5.  Lat.  7°  12'  S. ;  long.  31°  51'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  80°.     Winds:  B.,  SE.,  S.SE.     Moderate  trades,  with  pleasant  weather  and  a  little  rain." 

Ship  Edivin  Flye,  (Wm.  Flye,)  Cardiff,  Wales,  to  Acapulco;  fourteen  days  out. 

"June  17,  1856.  Lat.  29°51'N.;  long.  24°  22' W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of 
air,  71°;  of  water,  67°.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  trade  winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

June  18.  Lat.  26°  54'  N. ;  long.  25°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.26;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  70°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  by  S.     Moderate  trade  ^vinds  and  pleasant  weather. 

June  19.  Lat.  24°  03'  N.;  long.  26°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.     Moderate  trade  winds  and  pleasant  weather. 

June  20.  Lat.  20°  43'  N. ;  long.  26°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  E.,  E.SE.     Moderate  trade  winds  and  pleasant. 

June  21.  Lat.  17°  15'  N.;  long.  26°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  73°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.  by  S.  Light  trade  winds  and  fine  weather.  A  ship  and 
barque  in  company,  both  steering  more  to  the  eastward  than  we  are. 

June  22.  Lat.  13°  52'  N. ;  long.  26°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  variable,  N.  by  E.,  E.  First  part,  light  and  baffling  winds 
from  SE.  to  NE. ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  steady  breezes  and  pleasant. 

June  23.  Lat.  11°  39'  N. ;  long.  26°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  78°.     Winds:  E.,  variable.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

June  24.  Lat.  9°  05'  N.;  long.  26°  21'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of 
water,  79°.  Winds:  variable.  Light  and  variable  winds,  principally  from  the  eastward,  with 
occasional  lightning  during  the  middle  part. 

June  25.  Lat.  7°  04'  N.;  long.  26°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.  Light  and  variable  winds  from  the  eastward,  with  occa- 
sional showers  and  drizzling  rain. 

June  26.  Lat.  5°  50'  N. ;  long.  26°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  S.,  S.SW.  Commences  with  light  winds  from  the  E'd,  varying 
to  S.,  with  light  showers  of  rain.  At  7  p.  m.  the  wind  hauled  to  the  S'd,  with  threatening 
appearances  from  9  p.  m.  to  midnight.  Light  baffling  airs  and  calms,  with  drenching. rain  and 
sharp  lightning. 

June  27.  Lat.  5°  38'  N. ;  long.  26°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Current,  N.  8°  E.,  rate 
1.2  miles  per  hour;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SW.  Moderate  breezes, 
occasionally  varying  a  point  or  two,  with  clear  weather;  during  these  24  hours  we  have  ex- 
perienced a  current  of  29  miles  N.  8°  E.  I  have  not  heretofore  made  any  mention  of  currents, 
because,  when  the  log  is  cast  only  every  two  hours,  and  the  speed  of  the  ship  may  vary  so 
much  during  that  time,  I  have  not  considered  that  the  difference  between  the  reckoning  and 
observations  could  be  fairly  attributed  to  currents,  but  in  the  present  instance  I  believe  the 
ship  has  been  accurately  logged. 

June  28.  Lat.  4°  45'  N.;  long.  27°  29'  W.  Current,  N.  18°  E.,  one  mile  per  hour. 
Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.   Winds:  S.,  S.  by  W.     Light  breezes, 


414  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 

with  occasional  showers  of  rain.     At  1  p.  m.  tacked  to  W.SW. ;  at   10  a.  m.  to  E.SE. ;  strong 
current  N.NE. 

June  29.  Lat.  4°  52'  N. ;  long.  25°  12'  W.  Current,  N.  22°  E.,  rate  1.3  mile.  Barometer, 
29.97;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  Light,  variable, 
and  pleasant. 

June  30.  Lat.  3°  52'  N.;  long.  24°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SW.  Light  and  variable  from  S'd  and  W'd,  with  occasional  showers; 
rather  a  poor  chance  to  get  to  the  S'd  and  W'd;  a  ship,  barque,  and  brig  in  sight,  all  standing 
to  the  S.  and  E. 

July  1.  Lat.  2°  51'  N.;  long.  24°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  Light  and  variable  winds,  with  frequent  rain  squalls;  tacked 
at  2  and  6  p.  m.,  ship  heading  off  W.  much  of  the  time.  You  will  perceive  that  I  have  been 
compelled  to  go  much  further  to  the  E'd  than  your  routes  recommend;  it  was  my  wish  to  cross 
the  Equator  in  29°  or  30°  W.,  and  so,  after  getting  the  NE.  trades,  I  shaped  my  course  so  as  to 
run  down  on  something  like  a  great  circle  to  28°  W.  and  5°  N.  On  the  28th  of  June  our  position 
at  noon  was  4°  45'  N.  and  27°  29'  W. ;  since  when  we  have  had  the  winds  so  constantly  from 
S.  to  S.SW.,  sometimes  SW.  by  S.,  that  I  have  been  obliged  to  go  to  the  E'd  if  I  would  make 
any  southing  at  all.  We  have  regularly  tacked  to  the  W'd  when  the  ship  would  head  up  W.SW., 
and  have  gone  to  the  E'd  whenever  she  fell  off  to  W;  really  I  don't  know  what  better  we  could 
have  done  under  the  circumstances. 

July  2.  Lat.  1°  31' N.;  long.  27°  44' W.  Current,  W.N W.,  rate  1.5  mile.  Barometer, 
30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.  Light  trades  and  pleasant 
weather;  all  sail  set  by  the  wind. 

July  3.  Lat.  1°  17'  S.;  long.  29°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  and  fine  weather;  at  2  a.  m.  crossed  the 
Equator  about  28°  50'  W.,  28^  days  from  the  Scilly  islands.  This  is  a  few  days  shorter  than  the 
average  passage  from  Europe  to  the  Equator  in  the  month  of  June,  though  it  is  not  so  short  a 
passage  as  I  had  hoped  to  make;  we  had  calms  for  3  days  in  46°  N.  and  12°  W.,  then  the  NE. 
trades  were  very  light,  so  we  could  not  often  make  over  8  knots  per  hour,  and  not  even  that 
average  for  the  24  hours;  have  not  taken  in  top-gallant  sails  nor  reefed  topsails  since  leaving  the 
Bristol  channel. 

July  4.  Lat.  5°  04'  S.;  long.  31°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.  Moderate  trades  and  pleasant  weather.  This  has  been 
our  best  day's  run,  having  made  240  miles  by  observation, 

July  5.  Lat.  7°  56'  S.;  long.  33°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.     Light  trades  and  pleasant  weather." 


% 


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FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO    THE   LINE — JULY. 


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416  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  Orion,  (Henry  Libbey,)  Liverpool  to  Calcutta;  10  days  out. 

"July  3,  1856.  Lat.  29°  05'  N.;  long.  23°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air, 
74°;  of  water,  71°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.  Light  trades  first  and  latter  parts;  middle  part 
squally.      Current  setting  S.  ^  knot  per  hour. 

July  4.  Lat.  26°  16' N.;  long.  24°  45' W.  Barometer,  30.11;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  72°.     Winds:  E.  and  E.NE.     Throughout  moderate  trades  and  pleasant  weather. 

July  5.  Lat.  23°  37'  N.;  long.  25°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  72°.  Wind:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  Throughout  moderate  trades  and  cloudy  weather; 
clouds  cum.  and  nim. 

July  6.  Lat.  20°  44'  N.;  long.  26°  18'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  73°.  Winds:  NE.  Throughout  moderate  trades;  wind  too  much  aft;  wish  I  was 
further  W.  so  as  to  steer  due  S. 

July  7.  Lat.  17°  43' N. ;  long.  27°  12' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  77°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.     Throughout  light  trades  and  cloudy,  but  pleasant  weather. 

July  8.  Lat.  15°  05'  N.;  long.  27°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

July  9.  Lat.  13°  15'  N.;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.02.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.  by 
N.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  first  part;  middle  and  latter  parts  very  cloudy  and  unfavor- 
able looking  weather.     Temperature  of  air,  83°;  of  water,  79°. 

July  10.  Lat.  11°  04'  N.;  long.  28°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.SE.,  W.SW.  First  part  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts 
squally,  with  rain;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SW. 

July  11.  Lat.  9°  49'  N.;  long.  27°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  80°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  Frequent  squalls  from  the  SW.,  with  rain;  towards  noon, 
breeze  more  steady. 

July  12.  Lat.  8°  59'  N.  long.  27°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  N.  Weather  more  pleasant,  with  some  rain  and  consider- 
able swell  from  the  SW. 

July  13.  Lat.  7°  39' N. ;  long.  26°  36' W.  Barometer,  29.99.  Winds:  W.NW.  Tem- 
perature of  air,  82°;  of  water,  82°.  Clouds  moving  slowly  to  E.SE.;  upper  strata  still;  middle 
and  latter  parts  light  breezes,  with  a  few  squalls,  but  no  rain;  a  small  current  setting  easterly. 

July  14.  Lat.  5°  25'  N.;  long.  25°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  SW.  First  part  light  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  part 
squally,  with  heavy  rain;  bracing  the  yards  about  constantly;  wind  hanging  to  S.SW. ;  trying 
hard  to  get  S.  H 

July  15.  Lat.  4°  56'  N.;  long.  25°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S'd  and  W'd.  Throughout  light  winds,  with  a  heavy  lurch  and  rain; 
tacked  ship  6  times;  I  am  further  E.  than  is  desirable. 

July  16.  Lat.  4°  00'  N.;  long.  26°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  81°.  Current,  E.NE.,  ^  knot  per  hour.  Winds  :  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  Throughout,  fresh 
breezes  first  and  middle  parts,  with  heavy  squalls  of  wind  and  rain  ;  latter  part  pleasant,  with 
a  few  rain  squalls  ;  stood  thirteen  hours  to  westward  and  eleven  hours  to  eastward. 

July  17.  Lat.  3°  01  N.;  long.  26°  33'  W.^  Barometer,  29.99  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  81°.  No  perceptible  current.  Winds  :  S.  by  W.  Throughout,  moderate  breezes 
and  pleasant ;  beating  to  the  southward.  •,  ..,  v 


FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO    THE   LINE JULY.  417 

July  18.  Lat.  0°  53'  N. ;  long.  28°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Winds  :  S.  by  W.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather  ;  stood 
all  day  to  the  westward. 

July  19.  Lat.  2°  01  S. ;  long.  29°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.97  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  78°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  Throughout  moderate  trades  and  pleasant  weather.  Crossed  the 
Hne  in  long.  29°  05'  W. ;  twenty-four  days  four  hours  from  Scilly. 

July  20.  Lat.  4°  44'  S.;  long.  31°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Current,  setting  NW., 
I  knot  per  hour.  Temperature  of  air,  82°  ;  water,  79°.  Winds,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

July  21.  Lat.  7°  14' S.;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  a  small  current  setting 
NW.  Temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  79.  Winds  :  SE.  Throughout  moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant  weather,  first  part ;  middle,  somewhat  squally  ;  latter  part,  pleasant." 

Ship  Hippogriffe,  (David  S.  Sears,)  Cardiff,  Wales,  to  San  Francisco,  eleven  days  out. 

"July  13,  1856.  Lat.  30°  47'  N.;  long.  25°  06'  W.  Barometer,  30.50;  temperature  of 
air,  68°;  water,  72°.     Winds:  NE.     Throughout  moderate  ;  tide  rips  noticed. 

July  14.  Lat.  28°  40'  N. ;  long.  26°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.50  ;  temperature  of  air,  74  ; 
water,  72°.     Winds  :  NE.     Moderate  throughout,  with  fine  weather. 

July  15.  Lat.  26°  07'  N.;  long.  27°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.50  ;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
water,  72.     Winds  :  NE.     Fine  breezes  throughout,  with  fine  weather. 

July  16.  Lat.  23°  16'  N.;  long.  27°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.48  ;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  74.     Winds  :  NE.     Fresh  breezes  throughout,  and  fine  weather. 

July  17.  Lat.  20°  47'  N.;  long.  28°  03'  W.  Barometer,  30.45  ;  teinperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  75°.     Winds  :  NE.     Throughout  gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

July  18.  Lat.  18°  33'  N.;  long.  27°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.47  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.  Winds  :  NE.  by  N.  First  part,  moderate  ;  middle  part,  moderately  fresh  ;  latter 
part,  fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

July  19.  Lat.  15°  24'  N.;  long.  27°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.49  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  75°.  Winds  :  NE.  by  N.,  NE.  Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy.  Saw  two  barks,  one 
steering  south  and  the  other  northwest. 

July  20.  Lat.  13°  27'  N. ;  long.  27°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.49;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.,  E.NE.  First  part,  moderate  with  a  swell  from  the  south  ; 
middle  part,  the  same ;  latter  part,  very  light ;  sun  very  hot ;  think  we  have  entered  the 
doldrums. 

July  21.  Lat.  12°  05'  N. ;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.49;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
water,  79°.  Winds  :  E.,  calm.  First  part,  light  breeze  ;  middle  part,  squally,  with  rain; 
latter  part,  rain  and  calms. 

July  22.  Lat.  10°  30'  N.;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.38;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds  :  calm,  W.SW.  First  part,  calm  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breeze 
from  W.  SW. ,  and  squally  ;  a  swell  from  the  south. 

July  23.  Lat.  8°  57'  N. ;  long.  27°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.38;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  Squally,  with  rain;  throughout  the  day  a  confused  sea; 
ship  making  little  progress  for  the  wind. 

July  24.  Lat.  8°  04'  N. ;  long.  25°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water  79°.     Winds  :  S.SW.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  much  rain. 

'     VOL.  II — 63 


418  THE    WIND   AKD   CURRENT   CHARTS 

July  25.  Lat.  1°  28'  N. ;  long.  24°  44' W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  80°.  Winds  :  SW.  First  part,  brisk  breezes  and  passing  clouds  ;  a  heavy  sea  from 
the  south,  and  very  irregular  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  a  light  breeze. 

July  26.  Lat.  6°  50' N.;  long.  25°  24' W.  Barometer,  30.38;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  80°.  "Winds  :  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  moderate  and  clear;  middle  part,  moderate 
and  cloudy.  I  have  stood  on  the  western  tack  when  I  could  lay  west  by  compass,  but  have 
got  further  to  the  eastward  than  I  meant  to  go  ;  ends  moderate,  with  drizzly  rain. 

July  27.  Lat.  6°  00'  N.;  long.  25°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.38  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  89°.  Winds:  variable,  SW.,  W.  Light  and  baffling ;  middle  part,  fresh  from  SW.; 
commenced  raining  at  4  a.  m.,  and  continued  until  11  a,  m.;  wind  west  when  it  rained;  ends 
with  appearances  of  clearing  off. 

July  28.  Lat.  5°  44'  N. ;  long.  24°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.38  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  squally  with  rain  ;  latter 
part,  fine  breezes  and  beautiful  weather.    Exchanged  signals  with  an  English  bark  steering  N. 

July  29.  Lat.  4°  44' N.;  long.  25°  54' W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  80^; 
water,  81°.     Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.     Gentle  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

July  30.  Lat.  4°  01' N. ;  long.  26°  54' W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water  81°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.  by  W.     Light  breezes  and  beautiful  weather. 

July  31.  Lat.  2°  30'  N.;  long.  28°  47' W.  Barometer,  30.42;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  E.,  SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  beautiful  weather  throughout. 

August  1.  Lat.  0°  26'  N.;  long.  29°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.45;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Crossed  the  equator  at  4 
p.  m.,  in  longitude  29°  50'  W.     A  head  sea  from  S.SE. 

August  2.  Lat.  2°  24'  S. ;  long.  30°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.45;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  80°.     Winds  :  SE.,  E.SE.     Fresh  trades  and  irregular  sea. 

August  3.  Lat.  5°  07'  S. ;  long.  31°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.40;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.     Light  squalls  passing. 

August  4.  Lat.  6°  56'  S.;  long.  31°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.40  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  Swell  from 
S.SE.     At  4  p.  m.  saw  a  sperm  whale  spout  several  times." 

Ship  Escort,  (D.  Lynch,)  Liverpool  to  Calcutta,  10  days  out. 

"July  13,  1856.  Lat.  30°  54'  N. ;  long.  21°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of 
air,  75° ;  water  74°.  Winds  :  NE.  Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  weather ;  latter  part,  light 
rain  squalls  ;  water  very  blue  ;  distance  run  per  log,  203^  miles. 

July  14.  Lat.  28°  07'  N.;  long.  22°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.  Winds  :  NE.  Begins  with  a  fresh  breeze  and  light  rain  squalls  ;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  wind  freshening,  with  fine  weather  ;  water  indigo  blue  ;  distance  run,  178  miles. 

July  15.  Lat.  25°  39'  N.;  long.  23°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  75°.  Winds  :  NE.  Begins  with  a  moderate  breeze  and  fine  clear  weather  ;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  freshening  and  clear  ;  nights  cool  and  damp. 

July  16.  Lat.  22°  57'  N.;  long.  24°  59'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  76°.  Winds  :  NE.  to  E.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy; 
latter  part,  light  breezes  and  clear  ;  flying  fish  and  birds  about  ;  distance  run  per  log,  187  mile. 

July  17.     Lat.  20°  37'  N.;  long.  26°  00'  W.     Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 


« 
FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO    THE   LINE JULY.  419 

water,  76°.  Winds  :  NE.  to  E.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  cloudy  ; 
latter  part,  breeze  freshening,  with  clear,  pleasant  weather  ;  water  very  blue ;  flying  fish 
around  ;  a  swallow  flying  about  the  rigging  ;  distance  run  per  log,  154  miles. 

July  18.  Lat.  18°  04'  N.;  long.  27°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  Begins  with  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
breeze  freshening  a  little  ;  water  very  blue  ;  schools  of  flying  fish  around  ;  the  swallow  still 
with  us ;  saw  a  bird  resembling  a  crow  to  leeward  ;  distance  logged,  168  miles. 

July  19.  Lat.  14°  55'  N.;  long.  26°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  passing 
clouds  ;  latter  part,  light  breezes ;  the  water  indigo  blue ;  the  swallow  left  us ;  distance  run 
per  log,  197^  miles. 

July  20.  Lat.  12°  44'  N. ;  long.  26°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.  Light  breezes  and  cloudy  weather;  water  rich  blue  color; 
distance  run  per  log,  137  miles. 

July  21.  Lat  11°  43'  N.;  long.  26°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  calms,  W.SW.  Begins  with  hght  breezes  and  rain  squalls; 
through  the  night,  calms  with  rain  ;  numerous  shooting  stars  from  NW.  to  SE. ;  flying  fish 
around  ;  distance  run  per  log,  84  miles. 

July  22.  Lat.  10°  33'  N.;  long.  26°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
water,  81°.  Winds  :  SW.  Begins  with  light  variable  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  rain  ;  middle 
and  latter  parts,  fresh  breeze  and  cloudy;  distance  run,  90  miles. 

July  23.  Lat.  8°  16'  N.;  long.  24°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.  First  and  latter  parts  strong  breezes  and 
heavy  rain  squalls  ;  middle  part,  light  breezes.  Sky  overcast ;  through  the  night  sheet  light- 
ning in  the  NE.     Water  very  blue.     Distance  run,  per  log,  171  miles. 

July  24.  Lat.  8°  04'  N.;  long.  22°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds  :  S.SW.  Begins  with  strong  breeze  and  squalls,  with  heavy  rain  ; 
middle  and  latter  parts  the  same.  Tacked  ship  to  the  westward  at  4  a.  m.,  at  5.30  a.  m.  tacked 
to  southward  and  eastward,  at  8.30  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  westward  ;  distance  run,  per  log,  183^ 
miles. 

July  25.  Lat.  7°  39'  N. ;  long.  22°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather  throughout; 
tacked  ship  as  occasion  required.  Through  the  night  shooting  stars  from  E.  by  W. ;  the  water 
more  luminous  than  I  have  seen  it  since  leaving  Liverpool.     Distance  run,  per  log,  133  miles. 

July  26.  Lat.  6°  17'  N.;  long.  19°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.  Begins  with  light  breezes  and  fine  weather; 
through  the  night  and  latter  part  fresh  breezes,  with  rain  ;  flying  fish  seen.  Distance  run,  per 
log,  155  miles. 

July  27.  Lat.  5°  20'  N.;  long.  17°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  Strong  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  passing  squalls 
during  the  night.  Flying  fish  and  petrels  about ;  the  water  beautifully  blue.  Distance  run, 
per  log,  177  miles. 

July  28.  Lat.  3°  38'  N.;  long.  20°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.01  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.  During  these  24  hours  strong  breezes  and  cloudy,  with 
light  rain  squalls  during  the  night.  Flying  fish  and  porpoises  about.  Water  very  blue.  Dis- 
tance run,  per  log,  186^  miles. 


420  THE  WIND  AND  QUERENT  CHARTS. 

July  29.  Lat.  3°  11'  N.:  long.  21°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,  79«; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.  Begins  with  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  ;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  light  breezes  and  clear  ;  water,  dark  blue  color.  Numerous  porpoises  and  flying  fish 
about.     Distance  run,  per  log,  121  miles. 

July  30.  Lat.  2°  33' N. ;  long.  23°  47'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds :  S.  Light  breezes  and  clear  pleasant  weather  throughout.  A  large 
shark  around.     Water,  light  blue.     Distance  run,  per  log,  106  miles. 

July  31.  Lat.  0°  44'  N.;  long.  26°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  Begins  with  light  breeze  and  clear  ;  through  the 
night  shooting  stars  from  NE.  to  SW.,  and  large  passing  clouds,  the  wind  hauling  to 
southward  and  eastward  ;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Distance  run,  per  log, 
172  miles. 

August  1.  Lat.  2°  38'  S.;  long.  28°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.02  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  E.  Begins  with  a  strong  breeze  and  clear 
weather.  Crossed  the  equator  at  5.30  p.  m.,  in  26°  26'  W.  Latter  part,  cloudy.  At  11  a.  m. 
took  a  heavy  rain  squall.  Water,  dark  blue  ;  in  the  night  very  luminous.  Distance  run,  per 
log,_^230  miles. 

August  2.  Lat.  6°  08'  S.;  long.  29°  40'  W.  Barometer,  80.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.  to  S.SE.  First  and  middle  parts  strong  breezes  and  clear 
weather  ;  latter  part  cloudy,  with  squalls.  Petrels  and  flying  fish  about.  Distance  run,  per 
log,  235  miles. 


FROM   THE   LIZARD   TO   THE   LINE AUGUST. 


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422  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  Panther,  (N.  G.  Weeks,)  Liverpool  to  Calcutta  ;  ten  days  out. 

August  9,  1854.  Lat.  30°  10'  N.;  long.  20°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of 
air,  76°;  of  water,  76.  Winds  :  N.,  NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Steady  moderate  breezes,  with  smooth 
sea,  and  occasional  light  rains. 

August  10.  Lat.  28°  09'  N.;  long.  22°  30'  W.  Current,  half  mile  per  hour,  W.SW. 
Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.  Steady  trades 
throughout  and  charming  weather,  with  a  smooth  sea  ;  all  sail  set. 

August  11.  Lat.  25°  49'  N. ;  long.  24°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds:  E.NE.  Moderates  trades  throughout,  inclining  to  the  eastward; 
smooth  sea  ;  all  sail  set. 

August  12.  Lat.  23°  32'  N.;  long.  25°  38'  W.  Current,  15  miles  W.SW.,  during  the 
day.  Barometer,  30.05  ;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.  Mod- 
erate and  steady  trades,  with  fine  weather  and  a  smooth  sea. 

August  13.  Lat.  21°  17'  N. ;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30.04  ;  temperature  of  air,. 
77°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Moderate  steady  trades  throughout  and  fine 
weather.     Noticed  a  slight  current  setting  W.SW. ;  sea  smooth, 

August  14.  Lat.  18°  27'  N. ;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds  :  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  Strong  trade  winds  and  fine  weather.  No 
perceptible  current  to-day.     Weather,  damp  at  night. 

August  15.  Lat.  15°  06'  N. ;  long.  29°  19'  W.  Current,  |  knot  per  hour,  SW.  Barome- 
ter, 29.94  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°  ;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.  by  N.  Throughout  strong 
steady  trade  winds  and  fine  weather. 

August  16.  Lat.  11°  53' N. ;  long.  29°  21' W.  Barometer,  29.94  ;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  NE.  byN.,  NE.  Winds  not  so  steady;  clouds  making  up  from 
the  SW.  ;  from  2  to  2.30  p.  m.  calm,  after  which  the  breeze  commenced  fresh  and  steady  from 
the  same  quarter.  . 

August  17.  Lat.  11°  16'  N.;  long.  29°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.94  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°  of  water,  83°.  Winds:  NE.,  W.,  SW.  Commences  with  light  breezes,  with  appearances 
of  rain  to  the  SW.  ;  at  midnight,  being  in  lat.  11°  26'  N.,  long.  29°  15'  W.,  the  splendid  old 
wind,  which  has  wafted  us  about  3,000  miles  in  17  days,  ceased  to  breathe. 

August  18.  Lat.  9°  56'  N.;  long.  28°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  W.,  SW.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts  squally,  with  rain,  evidently 
a  war  between  the  NE.  trades  and  SW.  monsoon  ;  latter  part  experienced  the  last  squall,  and 
came  out  into  good  weather  and  the  steady  SW.  monsoon. 

August  19.  Lat.  7°  57'  N. ;  long.  25°  54'  W.  Experienced  a  current  setting  E.  by  S.  one 
mile  per  hour.  Barometer,  29.92  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  83°.  Winds  :  SW.  by 
S.     Throughout  strong  and  steady  monsoon  and  fine  weather. 

August  20.  Lat.  6°  55'  N.;  long.  23°  28'  W.  Current,  NE.  |  E.,  two  knots  per  hour. 
Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  72°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.  Strong, 
-steady  monsoon  ;  good  weather. 

August  21.  Lat.  5°  41'  N. ;  long.  20°  30'  W.  Current,  two  miles  per  hour,  NE.  by  E.  | 
E.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SW.  Throughout 
strong  monsoon  breezes  and  dark  passing  clouds. 

August  22.  Lat.  4°  56'  N.;  long.  18°  07'  W.  Current,  E.  byN.,  1.2  miles  per  hour. 
Barometer,   29.92;  temperature  of  air,   79°;  of  water,   81°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.     Mod- 


FEOM   THE   LIZARD   TO   THE    LINE AUGUST.  423 

erate  and  pleasant  ;  ship  heading  up  SW.  |  W,  which  is  an  unexpected  favor  ;  latter  part, 
fresh  trades  and  pleasant. 

August  23.  Lat.  2°  41'  N. ;  long.  20°  04'  W.  Current,  one  mile  per  hour,  SE.  by  S. 
Barometer.  29.91  ;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  steady  trades,  and  strong 
from  S.SE.  Observed  a  change  in  the  color  and  temperature  of  the  water  first  part  of  the  day, 
the  water  being  then  78°.  At  9  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator  in  long.  22°  12',  W.,  being  25  days 
and  21  hours  out  from  Liverpool,  which,  for  this  month,  may  be  considered  a  remarkable  pas- 
sage. 

August  24.  Lat.  00°  23'  S.;  long.  22°  14'  W.  Current,  W.SW.  Barometer,  29.96; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds  :  SE.  by  S.  Throughout  fresh  trades  and 
steady,  with  fine  weather.  I  have,  doubtless,  been  the  gainer  by  steering  well  to  the  west- 
ward of  Cape  Verde  Islands,  so  as  to  lose  the  trades  in  29°  20'  W.,  which  I  should  not  have 
done  had  I  not  had  the  benefit  of  Lieut.  Maury's    "Sailing  Directions." 

August  25.  Lat.  3°  39'  S.;  long.  23°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.  Through  these  24  hours  strong  steady  trade  winds  and  fine 
weather. 

August  26.  Lat.  6°  36'  S. ;  long.  25°  39'  W.  Current,  one  mile  per  hour,  SW.  |  W. 
Barometer,  30.00  ;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  of  water,  77°.     Winds:  SE.  by  S. 


Ship  Hurricane^  (St.  Very,)  London  to  Calcutta;  ten  days  out. 

"August  22,  1855.  Lat.  30°  31' N.;  long.  18°  00'  W.  Current,  12  miles,  SW.  Baro- 
meter, 30.08;  temperature  of  air,  75°;  of  water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.,  calms.  A  strong  breeze 
until  5  p.  m.,  this  dying  away  to  a  dead  calm,  leaving  a  high  sea,  making  the  vessel  roll  badly; 
remains  calm,  with  baffling  airs  until  2  a.  m.,  when  Ave  took  a  breeze  from  the  NE.,  which 
increased  gradually  until  noon,  and  ends  with  a  brisk  breeze  from  the  NE.  (apparently  the 
trades)  and  very  fine  weather,  everything  set  to  best  eff'ect. 

August  23.  Lat.  27°  11'  N.;  long.  19°  15'  W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  I  W.  Barometer, 
29.98;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of  water,  74°.  Wind:  NE.  We  have  had  a  very  regular 
trade-wind  blowing  fresh,  and  the  usual  trade-wind  clouds,  which  prevented  our  seeing  the 
islands  of  Palma  and  Feno,  which  we  passed  in  the  night.  All  sails  set  throughout  the  day, 
and  nothing  unusual  seen. 

August  24.  Lat.  23°  50'  N. ;  long.  19°  25'  W.  Current,  11  miles,  S.  by  W.  Barometer, 
29.98;  temperature  of  air,  74°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  We  have  kept 
quite  a  brisk  trade- wind  all  this  day,  yet  a  little  more  variable;  very  pleasant  weather;  all  sail 
set;  we  have  seen  no  birds  or  fish  yet,  something  unusual,  but  I  notice  the  paint  rust  as  usual 
in  these  latitudes. 

August  25.  Lat.  21°  00'  N.;  long.  19°  30'  W.  Current,  6  miles,  S.  I  W.  Barometer, 
So. 00;  temperature  of  air,  75°;  of  water,  72°.  Wind:  N.NE.  The  wind  has  held  very  steady 
from  N.NE.  all  this  day,  but  has  been  rather  light  most  of  the  time;  quite  cloudy;  the  water' 
has  a  greenish  hue ;  there  is  a  difi'erence  of  2°  in  temperature  at  noon;  plenty  of  skip-jacks 
around,  caught  one  with  a  hook  and  line;  there  "are  no  signs  of  the  red  sand  yet,  but  the  atmo- 
sphere seems  unusually  moist  for  a  northerly  wind. 

August  26.  Lat.  18°04'N.;  long.  19°  45' W.  Current,  7  miles,  S.  I  W.  Barometer, 
30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  76°.     Wind:  N.NE.     Another  24  hours  light  trade- 


424    •  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

winds  from  N.NE.,  and  quite  steady;  very  fine  pleasant  weather,  temperature  altered 
from  noon  to  noon;  all  sail  set;  after  daylight  we  saw  a  great  number  of  sea-gulls  and 
flying  fish;  I  also  noticed  a  number  of  pieces  of  drift-wood,  (carpenters'  chips,  &c.,)  as  if 
some  ship  had  been  along  quite  lately,  but  have  seen  no  sail  to  day. 

August  27.  Lat.  15°  57'  N. ;  long.  19  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Wind:  N.NE.  All  throughout  this  day  the  wind  has  been  very  light,  but 
very  steady  from  the  N.NE.  dead  aft;  the  ship  has  been  going  along  very  quietly  with  studding 
sails  set  both  sides;  plenty  of  flying  fish,  seen  some  few  gulls. 

August  28.  Lat.  14°  30'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  calms,  S.  The  wind  was  light  from  the  N.NE.  all  the  first 
part,  it  then  died  away  calm,  and  remained  so  until  8  a.  m.,  then  came  on  squally  weather, 
with  rain;  about  noon  a  stiff  breeze  from  the  south;  took  in  all  studding  sails,  sky  sails,  and 
royals;  ends  raining. 

August  29.  Lat.  12°  42'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  S.  by  E.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.,  W.  The  wind  hauled  very 
gradually  around  to  the  SW.,  and  by  6  p.  m.  had  got  to  W. ;  we  tacked  ship  at  1  p.  m.,  and 
set  the  square  sails;  middle  part,  very  pleasant;  ends  with  a  fine  breeze  from  the  westward, 
and  considerable  sea  on;  nothing  unusual  throughout  the  day. 

August  30.  Lat.  9°  26'  N.;  long.  20°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  Avater,  80°.  Winds:  W.,  variable,  N.,  W.SW.  Steady  breeze  until  5  p.  m.,  when  it  hauled 
to  the  northward  and  became  squally,  with  rain;  slacked  up  during  the  night;  nothing  unusual 
seen  throughout  the  day;  ends  with  a  fine  breeze  from  the  W.  to  W.SW,  and  just  clouds 
enough  for  comfort. 

August  31.  Lat.  7°  10'  N.;  long.  19°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  80°.  Winds:  variable.  First  part,  gentle  breezes  and  pleasant;  at  8  p.  m.  it  died 
away  to  a  dead  calm,  and  commenced  to  rain  in  squalls;  all  night  the  same,  wind  hauling  from 
N.  to  SW.  in  the  squalls,  blowing  very  stifi"  at  times,  then  again  nearly  calm,  in  fact,  the  regular 
equatorial  doldrums;  made  sail  accordingly;  had  topmast  studding  sails  set  most  of  the  night; 
ends  rain. 

Sept.  ].  Lat.  5°  26' N.;  long.  18°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  variable,  SW.  Continued  rain  in  squalls,  with  the  same  kind  of 
variable  wind  and  doldrums  all  the  afternoon  and  evening;  at  mid-day  it  held  up  some;  latter 
part  of  the  day  less  rain  and  wind;  ends  with  light  breeze  from  SW.  and  cloudy;  all  drawing 
sail  set  by  the  wind;  some  appearance  of  the  SE.  trades. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  4°  00'  N.,  D.  R.;  long.  16°  45'  W.,  D.  R.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature 
of  air,  79°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.  At  times,  breeze  quite  fresh,  then  calms, 
and  heavy  rain  squalls  throughout;  after  7  a.  m.  the  wind  hauled  more  to  the  southward,  with 
drizzling  rainy  weather  at  noon;  carried  away  the  fore  topsail-yard  in  the  slings  just  at  noon. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  3°  02' N.;  long.  15°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  First  part,  a  few  light  rain  squalls  and  strong  breezes; 
got  the  other  topsail-yard  aloft;  at  8  p.  m.  the  wind  hauled  south;  at  2  a.  m.  tacked  ship  to 
W.SW.;  ends  with  brisk  gales  and  cloudy  weather. 

Sept.  4.  Lat.  0°  39' 43"  N. ;  long.  18°  40'  W.  Current,  11  miles,  S.SW.  Barometer, 
30.04;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  78°.  Winds:  southward.  The  wind  has  held  quite 
steadily  from  the  southward,  with  a  little  easting  in  it  after  daylight,  blowing  brisk  gales,  with 


FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE AUGUST  *  -^5 

considerable  sea  on;  we  have  made  rather  a  better  course  than  we  expected;  the  weather  not 
yet  settled;  we  have  very  few  light  rain  squalls;  I  presume  we  shall  soon  get  the  regular  SB. 
trade-winds  and  weather;  plenty  of  flying  fish. 

Sep.  5.  Lat.  2°  29' S. ;  long.  19°  44' W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  78°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  SE.  Brisk  breezes  from  the  S.SE.  all  the  first  part,  but 
after  midnight  from  SE.,  and  cloudy;  the  weather  still  squally  during  the  night;  during  the 
day  growing  more  settled;  ends  with  very  pleasant  weather,  and  plenty  of  wind  for  royals 
only;  temperature  quite  mild;  I  notice  a  great  many  flying  fish  still. 

Sep.  6.  Lat.  5°  47'  S.;  long.  20°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  of 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.,  variable.  We  held  the  wind  steady  from  SE.  all  the  first  and  middle 
parts  in  brisk  gales  until  5  a.  m.,  when  it  became  variable  in  squalls,  with  light  spits  of  rain, 
hauling  the  wind  for  short  periods  to  the  south,  and  continued  so  for  the  remainder  of  the  sea 
day,  and  so  ends;  we  passed  about  6  miles  to  windward  of  a  large  English  ship,  bound  S.SW. 
on  the  wind. 

Sep.  7.  Lat.  8°  40' S. ;  long.  22°  41'  W.  Current,  11  miles,  SW.  Barometer,  30.08; 
temperature  of  air,  77°;  of  water,  77°.  Wind:  S.SE.  The  wind  holds  still  well  to  the  south- 
ward, blowing  a  fresh  breeze  most  of  the  time,  not  allowing  us  to  have  better  than  SW. ; 
nothing  unusual  seen  to  day;  ends  with  weather  becoming  more  settled." 

Barque  Mea,  (B.  Buxton,)  London  to  China;  eleven  days  out. 

"August  15,  1849.  Lat.  31°  03'  N.;  long.  17°  15' W.  No  perceptible  current.  Bar- 
ometer, 30.07;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  of  water,  75°.  Wind:  NE.  by  E.,  throughout. 
Moderate  trade  winds  and  hazy.     At  6  p.  m.  saw  Madeira  bearing  W. 

August  16.  Lat.  28°  42'  N. ;  long.  19°  18' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air, 
78°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  NE.  ^  E.,  NE.  Light  trade  winds  and  clear  weather.  At 
6  a.  m.  saw  Palma  bearing  E.SE. 

August  17.  Lat.  25°  41'  N. ;  long.  21°  14'  W.  Current,  12  miles,  S.  Barometer,  29.95; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  75°.  Wind:  NE.  Fresh  trades,  with  light  fleecy  clouds 
and  fine  weather.     Flying  fish  about. 

August  18.  Lat.  23°  16'  N.;  long.  22°  54'  W.  Current,  8  miles,  S.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  74°. 5.  Wind:  NE.  ^  B.  First  part,  fresh  trades  and 
cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  and  cloudy,  with  spits  of  rain. 

August  19.  Lat.  21°  07'  N.;  long.  24°  26'  W.  No  perceptible  current.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E.  ^  E.  Light 
winds  and  cloudy  throughout;  sea  smooth;  ends  with  wind  decreasing. 

August  20.  Lat.  19°  28' N.;  long.  25°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  of  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.  ^  E.,  E.NE.  Very  light  airs,  and  cloudy  hazy 
weather  throughout.     Two  ships  in  company. 

August  21.  Lat.  17°  16'  N.;  long.  26°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
84°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  E.  by  N.  First  part,  very  light  winds  and  flying 
clouds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  and  hazy. 

August  22.  Lat.  15°  17'  N.;  long.  26°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  temperature  of  air, 
83°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  variable.  Winds  light  and  variable,  with  cloudy  and 
hazy  weather  throughout. 

August  23.     Lat.  14°  00' N. ;  long.  25°  36'  W.     Barometer,   29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
VOL.  II 54 


426    ^  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

82°;  of  water  80°.  Wind:  variable.  Winds  very  light,  with  light  showers  during  the  night; 
latter  parts,  very  cloudy. 

August  24.  Lat.  11°  54'  N.;  long.  24°  27' W.  Barometer,  29.91;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  Sd.  and  Wd.  First  part,  light  airs  and  pleasant;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  flying  clouds. 

August  25.  Lat.  9°  25'  N.;  long.  23°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air, 
82°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  S.  First  part,  moderate  winds  and  hazy; 
middle  part,  the  same;  latter  part,  heavy  rain  and  blowing  hard. 

August  26.  Lat.  7°  12'  N. ;  long.  22°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.77.  Winds:  S.,  SW. 
Commences  with  heavy  rain;  at  3  p.  m.  cleared  up,  and  continued  fair  throughout  the  day. 

August  27.  Lat.  5°  57'  N.;  long.  19°  32'  W.  Current,  ^  mile  per  hour,  NE.  Bar- 
ometer, 29.92.     Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  flying  clouds  throughout. 

August  28.  Lat.  4°  12'  N.;  long.  17°  33' W.  Current,  NE.,  |  mile  per  hour.  Bar- 
ometer, 29.94.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  weather  throughout.  At 
noon  tacked  ship  to  the  Wd. 

August  29.  Lat.  4°  00'  N.;  long.  19°  47'  W.  Current,  6  miles,  E.NE.,  during  the  day. 
Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes  and  hazy  and  partially 
cloudy  weather,  with  a  nasty  chop  of  a  sea  from  the  S. 

August  30.  Lat.  2°  40'  N.;  long.  22°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  S.,  S.  i  E. 
Some  clear  weather  and  fresh  breezes  throughout.     Saw  great  numbers  of  tunny  fish. 

August  31.  Lat.  1°  01'  N.;  long.  25°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  83°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.     Moderate  steady  winds  throughout,  clear  overhead. 

Sept.  1.  Lat.  1°  12'  S.;  long.  27°  01'  W.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile  per  hour.  Temperature 
of  air,  84°;  of  water,  84°.  Wind:  S.  by  E.  Fresh  and  cloudy  first  part;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  clear. 

Sept.  2.  Lat.  4°  06'  S.;  long.  28°  22'  W.  Current,  W.,  ^  mile  per  hour.  Temperature 
of  air,  82°;  of  water,  81°.  Wind:  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  light  showers; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  and  clear. 

Sept.  3.  Lat.  6°  12'  S. ;  long.  31°  32'  W.  Current,  W.,  1^  miles  per  hour.  Temperature 
of  air,  80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.  by  E.  |  E.  Fresh  trade-winds  and  hazy 
weather.     Found  a  strong  westerly  current." 


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FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE SEPTEMBER. 


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428  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  Scargo,  (N.  Crowell,)  Cardiff  to  San  Francisco;  fourteen  days  out. 

"Sept.  19,  1856.  Lat.  30°  30'  N. ;  long.  19°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer 
attached,  77°;  temperature  of  air,  78;  water,  72°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.  to  E.SE.,  N.NE.  Fine 
breezes  ranging  all  around  the  compass. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  28°  55'  N. ;  long.  20°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  74°.  Winds:  S.,  N.NW.  to  N.NW.,  E.  Singular 
weather,  heavy  squalls,  calms,  variable  winds. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  26°08'N.;  long.  21°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
80°;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.  Strong  steady 
breezes  and  hazy. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  23°32'N.;  long.  22°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
81°;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  First  and  middle 
parts,  strong  breezes  and  hazy;  latter  part,  cloudy  and  thick  weather. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  21°  43' N.;  long.  23°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
82°;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.NE.,  SE.  to  E.NE.  First  part, 
strong  breezes  and  hard  squalls;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  strong. 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  19°  14'  N.;  long.  24°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
83°;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.  Fine  steady  breezes 
and  hazy. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  16°  50'  N.;  long.  25°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
82°;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.  by  S.,  E.SE.  Strong  breezes 
and  hazy. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  14°  51' N. ;  long.  25°  48' W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
82°;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  by  N.  Light  breezes 
and  clear. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  13°31'N.;  long.  25°  48' W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
82°;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  fine 
breezes  and  thickening  from  the  Sd. ;  middle,  calms  and  heavy  squalls  of  wind,  rain,  thunder 
and  lightning;  latter,  same. 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  12°  49'  N.;  long.  26°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
82°;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  water,  82°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.     Light  winds  and  rain  showers. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  11°  17'  N.;  long.  26°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
84°;  temperature  of  air,  86°;  water.  82°.  Current,  12  knots,  S.SE.  Winds:  calm,  N.,  N. 
First  part,  calm  and  hot;  middle,  light  breezes;  latter,  fine  breezes  and  clear. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  10°  09'  N.;  long.  25°  49' W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Current,  12  knots,  S.SE. 
Thermometer  attached,  83°;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  water,  82°.     Winds:  NE.,  calm,  W. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  9°  25'  N. ;  long.  25°  17'  W.  Current,  12  knots,  E.  Barometer,  29.45; 
thermometer  attached,  83°;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  water,  83.  Winds:  calm  and  SW.,  SW., 
SW.  and  calm.     First  part,  calm  and  moderate;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  moderate  and  calm. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  9°  18'  N.;  long.  25°  07'  W.  Current,  18  knots,  E.NE.  Barometer,  29.50; 
thermometer  attached,  83°;  temperature  of  air,  84°;  Avater,  83°.  Winds:  calm  and  N., 
E.  by  N.,  E.SE.  and  calm.  First  part,  calm  and  light  airs;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part, 
light  breezes  and  calm. 

Oct.  3.     Lat.   8°  00'  N. ;  long.   25°  07'  W.     Current,   18  knots,  E.     Barometer,  29.48; 


FEOM    THE   LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE SEPTEJ5BER.  42 

thermometer    attached,    82°  ;  temperature  of  air,   84°;    water,   83°.     Winds  :  E.SE.,   S.SE., 
S.SE.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  4.  Lat.  6°  53'  N. ;  long.  25°  13'  W.  Current,  24  knots,  E.  Barometer,  29.48; 
thermometer  attached,  82°;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  water,  83°.  Winds:  S.SE,  SE.,  E.  Light 
winds,  and  clear. 

Oct.  5.  Lat.  6°  25'  N.;  long.  24°  42'  W.  Current,  18  knots,  E.  by  S.  Barometer, 
29.45;  thermometer  attached,  82°;  temperature  of  air,  83°;  water,  83°.  Winds:  calm,  and 
W.,  S.SW.,  SW.  and  calm.  First  part,  calm,  and  light  airs  ;  middle,  light  airs  ;  latter,  light 
airs,  and  calm. 

Oct.  6.  Lat.  5°  36'  N. ;  long.  23°59' W.  Current,  18  knots,  E.  by  S.  Barometer,  29.42; 
thermometer  attached,  81°;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  calm,  SW.  by  S., 
SW.  by  S.     First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter,  light,  variable  winds. 

Oct.  7.  Lat.  4°  48'  N. ;  long.  23°  29'  W.  Current,  18  knots,  E.  by  S.  Barometer, 
29.45;  thermometer  attached,  80°;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S., 
SW.,  SW.     Moderate  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls  of  rain. 

Oct.  8.  Lat.,  none;  long.,  none.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached,  IS'^;  temp- 
erature of  air,  77°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  light,  variable 
winds;  middle  and  latter,  fine  breezes,  with  heavy  rain.     Current,  12  knots,  E. 

Oct.  9.  Lat.  3°  40'  N.;  long.  23°  02'  W.  Current,  12  knots,  E.  Barometer,  29.40; 
thermometer  attached,  78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by 
S.     Moderate  breezes,  with  squalls  of  rain. 

Oct.  10.  Lat.  2°  53'  N.;  long.  21°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Fine  breezes,  and 
hazy,  with  occasional  showers  of  rain. 

Oct.  11.  Lat.  1°  54'  N.;  long.  23°  01' W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  79°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.,  S.  Moderate  breezes,  and 
pleasant. 

Oct.  12.  Lat.  0°  24'  N. ;  long.  24°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  79°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.     Moderate  breezes,  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  13.  Lat.  lo  34'  S. ;  long.  26°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
79°;  temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  Fine  breezes,  and 
pleasant. 

Oct.  14.  Lat.  3°  38'  S. ;  long.  28°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  thermometer  attached,  78|°; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  77°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.     Strong  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  15.  Lat.  5°  47'  S. ;  long.  29°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  77°.     Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Fine  breezes,  and  pleasant." 

Barque  Anna,  (Robt.  W.  Wheeler.)  Lisbon  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  three  days  out. 

"Sept.  9.  Lat.  29°  38'  N.;  long.  18°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.26;  temperature  of  air,  71°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  N.NE.  First  part,  light  breezes,  and  passing  clouds;  middle 
and  latter,  light  breezes,  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  10.  Lat.  27°  55'  N. ;  long.  18°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes,  and 
pleasant;  latter  part,  gentle  breezes. 


430  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 

Sept.  11.  Lat.  25°  59'  N.;  long.  19°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.22;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  73°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NB.,  N.NE.     Light  breezes,  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  12.  Lat.  23°  21'  N.;  long.  21°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
water,  72°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  N.,  NE.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  fine  breezes;  latter, 
fine  trade -Avinds. 

Sept.  13.  Lat.  20°  30'  N. ;  long.  22°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.     Winds:  NE.  by  N,,  NE.  by  N.,  NE.  by  N.     Fine  trades  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  14.  Lat.  18°  23'  N.;  long.  24°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.08.;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
water,  74°.     Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  NE.,  NE.     Moderate  trades,  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  16°  25'  N.;  long.  25°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E.,  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  trades; 
latter  part,  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  15°  00'  N. ;  long.  26°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  E.NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Light  trades,  clear  and  pleasant.  I  intend 
to  cross  the  line  in  27°  W. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  12°  47'  N. ;  long.  27°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.     Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  N.,  NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  10°  53'  N.;  long.  28°  38'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  by  N.,  SE.  First  part,  brisk  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
squally,  with  heavy  rain. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  10°  11'  N. ;  long.  29°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air, 
81°;  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light,  baffling  breezes, 
with  a  heavy  swell;  latter  part,  light  airs. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  9°  08'  N. ;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
water,  80°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  First  part,  light  breezes,  with  rainy  appearances ; 
middle,  squally,  with  rain  ;  latter  part,  breezes  freshening. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  7°  50'  N.;  long.  27°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  squally,  with 
heavy  rain;  latter,  fresh  breeze. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  6°  50' N.;  long.  26°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.  by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  airs  and  squally 
appearances;  latter  part,  hard  rain  squalls. 

Sept.  23.  Lat.  6°  29'  N. ;  long.  27°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water.  79°.     Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.  by  E.     Light  airs  and  pleasant  weather 

Sept.  24.  Lat.  5°  43'  N.;  long.  27°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  airs;  latter  part, 
squalls  of  wind  and  rain. 

Sept.  25.  Lat.  5°  31'  N. ;  long.  27°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.     Winds:  S.  by  E.,   SE.  by  S.,  S.     Light  airs  and  squalls. 

Sept.  26.  Lat.  4°  24'  N. ;  long.  27°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  W.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  light  breezes,  squally  and  rainy; 
strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Sept.  27.  Lat.  2°  50'  N.;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  79°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  Moderate  and  steady  breezes.  I  think  we  have  the 
SE.  trades,  but  well  to  the  southward. 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE SEPTEMBER.  431 

Sept.  28.  Lat.  2°  44'  N.;  long.  29=^  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  80°j 
water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SB.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     Light  baffling  airs. 

Sept.  29.  Lat.  1°  33'  N.j  long.  30°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
water,  78°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  light  and  baffling  breezes;  middle  and 
latter,  moderate  and  steady  breezes. 

Sept.  30.  Lat.  0°  43'  S.;  long.  31°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  fine  trades;  latter 
part,  moderate.     At  5  a.  m.  crossed  the  line  in  31°  30'  W. 

Oct.  1.  Lat.  3°  12' S.;  long.  33°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.01;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  76°.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.     Fine  trade  winds  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  2.  Lat.  4°  00'  S. ;  long.  33°  17' W.  Barometer,  30.04;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  fresh  trades;  middle,  more 
moderate;  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

Oct.  3.  Lat.  6°  25' S.;  long.  34°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
water,  77°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  fine  trades  and  pleasant;  latter 
part,  light  airs." 


I 

P 
pc 

i 


Ship  Gauntlet^  (William  Inglis,)  London  to  Melbourne;  nine  days  out. 

Sept.  15.  Lat.  30°  22'  N.;  long.  19°  08'  W.;  variation,  19°  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  tem- 
perature of  air,  75°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.     Gentle  breezes,  with  fine  weather. 

Sept.  16.  Lat.  27°  30'  N..  long.  20°  44'  W. ;  variation,  18°  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  tem- 
erature  of  air,  77°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.     Gentle  breezes. 

Sept.  17.  Lat.  24°  06'  N. ;  long.  22°  34'  W. ;  variation,  17°  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  tem- 
perature of  air,  77°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes,  with  passing  showers. 

Sept.  18.  Lat.  21°  14'  N. ;  long.  24°  02'  W.;  variation,  17°  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  tem- 
erature  of  air,  79°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Fine  breezes  and  clear. 

Sept.  19.  Lat.  18°  37'  N.;  long.  25°  38'  W. ;  variation,  16°  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  tem- 
perature of  air,  80°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.     Light  breezes,  with  passing  clouds. 

Sept.  20.  Lat.  16°  22'  N.;  long.  26°  39'  W. ;  variation,  14°  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  tem- 
perature of  air,  82°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  E.NE.     Light  airs  and  calms,   sultry  weather. 

Sept.  21.  Lat.  14°  16'  N.;  long.  27°  05'  W. ;  variation,  13°  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  tem- 
perature of  air,  88°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  N.     Light  variable  winds,  with  showers  of  rain. 

Sept.  22.  Lat.  12°  05  N.;  long.  25°  36' W.;  variation,  12°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes,  with  a  heavy  SE.  swell. 

September  23.  Lat.  11°  32'  N.;  long.  23°  48'  W. ;  variation,  12°  30'  W.  Barometer, 
29.80  ;  temperature  of  air,  89°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.,  SW.  Light,  light,  variable,  with 
a  SE.  swell. 

September  24.  Lat.  10°  50'  N. ;  long.  23°  20'  W. ;  variation,  11°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.     Winds:  variable,  variable,  NW.     Light  airs,  with  occasional  showers. 

September  25.  Lat.  10°  16'  N.;  long.  23°  06'  W. ;  variation,  11°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.  Winds:  NE.,  SE.,  calm.  Light,  variable  winds  and  calms;  a  heavy 
swell  from  SE. 

September  26.  Lat.  9°  24'  N.;  long.  23°  20'  W.;  variation,  11°  W.  Barometer,  29  ; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.     Winds:  NE.,  SE.,  SW.     Light,  variable  airs,  with  showers  of  rain. 


432  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

September  27.  Lat.  8°  50'  N. ;  long.  23°  20'  W. ;  variation,  11°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.     Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.     Light  airs,  clear  and  hot  weather. 

September  28.  Lat.  8°  09'  N. ;  long.  23°  00'  W.  ,•  variation,  12°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  89°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  W.     Light  airs. 

September  29.  Lat.  6°  06'  N.;  long.  21°  36'  W. ;  variation,  13°  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  90°.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.      Gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

September  30.  Lat.  5°  13'  N.;  long.  20°  46'  W.;  variation,  14°  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  90°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

October  1.  Lat.  4°  08'  N. ;  long.  18°  47'  W.;  variation,  16°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  83°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Light  breezes,  with  fi.ne  clear 
weather. 

October  2.  Lat.  3°  26'  N.;  long.  17°  10'  W.;  variation,  16°  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temp- 
erature of  air,  82°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  Moderate  breezes,  and  seems  to  be  a  SW. 
monsoon. 

October  3.  Lat.  2°  50'  N. ;  long.  18°  00'  W.;  variation,  15°  30'  W.  Barometer,  SO.OOj 
temperature  of  air,  83°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.     Light  winds  and  clear  weather. 

October  4.  Lat.  2°  30'  N.;  long.  17°  10'  W.;  variation,  15°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  83°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  S.SW.     Light  winds  and  clear. 

October  5.  Lat.  2°  07'  N.;  long.  17°  20'  W.;  variation,  16°  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  85°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  S.SW.,  SW.     Light  winds  and  clear  weather. 

October  6.  Lat.  1°  15'  N.;  long.  20°  17'  W.;  variation,  16°  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  82°.     Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  S.     Gentle  breezes  and  fine  clear  weather. 

October  7.  Lat.  0°  24'  S.;  long.  23°  08'  W.;  variation,  14°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  82°.     Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  S.SB.     Steady  breezes,  with  fine  clear  weather. 

October  8.  Lat.  2°  27'  S. ;  long.  25°  24'  W.;  variation,  15°  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  80°.     Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     Fine  clear  weather  throughout. 

October  9.  Lat.  5°  15'  S.;  long.  27°  40'  W. ;  variation,  10°  W.  Barometer,  30.00; 
temperature  of  air,  810.     Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  SE.     Fine  clear  weather,  with  good  trade  winds." 


I 


FROM   THE   LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE OCTOBER 


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VOL.  11 — 55 


434  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Schooner  Thomas  A.   Ward,  (James  D.  Hoff,)  Lisbon  to  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  seven  days  out. 
"October  12,  1855.     Lat.  30°  00'  N. ;  long.  17°  41'  W.     Barometer,  29.62  ;  temperature 
of  air,  79°;  of  water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SW.;   moderate.     Palma  in  sight,  bearing  about  S.  by 
W.     I  am  in  hopes,  if  we  get  to  windward  of  that,  to  have  an  alteration  in  the  weather. 

October  13.  Lat.  29°  37'  N. ;  long.  18°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air, 
77°;  of  water,  77°.  Winds:  SW.,  NW. ;  light.  Palma  and  three  vessels  in  sight.  The 
weather  looks  a  little  better ;  but  this  is  the  horse  latitudes  in  earnest,  and  I  am  getting  a  full 
due,  I  think. 

October  14.  Lat.  28°  46'  N.;  long.  18°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air, 
80°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  NW. ;  calms.  The  weather  has  cleared  up  and  looks  like  settling  ; 
we  can  see  the  islands  of  Palma  and  Ferro;  a  number  of  vessels  in  sight,  and  a  steamer  passed 
us  this  morning.     It  is  very  calm,  and  a  rolling  sea  from  the  NW. 

October  15.  Lat.  28°  09'  N. ;  long.  19°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.55  ;  temperature  of  air, 
81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds  :  S.SE.  We  have  a  light  air,  and  1  am  in  hopes  it  is  the  trades; 
it  feels  so,  and  if  they  be,  your  mark  on  the  chart  was  on  the  very  spot,  although  your  number 
of  observations  for  this  month  is  limited. 

October  16.  Lat,  27°  10'  N. ;  long.  20°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.55  ;  temperature  of  air, 
84°;  of  water,  84°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.NE.  I  think  we  are  in  the  trades,  although  very  light. 
A  heavy  dew  this  morning. 

October  17.  Lat.  25°  33'  N. ;  long.  21°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air, 
81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.NE.  We  have  at  last  got  a  pleasant  breeze  and  regular  trades, 
and  no  mistake. 

October  18.  Lat.  22°  49'  N. ;  long.  24°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.70  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°.  Winds:  NE.  We  are  running  off  in  fine  style,  and  have  made  205  miles  the  last  24  hours. 
Heavy  dew  this  morning. 

October  19.  Lat.  20°  00'  N. ;  long.  25°  13'  W.  Ten  miles  westerly  current.  Barometer, 
29.60;  temperature  of  air,  82°.  Winds:  NE.  We  have  a  pleasant  run  of  it — 200  miles — 
making  up  for  lost  time.     Light  dew. 

October  20.  Lat.  17°  07'  N. ;  long.  27°  04'  W.  Current,  20  miles,  W.  Barometer,  29.50; 
temperature  of  air,  78°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  Made  200  miles  to-day.  I  committed  to  Nep- 
tune to-day  a  bottle,  with  a  paper  in  it,  naming  the  latitude  and  longitude,  cargo,  name  of 
vessel,  and  reason  for  casting  it  over.     No  dew. 

October  21.  Lat.  14°  38'  N. ;  long.  27°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.40  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  E.NE.  We  have  seen  great  quantities  of  flying  fish  yesterday  and 
to-day. 

October  22.  Lat.  12°  00'  N. ;  long;  27°  37'  W.  Current,  10  miles,  E.  Barometer,  29.40; 
temperature  of  air,  84°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.  by  S.  We  had  quite  a  change  in  the  color  of  the  water 
to-day  from  11  to  12  o'clock,  and  I  think  bottom  was  not  far  ofi";  great  quantities  of  fish  about, 
that  would  weigh  six  or  eight  pounds  apiece,   chasing  flying  fish. 

October  23.  Lat.  10°  42'  N.;  long.  28°  24'  W.  Current,  15  miles,  E.  Barometer,  29.40; 
temperature  of  air,  84°.  Winds  :  E.  by  S.,  SE.  We  had  a  tremendous  squall  last  night, 
which  came  up  suddenly  and  heavy,  and  blew  away  our  jib-by-jib  before  we  could  get  it  furled. 
A  large  ship  in  sight  to  leeward,  the  first  we  have  seen  in  several  days. 

October  24.  Lat.  9°  55'  N.  ;  long.  28°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air, 
84°.     Cum.  clouds  from  SE.     Winds  :  SE.;  calm.     This  is  dull  work  ;  a  heavy  roll.     We  have 


FEOM    THE    LIZARD    TO    THE    LINE OCTOBER.  435 

seen  a  number  of  barn  swallows  nearly  every  day  since  we  passed  the  Madeiras  ;  they  would 
light  on  deck  seemingly  exhausted,  rest  awhile,  and  leave. 

October  25.  Lat.  9°  35'  N. ;  long.  28°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Nimbus  clouds.  Winds:  calms;  northward  and  westward;  it  has  been  principally  calm,  with 
a  heavy  northern  roll,  this  24  hours. 

October  26.  Lat.  8°  49'  N.  ;  long.  28°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.40,  Winds  :  variable  ; 
calms.     These  are  the  doldrums  and  no  mistake;  temperature  of  air,  84°. 

October  27.  Lat.  8°  18'  N. ;  long.  28°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  S.,  E.SE.  We  had  fine  beautiful  weather  the  last  24  hours,  and  have  seen  a  number 
of  vessels. 

October  28.  Lat.  6°  44'  N.;  long.  28°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  S.E.     The  last  24  hours  acted  like  the  trades,  but  is  too  good  to  last. 

October  29.  Lat.  6°  33'  N.;  long.  28°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  calm.  The  last  24  hours  it  has  been  calm,  and  a  terrible  rolling,  thrashing  sea  from 
all  directions. 

October  30.  Lat.  6°  05'  N.;  long.  27°  40'  W.  Current,  35  miles,  SE.  Barometer,  29.40; 
temperature  of  air,  83°.  Winds:  calm.  The  last  24  hours  have  been  the  most  calm  that  ever 
I  saw ;  not  a  breath  from  any  quarter,  and  a  terrible  rolling  sea.  We  drifted  SE.  35  miles  ; 
about  this  there  is  no  mistake,  for  we  made  no  headway  or  leewa}'^,  all  sail  being  furled,  or  we 
would  have  thrashed  them  off  the  schooner. 

October  31.  Lat.  5°  28'  N. ;  long.  28°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Light  airs  from  the  south  and  calms. 

November  1.  Lat.  5°  04'  N. ;  long.  28°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air, 
86°.  Calm  and  light  cat's  paws.  Here  we  are  not  the  dying  on  the  dead,  but  the  living  on 
the  helpless.     A  ship  in  sight  to  the  northward. 

November  2.  Lat.  4°  50'  N. ;  long.  27°  50'  W.  Twenty  miles,  SE.  current.  Barometer, 
29.40;  temperature  of  air,  84°.  Calms.  The  ship  still  in  sight  looks  like  a  clipper,  but  14 
miles  in  24  hours  will  not  lift  the  laurels  from  the  brows  of  many.  Ten  days  since  we  Avere  in 
the  parallel  of  10°,  and  we  have  thrashed  more  in  that  time  than  I  ever  did  in  twice  the  time 
before. 

November  3.  Lat.  3°  57'  N.;  long.  28°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.30  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°.  Winds:  S.SW.  The  wind  breezed  up  about  3  p.  m.  from  the  south,  and  we  hailed  it 
cheerfully,  in  hopes  it  will  last  us  to  get  into  the  trades. 

November  4.  Lat.  3°  36'  N. ;  long.  29°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.35  ;  temperature  of  air, 
82°.  Winds  :  E. ;  calms.  This  day  ends  with  the  same  ennui,  and  even  my  dog  partakes  of 
it,  for  he  does  not  rest,  but  paces  the  deck  day  and  night. 

November  5.  Lat.  3°  21'  N. ;  long.  29°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.25  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  The  past  24  hours  were  dreary  enough,  but  a  breeze  sprung  up 
at  9  a.  m.  from  the  SE.,  and  blew  fresh  with  a  heavy  sea.  I  see  quantities  of  fish  jumping  ; 
I  think  they  are  groupers. 

November  6.  Lat.  1°  40' N. ;  long.  30°  37' W.  Barometer,  29.35  ;  temperature  of  air, 
83°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.  A  handsome  breeze  but  heavy  sea  for  the  wind  ;  fish  have  been 
uncommonly  plenty  since  yesterday;  the  water  seems  to  be  alive  with  them. 

November  7.  Lat.  0°  01'  N. ;  long.  31°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.30  ;  temperature  of  air, 
82°.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  S.SE.     A  heavy  sea  from  the  SE.  for  the  wind  we  have  had.     At  5 


436  THE  WIND  AND  CURSENT  CHARTS. 

p.  m.  last  evening  a  large  fish  jumped  on  board,  length  4  feet  4  inches,  circumference  2  feet 
8  inches,  weighs  about  60  pounds;  he  is  welcome.     Think  we  have  the  trades. 

November  8.  Lat.  1°38'S.;  long.  32°  52' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air, 
84°.  Winds:  S.SE.  We  are  in  the  trades  and  no  mistake,  and  well  to  leeward  ;  but  shall 
follow  these  directions,  and,  if  we  cannot  do  any  better,  sight  the  land  ;  the  sea  has  gone 
down,  and  it  is  smooth. 

November  9.  Lat.  3°  35'  S.;  long.  34°  07'.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  E.  This  is  a  steady  wind;  we  have  been  close  hauled  all  the  time  for 
four  days,  and  have  made  a  direct  rhomb  line  SW.  by  S.,  no  day  differing  a  mile  from  that.  I 
do  not  think  I  have  found  any  current  here,  but  expect  to,  as  it  looks  like  seeing  Cape  St. 
Roque,  but  shall  take  you  for  my  guide,  and  then  shall  not  find  fault ;  for  your  work,  like 
history,  makes  a  man  old  without  wrinkles  or  gray  hairs. 

November  10.  Lat.  5°  25'  S. ;  long.  34°  38'  W.  Current,  25  miles,  W. ;  temperature  of 
air,  80".  Barometer,  29.40.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  We  are  now  abreast  of  St.  Roque  and 
out  of  sight  of  land,  and  think  we  will  go  clear;  thanks  tc  Maur3^ 

November  11.  Lat.  7°  05'  S. ;  long.  34°  42' W.  Barometer,  29.35;  temperature,  84°. 
Winds:  SE.  Fine  breeze;  a  clipper  ship  passed  about  two  miles  to  windward  of  us,  standing 
offshore;  smooth  sea;  the  coast  looks  well;  expect  we  will  have  to  tack  this  afternoon;  the 
clipper  has  tacked  twice  since  we  have  seen  her.  Another  large  ship  with  painted  ports  also 
in  sight." 

Barque  Adler,  (Edward  Thiol,)  New  Castle  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  fifteen  days  out. 

"Oct.  25,  1849.  Lat.  30°  43' N. ;  long.  21°  36' W.  Barometer,  30.12.  Winds:  S.SW., 
E.NE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy;  flying-fish  in  sight. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  27°  35' N. ;  long.  22°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.12.  Winds:  variable,  SE. 
by  E.     Fresh  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  25°  17'  N.;  long.  23°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  E.  by  S. 
Moderate  and  fine  weather.     Noticed  a  current,  of  27  miles,  S.  31°  W.  for  the  last  two  days. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  22°  40' N. ;  long.  24°  17' W.  Barometer,  29.98.  Winds:  E.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  20°  31' N. ;  long.  24°  59' W.  Barometer,  29.98.  Winds:  E.  Moderate 
breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  18°  13'  N.;  long.  25°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.92.  Current,  13  miles,  SW. 
Winds:  E.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  15°  45'  N. ;  long.  26°  35'  W.  Current,  12  miles,  SW.  I  W.  Barometer, 
29.85.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  Aveather. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  13°  44'  N. ;  long.  26°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.88.  Winds:  E.  Light  breezes 
and  cloudy. 

Nov.  2.     Lat.  12°  21'  N. ;  long.  25°  45'  W.     Light  winds  and  cloudy  weather. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  10°  52'  N. ;  long.  25°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.89.  Winds:  E.  by  S.  Light 
breezes  and  clear,  pleasant  weather. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  9°  09'  N. ;  long.  24°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.89.  Winds:  E.  Moderate 
breezes,  with  fine  weather. 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  7°  29'  N.;  long.  24°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.87.  Winds:  E.,  E.SE.  Rain, 
with  thunder  and  lightning;  at  noon,  fine  weather. 


1 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE — OCTOBER.  437 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  6°  38'  N. ;  long.  24°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.85.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E. 
Weather  similar  to  that  of  yesterday. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  5°  33'  N. ;  long.  24°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.85.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  E. 
Squally,  with  lightning  and  rain. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  4°  27'  N.;  long.  23°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29. 8L  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE. 
Squally,  with  rain. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  3°  20'  N. ;  long.  24°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.83.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE. 
Moderate  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain.     Noticed  a  current  of  16  miles,  E.SE.,  during  the  day. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  2°  07'  N. ;  long.  24°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.83.  Winds:  SE.  by  S. 
Moderate  breezes  and  fine,  clear  weather. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  0°  12' N.;  long.  25°  29' W.  Barometer,  29.77.  Winds:  SE.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  2°  05' S. ;  long.  26°  13' W.  Barometer,  29.81.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  E. 
Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  plenty  of  fish. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  4°  16'  S. ;  long.  27°  14'  W.  Current,  12  miles,  S.  by  W.  Barometer, 
29.87.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  weather. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  6°  40'  S. ;  long.  28°  17'  W.  Current,  15  miles,  S.  Barometer,  29.89. 
Winds:  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  weather." 

Ship  Colorado^  (Ricker,)  Liverpool  to  Calcutta:  ten  days  out. 

"Oct.  19,  1855.  Lat.  31°  15'  N. ;  long.  16°  49'  W.  Current,  I  knot  per  hour,  SE. 
Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  67°;  of  water,  70°.  Winds:  NE.  Fine  trades  and  pass- 
ing clouds.  At  5  p.  m.  Porto  Santo  in  sight  to  the  SW. ;  at  6  p.  m.  it  bore  W.  by  S.  by 
compass,  35  miles  distant  by  estimation;  at  6  a.  m.  the  Deserters  bore  N.NE.  Ends  moderate 
and  showery. 

Oct.  20.  Lat.  28°  33'  N. ;  long.  18°  47'  W.  Current,  1  knot  per  hour,  S.SE.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  72°;  of  water,  68°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  E.  Fine  trades  and 
pleasant.  At  6  a.  m.  Palma  in  sight;  at  6  p.  m.  Palma  in  sight  to  the  eastAvard.  Passed  a 
ship  and  brig  going  the  same  way. 

Oct.  21.  Lat.  26°  16' N.;  long.  20°  11' W.  Current,  ^  knot,  SW.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  E.NE.,  E.  Moderate  winds, 
hauling  to  the  eastward;  rain  at  times. 

Oct.  22.  Lat.  24°  22'  N. ;  long.  21°  15'  W.  Current,  SW.,  \  mile  per  hour.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  76°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.  Fine  trade  winds  and 
pleasant  Aveather.  At  8  p.  m.  strong  tide  rips;  but  we  have  not  had  as  much  current  as  yester- 
day.    Middle  and  latter  parts,  very  fine  weather,  but  warm. 

Oct.  23.  Lat.  21°  55'  N. ;  long.  22°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  74°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.  Moderate  and  pleasant,  Avith  a  smooth  sea.  At  4  a.  ra. 
cloudy,  AA'ith  slight  shoAvers  about  noon  and  more  breeze.  Not  a  fish  or  bird  seen  since  leaving 
the  channel. 

Oct.  24.  Lat.  19°  29'  N.;  long.  24°  23'  W^  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  79°; 
of  water,  75°.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate,  Avith  passing  clouds;  at  8  p.  m.  cleair.  A  regular 
ebb  and  flow  of  barometer  of  one-tenth  of  an  inch;  highest,  10  a.  m. ;  loAA^est  at  midnight. 
Several  vessels  in  company;  passed  ten  this  morning. 

Oct.  25.  Lat.  16°  51'  N.;  long.  26°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  73°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.,  E.SE.     Dull,  gloomy  looking  weather;   heavy  banks  to  the 


438  THE    WIND   AND    CUERENT    CHARTS. 

southward.  At  9  p.  m.  wind  came  out  from  S'd  and  E'd  in  a  squall;  at  10  died  away  and 
came  out  in  old  quarter;  at  midnight  a  strong  breeze  from  NE.  and  cloudy;  ends  with  strong 
breezes.     Flying  fish  about. 

Oct.  26.  Lat.  13=^  25'  N.;  long.  25°  16'  W.  Current,  E.NE.,  |  knot  per  hour.  Barometer, 
29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  SE.,  E.SE.  Dull  cloudy 
weather.  Middle,  clear  and  pleasant;  all  sail  set  by  the  winds;  at  9  a.  m.  had  a  sharp  squall, 
with  rain,  from  SE.  by  S. ;  after,  calm  until  noon. 

Oct.  27.  Lat.  11°  20' N.;  long.  24°  27' W.  Current,  |  knot,  SE.  by  S.  Barometer, 
29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  E.  Conmences  with  moderate 
breezes  and  passing  clouds;  had  several  squalls  of  rain;  no  wind;  at  9  p.  m.  wind  round  tho 
compass  in  a  squall;  at  —  p.  m.  steady  at  E.SE.  again;  many  flying  fish  about;  also  saw  a 
whale  a  long  way  off.     At  8  a.  m.  clear  fine  weather. 

Oct.  28.  Lat.  8°  22'  N. ;  long.  22°  48'  W.  Current,  17  miles,  SE.  by  S.  Barometer, 
29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  E.  by  S.  Fine  pleasant  weather, 
a  swell  from  S.SE. ;  wind  steady  at  E. ;  middle,  the  same;  strong  tide  rips  about;  ends  beautiful 
weather;  all  sail  set  by  the  wind. 

Oct.  29.  Lat.  7°  10'  N. ;  long.  22°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  80.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  baffling,  calms.  Fine  breezes  and  pleasant;  at  6  p.  m.  rain 
squalls  and  baffling  winds;  at  9  p.  m.  a  heavy  rain  squall,  after  which  died  away  calm;  heavy 
thunder  and  sharp  lightning  during  the  night.     Four  vessels  in  company. 

Oct.  30.  Lat.  7°  06'  N.;  long.  22°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.  Winds:  baffling,  calms.  Light  baffling  airs  and  calms  throughout,  with  a  con- 
stant swell  from  the  southward  generally;  clear  fine  weather,  with  several  light  rain  squalls 
making  to  the  eastward;  several  vessels  in  sight. 

Oct.  31.  Lat.  6°  29'  N.;  long.  22°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  calms,  E.SE.  At  10  p.  m.  a  pretty  sharp  squall  of  wind 
and  heavy  rain,  lasting  two  hours,  from  E.SE.,  with  heavy  thunder  and  sharp  lightning ;  baffling 
winds,  all  around  the  compass;  tacked  and  wore  round  several  times  during  the  24  hours;  ends 
with  dull  squally  looking  weather  and  no  wind. 

Nov.  1.  Lat.  5°  51' N.;  long.  21°  54' W.  Current,  20  miles,  SE.  Barometer,  29.86; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  82°.  Winds:  variable,  baffling,  and  cloudy,  squally  looking 
weather.  At  7  a.  m.  commenced  raining  and  continued  until  noon;  filled  up  all  our  water; 
several  vessels  in  sight. 

Nov.  2.  Lat.  5°  22'  N. ;  long.  20°  55' W.  Current,  20  miles,  SE.  Barometer,  29.86; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  of  water,  82°.  Calm  nearly  the  entire  24  hours;  when  there  is  any 
wind  we  try  to  make  a  south  course  true.  I  fear  I  am  too  far  to  the  eastward;  I  regret  now 
steering  so  far  to  SE.  after  passing  the  Cape  de  Verds. 

Nov.  3.  Lat.  5°21'N.;  long.  20°  53' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  90°; 
of  water,  83°.  Winds :  calms,  SE.  by  E.  Commences  calm ;  now  and  then  light  rain  squalls 
and  faint  airs  all  around  the  compass;  I  think  we  are  in  a  fix.  At  4  p.  m.  spoke  a  British  ship 
from  Bombay  to  Cowes;  reported  losing  SE.  trades  in  4°  N.  At  3  p.  m.  sharp  squall  from  SE., 
with  heavy  rain. 

Nov.  4.  Lat.  4°  31'  N.;  long.  21°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  80;  of 
water,  82^.  Winds:  SB.  by  S.,  calms,  S.  by  E.  Light  airs  and  at  times  nearly  calm;  ten 
vessels  in  company;  strong  tide  rips  this  morning  and  at  noon. 


FROM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE OCTOBER.  439 

Nov.  5.  Lat.  3°50'N. ;  long.  22°  06' W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.  At  2  p.  m.  a  pretty  heavy  squall  of  wind  and  rain  from 
N.NE.,  after  which  hauled  to  the  southward  and  eastward,  and  settled  there  as  the  SE.  trades; 
at  midnight  dark  and  squally,  not  much  wind;  barometer  going  up  a  little;  ends  pleasant;  no 
current  these  24  hours. 

Nov.  6.  Lat.  1°56'N.;  long.  24°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  Avater,  82°.  Winds:  S.  by  E. ;  fine  weather  and  winds;  no  current.  Numerous  flying  fish 
about;  two  vessels  in  company. 

Nov.  7.  Lat.  0°  17'  S.;  long.  26°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of 
water,  81°.  Winds:  S.  byE.,  S.SE.  Moderately  fresh  and  fine  pleasant  weather;  numerous 
flying  fish  about. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  2°  29'  S. ;  long.  29°  09'  W.  Current,  1  knot  per  hour,  W.SW.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  S.SE.  Continues  moderate  and  fine 
pleasant  weather;  passed  a  barque  going  the  same  way;  numerous  flying  fish  about. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  5°  10'  S. ;  long.  31°  16'  W.  Current,  1|  knot,  SW.  ^  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  80°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  Pleasant;  very  squally  at 
night;  blowing  fresh  in  some  of  them,  with  rain.  Numerous  birds  about,  and  large  shoals  of 
flying  fish.  A  regular  ebb  and  flow  of  barometer  of  .800;  highest  at  10  a.  m.,  lowest  at  10 
p.  m.;  generally  commences  to  rise  with  the  sun. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  8°  21'  S. ;  long.  32°  54'  W.  Current,  |  knot  per  hour,  SW.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  79°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.  byE.  Moderate  and  pleasant 
throughout.  Numerous  flying  fish  and  flocks  of  birds  about;  passed  two  brigs  going  N.NE. 
Ends  with  fine  and  pleasant  weather." 


I 


440 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 


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FEOM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE NOVEMBER.  441 

Ship  Edward,  (P.  Zybrantz,)  Hamburg  to  Valparaiso ;  ten  days  out. 

"Nov.  7,  1855.  Lat.  30°  00'  N.;  long.  22°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of 
air,  70°;  of  water,  71°.     Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.     Moderate;  no  sea. 

Nov.  8.  Lat.  27°  55'  N.;  long.  23°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
of  water,  73°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.  by  N.,  N.NE.     Moderate. 

Nov.  9.  Lat.  26°  19'  N.;  long.  23°  41'  W.  Barometer,.  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  76°.     Winds:  variable,  from  N.NE.  to  S.SE.     Light.     Some  petrels  in  sight. 

Nov.  10.  Lat.  25°  30' N.;  long.  23°  59'  W.  Current,  6  miles,  N.  Barometer,  30.02; 
temperature  of  air,  72°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  variable,  E.NE.  Very  light.  Some  shooting 
stars,  flying  in  all  directions. 

Nov.  11.  Lat.  23°  43'  N.;  long.  24°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  73°; 
of  water,  73°.     Winds:  E.,  variable.     Light  and  unsteady;  a  little  northerly  swell. 

Nov.  12.  Lat.  21°  44'  N.;  long.  24°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 
of  water,  76°.     Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  NE.     Moderate.     Saw  the  first  flying  fish. 

Nov.  13.  Lat.  18°  58'  N. ;  long.  25°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  77°; 
of  water,  76°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate. 

Nov.  14.  Lat.  16°  45'  N. ;  long.  25°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.89;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 
of  water,  77°.  Wind:  NE.  At  daylight  saw  St.  Antonio  to  the  S.SE.  The  bearing  taken  at 
noon  proves  our  chronometer  to  be  correct. 

Nov.  15.  Lat.  14°  40'  N.;  long.  26°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  temperature  of  air,  80°; 
of  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  E.,  E.SE.    Moderate  and  pleasant.    A  barque  in  sight  to  the  N. 

Nov.  16.  Lat.  11°  39'  N.;  long.  27°  27'  W.  Current,  20  miles,  northerly.  Barometer, 
29.86;  temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  80°.  Winds:  E.NE.  A  barque  to  the  N.NW. 
Flying  fish  more  numerous. 

Nov.  17.  Lat.  8°  52'  N.;  long.  28°  44' W.  Current,  14  miles,  N.  Barometer,  29.78; 
temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  71°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.  Towards  evening,  lightning  in  the 
SE.  quarter;  from  10  to  12,  a  tremendous  thunder  storm,  terrible  fork  lightning,  and  heavy 
north  swell. 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  6°  24'  N. ;  long.  28°  59'  W.  Current,  about  17  miles,  N.  Barometer, 
29.81;  temperature  of  air,  81°;  of  water,  81°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.  Light;  lightning  and  distant 
thunder  in  the  western  quarter;  northerly  swell. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  5°  32'  N.;  long.  28°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  temperature  of  air,  80°;  of 
water,  81°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  SE.    Squally  and  rainy;  sheet  lightning  in  the  NE.;  a  turbulent  sea. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  3°  56'  N. ;  long.  28°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  81°.     Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.     Fresh  trades.     Some  birds  from  St.  Paul's. 

Nov.  21.  Lat.  1°37'N.;  long.  29°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.79;  temperature  of  air,  84°; 
of  water,  81°.     Wind:  SE.     Fresh  trades.     Birds  in  sight. 

Nov.  22.  Lat.  00°  39'  S.;  long.  30°  42' W.  Current,  8  miles,  N.  Barometer,  29.80; 
temperature  of  air,  82°;  of  water,  80°.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  Fresh  trades.  One  so-called 
Portuguese  man-of-war  in  sight. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  3°  36'  S. ;  long.  31°  22' W.  No  current.  Barometer,  29.84;  temperature 
of  air,  82°;  of  water,  80°.  Magnetic  variation  observed,  10°  W.  Wind:  SE.  by  E.  Fresh 
trades;  clear  pleasant  weather. 

Nov.  24.     Lat.  6°  31'  S.;  long.  32°  40'  W.     Barometer,   29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°; 
of  water,  80°.     Winds:  SE.  by  E.     Fresh  trades.     Passed  Cape  St.  Roque." 
VOL.  II. — 56 


443  -  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Barque  Clara,  (E.  Cook,  jr.,)  from  Glasgow  to  San  Francisco;  eleven  days  out. 
"Nov.  22,  1854.  Lat.  29°  23'  N.;  long.  19°  36'  W.  Current,  |  knot  per  hour,  N.  3°  B. 
Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  64°  of  water,  71°.  Variation  observed,  24°  45' W. 
Wind:  N.NE.  First  part,  fresh  gales  and  high  sea,  with  occasional  rain  squalls;  middle  part, 
fine  breeze  and  passing  clouds;  ends  pleasant  and  hazy.  I  have  taken  no  notice  of  currents 
thus  far,  although  I  have  suspected  an  easterly  set;  but  the  ship  has  been  so  badly  strained  as 
to  render  it  difficult  to  get  at  the  true  amount. 

Nov.  23.  Lat.  27°  00' N.;  long.  21°  10' W.  Current,  7  miles,  N.  50°  W.*,  during  the 
day.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  68°;  of  water,  74°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.  Fine 
steady  breezes  throughout,  and  pleasant  weather. 

Nov.  24.  Lat.  25°  34'  N. ;  long.  22°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  74°.  Winds:  N.,  N.NW.,  N.NE.  Gentle  breezes  and  clear  throughout.  The 
winds  have  been  very  baffling,  sometimes  as  far  as  NW.,  but  generally  as  marked  in  the 
column.     Saw  a  few  black  fish. 

Nov.  25.  Lat.  24°  04'  N.;  long.  23°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.  Gentle  breezes  and  beautiful  weather  throughout.  Saw 
a  few  birds.     At  9  p.  m.,  noticed  a  lunar  rainbow. 

Nov.  26.  Lat.  22°  55'  N. ;  long.  23°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  70°; 
of  water,  75°.  Wind:  NE.  light  airs  throughout  these  24  hours,  and  fine  weather.  Rather 
faint  trades  these;  perhaps  they  would  be  better  further  west. 

Nov.  27.  Lat.  21°  39'  N.;  long.  24°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  74°; 
of  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.  Light  breezes  throughout.  Saw  the  first  flying  fish  for 
the  voyage.     At  8  p.  m.  saw  a  large  meteor  passing  to  the  SW. 

Nov.  28.     Lat.  20°  10'  N. ;  long.  25°  38'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  75°; 

of  water,  78°.     Wind:  E.NE.,  SE.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes  throughout;  a  halo  around  the  moon. 

Nov.  29.     Lat.  18°  34'  N.;  long.  26°  25'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  76°; 

of  water,    78°.      Variation,    15°  45'j  W.     Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes  throughout;   a 

halo  again  around  the  moon. 

Nov.  30.  Lat.  16°  24'  N. ;  long.  26°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  78°; 
of  water,  79°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  E.SE.  Light  breezes  throughout;  latter  part,  cloudy, 
with  light  showers. 

Dec.  1.  Lat.  14°  18'  N.;  long.  26°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  N.  Light  breezes  throughout;  spoke  the  British  ship  Sultan, 
from  Cork  to  Callao,  in  ballast;  reports  17  days  out,  but  I  saw  him,  and  he  recollects  seeing 
me,  on  the  15th. 

Dec.  2.  Lat.  13°  02'  N. ;  long.  26°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  temperature  of  air,  81°; 
of  water,  82°.  Winds:  N.,  E.,  E.SE.  Light  breezes  throughout;  strong  ripplings,  like  eddy 
currents. 

Dec.  3.  Lat.  11°  55'  N.;  long.  26°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  82°; 
of  water,  82°.     Winds:  E.,  E.SE.     Light  breezes  throughout. 

Dec.  4.  Lat.  10°  27'  N. ;  long.  26°  54'  W.  No  other  observation  to  day.  Captain  busy 
fishing. 

Dec.  5.  Lat.  9°  15'  N.;  long.  27°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  82°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  S.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  sharp  swells  from  the  S.SE. ;  at  8  p.  m.  strong 
squalls  from  southward  and  eastward,  with  much  rain,  thunder,  and  lightning;  broke  second 
water  thermometer,  which  leaves  me  without  any. 


I 


FKOM  THE  LIZARD  TO  THE  LINE — NOVEMBER,  .  •   443 

Dec.  6.  Lat.  7°  58'  N.;long.  27°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  variable.     Light  variable  breezes;  latter  part,  rain  squalls. 

Dec.  7.  Lat.  7°43'N.;  long.  28°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  variable,  calms.     Light  baffling  airs  and  calms;  sharp  sea  from  SE.  and  cloudy  weather. 

Dec.  8.  Lat.  6°31'N.;  long.  28°  06' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  S.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  squally;  at  7  p.  m.,  sharp  lightning ;  latter 
part,  moderate  breezes  and  considerable  swells  from  southward  and  eastward. 

Dec.  9.  Lat.  6°  48'  N.;  long.  26°  56'  W.  Current,  1.3  knots  per  hour,  N.  35°  E. 
Barometer,  29.87;  temperature  of  air,  84°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.  First  part,  squally;  middle 
part,  moderate,  with  southerly  swell;  latter  part,  moderate  and  clear.  I  have  been  standing 
eastward  for  the  last  16  hours;  shall  now  go  about  and  stand  to  the  westward  as  long  as  I  can 
head  W.SW.  by  compass. 

Dec.  10.  Lat.  6°  09'  N. ;  long.  27°  57'  W.  Current,  1  knot,  N.  62°  E.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  84°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.  Light  steady  breezes  throughout;  hard  chance, 
but  shall  continue  on  the  western  track  as  long  as  I  can  make  southing,  in  hopes  to  come  up 
by  and  by. 

Dec.  11.  Lat.  6°  10' N. ;  long.  26°  46' W.  Current,  0.8  knot,  N.  37°  E.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  87°.  Wind:  S.  First  part,  light  breezes;  at  4  p.  m.  headed  off; 
bout  ship;  hard  times. 

Dec.  12.  Lat.  6°06'N.;  long.  26°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  87°. 
Winds:  S.,  variable,  calms.  First  part,  light  airs;  middle,  squally,  with  rain;  ends  calm* 
This  passeth  all  understanding;  I  have  now  a  good  opportunity  to  exercise  my  patience. 

Dec.  13.  Lat.  5°  15'  N.;  long.  26°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Winds:  variable.     Light  variable  airs  and  squally,  with  rain. 

Dec.  14.  Lat.  4°  43'  N.;  long.  26°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  85°. 
Wind:  S.SE.     Light  airs  and  frequent  light  squalls  throughout. 

Dec.  15.  Lat.  4°  07' N.;  long.  27°  50' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  variable,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  part,  light  baffling  airs;  latter  part,  light  breezes 
and  pleasant;  a  ship  in  sight  to  windward. 

Dec.  16.  Lat.  3°  42'  N. ;  long.  28°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.98  ;  temperature  of  air,  86°. 
Winds:  S.,  S.SE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant;  ship  seen  yesterday  still  in  sight  on  weather 
beam. 

Dec.  17.  Lat.  3°  21' N. ;  long.  29°  46' W.  Current,  0.5  knot,  N.  37°  W.  Barometer, 
29.95  ;  temperature  of  air,  84°.  Variation  observed,  10°  W.  Winds  :  S.SE.,  SE.  First  part, 
light  breezes  and  passing  squalls;  middle  part,  wind  freshens,  with  light  showers;  latter  part, 
fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Dec.  18.  Lat.  1°  01'  N.;  long.  31°  07'  W.  Current,  1  knot,  W.  Barometer,  29.97; 
temperature  of  air,  85°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.  Light  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  saw  a  brig 
standing  N. ;  ends  with  gentle  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Dec.  19.  Lat.  0°  43'  S.;  long.  32°  09'  W.  Current,  1.3  knots,  W.  Barometer,  29.93; 
temperature  of  air,  83°.  Variation,  8°  W.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  First  part,  light  breezes  and 
pleasant;  at  6  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  eastward,  and  at  8.  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  southward  and  west- 
ward; middle  and  latter  parts,  fine  breezes  and  pleasant;  now  how  will  it  be  about  weathering; 
the  winds  are  good  enough,  but  the  current,  I  find,  is  not  altogether  a  bugbear. 

Dec.  20.     Lat.    2°  47'  S.;   long.  32°  48'  W.     Current,  0.8  knot,  S.     Barometer,  29.90; 


444     •  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHARTS. 

temperature  of  air,  82".  Variation  observed,  8°  W.  Winds  :  SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  light 
breezes  and  fine  weather;  middle  part,  rather  more  wind;  latter  part,  moderate  b*-eezes  and 
pleasant;  noticed  a  southerly  current  for  the  24  hours;  a  brig  in  sight  to  leeward. 

Dec.  21.  Lat.  4°4G'S.;  long.  33°  40' W.  Current,  0.7  knot,  N.  70°  W.  Barometer, 
29.90;  temperature  of  air,  84°  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.  Fine  steady  breezes  throughout  and 
pleasant  weather;  hope  to  clear  St.  Augustine  without  trouble;  a  barque  in  company. 

Dec.  22.  Lat.  7°  08'  S.;  long.  34°  15'  W.  Current,  0.7  knot,  N.  64°  W.  Barometer, 
29.95;  temperature  of  air,  84°.  Wind:  E.SE.  Fine  breezes  throughout;  I  am  well  satisfied 
with  the  chance  since  crossing  the  line,  shall  pass  all  clear." 

Brig  Vernon,  (D.  S.  Collins,)  Liverpool  to  Montevideo;  eight  days  out. 

"Nov.  27,  1854.  Lat.  30°  48'  N.;  long.  21°  00'  W.;  variation  observed,  2  points  west. 
Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  68°.  Winds ^K,  NW.,  S.SE.  First  and  middle  parts, 
moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  light  and  bafiiing  winds. 

Nov.  28.  Lat.  28°  57'  N.;  long.  22°  21°  W.;  variation,  2  points  W.  Barometer,  29.87; 
temperature  of  air,  70°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.,  S.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  with 
squalls  of  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

Nov.  29.  Lat.  27°  30'  N.;  long.  24°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  72°; 
Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  clear  weather;  latter 
part,  moderate,  Avith  squalls  of  rain. 

Nov.  30.  Lat.  25°  29'  N. ;  long.  25°  18'  W.;  variation,  2  points  W.  Barometer,  29.90; 
temperature  of  air,  74°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SE.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  calms,  with 
heavy  showers  of  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Dec.  1.  Lat.  24°  35' N.;  long.  27°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  74°. 
Winds:  S.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  calms;  latter  part,  light  breezes, 
with  heavy  rain. 

Dec.  2.  Lat.  23°  57' N. ;  long.  26°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  74°. 
Winds:  SW.,  variable.     Moderate  breezes,  with  rain  squalls  throughout. 

Dec.  3.  Lat.  23°  02'  N.;  long.  26°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  76°. 
Winds:  variable,  NE.  to  S.SW.  Light  and  variable  winds  throughout,  with  heavy  rain;  saw 
a  large  whale. 

Dec.  4.  Lat.  21°  15' N.;  long.  25°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  77°. 
Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  throughout. 

Dec.  5.  Lat.  19°  35' N. ;  long.  25°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  76°. 
Winds:  E.NE.,  variable.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  light  and  variable;  latter, 
squally,  with  heavy  rain,  thunder,  and  lightning. 

Dec.  6.  Lat.  17°44'N.;  long.  25°  51' W.;  variation,  1^  points  W.  Barometer,  29.80; 
temperature  of  air,  78°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  SE.  Moderate  breezes  throughout;  at  10  a.  m.  made 
Cape  Verde  islands,  bearing  S.  by  E.,  distant  about  40  miles. 

Dec.  7.  Lat.  16°  52' N. ;  long.  26°  14' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  78°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  weather  throughout. 

Dec.  8.  Lat.  15°  15'  N. ;  long.  26°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.85  ;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  rain ;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Dec.  9.     Lat.  13°  17'  N. ;  long.  26°  42'  W.     Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80°. 


FROM   THE   LIZAED   TO    THE    LINE — NOVEMBER.  *  445 

Winds:  variable.  Throughout  these  24  hours,  moderate  and  baffling  winds  and  thick  atmo- 
sphere, with  light  showers  of  rain;  barometer  rises  and  falls  yVj  ^^  appearance  of  a  settled 
trade -wind. 

Dec.  10.  Lat.  11°  13'  N. ;  long.  26°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.80  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.  by  E.  Pleasant  breezes  throughout,  with  heavy  showers  of  rain;  barometer 
very  unsteady. 

Dec.  11.  Lat.  9°  42' N. ;  long.  26°  43' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.     Moderate  breezes,  with  squalls  and  heavy  rain  showers. 

Dec.  12.  Lat.  8°  23' N. ;  long.  26°  24' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  light  rain,  latter 
part,  light  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

Dec.  13.  Lat.  6°  30'  N. ;  long.  26°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.85  ;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds:  E.,  E.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  clear  weather  throughout. 

Dec.  14.  Lat.  5°  54' N. ;  long.  26°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds  :  SE.  by  E.,  calms.     Light  variable  winds  and  calms;  cloudy  weather. 

Dec.  15.  Lat.  6°  03'  N. ;  long.  26°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds:  calms.      Calm  and  cloudy  throughout,  with  a  heavy  swell  from  the  southward. 

Dec.  16.  Lat.  6°  16'  N. ;  long.  26°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  83°. 
Winds;  calm,  variable.  Calm  and  light  airs,  at  intervals,  from  every  point  of  the  compass; 
ends  clear. 

Dec.  17.  Lat.  4°  45' N. ;  long.  26°  58' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and 
squally;  barometer  very  unsteady. 

Dec.  18.  Lat.  3°  37' N. ;  long.  27°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  Fresh  breezes  throughout,  with  heavy  rain;  at  4  p.  m.  a  large  water  spout 
passed  about  a  mile  to  windward. 

Dec.  19.  Lat.  1°48'N.;  long.  29°  14' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  pleasant  breezes  and  clear  weather  throughout. 

Dec.  20.  Lat.  0°  08'  S.;  long.  30°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  80^°. 
Wind:  S.SE.    Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  throughout;  at  10  a.  m.  crossed  the  equator. 

Dec.  21.  Lat.  2°  23'  S. ;  long.  32°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Wind:  S.SE.     Strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Dec.  22.  Lat.  4°  54'  S. ;  long.  32°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.80  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Wind:  SE.  by  S.  Strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  at  5.30  a.  m.  Ferdinand  Noronha  bore  E., 
distant  about  18  miles. 

Dec.  23.  Lat.  7°  14'  S.;  long.  33°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.85  ;  temperature  of  air,  81°. 
Winds:  SE.,  SE.by  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  moderate 
and  clear,  wind  hauls  gradually  to  the  eastward." 


446     «  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

BAROMETRIC  ANOMALIES  OFF  CAPE  HORN. 

The  barometric  anomalies  off  Cape  Horn  well  deserve  the  closest  attention  of  navigators. 
More  observations  are  required  there,  for  philosophers  are  at  a  loss  for  explanation.  Those 
of  the  Espy  school  would  explain  the  low  range  of  the  barometer  off  Cape  Horn  by  the 
"falling  weather,"  or  the  falling  weather  by  the  low  range  of  the  barometer,  for  they  are 
close  dependants.  Their  explanation  would  be  this:  Where  there  is  a  low  barometer,  there 
is,  as  in  the  equatorial  doldrums,  for  instance,  an  influx,  an  uprising,  an  expansion,  and  a 
cooling  of  air.  This  cooling  is  followed  by  a  condensation  of  the  invisible  vapor  of  the  air, 
first  into  clouds,  then  into  rain,  hail,  mist,  or  snow. 

This  is  quite  philosophical.  And  the  physical  conditions  of  the  phenomenon  require  a  high 
barometer  on  each  side  of  the  place  of  the  low.  Hence  the  barometer  stands  higher  in  the 
trade-winds  than  it  does  under  the  equatorial  cloud  ring.  Espy's  theory  requires  the  same; 
and  if  it  held  good  off  Cape  Horn,  there  ought  to  be  both  to  the  east  and  the  west  of  its 
meridian  a  place  of  high  barometer,  clear  sky,  and  light  winds,  from  which  air  for  its  storms 
is  supplied. 

I  have  never  heard  of  such  a  place. 

Most  of  the  gales  off  Cape  Horn  are  from  the  west;  and  this  theory,  beautiful  in  many 
respects,  but  faulty  in  others,  requires  on  Cape  Horn  parallels  also  a  high  barometer,  both  to 
windward  and  to  leeward,  the  place  of  the  high  barometer  to  leeward  being  beyond  the  place 
of  low. 

Now,  the  Storm  and  Rain  Chart  (plate  XIX.,  Yol.  I.)  shows  that  there  is  a  marked 
difference  between  the  conditions  of  the  atmosphere  most  favorable  to  rain  within  and  without 
the  tropics.  Within  the  tropics,  rain  is  most  apt  to  fall  when  the  winds  are  hushed;  but 
without,  it  falls  most  when  they  are  raging.  In  one  case,  calms  and  rains  go  together;  in  the 
other,  rain  and  gales  of  wind  accompany  each  other.  In  uprising  columns  of  air  it  is  calm, 
as  in  the  centre  of  cyclones  and  the  equatorial  calm  belt.  It  seems  therefore  that  that 
combination  of  meteorological  conditions,  calms  and  uprising  columns,  most  favorable  to 
intertropical  rains,  is  not  the  most  favorable  for  rain  off  Cape  Horn,  but  a  condition  the  very 
reverse  is  the  most  obvious  of  the  rain-producing  conditions  there. 

It  appears  to  me  that  we  may  account  for  the  inter  and  extra  tropical  difference  in  a  very 
natural  way.  Winds  on  their  way  from  the  tropics  to  the  calms  of  the  equator  are  going  from 
cooler  to  warmer  latitudes,  and  cannot  therefore  precipitate  their  moisture  unless  their 
temperature  be  lowered,  and  that  is  done  by  rising  up  in  the  calm  places. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  winds,  on  their  way  from  the  tropics  towards  the  poles,  are  going 
from  warmer  to  cooler  latitudes;  their  capacity  for  moisture  is  diminishing  as  they  go,  and 
they  can  precipitate  it  therefore  without  rising.  The  winds  off  Cape  Horn  are  in  this 
category.  The  greater  the  velocity  of  the  wind  as  it  comes  from  the  equatorial  quarter  and 
rushes  into  polar  regions,  the  more  rapid  the  cooling  and  the  greater  the  amount  of  precipita- 
tion. Hence  we  see,  as  plate  XIX  suggests,  reason  for  the  relation  there  expressed  between 
calms  and  rains  at  the  equator,  gales  and  rains  off  Cape  Horn. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  barometer,  as  a  nautical  instrument  off  Cape  Horn,  is  one  of 
deep  and  especial  interest  to  the  navigator.  Upon  a  correct  interpretation  of  its  indications 
navigators  must  mainly  rely  for  any  further  and  material  improvement  in  the  western  passage 
around  the  Horn. 


i 


BAROMETEIC   ANOMALIES    OFF    CAPE   HORN.  447 

At  present  there  is  as  great  a  diversity  of  opinion  among  clever  practical  navigators  as  to 
the  barometer  off  Cape  Horn  as  there  is  of  color  in  the  rainbow. 

"My  object  in  writing,"  says  Captain  Bailey,  of  the  United  States  ship  St.  Mary's,  "is  to 
call  your  attention  to  the  barometrical  indications  south  of  Staten  Land  and  Terra  del  Fuego, 
and  to  the  regularity  and  certainty  with  which  the  mercury  falls  with  a  northerly  wind  and 
rises  with  a  southerly.  At  this  season — the  summer — an  easterly  wind  is  rare,  and,  if  it 
occurs,  is  of  short  duration.  We  found  none.  The  north  or  northwest  winds  are  usually 
accompanied  by  cloudy,  rainy,  or  misty  weather  ;  soon  after  it  sets  in,  the  mercury  begins  to 
fall,  and  continues  to  sink  as  long  as  the  wind  has  northing  in  it,  when  there  is  usually  an 
interval  of  calm,  or  light  variable  winds,  lasting  two  or  three  hours  ;  after  which  it  veers  to 
the  southward  or  southwestward,  squally,  precipitating  the  mists  in  the  form  of  hail  and 
sleet,  and  exposing  (at  the  SW.)  clouds  of  the  cumulus  character.  At  this  point  the  mercury 
begins  to  rise,  and  continues  ascending  as  long  as  the  wind  has  southing  in  it.  A  low 
barometer  (say  28.50)  will  thus  react  with  a  southerly  wind,  and  a  high  barometer  (say  29.90) 
with  a  northerly. 

' '  This  has  been  my  experience,  after  three  passages  around  Cape  Horn,  in  which  my 
attention  has  been  directed  to  this  phenomenon.  And  so  fully  convinced  am  I  of  the  truth  of 
my  experience,  that  I  would  advise  ships  (after  passing  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  which  is  free 
from  all  danger,  saving  thereby  at  least  one  degree  of  westing)  having  a  northerly  wind  and  a 
falling  barometer,  to  stand  on  a  wind  to  the  southward,  confident  of  the  wind' s  direction,  so 
long  as  the  mercury  tends  to  fall.  If  it  reaches  a  minimum  somewhat  below  29  inches,  and  a 
calm  ensues,  equally  to  be  certain  of  a  "  southwester, "  and  to  be  in  a  position,  if  possible,  to 
profit  by  it." 

"I  have  never  known  the  barometer  to  range  so  low,  and  know  not  what  to  make  of  it." — 
B.  Buxton,  ship  Union. 

"A  most  extraordinary  fluctuation  in  the  barometer,  from  30.03  inches  to  29.3  inches, 
the  weather  and  appearance  giving  no  indication  of  storm  or  rain." — Robert  3IcCerran,  ship 
Defiance. 

' '  The  barometer  continues  to  fall,  although  the  wind  is  southwest.  I  have  always  seen  it 
rise  with  the  wind  from  that  quarter." — W.  B.  Daniels,  ship  Seaman. 

"The  barometer  ranges  the  highest  with  the  wind  W.SW.,  and  lowest  from  the  north- 
ward. It  either  accompanied  or  followed  the  change,  never  preceded  it.' ' — John  Gillan,  barque 
Delegate. 

"  I  do  not  see  that  it  (the  barometer)  is  a  guide  to  be  depended  upon.  Certainly  my 
experience  this  passage  would  show  its  fall  followed  by  delightful  weather." — B.  F.  Coffin, 
ship  Senator. 

"I  have  Maury's  Sailing  Directions,  and  I  find  that  most  all  the  captains  who  have 
furnished  him  with  abstracts  have  had  something  to  say  about  their  barometers  when  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cape  Horn  ;  and  as  there  is  a  good  deal  of  disagreement,  I  thought  I  would  add 
my  opinion  to  theirs,  while  every  circumstance  is  fresh  in  my  memory.  In  the  first  place,  I 
have  two  barometers;  one  belongs  to  the  ship,  the  other  to  myself.  Mine  T  have  had  six  years, 
and  used  almost  constantly  for  that  time,  and  have  become  in  that  time  pretty  well  acquainted 
with  its  workings  ;  for  that  reason  I  have  used  my  own  barometer  altogether  in  this  log, 
though  it  differs  materially  from  the  ship's.  In  fine  weather,  when  my  barometer  was  at 
30.00,  the  ship's  stood  at  30.25  j  in  heavy  weather,  when  mine  stood  28.50,  the  ship's  stood 


448  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

28.40,  or  28.35;  at  29.00  inches  they  were  about  alike.  Now,  as  to  the  use  of  a  barometer  off 
Cape  Horn,  so  far  as  I  can  judge,  they  work  as  well  and  are  of  as  much  use  there  as  anywhere; 
though  I  think  it  requires  considerable  study  to  understand  the  workings  of  the  mercury  in 
such  high  latitudes.  I  think  my  barometer  stood  in  58°  south  latitude  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  lower  than  it  would  in  the  same  amount  of  wind  or  storm  off  Cape  Hatteras.  I  notice 
some  of  the  captains  say  the  barometer  always  falls  in  a  northerly  wind,  and  it  does  not  blow 
hard  from  that  quarter.  I  noticed  this  myself ;  but  my  barometer  always  stayed  down,  and 
most  always  continued  to  fall  till  the  wind  came  to  the  southwestward  and  blew  heavily,  then 
it  would  begin  to  rise.  My  barometer  and  also  the  ship's,  I  have  known  to  be  down  to  28.50 
inches  several  times  for  twenty-four  and  sometimes  for  over  thirty  hours  before  the  blow  came 
on;  but  it  always  came,  and  as  soon  as  it  came  and  got  fairly  to  blowing,  the  barometer  started 
up.  Every  hard  westerly  blow  I  have  had  about  Cape  Horn,  I  have  had  a  low  mercury  before 
it  came  on.  I  had  a  very  heavy  blow  off  the  mouth  of  the  River  Platte  ;  I  have  had  but 
very  little  harder  off  Cape  Horn.  There  the  lowest  mercury  was  29.20;  off  Cape  Horn  the 
lowest  was  28.40  my  barometer,  the  ship's  varied  a  little  more;  it  fell  off  Cape  Horn  as  low  as 
28.10,  and  off  the  River  Platte  29.30.  So,  if  my  opinion  is  of  any  use,  I  shall  give  it  in  favor 
of  the  barometer  off  Cape  Horn.  Mine  has  been  of  as  much  use  to  me  there  as  anywhere, 
with  the  exception  that  at  first  I  took  in  sail  a  little  sooner  than  was  necessary.  In  my  log 
you  will  find  an  average  of  the  wind  for  every  eight  hours,  and  also  of  the  barometer's  height. 
I  am  now  in  40°  south  latitude;  have  fine  weather.  Barometer  all  this  day  30.10  inches;  wind 
light  from  the  southward.  My  barometer  is  Megarey's  manufacture,  and  the  ship's  is  one  of 
Negus'." — William  Fales,  ship  Star.- 

"June  11.  9  a.  m.,  barometer  falling ;  land  in  sight  about  CapePinas;  noon,  quite  thick  and 
dark;  barometer,  29.35;  lower  than  I  have  noticed  it  before;  no  change  in  the  weather  except 
the  fog.  Thus  far  I  have  made  no  remarks  upon  the  barometer.  If  I  should  dare  to  hazard 
an  opinion,  would  say  that,  with  the  wind  at  NE.  and  E.,  north  of  the  equator,  it  ranges 
highest ;  and  with  southerly  winds  south  of  it,  and  particularly  south  of  Capricorn,  lowest ; 
or,  at  least,  that  southerly  winds  may  be  expected  when  low,  and  westerly  and  northwesterly 
when  quite  high  ;  though  we  have  had  our  highest  wind  (even  a  terrific  gale  for  a  few  hours) 
after  the  barometer  had  fallen  to  29.40  some  two  hours  and  stopped.  I  think  it  was  rising  at 
the  time;  wind  from  about  west,  perhaps  a  little  northerly  and  inclining  southward.  Running 
along  the  land  ;  wind  veering  north  ;  saw  what  looked  like  snow  on  the  mountain  tops  ;  at  10 
p.  m.  up  with  Cape  Diego  in  sight ;  at  the  end  of  the  day  in  the  straits  ;  weather  getting  fair ; 
wind  strong  at  NW." — 0.  G.  Lane,  ship  Victory. 

"Sept.  2.  Lat.  56°  S.,  long.  65°  W.  At  9  p.  m.,  light  wind  from.SW.,  wore  ship.  At 
10  p.  m.,  calm,  squall  gathering  from  S.SW. ;  in  royals,  and  clewed  up  everything  except  top- 
sail and  foresail;  but  before  we  got  through,  it  struck  us;  and  I  was  glad  that  I  was  so  well 
prepared  for  it.  It  blew  very  hard  for  three  hours;  close  reefed  fore  and  mizzen  topsails,  and 
double  reefed  main  topsail  and  mainsail.  Latter  part,  heav}?^  gales  and  hail;  ship  under  the 
same  sail.  We  seem  to  be  pursued  by  contrary  winds.  (I  see  in  your  book  of  Directions  that 
some  of  the  captains  state  that  they  do  not  consider  the  barometer  as  a  guide  in  high  southern 
latitudes;  but  I  differ  from  them,  although  I  may  not  have  had  as  much  experience  as  some  of 
them,  having  been  thirteen  years  at  sea,  of  which  time  I  have  been  captain  six  years.)  I  think 
if  the  glass  falls  three  or  four  tenths  in  a  few  hours,  it  is  almost  positive  that  it  will  be  sue- 


,  BAROMETRIC    ANOMALIES   OFF   CAPE   HORN.  449 

ceeded  by  a  gale  or  very  heavy  gust  which  will  last  several  hours,  although  the  simple  fact 
that  the  barometer  falls  does  not,  as  a  natural  consequence,  predict  wind;  it  only  shows  that 
there  is  a  commotion  in  the  atmosphere  in  your  vicinity  which  may  be  succeeded  by  wind  or 
rain,  but  I  think  more  likely  by  the  former.  If  you  would  be  so  kind  as  to  write  me,  on  my 
next  voyage,  a  particular  track  which  I  should  follow,  you  would  oblige  me  very  much ;  also 
the  mistake  which  I  made  on  this  voyage;  and,  if  you  please,  I  should  like  to  hear  your  opinions 
concerning  the  barometer." — John  Zerega,  Queen  of  Clippers. 

On  the  other  hand,  other  opinions  are  adverse;  I  quote  a  few  more,  pro  and  con: 

"  The  barometer  remains  low  all  the  time;  it  appears  to  be  of  no  use  here." — D.  O.  Landis, 
ship  F.  W.  Brune.  '  -' 

"Barometer  useless." — W.  L.  Phinney,  ship  Kentucky. 

"  The  mercury  here  appears  to  be  very  lively;  will  rise  and  fall  from  30. 10  to  29. 16  rapidly; 
but  it  is  to  be  observed  that  this  variation  is  not  attended  with  the  same  degree  of  increase 
and  decrease  of  wind  that  we  experience  elsewhere.  Consider  the  barometer  here  of  very 
Kttle  use." — T.  Dahlgren,  barque  Byron. 

"  Barometer  rising;  but  find  it  no  guide  whatever." — S.  M.  Hudgins^  barque  Hugh  Birkhead. 

"Barometer  unsteady;  squalls  the  same,  without  any  apparent  effect  on  the  barometer.  I 
do  not  trust  to  it." — Charles  A.  Banlett^  ship  Surprise. 

"The  mercury  fell  this  day  1.42  inches,  and  no  wind  to  speak  of." — W.  E.  Putnam^  ship 
Empress  of  the  Seas. 

"I  watch  the  barometer  closely;  but  do  not  think  it  is  to  be  depended  on  here  as  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean." — Samuel  Harding,  ship  Bobert  Harding. 

"  My  barometer  has  been  almost  useless  since  I  was  in  the  latitude  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 
The  heaviest  gales  I  had,  it  ranged  from  29.15  to  29.40,  and  it  has  been  as  low  as  28.35  with 
a  whole  sail  breeze.  It  has,  however,  invariably  fallen  for  a  northerly  wind,  and  risen  for  a 
southerly  one.  It  has  ranged  during  the  last  six  weeks  from  28.35  to  30." — Oliver  H.  Saun- 
ders, ship  B.  Howard. 

Capt.  Hull  says:  "My  barometer  tells  the  weather  here  to  a  charm."  Capt.  Littlefield 
says:  "Never,  in  one  instance,  has  my  barometer  deceived  me;"  and  Capt.  Scott  remarks: 
"  Thus  far,  I  think  the  barometer  has  been  an  infallible  guide  as  to  the  weather. " 

The  barometer  off  Cape  Horn  was  discussed  at  page  635  of  the  Tth  edition.  I  refer  the 
navigator  to  it  for  what  is  there  said  concerning  the  influence  of  the  Andes,  or  the  mountains 
of  Patagonia,  upon  the  storms  of  Cape  Horn. 

In  that  paper  are  also  contained  at  length  the  barometric  readings  for  a  total  period  of 
490  days,  both  off  the  Cape  and  in  each  system  of  trade  winds.  Those  observations  were 
made  with  the  old  fashioned  marine  barometer.  They  therefore  cannot  be  relied  on  with  any 
degree  of  accuracy  for  the  absolute  amount  of  pressure,  though  they  indicate  with  considera- 
ble accuracy  the  average  difference  of  pressure  off  Cape  Horn  as  compared  with  the  mean 
barometric  pressure  in  the  trade-wind  regions.  According  to  these  observations,  the  mean 
height  of  the  barometer  off  Cape  Horn  is  about  0.8  inch  less  than  it  is  in  the  trade  winds. 

The  following  summary  is  derived  from  the  tables  of  the  7th  edition : 
VOL.  II — 57 


450 


THE  WIND  AND  CURKENT  CHARTS. 


Approximate  mean  montJily  height  of  the  barometer. 

IN  N.E.  TRADES  OF  THE- 

OFF  CAPE  HORN. 

IN  S.E.  TRADES  OF  THE— 

MONTH. 

ATLANTIC. 

PACIFIC. 

ATLANTIC. 

PACIFIC. 

Barometer. 

Days  of  ob- 
servation. 

Barometer. 

Days  of  ob- 
servation. 

Barometer. 

Days  of  ob- 
servation. 

Barometer. 

Days  of  ob- 
servation. 

Barometer. 

Days  of  ob- 
servation. 

29.90 
30.00 
29  97 
29.98 
29.90 
30.18 
29.97 
29.95 
30.01 
29.95 
29.92 
29.96 

49 
64 
81 
53 
20 
26 
14 
13 
18 
38 
40 
57 

30.00 
29.98 
29.93 
29.85 
29.93 
30.05 
30.07 
29.84 

50 
42 
53 
34 

29.37 
29.24 
29.17 
29.16 

66 
41 
53 
66 
91 
29 
17 
21 
12 
19 
40 
35 

29.96 
29.88 
29.97 
29.91 
30.00 
29.96 
30.24 
30.03 
30  01 
29.95 
29.99 
29.88 

22 
74 
65 
76 
28 
36 
5 
14 
14 
46 
37 
65 

30.04 
30.03 
29.87 
29.93 
29.97 
30.(3 
29.94 
29.88 
30.20 
30.08 
30.50 
30.04 

55 

60 

March - 

April 

41 
49 

May 

73        1        29.24 
57                29.37 
91                29.12 
47                29.26 

69 

98 

July 

40 

32 

September 

29  94                  26 

29.38 
29.33 
29.02 

10 
19 

29.99                  13 

6 

December 

30.00                  31                29.13 

26 

29  97 

473 

29.96                 517        1        29.23 

490 

29.98 

482 

30.05 

505 

Lieut.  Van  Gough  has  published,  among  the  valuable  contributions  made  by  the  Dutch  to 
our  knowledge  of  sea  routes,  the  results  of  no  less  than  2,472  barometric  observations  taken 
on  the  polar  side  of  42°  S.  along  the  route  to  Australia.*  Classing  those  observations  according 
to  the  winds  we  have,  for  means,  as  follows: 

133  observations,  with  wind  S.SW.        Mean  height  of  barometer,    29.78  in. 


250 

328. 

277. 

313 

279 

225 

151 

130 

93 

46 

34 

26 

40 

58 

89 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


■  SW do 29.67 

■  W.SW do 29.65 

•  W.  do 29.56 

.  W.NW. do 29.56 

NW. do 29.54 

■  N.NW.    do ....29.63 

■  N. do 29.73 

•  N.NE do 29.77 

NE do 29.80 

E.NE do 29.82 

E. do 29.78 

E.SE. do 29.81 

SE. do 29.78 

S.SE do 29.81 

•S do 29.75 


Mean 29.66  in. 

The  Dutch  table  shows  that  only  one -fifth  of  the  winds  on  the  polar  side  of  42°  have 
easting  in  them,  and  it  authorizes  the  conclusion,  says  Lieut.  Van  Gough,  that  ' '  what  experi- 
ence now  shows  us  respecting  this  barometric  wave-line  is  required  by  theory:  that  where  the 
S.SE.  and  SE.  winds  come  from  the  south  pole  they  cause  a  consequent  rising  of  the  barometer, 

o  The  mean  height  of  the  barometer  off  Cape  Horn  appears  to  be  0.  43  in.  less  than  (by  the  above)  it  is  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  "  gouth  of  42°  S." 


BAROMETRIC   ANOMALIES    OFF    CAPE    HORN. 


451 


while  the  NW.  winds  commonly  bring  about  a  falling,  [the  polar  winds,  are  the  dry  winds;  the 
equatorial,  the  wet — the  vapor  of  wet  winds  is  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  a  low  barometer.] 
Should  the  wind  happen  to  be  W.SW.,  a  rising  barometer  indicates  that  in  the  upper  air  a 
more  southerly  wind  is  already  at  hand,  and  that  it  will  come  as  the  rising  continues;  if  how- 
ever, the  barometer  falls,  then,  generally,  the  wind  will  turn  to  the  west  and  northward. 

"When  the  barometer  changes,  one  should  take  notice  of  the  direction  of  the  wind;  should 
it  rise  when  the  wind  is  blowing  from  a  lower  direction,  one  may  then  look  for  a  storm.*" 

"  When  in  high  southern  latitudes, "  says  Jansen,  "the  barometer  goes  down  29.50,  one 
may  expect  strong  breezes  from  NW.,  always  accompanied  with  drizzling  rain.  When  the 
glass  goes  lower  down,  increasing  wind  ;  but  the  very  moment  the  mercury  ceases  falling  and 
inclines  to  rise,  the  sky  clears  up  and  the  wind  shifts  with  a  tremendous  squall  to  SW.,  with 
increasing  wind  and  rising  barometer,  till  the  mercury  is  again  above  29.50.  When  the  glass 
goes  slowly  down  with  a  southerly  wind  one  may  expect  the  wind  from  SE.  I  saw  the  barome- 
ter 28.88  when  the  wind  shifted  from  SW.  to  S.SE,  and  from  a  galfe  to  a  moderate  breeze.        * 

"The  wind  is  always  flying  about  two  and  four  points.  When  the  wind  increases,  being 
NW.,  it  veers  to  north;  being  SW.,  to  south." 


According  to  Dove's  ' '  Law  of  Rotation, ' '  which  is  said  to  hold  good  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  is  supposed  to  obtain  in  the  southern  also,  the  wind  being  NW.  and  veering, 
it  ought  to  veer  by  W.  to  SW.,  and  so  on,  against  the  sun.     This   "  law"    is  explained  thus: 

'^  P.  C7.     Uitkomsten  van  Wetenecbap  en  ervaring  Aangaande  Winden  en  Zeestroomingen  in  sommige  Gedeelten  van 
den  oceaan.     Uitgegeven  door  het  Koninklijk  Nederlandsch  Meteorologisch  Instituut.     Utretcht,  1857. 


452  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Suppose  a  ship  be  in  the  southern  hemisphere  at  a,  p.  451,  with  a  low  barometer  to  the  north 
of  her,  as  at  (7,  where  the  air  ascends  as  fast  as  it  comes  pouring  in  from  all  sides.  The  ship, 
let  it  be  supposed,  is  just  on  the  verge  of,  but  exterior  to  the  vortex,  or  that  place  where  the 
wind  commences  to  revolve.  The  first  rush  of  the  air  at  a  will  be  directly  for  the  centre  (7; 
consequently  a  ship  so  placed  would  report  the  storm  as  commencing  with  the  wind  at  south. 

For  the  sake  of  illustration  we  will  suppose  this  place  of  low  barometer  to  be  stationary, 
and  the  air,  as  it  rushes  in,  to  ascend  at  the  disk  G.  Thus,  the  area  of  in-rushing  air  will 
gradually  enlarge  itself  by  broad  spreading,  like  a  circle  on  the  water,  until  it  be  compassed 
by  a  circle  with  a  radius,  C  S,  of  indefinite  length.  The  air  then,  on  the  meridian,  S  C  N,  but  to 
the  south  of  a,  will  not  blow  along  this  meridian  and  pass  over  the  ship  ;  in  consequence  of  the 
diurnal  rotation  of  the  earth  it  will  take  a  direction,  >S'  a',  to  the  westward;  and  the  arrow  d  a 
representing  a  S.SE.  wind,  will  now  show  the  direction  of  the  wind  at  a.  Thus  the  ship  will 
report  that  the  wind  commenced  at  south,  and  gradually  hauled  to  S.SE.,  i.  e.,  against  the 
£ands  of  a  watch;  and  so  tlie  arrows  h'  a'  will  represent  the  direction  of  the  wind  at  each 
station,  a'  a'  a',  when  the  storm  commenced,  and  the  arrows  d'  a'  the  direction  afterwards;  thus 
showing  it  to  have  veered  against  the  hands  of  a  watch.  And  this  is  the  direction  in  which 
the  forces  of  diurnal  rotation,  when  not  mastered  by  opposing  forces,  always  require  the  wind, 
when  not  blowing  round  in  spirals  and  a  whirl,  to  haul  in  the  southern  hemispere.  Now,  para- 
doxical as  it  may  at  first  seem,  it  is  also  the  forces  of  diurnal  rotation  that  give  that  same  wind, 
when  it  is  blowing  round  in  spirals,  its  first  impulse  to  march  round  in  the  contrary  direction,  or 
with  the  hands  of  a  watch;  but  this  is  as  it  should  be — it  hauls  one  way,  and  marches  the  other. 

After  passing  a,  and  each  of  the  other  stations  a'  a',  the  rush  of  wind  is  sufficient,  let  us 
suppose,  to  create  a  whirl.  The  wind  at  a,  a',  a',  continuing  on  with  a  circular  motion,  is 
represented  thenceforward  in  its  course  by  the  curved  arrows  a  e,  a'  ef. 

The  wind  coming  from  the  east  and  the  west  has  no  direct  impulse  from  diurnal  rotation, 
but  the  wind  on  either  side  of  it  has;  and  hence  the  prime  vertical  wind  is  carried  around  with 
the  rest. 

If,  now,  we  imagine  the  disk  C  to  be  put  in  motion,  and  the  storm  to  become  a  travelling 
one,  we  shall  have  to  consider  the  composition  and  resolution  of  other  forces  also:  such  as 
those  of  traction,  aberration,  and  the  like,  before  we  can  resolve  the  whirl-wind. 

But  the  cyclonologists  do  not  locate  their  storms  in  such  high  latitudes  as  the  parallels  of 
Cape  Horn.  Hence  we  might  safely  infer,  one  would  suppose,  that  in  high  southern  latitudes 
a  north  wind  has  a  tendency  to  incline  to  the  westward  and  a  south  wind  to  the  eastward;  and 
the  cause  of  this  tendency  is  in  operation,  whether  the  place  of  low  barometer  be  a  disk  or  an 
oblong,  for  it  is  in  obedience  to  the  trade-wind  law,  as  expounded  by  Hadley,  that  it  so  operates; 
and  it  will  also  be  the  case  whether  the  wind  be  caused  by  an  influx  into  the  place  of  low,  or 
the  efflux  from  the  place  of  high  barometer;  or,  as  is  generally  the  case,  by  both  together. 

.  If  the  distance  between  the  place  of  high  and  low  barometer  were  always  the  same,  then 
a  given  difi"erence  of  barometric  pressure  would  always  be  followed  by  a  wind  of  the  same  force 
or  velocity. 

By  expanding  Bernouilli's  formula  for  the  velocity  of  gas  jets  under  given  pressures.  Sir 
John  F.  W.  Herschel  has  computed*  the  velocity  and  the  force  with  which  currents  of  air  or 
winds  would  issue  under  certain  differences  of  barometric  pressure.     Under  the  most  favorable 

o  See  article  Meteorology,  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  1857. 


BAKOMETRIC    ANOMALIES    OFF    CAPE    HORN. 


453 


conditions,  i.  e.,  when  the  places  of  high  and  of  low  barometer  are  in  immediate  juxtaposition, 
as  on  the  inside  and  outside  of  an  air-pump,  an  effective  difference  of  0.006  in.  in  the  barometric 
pressure  would  create  a  breeze  with  a  velocity  of  seven  miles  the  hour.  Such  a  wind  is  capable 
of  exerting  a  horizontal  pressure  of  0.2  lbs.  the  square  foot,  thus  : 


Diff.  barometric  pressure. 


Velocity  of  wind. 


Horizontal  pressure. 


Strength  of  wind. 


0.006  inch 

0.010 

0.016 

0.06 

0,14 

0.25 

0.41 


7  tniles  per  hour. 

14  « 

21  « 

41  « 

61  " 

82  « 

92  « 


0.2  pounds  per  square  foot. 

0.9 

1.9 

7.5 
16.7 
30.7 
37.9 


Gentle  air. 
Light  breeze. 
Good  sailing  breeze. 
A  gale. 
Great  storm. 
Tempest. 
Devastating  hurricane. 


Changes,  however,  in  the  barometer,  amounting  to  five  or  six,  or  even  more,  times  these 
differences,  are  observed  to  take  place  at  sea  without  producing  Avinds  exceeding  in  velocity 
the  rates  above.  This  is  because  the  places  of  high  and  low  barometer  at  sea  are  far  apart, 
and  because,  also,  of  the  obstructions  to  the  winds  afforded  by  the  inequalities  of  the  earth's 
surface. 

But,  in  this  view  of  the  subject,  the  importance  of  a  daily  system  of  weather  reports  by 
telegraph  on  shore,  and  across  the  water  between  Europe  and  America  when  the  sub-Atlantic 
cable  is  well  laid — for  laid  so  as  to  work  it  will  be — looms  up  and  assumes  all  the  proportions 
of  one  of  the  great  practical  questions  of  the  age. 

We  may  conjecture,  as  the  probable  result  of  observation,  that  the  greater  the  distance 
between  the  place  of  high  and  low  barometer,  the  less  the  velocity  of  wind  for  a  given 
barometric  difference  would  be.  Professor  Buys  Ballot  has  discovered,  practically,  the 
numerical  relation  between  the  force  of  the  wind  and  given  barometric  differences  for  certain 
places  in  Holland.  With  the  view  of  ascertaining  like  relations  for  the  lake  country,  it  has  been 
proposed  to  establish  a  cordon  of  meteorological  stations  about  the  great  chain  of  American 
lakes  ;  each  station  being  required  to  report  daily  to  the  Observatory  in  Washington,  by 
telegraph,  the  height  of  the  barometer,  force  of  wind,  &c.  By  such  a  plan,  properly  organized 
for  the  country  generally,  we  might  expect  soon  to  be  able  to  give  the  ships,  not  only  on  the 
great  lakes  but  in  our  seaport  towns  also,  timely  warning  of  many  a  gale,  and  to  send  by  tele- 
graph to  Europe  warning  of  many  a  one  long  before  it  could  traverse  the  Atlantic. 

We  may  suppose  that  the  cradle  of  the  storm  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Baltic,  does  not  always  rest  upon  those  seas.  Its  nursery,  it  may  be  conjectured,  is  rather  upon 
the  land  than  the  water.  If  so,  lines  of  magnetic  telegraph  are  already  stretching  themselves 
across,  around,  and  about  those  seas,  and  it  may  be  a  question  whether  a  like  system  of  daily 
weather  reports  by  telegraph  would  not  enable  M.  Leverrier,  who  has  already  made  the  Paris 
Observatory  the  centre  of  the  most  extensive  and  useful  system  of  meteorological  observations 
by  telegraph  that  has  yet  been  set  on  foot,  to  detect  every  storm  as  soon  as  it  takes  up  its  line 
of  march  on  the  land,  and  give  to  the  fishermen  and  all  in  port  who  use  the  sea,  warning  of  its 
approach  before  it  reaches  the  water. 

And  so  likewise  the  contributions  which  the  magnetic  telegraph  is  capable  of  making  for 
the  advancement  of  meteorology,  may  enable  us  to  warn  the  ships  in  our  Gulf  ports,  as  well  as 
those  of  Cuba,  perhaps,  of  the  approach  of  every  hurricane  or  tornado  that  visits  those  regions. 
Certainly  we  can  send  to  England  warning  of  many  a  westwardly  gale.     But  I  digress. 


454  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

The  agencies  which  produce  gales  of  wind  in  warm  latitudes  are  somewhat  modified  in 
cold.  The  solar  heat,  the  rapid  evaporation  and  quick  condensation  which  take  place  in  inter- 
tropical climates,  lose,  to  some  extent,  their  activity  in  high  latitudes;  but  this  difference,  as  Sir 
John  Herschel  has  observed,  is  offset,  in  a  manner,  by  the  forces  of  diurnal  rotation — the  nearer 
the  poles  the  greater,  for  a  given  difference  of  latitude,  becomes  the  difference  of  diurnal  rotation; 
and  the  difierence  of  diurnal  rotation  makes  itself  felt  both  in  the  force  and  direction  of  winds. 

Just  in  time  to  enrich  this  discussion  concerning  the  winds  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  is 
the  following  extract  of  a  very  interesting  letter  from  Commodore  Wiillerstorf,  of  the  Austrian 
frigate  Novara,  now  out  upon  a  scientific  mission  to  the  three  great  oceans.  It  is  dated  at  the 
"Nicobar,"  February,  1858,  and  it  arrives  just  in  time  to  stop  the  press  that  room  maybe 
made  for  it  here.     It  more  properly  belongs  to  chap.  XVIII,  vol.  I. 

The  commodore  has  turned  his  attention  especially  to  the  dynamics  of  the  air,  and  that  he 
might  study  the  winds  on  the  polar  borders  of  the  SE.  trades  to  the  best  advantage,  he 
cruised  along  them  for  a  distance  of  more  than  6, 000  miles. 

' '  The  zones  of  variable  winds, ' '  says  he,  ' '  which  limit  the  trades  excited  my  curiosity  a 
long  while  ago,  for,  on  the  one  hand,  it  seemed  to  me  that  the  changes  of  the  wind  in  this 
region  were  dependent  upon  an  obvious  law;  and,  on  the  other  hand — asking  your  pardon — 
because  I  was  not  so  fully  agreed  in  the  representation  of  the  crossing  of  the  atmosphere  from 
one  pole  to  the  other,  as  you  have  developed  it. 

' '  Previous  to  my  arrival  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  when  near  the  land,  where  the  trades  are 
mostly  broken  and  disturbed,  I  was  observant  of  the  changes  of  the  wind,  and,  in  accordance 
therewith,  determined  to  hold  my  course  from  Rio  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  along  the  limit 
of  the  southeast  trades,  nearly  in  a  great  circle. 

' '  The  state  of  the  winds  in  this  region  corresponded  to  my  expectations,  as  it  did  also  on 
the  passage  from  the  Cape  to  the  two  volcanic  islands,  St.  Paul  and  Amsterdam,  in  the  Indian 
Ocean. 

•'At  certain  periods,  namely,  the  SE.  trade  wind  blew,  whose  polar  limit  should  advance 
with  the  approach  of  the  sun  towards  the  south  pole.  After  a  short  continuance,  the  wind 
went  around  to  NE.,  N.,  NW.,  W.,  SW.,  for  which  changes  several  days  were  required. 

' '  Lieut.  Jansen,  whose  acquaintance  I  earnestly  desire,  remarks,  as  you  mention  in  your 
celebrated  Sailing  Directions,  upon  the  turning  of  the  winds;  and  if  you  would  attentively  con- 
sider  the  wind  observations  collected  by  you  in  the  same  work,  you  will  find  that  the  same 
turnings,  always  in  the  same  direction,  have  been  marked  out  also  by  other  ships  without  being 
conscious  of  it. 

' '  I  noticed  that  the  whirlings  take  place  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  case  of  hurricanes, 
and  attempted,  accordingly,  to  treat  these  wind  phenomena  in  the  same  manner  as  is  done  with 
cyclones,  starting  from  the  idea  that  the  hurricanes  generally  cannot  be  separately  existing 
phenomena,  but  that  they  only  exhibit  extreme  atmospheric  motion,  subject  to  laws  remaining 
the  same  for  all  currents  of  air;  that  in  fact  the  dust-whirl  at  the  corner  of  the  house  depends 
on  no  other  causes  than  those  which  produce  such  destructive  effects. 

"The  result  of  this  investigation  was  very  instructive.  I  could,  in  the  evening,  foretell 
^vllat  wind  would  blow  on  the  following  morning,  and  what  weather  we  might  expect  for  the 
following  hours. 

' '  The  barometer  behaves  in  the  same  manner  as  is  generally  the  case  in  cyclones  ;  it  sinks 
while  approaching  the  centre  of  the  cyclone-disk,  and  rises  as  it  is  removed  from  this  centre. 


BAROMETRIC   ANOMALIES    OFF    CAPE   HORN.  455 

At  the  same  time  the  weather  grows  bad  in  the  closer  proximity,  and  improves  with  increasing 
distance  of  this  centre.  These  phenomena  are  not  so  marked  as  in  hurricanes,  but  are  yet  so 
regular  and  easy  to  perceive  that  no  doubt  can  arise  concerning  them. 

"The  path  which  the  centre  of  the  wind-disk  describes  is  like  that  for  the  hurricane,  a 
parabole  or  hyperbole,  whose  vortex  is  turned  to  the  west,  and  whose  axis  remains  nearly 
parallel  to  the  equator. 

' '  The  strength  of  the  wind  increases  in  the  inverse  proportion  of  the  distance  from  the 
centre,  so  that  the  radius-rector  must  describe  equal  areas  in  equal  times,  (the  force  of  the 
wind  remains  the  same,  but  its  velocity  increases  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  strength.) 

"From  these  observation  there  results  undoubtedly: 

"1st.  That  there  are  rotating  winds  which  follow  the  same  law  as  hurricanes  without 
possessing  their  destructive  effects,  but  rather  can  at  some  times  attain  to  the  force  of  a  stiff 
breeze. 

"2d.  That  rotating  winds  whose  disks,  like  those  of  cyclones,  move  in  curved  lines,  must 
arise  from  the  action  of  two  opposing  currents  of  air  meeting,  perhaps,  at  an  oblique  angle, 
just  as  is  the  case  in  the  meeting  of  two  currents  of  water. 

"3d.  That  rotating  winds  or  cyclones  depend  upon  the  motion  of  the  zone  of  greatest 
temperature  and  greatest  atmospheric  pressure  toward  the  pole,  in  connexion  with  the  change 
of  the  sun's  declination,  and  that  they  must  be  the  regulators  of  the  change  of  the  air-particles 
where  they  come  into  conflict. 

"For  proof  of  this,  I  hope  to  be  able  to  furnish  ten  or  twelve  such  phenomena,  and  in 
future  more  yet ;  and,  perhaps,  I  shall  be  able  to  spare  time  enough  to  send  you,  by  some 
opportunity,  a  copy  of  these  wind  charts. 

"I  am  moreover  convinced  that  similar  phenomena  may  be  noticed  at  the  polar  limits  of 
the  northeast  trades,  under  the  same  circumstances,  and  also  in  the  zone  of  calms  at  the  equator; 
but  have,  unfortunately,  hitherto  had  no  time  to  work  out  a  clear  representation  thereof  from 
foreign  observations.  It  would  easily  be  possible  for  you,  with  the  many  journals  you  receive, 
to  turn  your  attention  to  this  phenomenon,  which,  as  it  seems  to  me,  must  be  of  no  unimportant 
value  in  the  theory  of  the  motion  of  the  wind. 

"The  places  where  rotating  winds  may  exist,  as  they  are  the  result  from  the  conflict  of 
nearly  opposite  air-currents,  may  be  determined,  on  the  earth,  generally  by  seeking  those  zones 
in  which  wind  changes  must  take  place. 

"An  air-current  arises  originally  from  a  difference  of  atmospheric  pressure  in  two  adjoining 
regions,  and  the  winds  are  the  resultant  of  these  currents  and  of  the  difference  in  velocity  of 
the  various  parallels  of  the  earth." 

[See  diagram,  p.  451,  and  the  explanation  thereof.     M.] 

"But  in  taking  into  consideration  the  rotation  of  the  earth,  we  must  not  forget  that  the 
atmosphere  is  in  connexion,  though  very  lightly,  with  the  earth's  surface,  and,  therefore,  that 
the  motion  on  the  points  on  this  surface  will  be,  to  a  certain  extent,  communicated  to  the 
atmosphere. 

"As  regards  the  air-currents,  which  must  regularly  have  place  upon  the  earth,  it  is  first 
of  all  necessary  to  ascertain  those  places  where  minima  and  maxima  of  atmospheric  pressure 
must  take  place. 

"By  the  action  of  the  sun,  as  is  well  known,  there  is  produced  a  zone  of  higher  temperature 
near  the  equator,  where  the  air  attains  its  greatest  expansion,  and,  consequently,  exerts  a  pressure 
on  every  side  and  upwards,  and  blows  in  the  direction  of  the  least  resistance.     The  velocity 


k 


456  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS, 

attained  by  the  particles  of  air  carries  them  generally  higher  than  those  strata  which  had  the 
same  density  with  them,  thence  arises  the  necessity  for  these  particles  to  spread  out  laterally 
on  either  side  of  the  zone  of  highest  temperature,  and  thus  an  upper  current  is  produced,  which 
is,  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  lower,  caused  by  the  influx  of  polar  air. 

"By  this  upper  counter  current  must  now  the  gravity  of  the  air-columns  above  the  earth 
be  increased,  and  the  pressure  will,  at  a  certain  distance,  depending  on  the  greatest  declination 
of  the  sun,  reach  a  maximum.  There  are,  therefore,  two  zones  of  greatest  pressure,  which,  if 
the  capacity  of  the  earth  for  heat  were  everywhere  the  same,  would  remain  parallel  to  the  zones 
of  greatest  temperature.  For  compensating  this  greatest  pressure,  the  air  must  also  flow  up 
toward  the  poles,  and  the  current  so  produced  must,  by  the  greater  density  of  the  zones  of 
greatest  pressure,  take  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  while,  in  the  upper  regions,  the  polar 
air  continually  flows  toward  the  zones  of  greatest  temperature. 

"That,  both  in  the  zones  of  greatest  temperature  and  in  those  of  greatest  pressure,  calms 
and  variable  winds  must  prevail,  should  require  no  further  explanation;  and  that  by  these  are 
meant  the  zones  of  equatorial  calms  and  those  of  the  horse  latitudes,  follows  from  the  above 
description.  In  fact  the  barometer  rises  from  the  equator  to  the  polar  limits  of  the  trades, 
where  it  takes  its  highest  stand,  and  then,  though  not  so  regularly,  diminishes  always  towards 
the  poles. 

"In  the  same  way,  by  the  flowing  off  of  the  air  towards  the  cold  pole  towards  which  they 
converge,  at  a  certain  distance  from  it,  will  again  zones  of  greatest  pressure  be  found,  which, 
however,  are  probably  subject  to  greater  irregularities  than  can  be  the  case  for  the  similar 
zones  nearest  the  equator.  If  the  sun  had  no  change  of  declination,  then  both  the  zones  of 
greatest  temperature  and  of  greatest  pressure  would  be  immovable  upon  the  surface  of  the 
earth;  but  by  the  varying  position  of  the  sun,  the  position  of  these  zones  also  varies,  and  so 
much  the  more  irregularly,  as  the  former  warms  continents  which  have  difierent  powers  of 
reception  and  radiation. 

"From  Prof.  Dove's  charts  of  the  distribution  of  temperature,  we  can  now  see  to  what 
changes  the  position  and  extent  of  the  zones  of  greatest  temperature  are  subject,  and  we  can 
from  them  also  learn  how  far  the  trade  winds  near  continents,  such  as  Africa,  Australia  and 
India,  extend  and  are  subject  to  changes. 

"By  these  changes  of  position  and  magnitude  of  the  above-mentioned  zones,  which  may 
sometimes  take  place  with  considerable  rapidity,  are  caused  partial  waves  of  pressure  and  con- 
flicts of  currents  of  air,  which,  as  I  said  above,  give  rise  to  circular  winds  whose  force  may 
attain  to  that  of  the  hurricanes. 

"It  appears,  in  general,  that  the  advance  of  the  zones  of  greatest  pressure  and  of  greatest 
temperature  produces  cyclones  in  that  hemisphere  towards  which  these  advances  take  place; 
and  it  is  easy,  by  taking,  also,  into  account  the  different  directions  at  which  the  air-currents 
meet  in  consequence  of  the  earth's  rotation,  to  show  that  the  turning  of  the  winds  in  the 
northern  hemisphere  must  be  against,  and  in  the  southern  hemisphere  with,  the  direction  of  the 
hands  of  a  watch. 

"It  appears,  for  instance,  that  in  circumstances  such  as  we  find  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the 
zone  of  greatest  temperature  does  not,  on  account  of  local  relations,  reach  the  southern  hemis- 
phere. Consequently,  cyclones  can  take  place  within  the  region  of  the  southeast  trades  but 
seldom,  although  such  phenomena  must  occur  on  the  polar  limits  of  these  trades. 

"In  the  difi"erent  relations  of  temperature  between  land  and  sea  are,  finally,  to  be  found 


BAROMETRIC   ANOMALIES    OFF    CAPE    HORN,  457 

partial  zones  of  greatest  temperature  and  greatest  pressure,  even  in  the  coast  regions;  of  which 
the  hand  and  sea  breezes,  and,  in  another  relation,  the  pamperos,  tornados,  &c.,  furnish  the 
proof. 

"You  see,  most  honored  sir,  into  what  an  abyss  of  zones  I  have  fallen  in  thought;  and  I 
beg  you  to  have  patience  with  a  man  who,  animated  by  the  greatest  desire  to  accomplish  some- 
thing useful,  perhaps  exceeds  the  limits  prescribed  to  his  understanding.  Should  you  find  it 
worth  the  trouble  to  form  an  opinion  respecting  the  views  here  brought  together  in  the  shortest 
possible  space,  it  would  be  very  benevolent  in  you  to  write  to  me  concerning  them,  and  enable 
me  to  avoid  the  errors  which  a  sailor  of  your  acquaintance  has  made  in  relation  to  the  theory 
of  the  winds." 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  by  the  mariner  who  wishes  to  study  the  laws  of  the  storm, 
that  the  serial  equilibrium  of  our  planet  is  continually  liable  to  derangement  both  by  the 
direct  and  reflected  heat  of  the  sun  ;  and  that  when  the  equilibrium  is  disturbed  from  this 
source  alone,  nature  does  not  seek  to  bring  back  equilibrium  over  large  areas  by  riot  or  com- 
motion, but  rather  by  steady  and  gentle  efforts,  as  by  the  trade -winds  and  the  land  and  sea 
breezes.  There  is  another  source  of  disturbance,  however,  whose  action  is  sometimes  spas- 
modic, often  sudden  and  violent,  and  that  source  of  disturbance  resides  in  the  omnipresent 
vapor  of  the  air. 

When  there  is  a  sudden  condensation  of  vapor  with  rain,  heat  enough  to  raise  from 
freezing  to  boiling,  more  than  five  times  the  quantity  of  water  rained  is  set  free  among  the 
clouds.  This,  as  explained  by  Espy,  and  as  exemplified  by  nature,  causes,  under  the  equa- 
torial cloud  ring,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  whirlwind,  an  expansion  and  an  uprising — a  boiling 
over,  and  flowing  off,  with  a  low  barometer.  And  while  we  should,  with  the  admirable 
Wiillerstorf,  be  ready  to  ascribe  important  and  due  influences  to  the  motions  of  the  sun  in  the 
ecliptic  and  to  the  vibration  of  the  calm  belts,  we  should  not  forget  the  power  that  is  wrapt 
up  in  the  invisible  vapor  of  the  air  ;  for  Faraday  has  taught  us  that  a  single  grain  of  water 
is  capable  of  evolving  electricity  enough  to  make  a  thunder-clap. 

It  is  one  of  the  chief  excellencies  of  this  system  of  research,  that  it  draws  forth  opinions 
from  clever  men,  as  well  as  facts  from  patient  observers.  The  Austrian  commodore  has  stated 
his  views  philosophically  and  well.  But  the  question  with  me  in  this  w^ork  is,  not  who  is  right 
or  w^ho  is  wrong,  but  what  is  true.  I  therefore,  in  my  reply  to  him,  referred  to  Chap. 
XVIII,  p.  262,  Volume  I,  and  wrote:  "I  know  you  have  men  of  weight  with  you  in  your  views 
concerning  a  place  of  high  barometer  about  either  pole  as  well  as  at  the  tropics.  But  I  cannot 
make  out  in  fact  or  in  theory  a  polar  place  of  high  barometer.  Nor  does  observation  show 
it — I  speak  with  deference — according  to  my  judgment.    *  ^  *  *  * 

"I  find  some  difficulties  about  the  cyclone  theory  that  I  cannot  overcome.  I  should  be 
most  happy  if  you,  with  your  excellent  opportunities,  your  superior  powers  of  observation 
and  generalization,  would  turn  your  attention  to  the  subject  and  assist  me. 

' '  My  difficulties  are  of  this  sort  :  I  cannot  conceive  it  possible  to  have  a  cyclone  with  a 
revolving  and  travelling  disk  1,000,  or  500,  or  even  100  miles  in  diameter,  as  the  expounders  of 
the  theory  have  it.  Is  it  possible,  do  you  suppose,  for  a  disk  of  such  an  attenuated  fluid  as 
common  air,  having  1,000  miles  of  diameter  with  its  less  than  wafer-like  thickness  in  comparison, 
to  go  travelling  over  the  earth's  surface  and  revolving  about  a  centre  with  tornado  violence? 

* '  With  the  log-books  of  several  vessels  before  me  that  are  supposed  to  be  in  different 
parts  of  the  same  cyclone,  I  have  a  number  of  times  attempted  to  project  its  path.     But  I 
VOL.   II 58 


458 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


failed  always  to  bring  out  such  a  storm  as  the  theory  calls  for.  One  or  two  vessels  may  do  it; 
but  is  their  testimony  sufficient  ?  I  think  not.  Take  as  many  as  six  or  seven,  and  their  records 
will  seldom  or  never  prove  the  existence  of  such  a  storm  as  the  theory  calls  for. 

"  I  make  a  distinction  between  the  hauling  of  the  wind,  in  consequence  of  diurnal  rotation 
of  the  earth;  and  the  rotation  of  the  wind  in  the  cyclone,  in  consequence  of  its  centripetal 

force. 

"For  the  sake  of  illustrating  my  difficulties  a  little  further,  let  us  suppose  a  low  barometer 
with  a  revolving  storm  to  occur  at  A  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Let  the  storm  be  travelling 
towards  B.  Let  an  observer  be  at  c,  d,  and  e,-c  and  d,  being  each  several  hundred  miles 
from  A. 

"Now,  then,  will  not  the  air  at  c  and  d  blow  N.  and  E.  as  directly  for  the  place  of  low 
barometer  as  it  would,  were  that  place  an  oblong  iV,   instead  of  a  disk,  as  per  the  arrows  ? 

d" 


C" 


/    c 


Co 


d 


9/ 


a; 


B 


"  The  trade -winds  answer  this  question  affirmatively.  But  the  cyclonologists,  instead  of 
permitting  the  wind  at  the  distance  c  to  blow  to  the  east,  and  at  d  to  blow  to  the  north, 
merely  because  there  is  a  low  barometer  east  of  c  and  north  of  d  require  it  so  to  blow,  because, 
by  their  theory^  there  is  a  low  barometer  east  of  d  and  south  of  c  !  Thus,  to  reach  its  theo- 
retical place  of  destination,  it  must  blow  in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  that  destination !  It 
would  require  a  rush  of  inconceivable  rapidity,  so  to  deflect  currents  of  air  while  they  are  yet 
several  hundred  miles  from  the  centre  of  gyration.  The  gyrating  disk  can  never,  I  appre- 
hend, exceed  a  few  miles  in  diameter.  On  shore  we  never  find  it  exceeding  in  breadth  as 
many  rods,  in  most  cases  not  of  as  many  fathoms,  as  its  advocates  give  it  miles  at  sea.  I  agree 
with  you  that  the  dust  whirl  in  the  street  is  a  true  type  of  the  tornado  (cyclone)  at  sea. 

' '  Lnagine  such  a  case  to  occur  in  nature  as  the  one  supposed.  With  the  observations  of 
d  alone  before  him,  the  cyclonologist  would  say  the  storm  was  travelling  in  the  direction 
d'  d"]  but  with  the  log  of  c  before  him,  his  direction  for  it  would  be  d  c".  By  the  rule,  ship 
d  would  be  led  towards  the  real  track  of  the  storm,  and  ship  c  away  from  it. 

' '  Thus  you  observe  there  are  in  the  various  parts  of  the  storm  three  forces  at  work  in 
effecting  a  change  of  wind.  (1)  One  is  diurnal  rotation ;  it  alone  can  never  work  a  change  of 
direction  exceeding  90°;  (2)  another  is  the  varying  position  or  travelling  motion  of  the  place  of 
barometric  depression — the  change  effected  by  it  cannot  exceed  180°  without  the  interven- 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  KOQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN.  459 

tion  of  a  calm ;  (3)  and  the  third  is  the  whirling  motion  imparted  by  the  rush  to  a  common 
centre — the  whirl  of  water  at  the  flood  gate  of  the  mill,  the  whirlwind  in  the  street. 

"  Now,  then,  let  us  fancy  your  places  of  low  barometer  about  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn 
to  be  the  trough  of  barometric  waves  ;  the  shifting  of  the  wind  and  its  hauling  might  be  the 
result  of  forces  1  and  2,  depending  upon  the  direction  in  which  the  wave  travels,  and  not 
upon  any  cyclone  principle.     Will  you  not  look  to  it  in  this  aspect? 

' '  The  question  is,  can  we  not  devise  a  set  of  rules  or  tests  by  which,  when  the  wind  shifts 
•with  the  mariner  at  sea,  he  may  certainly  know  whether  it  be  shifting  in  obedience  to  cause  1, 
2,  or  3,  or  to  a  combination  of  them  ?  But  because  no  such  rules  have  been  devised,  must  we,  for 
that  reason,  condemn  the  cyclone  theory  out  and  out  ?  By  no  means.  For  when  a  vessel  is  in 
the  gyrations  of  a  cyclone,  the  rules  are  good  ;  only  when  she  has  the  wind  blowing  direct 
towards  the  place  of  low  barometer,  the  rules  are  such  that  they  are  as  apt  to  lead  her  into 
the  vortex  as  away  from  it. 

' '  I  send  you  a  few  blanks  for  the  daily  barometric  range  at  sea.  The  explanation  accom- 
panies them;*  perhaps  thev  may  be  of  service  to  you  in  the  further  prosecution  of  your  inquiry. 
These  blanks  were  prepared  expressly  with  the  hope  that  through  their  use  we  might  receive 
light  upon  subjects  akin  to  the  one  under  consideration." 

I  hope  every  ship  master  who  is  co-operating  with  me  will  use  the  blanks.  I  have 
appended  them  to  the  Abstract.  By  means  of  the  projections  proposed  I  am  sure  the  difficulties 
of  doubling  Cape  Horn  may  be  lessened,  and  time  may  be  saved  for  that  part  of  the  route 
which  lies  between  50°  S.  in  the  Atlantic  and  50°  S,  in  the  Pacific. 

FROM  THE   "FAIR  WAY"   OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. 

In  the  ' '  Fair  Way ' '  off  St.  Roque,  Cape  Horn  bound  vessels,  both  from  England  and 
America,  fall  in  with  each  other,  and  their  track  thence  is  the  same  ;  consequently  there  is 
required  but  one  set  of  Sailing  Directions  for  doubling  Cape  Horn  on  the  outward  voyage. 
The  SE.  trade-winds  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  South  American  shore  on  the  other,  prevent 
any  choice  of  route  from  St.  Roque  to  the  parallel  of  35°  or  40°  S.  For  this  reason  a  table  of 
crossings  after  the  Dutch  plan  is  not  given. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  last  edition,  180  ships  that  have  doubled  Cape  Horn  have 
returned  their  logs  to  this  office  in  time  for  the  present  discussion.  Following  the  Sailing 
Directions  there  given  they  have  shortened  the  average  length  of  the  passage  from  the  ' '  Fair 
Way"  off  St.  Roque,  round  the  Horn  to  the  parallel  of  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific,  half  a  day..  The 
passage  around  Cape  Horn  seems,  therefore,  to  be  well  understood.  The  sum  and  substance 
of  the  best  sailing  directions  from  the  "Fair  Way^'  off  St.  Roque,  round  Cape  Horn  to  the 
Pacific,  amounts  simply  to  this :  From  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  make  the  best  of  your  way 
south,  keeping  a  good  offing  from  the  coast;  always  pass  inside  of  the  Falkland  Islands;  and, 
when  the  wind  will  allow,  go  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  and  hug  close  around  the  Cape, 
aiming  to  get  to  the  west  as  fast  and  as  soon  as  possible.  Occasionally  ice  is  met  with  east  of 
the  Falkland  Islands,  and  that  is  another  reason  why  outward  bound  vessels  should  prefer  to 
go  inside  of  these  islands. 

The  observations  contained  in  the  abstract  logs,  and  the  information  given  by  navigators 

Vide  p.  367  and  Plate  XIX.  Vol.  1. 


460  THE  WIND  AND  CURKENT  CHARTS. 

concerning  this  passage,  are  ample;  the  difficulties  of  the  passage  are  fully  and  fairly  set  forth; 
the  way  is  made  plain,  and  any  further  gain  of  time  in  the  passage  must  of  necessity  depend 
upon  the  navigator  himself — upon  the  manner  in  which  he  meets  and  buifets  with  these 
difficulties. 

The  best  chance  that  the  navigator  now  has  for  any  further  shortening  of  the  time  off 
Cape  Horn  is  afforded  by  the  barometer.  It  must  be  carefully  and  patiently  studied,  with  the 
aid  of  the  blank  chart  for  the  daily  barometric  range  at  sea. 

Ship  Argonaut,  (Captain  Nathaniel  Hale,)   72  days  out. 

"Nov.  17,  1856.  Lat.  42°  20'  S.;  long.  32°  40'  E.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  cloudy 
weather;  middle  part,  hard  gales  and  tremendous  sea;  took  in  everything,  down  to  whole  top- 
sail and  foresail;  at  5  a.  m.  double  reefed  the  topsail;  latter  part,  hard  gales  and  tremendous 
heavy  squalls,  accompanied  with  snow;  at  11  a.  m.  shipped  a  sea  over  the  quarter,  which  stove 
in  our  monkey  rail,  killed  fowls  in  hen-coop  on  quarter  deck,  and  filled  deck  with  water;  a  very 
heavy  sea  running;  double  reefed  topsails  and  whole  foresail. 

Nov.  18.  Lat.  42°  41'  S. ;  long.  36°  57'  E.  First  part,  heavy  gales  and  heavier  squalls, 
with  tremendous  sea  running,  shipping  much  water;  at  12  midnight  the  barometer  started  up, 
when  it  began  to  moderate;  at  4  a.  m.  made  sail  up  to  single  reefs,  with  top-gallant  sails  over; 
also  set  mainsail  and  spanker;  latter  part,  fresh  gales  and  cloudy  weather;  still  a  heavy  sea 
running. 

Nov.  19.  Lat.  42°  00'  S. ;  long.  43°  01'  E.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  cloudy  weather, 
with  a  light  sea;  air  very  cold;  at  12  m.  passed  within  100  yards  of  an  immense  iceberg,  at 
least  100  feet  in  height,  and  should  judge  it  to  be  one-fourth  of  a  mile  in  circumference;  the 
sea  was  breaking  very  violently  against  its  SW.  side,  and  it  appeared  to  be  fast  wasting  away; 
at  7.45  p.  m.  passed  another,  but  of  smaller  dimensions;  at  1  a.  m.  wind  veered  northerly,  with 
squally  weather;  air  much  warmer;  latter  part,  strong  gales  and  passing  squalls  of  rain;  whole 
topsails  and  top -gallant  sails. 

Nov.  20.  Lat.  42°  10'  S. ;  long.  48°  12'  E.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  very  squally;  took 
in  top-gallant  sails  and  double  reefed  the  main  topsail;  at  4  p.  m.  made  all  plain  sail  and  set 
fore-topmast  studding  sail;  middle  part,  wind  dying  away  gradually,  and  sea  going  down; 
latter  part,  moderate  and  pleasant;  smooth  sea;  albatross  in  great  numbers." 

Extract  from  the  log  of  the  ship   ''Beindeer,^^    Captain    0.   B.   Barher,  from  Boston  to  San 

Francisco,  1855. 

Feb.  10,  1855.  Lat.  58°  46'  S.;  long.  78°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air, 
45°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  at  4  p.  m.  set  royals, 
jib,  and  spanker;  strong  gales,  with  a  light  sea;  at  midnight  saw  a  large  iceberg  to  windward; 
passed  within  a  mile  of  it.  We  judged  it  to  be  200  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water  and 
500  or  600  in  length.  Strong  gales,  in  top-gallant  sails;  at  4  a.  m.  under  close  reefed  fore  and 
main  topsail,  and  reefed  foresail;  latter  part,  strong  gales,  thick  rainy  weather;  at  noon  saw 
another  iceberg  to  leeward. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  58°  24'  S.;  long.  78°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  temperature  of  air,  43°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  part,  more  moderate;  latter 
part,  moderate  breezes,  with  showers  of  rain;  wore  ship  at  8  p.  m.,  headed  N. ;  saw  another 
iceberg." 

I  have  nothing  to  alter  or  to  add  to  the  Sailing  Directions  given  in  the  7th  edition  for 
doubling  Cape  Horn,  except  to  urge  navigators,  whenever  winds  and  weather  are  favorable, 


FROM    THE     'FAIR   WAY"    OFF    ST.    EOQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN  4^1 

to  attempt  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire.  They  have  been  tried  and  have  stood  the  test  remarkably 
well;  and  though  I  can  only  repeat  them  Avitli  such  remarks  as  they  have  called  forth  from 
practical  navigators. 

Vessels  bound  round  the  cape  should  first,  after  leaving  Cape  St.  Roque,  aim,  if  the  winds 
will  let  them,  to  cross  25°  S.  in  about  35°  W.  At  any  rate,  they  should  run  down  the  coast, 
keeping  as  far  off  from  the  land  as,  with  a  good  clean  rap -full,  they  can,  without  going  to  the 
east  of  33°  34°. 

After  crossing  the  parallel  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  the  difficulty  is  to  get  to  the  westward. 
Therefore,  aim  always  to  pass  inside  of  the  Falkland  islands,  and,  if  wind  and  daylight  serve, 
through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire;  for  it  is  better  to  make  westing  on  the  north  side  of  their 
parallel  of  latitude,  when  it  is  practicable,  and  where  the  weather  is  mild,  than  to  put  it  off 
for  the  stormy  latitudes,  south,  where  it  is  more  difficult. 

Captain  Smyley,  who  has  been  engaged  for  many  years  in  the  seal  fishery  of  the  South 
Seas,  has  furnished  we  with  some  remarks  and  sailing  directions  in  relation  to  this  part  of  the 
ocean;  so  also  have  Captain  Bryson,  of  the  brig  Daniel,  and  others;  navigators  may  find  these 
remarks  useful ;  I  therefore  copy  and  repeat  them : 

"In  compliance  Avith  your  published  request,"  says  Captain  Bryson,  "I  avail  myself  of 
the  earliest  opportunity  to  forward  to  you  an  abstract  journal  of  the  brig  Daniel,  formerly  the 
United  States  bomb  brig  Hecla,  kept  by  me  on  her  voyage  from  New  York  to  California,  which 
is  but  a  poor  tribute  for  the  manifest  advantage  and  valuable  knowledge  imparted  by  the  aid 
of  your  truly  useful  and  ingenious  system,  which  I  regard  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  inven- 
tions of  the  age,  and  doubtless  will  yet  lead  to  results  far  beyond  its  present  apparent  purpose 
to  speed  the  voyage. 

"Noticing  your  intimation  to  West  India  traders  for  further  data,  to  complete  your  Wind 
and  Current  Chart  of  the  West  Indies,  I  have  written  a  friend  to  send  you  my  private  journals, 
embracing  a  period  of  about  six  years,  commencing  May,  1838.  These  journals  were  kept  for 
the  purpose  of  facilitating  a  practical  knowledge  of  winds,  &c.,  for  which  I  thirsted,  without 
the  means  of  obtaining  any  reliable  information,  except  the  divers  accounts  furnished  by  casual 
observers,  which,  like  the  various  sailing  directions  for  Cape  Horn,  serve  rather  to  distract 
the  mind  than  to  assist  the  judgment.  I  was  in  the  constant  habit,  for  several  years,  of 
referring  to  these  journals,  with  the  sole  view  of  obtaining  the  very  information  that  your 
Charts  so  plainly  and  beautifully  illustrate.  My  personal  observation,  therefore,  confirms  me 
in  the  truth  of  your  system.  Having  been  kept  solely  for  private  use,  you  will  find  many 
remarks  in  those  journals  quite  irrelevant  to  your  purpose;  nevertheless,  in  your  hands,  I  trust 
they  will  be  acceptable.  The  temperature  of  the  air  and  water  was  only  noted  in  approaching 
and  departing  from  our  coast.  At  different  times  I  have  found  a  cold  place  in  the  centre  of 
the  Gulf,  bearing  about  SE.  by  S.  from  Montauk. 

' '  In  reference  to  my  present  passage,  I  would  state  that  I  followed  your  directions,  as 
near  as  winds  would  permit.  Although  the  vessel  was  deep,  and  sailed  heavy,  I  have  reason 
to  think  our  passage  was  thus  materially  shortened. 

"About  the  parallel  of  45°  S.  a  marked  change  in  the  weather  occurred,  followed  by  a 
constant  succession  of  gales.  The  temperature  of  the  sea  had  also  suddenly  fallen  some  6° 
below  the  temperature  of  the  air,  as  indicated  by  the  thermometer  attached  to  the  barometer 
in  the  cabin.  The  difference  of  temperature  between  the  air  and  the  water  continued  with, 
little  variation  until  we  passed  the  cape,  except  a  part  of  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  of  February, 


462  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

when  we  stood  far  enough  eastward  to  bring  Falkland  Islands  in  a  line  with  Cape  Horn.  At 
those  times,  the  temperature  of  the  sea  rose  to  about  the  same  range  as  the  air;  from  that 
circumstance,  in  connexion  with  the  NE.  current,  I  was  strongly  impressed  with  the  idea  that 
a  steady  cold  stream  set  to  the  northward  and  eastward,  like  the  Gulf  Stream  on  our  coast,  the 
elements  being  only  reversed,  which  would  account  for  the  continual  storms  that  seem  to 
prevail  in  that  region. 

"The  current  continued  more  or  less  strong  in  proportion  to  the  strength  and  duration  of 
the  gales;  but  varying  more  easterly  as  we  drcAv  up  with  the  Horn,  until  we  were  fairly  past 
it,  and  nearly  up  with  the  latitude  of  Cape  Pillar,  amounting  to  no  less  than  G50  miles! 
Considering  this  great  drawback  in  connexion  with  the  almost  constant  adverse  gales,  many  of 
which  were  so  heavy  that  no  ship  could  bear  canvas,  it  seems  highly  important  to  ascertain 
the  most  desirable  route,  if  possible,  to  avoid  such  serious  dangers  and  delays.  It  was  my 
intention  to  have  doubled  the  cape  close,  and  keep  near  the  land  all  the  way  round.  But,  after 
making  Diegos,  the  violence  of  the  gale  seemed  to  render  it  a  matter  of  prudence  to  keep  an 
offing;  then  there  was  difficulty  in  making  northing  without  also  making  much  easting.  When 
we  finally  succeeded  in  again  attaining  the  latitude  of  the  Horn,  the  gales  were  not  so  furious 
but  that  we  could  carry  close-reefed  topsails.  The  second  day  after  our  departure  from  Diegos, 
the  current  had  set  us  so  far  to  the  E.,  I  could  not  believe  my  chronometer,  and  supposed  I 
might  have  inadvertently  stopped  her  10',  which  I  deducted,  in  order  to  make  our  position 
where  I  washed  it  to  be.  I  continued  to  work  time  every  day  when  an  opportunity  offered, 
and  seldom  missed  a  day,  considering  the  dreadful  weather.  Arriving  at  Juan  Fernandez,  I 
found  my  chronometer  perfectly  correct,  and  have  since  corrected  the  longitude  for  the  10, 
Bubtracted.  I  mention  the  above  to  show  that  you  may  rely  upon  my  observations  upon  the 
currents,  &c.,  Avith  more  accuracy  than  is  usually  bestowed  by  merchantmen.  Adverting  to 
the  winds  of  Cape  Horn,  I  would  state  that  I  projected  wind  circles  like  yours  on  the  margin 
of  your  Chart  of  Tracks  for  the  cape.  The  result  led  me  to  expect  SW.  and  NW.  as  the 
prevailing  winds  for  the  months  of  February  and  March;  but  it  was  our  hard  fate  to  find  them 
from  W.SW.  to  W.NW.  per  compass.  I  contemplate  making  the  voyage  round  via  China.  If 
so,  shall  continue  the  abstract,  with  such  remarks  on  the  movement  of  the  elements  and 
natural  phenomena  as  may  come  within  the  range  of  my  observation." 

"I  consider,"  says  Captain  Smyley,  "your  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  the  best  guides 
ever  given  to  the  navigator,  in  pointing  out  the  means  of  shortening  the  passage  to  his  port, 
as  well  as  shunning  the  calms,  which  have  caused  so  much  detention  in  vessels  crossing  the 
line,  and  also  of  the  advantages  taken  by  standing  more  to  the  westward,  and  passing  nearer 
Cape  St.  tloque.  I  have  tried  both  routes  to  my  own  satisfaction,  and  am  well  satisfied  on  my 
own  part  that  the  western  route  is  far  the  best,  and  have  for  several  years  recommended  it  to 
be  taken,  and  I  am  happy  to  say  I  have  been  since  told  by  many  that  it  is  the  most  preferable. 

"I  sailed  from  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  3,  1836,  in  the  schooner  Sailor's  Return — myself 
master — bound  to  the  Falkland  Islands  and  South  Shetlands.  The  schooner  Geneva,  Captain 
A.  Padack,  my  consort,  sailed  the  same  day,  and  kept  company  with  me  until  we  arrived  in  the 
latitude  of  4°  N.  and  25°  W.  The  winds  were  light  and  baffling,  from  SW.  to  S.SW.,  for  one 
or  two  days.  I  stood  to  the  westward,  but  he  began  to  worry  for  fear  of  falling  to  the  leeward. 
I  left  him,  giving  him  instructions  to  proceed  with  all  possible  despatch,  and  meet  me  at  the 
Falkland  Islands;  we  were  then  in  4°  16'  N.,  and  26°  W.,  wind  S.SW.     The  Geneva  stood  on 


FROM    THE    "FAIR    WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN.  4^3 

her  eastern  tack,  /  to  the  westward,    and  arrived  at  the  Falkland  Islands  twenty-one  days 
before  her. 

'•  On  examining  onr  journal,  I  found  I  gained  thirteen  days  of  the  time  between  4°  N.  and 
8°  S.,  by  nothing  but  his  being  afraid  of  falling  to  leeward;  whilst  I  could  lay  the  land  along, 
he  was  continually  tacking  about;  and  as  for  a  current,  I  tried  several  ti^mes,  and  found  but 
very  little  setting  NW.  There  was  the  schooner  Ann  Howard,  of  New  London,  had  the  same 
passage  as  the  Geneva,  and  took  the  same  route  ;  she  had  eigjity-one  days  to  the  coast  of 
Patagonia,  and  eighty-three  to  Port  Desire,  latitude  47°  45'  S.;  longitude  65°  54'  W.  The  A. 
H.  sailed  within  one  day  of  the  Geneva,  and  arrived  within  two  days  of  her,  giving  me  twenty 
days  ahead  of  one,  and  twenty-three  ahead  of  the  other. 

"  Sailor's  Return,  a  second  voyage,  sailed  August  22,  1838,  and  in  thirty  days  was  cast 
away  at  Cape  St.  Roque,  standing  along  shore  on  the  off-shore  tack,  having  made  the  land  that 
morning.  I  was  bound  in,  to  Rio  Grande,  north,  to  repair  my  sheathing,  which  had  started  off 
the  bottom.  I  crossed  the  line  in  35°  40';  I  found  no  trouble  in  getting  up  the  coast,  until  I 
struck  on  the  reef  at  Cape  St.  Roque. 

"I  found  the  tides  tolerably  regular  at  the  cape  during  the  two  days  I  was  on  shore,  and 
the  pilots  say  the  currents  are  trifling  on  the  coast  from  St.  Roque  to  St.  Augustine,  when  you 
are  in  more  than  forty  fathoms  water;  and  I  believe  it  is  true,  for  I  have  tried  it  since,  and 
found  very  little,  if  any. 

"Schooner  Benjamin  De  Wolf,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  sailed  from  Newport,  R.  I.,  for  the 
Falkland  Islands,  April  2,  1839.  Having  a  sharp  vessel,  and  every  confidence  in  my  own 
mind  of  the  western  route,  I  determined  to  steer  my  course  as  if  bound  to  Fernando  de  Noronha, 
and  to  pay  no  attention  either  to  winds,  weather,  or  currents,  no  more  than  if  such  were  not  to 
be  found  on  the  route.  I  found  no  calms,  and  but  little  rain.  I  passed  inside  of  Fernando  de 
Noronha,  distant  twelve  or  fifteen  miles,  and  passed  Olinda  in  twenty-one  days  and  eight  hours; 
and  from  St.  Augustine  to  Port  Egmont  I  had  but  twenty  days — making  but  forty-one  days 
and  eight  hours  passage  to  the  Falklands. 

"Schooner  Benjamin  de  Wolf,  second  voyage,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  sailed  from  New- 
port, R.  I.,  May  28,  1840,  for  Patagonia,  and  arrived  at  Rio  Negro,  latitude  41°  4'  S.,  longi- 
tude 62°  49'  W.,  in  forty-one  days,  passing  about  fifty-five  miles  east  of  Fernando  de  Noronha, 
and  crossing  the  line  in  36°  15'.  I  found  the  wind  from  NW.  to  SW.,  more  than  from  any  other 
quarter,  from  the  line  to  St.  Roque.  The  current  I  had  no  opportunity  to  try,  but  am  sure  it 
is  more  governed  by  the  wind  than  anything  else,  but  far  less  than  people  in  general  suppose. 

"Schooner  Ohio,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  from  Newport,  R.  L,  to  Rio  Negro,  Patagonia, 
sailed  September  29,  1842,  in  company  with  the  Sarah  Ann,  Gough  master,  consort  to  the 
Ohio;  kept  company  until  in  16°  north  and  40°  west.  Captain  Gough,  as  well  as  Padack, 
wished  to  cross  the  line  well  to  eastward,  and,  although  they  were  both  under  my  instructions 
and  control,  I  permitted  them  to  have  their  choice.  After  leaving  Captain  Gough  I  steered 
for  Fernando  de  Noronha  as  before,  but  kept  on  until  I  found  myself  in  sight  of  Cape  St. 
Roque,  passing  inside  of  the  Rocas  ten  miles,  and,  by  making  a  short  tack  off  Mernanguapa, 
passed  Pernambuco,  distant  about  eight  miles,  being  then  out  thirty  days.  I  stopped  three 
days  at  San  Francisco,  and  three  at  Isapacaray,  making  my  passage  to  Rio  Negro  in  sixty  days, 
including  stoppages. 

"The  Sarah  Ann  made  no  stoppages,  and  came  in  ten  days  after  me,  making  my  passage 
sixteen  days  shorter  than  hers,  exclusive  of  being  embayed  two  days.     I  found,  by  overhauling 


4G4 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


their  journal  and  log,  that  they  kept  well  to  the  eastward  in  that  old  heaten  turnpike  of  former 
navigators,  crossing  in  from  24°  to  25°  W.,  and  that  most  of  my  gaining  was  from  about  4°  N. 
to  8°  S.,  which  convinced  me  of  the  advantages  of  the  western  route. 

"Schooner  Ohio,  first  voyage,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  sailed  from  NeAvport,  R.  L,  July  14, 
1841,  making  my  passage  in  fifty  days,  including  two  days'  stoppage  at  the  Brazils  for  recruits. 
I  passed  so  close  to  the  Rocas,  and  not  being  able  to  get  good  observations,  owing  to  the 
weather,  that  I  am  not  sure  which  side  I  went  on. 

' '  On  my  arrival  in  the  Brazils,  I  tried  my  chronometer,  by  artificial  horizon,  and  found  it 
correct.  It  was  in  the  day  time,  and  I  kept  a  good  lookout  for  them  until  I  was  sure  I  was  to 
the  south  of  them.  This  voyage  I  had  no  consort.  I  found  but  little  current  setting  W.NW. ; 
this  was  near  the  Rocas,  perhaps  one  degree,  or  a  little  more,  north  of  them. 

"There  is  another  thing  still  more  remarkable;  although  you  have  more  wind  near  the 
land,  yet  the  sea  is  much  smoother  than  it  is  further  to  the  eastward.  The  natives,  who  fish  on 
the  catamarans  along  the  coast,  have  repeatedly  told  me  that  the  current  was  but  trifling;  you 
will  often  see  two  of  these  catamarans  at  anchor,  tailing  in  different  directions,  but  generally 
with  the  wind.  If  the  current  about  Cape  St.  Roque  was  as  strong  as  persons  in  general 
imagine  it  to  be,  the  clump-built  coasters  would  not  be  able  to  make  headway,  and  beat  from 
Cira  up  to  Pernambuco,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  as  they  do. 

"Schooner  Catharine,  of  Newport,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  bound  to  Patagonia.  I  left 
Newport,  September  10,  1845,  and  stood  to  sea,  with  the  intention  of  taking  my  old  route,  that 
is,  to  steer  for  Fernando  de  Noronha,  or  nearly  that  course,  so  as  to  pass  east  of  the  Bermudas, 
but  the  wind  prevailing  more  to  the  south  gave  me  a  chance  to  keep  well  to  the  eastward.  I 
stood  boldly  on;  but  had  the  wind  light,  with  heavy  rain  squalls,  and  much  thunder  and  light- 
ning; crossed  the  line  in  23°  32',  making  little  headway,  having  light  airs  and  a  very  irregular 
sea.  Although  I  found  so  much  rain  and  light  winds,  the  sea  did  not  seem  to  fall  in  the  least, 
causing  the  vessel  to  thresh  heavily,  and  be  very  uneasy.  I  spoke  a  brig,  which  had  been  eight 
days  longer  than  myself  in  these  rainy  regions,  and  off  Pernambuco  I  spoke  one  which  had  been 
ten  days  less,  being  to  the  westward  of  me.  I  was  forty-five  days  to  Olinda,  and  twenty  days 
from  there  to  Rio  Negro,  Patagonia;  and  I  fully  believe,  if  I  had  taken  the  western  route,  I 
should  have  made  a  very  short  passage,  as  the  vessel  sailed  very  fast,  was  in  good  trim,  and 
well  manned. 

"Pilot-boat  John  E.  Davison,  W.  H.  Smyley,  master,  from  New  York,  towards  coast  of 
Patagonia,  sailed  July  5,  1849. 

July  6.     The  Hook  and  Light-house  in  sight. 


7.     WindW.SW. 

Latitude  38° 

43' N. 

Longitude  none. 

True  longitude 

8. 

'     light  SE. 

u 

38 

31 

none. 

9. 

'     S.SE.  and  SE. 

(( 

38 

14 

none. 

10. 

'     S.SE.  and  calm. 

( ( 

38 

03 

none. 

11. 

'      calm. 

i: 

38 

00 

none. 

12. 

'     N. 

<  ( 

35 

07 

66°  53' 

59°  07' 

13. 

'     SW.  and  calm. 

( ( 

35 

04 

65     02 

14. 

'     S. 

i  ( 

34 

48 

63     32 

15. 

'    s. 

(( 

34 

29 

61     23 

47     40 

16. 

'     variable. 

(( 

33 

38 

60     52* 

6 Note. — The  above  is  taken  from  the  log-book  of  the  mate;  the  winds  and  latitudes  are  put  down  correctly,  but  the 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN.  465 

Homeward  passages  in  the  above-mentioned  vessels.  Days.     Hours. 

Sailor's  Return,  from  Rio  Grande  to  Newport 2T  4 

Benjamin  DeWolf,  first  voyage,  arrived  from  Morea  Mernanguapa 26 

Benjamin  DeWolf,  second  voyage,  arrived  in  March  from  Morea  Mernanguapa  •  •  30 

Ohio,  from  Rio  Janeiro  to  New  York 34 

John  E.  Davidson,  Rio  Negro  to  New  York 39  16 

In  these  five  passages,  after  passing  Cape  St.  Roque,  I  have  kept  "good  full,"  and  always 
found,  as  I  neared  the  West  India  islands,  that  the  wind  hauled  favorably  and  the  weather 
became  less  squally. 

"Mernanguapa  is  a  small  port  near  Parahiba. — (See  chart.) 

' '  There  are  few  portions  of  the  continent  of  America  less  known  than  from  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  to  Cape  Horn,  and  none  of  more  importance ;  the  whole  of  that  portion  of  country,  except 
part  of  Belgranna  and  Rio  Negro,  being  inhabited  only  by  Indians.  It  has  been  the  custom  of 
vessels  bound  to  the  Pacific,  after  passing  the  La  Plata,  to  go  to  the  eastward  of  the  Falkland 
Islands;  some  wishing  to  avoid  running  by  La  Agle  shoal,  others  fearing  to  get  jammed  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia.  This  should  no  longer  be  an  excuse;  for  the  first  does  not  exist,  and  of  the 
latter  there  is  no  danger.  I  have  cruised  for  the  above-mentioned  shoal  several  times,  taking 
a  good  departure  from  the  Jasans  and  from  New  Island,  in  the  Falklands,  and  crossed  to  Cape 
Virginis  and  back  in  the  long  summer  days,  seeing  no  signs  of  it.  In  1842,  I  left  East  Harbor, 
Staten  Land,  with  my  consort  in  company,  and  steered  for  the  shoal,  keeping  about  eight  miles 
apart.  The  weather  was  clear.  I  kept  men  at  the  mastheads,  and  saw  nothing  of  it.  My 
observations  were  to  be  relied  upon;  for  I  had  on  board  three  chronometers,  which  had  been 
well  proved  at  Cape  St.  John.  I  kept  on  for  Rio  Negro,  and  on  my  arrival  again  tried  my 
chronometers,  and  found  them  correct.  I  am  well  aware  that  no  such  shoal  exists.  I  have 
since  then  tried  to  find  it  with  the  schooner,  but  without  success.  The  Beagle  and  Adventure, 
and  Captain  Sullivan,  of  the  navy,  have  also  hunted  for  this  shoal  without  finding  it. 

' '  As  for  a  vessel  getting  blown  on  shore  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia  by  northeast  gales,  it  is 
out  of  the  question.  I  have  spent  twenty-two  years  of  my  life  mostly  from  South  Shetlands  to 
the  River  La  Plata,  and  once  I  remained  six  years  without  coming  north  of  41°  south,  and  I 
cannot  say  that  I  ever  knew,  during  that  time,  the  wind  to  blow  heavily  directly  on  shore  for 
twelve  hours.  My  voyages  being  principally  made  for  sealing  or  whaling  caused  me  to  keep 
close  into  the  coast,  whereby  I  had  the  best  opportunities  for  observing  the  weather,  currents 
tides,  &c. ;  in  fact,  my  voyages  depended  partly  on  these,  and  it  stood  me  in  hand  to  make 
myself  acquainted  with  them. 

longitude  is  13°  15'  out  of  the  way.  I  merely  put  down  this  to  show  you  how  erroneous  some  persons  will  be.  I  gave  him 
his  longitude  on  the  16th,  when  I  spoke  a  vessel  whose  longitude  agreed  with  mine  within  four  miles  ;  but,  in  crossing  the 
line,  he  was  almost  as  far  out  again.  I  crossed  the  line  in  34°  15'  on  the  5th  of  August,  and  on  the  7th  passed  ten  miles  west 
of  Fernando  de  Noronha,  the  weather  clear,  the  island  plainly  in  sight.  On  the  9  th,  passed  Pernambuco  ;  I  found  no  trouble 
in  getting  to  the  southward.  It  was  my  intention  to  have  stopped  at  Pernambuco,  for  the  purpose  of  landing  some  of  my 
crew,  who  had  mutinied  on  the  passage,  nearly  killing  my  mate  and  shooting  me  with  a  pistol.  Their  attempt  to  take 
the  vessel  left  me  without  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to  work  her,  which  caused  my  passage  to  be  much  longer  than  it  other- 
wise would  have  been.  I  kept  but  little  reckoning  afterwards,  and  that  mostly  in  my  head,  for  fear  of  another  mutiny,  for 
the  crew  shipped  in  New  York  for  the  purpose  of  taking  the  vessel,  and  nearly  succeeded  in  doing  so.  The  weather  being 
squally  off  Pernambuco,  I  kept  on  for  St.  Catharine's,  and  arrived  there  on  the  2 2d  of  August ;  on  the  23d  or  24th,  gave 
my  men  up  to  the  U.  S.  Consul;  on  the  7th  of  September,  got  under  way  from  St.  Catharine's,  and,  on  the  16th,  anchored 
on  the  bar  off  Rio  Negro.  Patagonia.  Giving  me  30  days  to  the  line  ;  47  days  to  St.  Catharine's  ;  56  days  to  Rio  Negro. 
VOL.    II 59 


466  THE  WIND  AND  CUKRENT  CHARTS. 

' '  I  have  always  found  that  the  sooner  I  got  to  the  westward,  after  crossing  the  line,  the 
better.  I  always  try  to  make  the  Peninsula  of  St.  Joseph's,  between  New  Bay  and  Port  Yaldez. 
The  land  is  high,  steep  clay  cliffs,  flat  on  top.  Then,  I  endeavor  to  keep  near  enough  to  see 
the  land  until  I  get  well  to  the  south,  so  as  to  pass  close  by  Staten  Laud;  by  doing  this,  I  have 
smooth  water,  winds  from  NW.  to  W.NW.,  and  pleasant  weather;  while  another  vessel  will 
have  the  wind  from  W.NW.  and  SW.  off  the  Falkland  Islands,  and  on  the  south  side  of  the 
islands  the  wind  will  be  from  SW.  to  S.  This  I  have  proved  by  having  left  men  on  the  Jasans 
and  the  Bushenes,  (these  being  the  extremes  of  the  islands,  both  sealing  grounds,)  and  requiring 
them  to  keep  a  journal  of  wind  and  weather.     I  found  the  wind  to  prevail  much  more  from  the 

SW.  and  S.SW.,  about  one-third  or  one-half  way  between  Cape  Horn  and ,  and  beyond 

that  distance  it  drew  more  to  the  westward,  and  even  to  the  northward  of  west.  It  was  a 
common  thing,  while  at  anchor  under  Diego  Ramirez,  or  sealing  on  shore,  to  see  a  vessel  pass 
in  shore  of  the  island  heading  up  two  points  higher  than  another  vessel  off  shore  of  them; 
and  I  have  often  started  to  go  in  to  anchor,  heading  well  up  for  the  place  I  wanted  to  come  to 
at,  and  found,  as  I  drew  in  shore,  the  wind  gradually  headed  me  off.  When  bound  to  Shetlands, 
from  the  Cape,  or  from  Staten  Land,  (Shetland  is  our  rendezvous,  on  account  of  getting  wood 
there  to  last  until  our  return,)  we  always  find,  after  passing  the  latitude  of  60°  south,  the 
weather  much  milder,  fewer  blows,  but  more  fog.  The  currents,  as  well  as  the  winds,  are 
generally  the  reverse  of  what  they  are  off  Cape  Horn.  The  prevailing  wind  at  Shetland  is 
NE.,  while  in  the  track  generally  taken  by  vessels  it  is  SW.  The  current  is  similar,  for  it 
seems  more  like  a  gulf  stream  than  a  common  current  following  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

"No  navigator  should  be  afraid  to  approach  the  coast.  Soundings  are  found  far  out;  the 
water  is  much  discolored,  as  the  land  is  neared;  and  we  have  another  sign,  which  seldom  fails 
in  the  daytime,  *.  e.  the  small  gulls,  which  will  always  be  found  in  forty  or  fifty  miles  of  the 
coast,  making  their  presence  known  by  the  noise  they  make  as  soon  as  the  vessel  is  perceived. 
This  seldom  fails  to  be  the  case. 

"The  navigator  should  not  be  backward  in  tacking  as  soon  as  he  finds  himself  getting  off 
shore,  for  the  wind  will  often  lead  him  along  for  two  or  three  points,  and  then  favor  him  for  a 
short  distance  again,  by  which  means  vessels  often  get  so  far  to  the  eastward  as  to  lose  much 
time.  I  would  always  recommend  a  ship  to  tack  in  shore,  even  if  she  could  make  no  better 
than  a  W.NW.  course,  in  preference  to  going  to  the  eastward;  for  by  keeping  well  in,  she  will 
have  smooth  water,  clear  weather,  and  wind  more  off  shore.  While,  on  the  other  hand,  when 
she  nears  the  Falklands,  she  would  begin  to  have  fogs,  rain,  and  sleet;  and  south  of  the  islands 
the  rain  becomes  hail-stones  and  snow.  A  short  distance  in  these  latitudes  makes  a  great  dif- 
ference in  wind,  weather,  and  tides. 

' '  For  comparison,  take  Santa  Cruz  harbor,  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  latitude  50°  8'  S. ; 
longitude  68°  21'  W. ;  tide  in  spring,  forty-eight  feet.  The  Jasan  Islands,  belonging  to  the 
Falklands,  latitude  51°  S. ;  longitude  61°  20'  W. ;  tide  but  six  feet.  Here  is  a  great  difference 
in  7°  of  longitude,  about  260  true  miles.  This  will  show  the  extraordinary  difference  made  in 
tides  by  a  short  distance,  and  the  weather  in  proportion  to  the  tides  ;  on  the  one  it  is  seldom 
known  to  rain,  at  the  other  it  rains  half  the  time.  At  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  in  a  similar  way, 
it  seldom  rains  at  the  eastern  entrance,  and  at  the  w-estern  it  seldom  stops;  but  this  is  owing 
more  to  the  mountains  leading  from  Cape  Forward  along  the  straits,  and  from  thence  to  Cape 
Tres  Montes,  or  Chili." 

"I  think,"  says  Captain  Ebenezer  H.  Linnell,  "the  Straits  of  Le  Maire  should  be  passed 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN.  467 

near  to  Terra  del  Fuego  shore,  and  continue  the  shore  until  well  to  the  west;  by  so  doing,  I 
have  found  an  eddy  current  to  the  west;  this  being  the  fifth  time  I  have  found  this  to  be  the 
case.  Since  1845,  I  have  been  navigating  these  waters,  mostly  in  the  Chili  trade,  and  I  am 
confident  that  my  passages  have  been  shortened  by  keeping  near  the  land.  When  to  the  west 
of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  I  think  you  will  eventually  find  that  by  keeping  from  60  to  100 
miles  from  the  coast  until  you  approach  the  35°  of  latitude,  then  to  pass  near  to  Juan  Fernandez 
to  the  SE.  trades,  for  the  six  summer  months;  then,  for  the  winter  months,  a  direct  course  a 
little  to  the  west,  you  will  find  favorable  winds.  In  July  21,  1851,  I  passed  through  the  Straits 
of  Le  Maire;  passed  the  equator  in  115°  W.,  in  26  days,  by  the  western  route.  In  October, 
1852,  in  27  days  from  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  and  passed  the  equator  in  116°  W.  per  ship 
Buena  Vista,  being  a  full  ship. 

' '  I  trust  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  this  part  of  the  ocean  (North  and  South  Pacific) 
will  be  tested  and  fully  explained,  as  your  "Wind  and  Current  Charts  fully  show  the  great 
advantages  of  this  scientific  undertaking." 

' '  Allow  me,  among  thousands,  to  thank  you  for  your  kindness  in  sending  me  your  book  and 
charts.  Although  I  am  not  able  to  keep  a  log  either  satisfactory  to  you  or  myself,  still  I  hope 
to  improve  as  I  advance  in  your  great  study. 

' '  You  will  see  that  we  tacked  ship  to  clear  the  Texariel  Shoals,  the  look-out  crying  out 
breakers  ahead.  The  ship  came  round  very  close  to  very  white  water,  which  was  very  smooth, 
and  no  wind  upon  it;  it  was  in  the  night.  I  followed  your  directions  as  close  as  possible,  and 
had  good  runs  to  the  Line,  to  Rio,  and  to  'the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  where  I  endeavored  to  beat 
through  for  two  days  but  could  not  succeed,  as  the  current  ran  strongly  to  the  north.  We  had 
very  bad  weather  oif  the  Cape,  which  spoiled  the  passage.  We  had  a  good  run  from  60°  south  to 
the  Line,  but  light  head  winds  afterwards.  Bound  to  Callao,  we  made  a  good  passage  outside. 
I  learn  the  average  passage  from  Callao  to  the  Chinchas  is  about  six  days.  Bound  home  from 
Callao,  we  ran  through  the  trades  and  took  the  southerly  winds  ;  we  stood  to  E.SE.  and  SE., 
and  had  a  tedious  passage  to  the  Cape.  I  think  I  should  have  done  better  to  have  gone  on  the 
western  tack,  as  we  had  strong  SW.  indications  at  the  time.  In  coming  home  round  the  Horn 
I  will  never  go  inside  the  Falklands,  unless  compelled,  but  get  well  to  eastward  when  possible. 
Unfortunately  we  took  a  NE.  wind  in  about  30°  south,  and  it  drove  me  in  sight  of  Cape  Frio. 
We  had  light  northeast  winds  for  about  twenty-three  days  beating  up  to  near  8°  south,  when 
we  took  the  southeast  winds.  Being  in  company  with  the  Rio  fleet,  I  was  informed  that  the 
great  trouble  is  to  preserve  the  easting.  As  the  ship  drew  twenty-foui:  feet  out  and  home  we 
have  not  made  very  good  passages,  but  thanks  to  you,  without  your  works  before  me  I  should 
have  done  much  worse. 

' '  I  have  had  a  fine  opportunity  of  testing  your  chart  of  approach  to  New  York  ;  have 
been  all  over  it ;  hove  the  lead  every  half  hour,  and  find  it  all  that  is  required  if  your  instruc- 
tions are  remembered  and  the  lead  not  neglected,  as  you  have  given  us  all  that  is  required  to 
get  anywhere.  I  hope,  soon,  you  will  bring  us  back  again,  although  such  a  log  as  this  proba- 
bly is  about  equal  to  none,  still  by  sending  me  your  works  last  year  you  have  ruined  me  forever 
going  without  them." — Edgar  Wakeman,  of  the  ship  Adelaide. 

I  find  in  the  abstract  logs  and  letters  of  co-operators  many  excellent  remarks  on  the  passage 
through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire. 


468  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

SUp  Defiance,  (Robert  McCerran.)  "September  26,  1852.  At 4 hours  30  min. a.  m.  liove  to 
for  daylight.  At  8  hours  50  min.  a.  m.  entered  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire;  wind  at  N.NE.  At 
10  a.  m.  Cape  St.  Diego  bore  west  per  compass,  and  Staten  Land  SE.,  entirely  covered  with 
snow.  At  11  hours  30  min.  clear  of  the  strait.  I  am  surprised  that  this  strait  is  not  passed 
by  all  ships  in  preference  to  passing  east  of  Staten  Land;  Le  Maire  being  free  from  shoals,  and 
14  miles  wide.  An  experience  of  21  years'  command  in  the  Liverpool  trade  convinces  me  that 
the  passage  between  Tuskar  and  the  Smalls  are  trebly  dangerous,  and  I  can  see  no  difficulty  in 
this  passage  that  is  not  much  greater  in  the  navigation  of  the  Irish  Channel,  either  north  or 
south  about. 

"I  should  certainly  beat  through  in  preference  to  going  within  three  miles  of  the  land.  I 
have  no  doubt  that  an  eddy  from  eastward — I  found  a  current  close  ii;  shore  setting  S W. ,  and 
by  keeping  the  current  from  the  SW. — must  prevail  under  any  circumstances.  Good  Success 
Bay  affords  easy  access  and  good  anchorage.  It  may  be  said  that  heavy  gales  ahead,  and  thick 
weather,  make  the  passage  dangerous.  In  answer  I  say,  that  it  cannot  blow  harder  than  it 
does  in  the  Irish  Channel,  and  the  fog  cannot  be  so  dense  as  it  is  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  as 
the  water  is  deeper  and  the  air  colder  in  Le  Maire.  Besides,  the  number  of  vessels  on  the  Irish 
coast  increases  the  danger  by  the  chance  of  collision,  and  there  is  no  other  passage  to  approach." 

"Having,  as  I  consider,"  says  Captain  Young,  of  the  Venice,  "got  to  the  westward  far 
enough  to  make  sure  of  not  being  driven  back,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  give  my  humble 
opinion  with  regard  to  the  mooted  point  of  making  the  passage  around  this  bug-aboo,  Cape 
Horn.  I  most  distinctly  disagree  with  those  who  recommend  keeping  to  the  eastward  of  the 
Falkland  Islands;  not  conceiving  the  necessity  of  keeping  so  far  to  leeward,  rendering  the 
beating  against  a  heavy  head  sea  and  strong  current  necessary.  The  chances  for  SE.  winds  do 
not,  in  my  opinion,  make  up  for  the  great  difference  in  distance  between  eastern  and  western 
sides  of  those  islands.  My  opinion  is  not  predicated  solely  on  the  beautiful  weather  I  experi- 
enced to  the  westward  of  those  islands,  but  to  the  fact,  that  to  the  northward  and  westward 
of  Staten  Land  you  are  in  a  measure  free  from  the  heavy  SW.  swell;  which,  by  reference  to 
that  part  of  this  abstract,  it  will  be  observed  I  had  very  smooth  water,  and  so  continued  till  I 
passed  Staten  Land.  In  Rio,  I  had  frequent  conversations  w4th  several  whale  captains,  and 
their  opinions  are  in  conformity  with  my  own.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  the  winter  months  (May, 
June,  and  July,)  are  the  best  for  doubling  the  cape,  with  more  certainty  of  easterly  winds; 
the  only  drawback  being  the  interminable  long  nights.  After  all,  I  feel  sure  that  masters  in 
the  European  trade,  Avho  have,  during  the  California  fever,  made  the  passage  around  the  cape, 
will  agree  with  me  in  saying,  doubling  Cape  Horn  is  nothing  in  comparison  with  making  the 
passage  from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  during  our  winter  months." 

"I  followed  your  track  to  the  equator  for  July,  and  had  a  passage  of  28  days  to  the  equator; 
crossed  in  32°  20';  just  cleared  Rocas,  and  then  had  a  very  hard  chance  to  Cape  Horn.  I  highly 
approve  of  your  track  from  Boston  to  the  equator,  and  have  no  doubt  but  that  I  gained  by 
following  your  instructions.  I  found  very  little  current  near  St.  Roque.  I  intended  to  have 
gone  through  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  but  the  wind  being  SW.,  I  could  not  get  far  enough  to 
westward,  and  thought  it  better  to  pass  eastward  of  Staten  Land.  With  regard  to  a  passage 
around  Cape  Horn,  I  would  say  I  have  seen  worse  weather  between  Boston  and  Liverpool  in 
September  than  I  have  seen  for  this  passage  north  of  the  equator.     I  had  a  long  spell  of  calm 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAy"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN.  469 

weather,  which  prolonged  my  passage,   but  find,  on  arrival,  that  I  was  in  company  with  four 
other  clipper  ships,  and  all  arrived  here  same  day." — Captain  Sears,  of  the  Wild  Banger. 

"  June  14,  1852,  (San  Francisco.)  I  herewith  forward  you  the  abstract  log  of  ship  Great 
Britain,  of  Boston,  under  my  command  from  New  York  to  this  port.  The  ship  is  twenty-five 
years  old,  and  not  a  clipper.  The  ship  John  Jay  sailed  in  company,  not  yet  arrived.  The  last 
I  heard  from  her  she  was  at  Rio,  leaky.  I  do  not  know  whether  she  had  your  charts.  The 
clipper  ship  Aramingo  left  New  York  three  days  after  we  did,  say  12th  January,  without  your 
charts,  went  nearly  to  the  Western  Islands,  crossed  the  line  in  about  26°  W.,  went  east  of 
Falkland  Islands,  I  believe,  and  arrived  here  one  day  after  I  did,  say  138  days,  without 
stopping.  On  my  chart  (Blunt' s)  I  find  St.  Paul's  Island  placed  in  long.  28°  20'  "W.,  and  in 
some  editions  of  Bowditch  the  same  ;  while  in  other  editions,  and  in  Horsburg's  Directory, 
29°  15'  to  29°  22'  W.  As  this  island  is  directly  in  the  track  of  outward  bound  ships,  it  is 
important  that  all  charts  and  books  should  be  correct.  I  passed  close  to  it,  having  had  a  good 
observation  in  the  morning.  It  was  cloudy  when  I  passed  it,  about  4  or  5  p.  m.,  but  there  is 
no  doubt  that  it  is  in  about  29°  20'*  and  not  28°  20'.  With  regard  to  your  charts,  allow  me  to 
say  I  think  very  highly  of  them.  I  crossed  the  equator  in  about  30°  in  26|  days  from  New 
York,  after  losing  my  tiller  and  being  thereby  detained  sixteen  hours  with  a  strong  fair  gale. 
I  passed  to  the  windward  of  Noronha,  cleared  St.  Roque  and  St.  Augustine,  and  the  first  time 
I  tacked  ship  from  New  York  was  south  of  Rio,  which  I  passed  in  less  than  thirty-seven  days, 
with  a  very  deep  ship.  Passed  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire  in  sixty,  and  Cape  Horn  in 
less  than  sixty-one  days.  After  that  I  had  miserable  chances.  Having  been  nearly  twenty 
years  a  shipmaster,  and  having,  during  my  passage,  given  the  subject  much  consideration,  I 
will  venture,  at  the  risk  of  being  thought  presuming,  to  state  my  own  views  on  the  passage 
from  Cape  Horn  to  this  port.  Being  up  with  Cape  Horn,  I  would  improve  all  opportunities  of 
making  icesting,  with  very  little  regard  to  latitude,  except  to  keep  clear  of  the  land,  till  in 
long,  of  80°  W. ;  then,  if  wind  permitted,  edge  ofi"  very  gradually  to  the  N.  and  shape  my 
course  so  as  to  be  in  the  long,  of  110°  W.,  in  about  30°  S.  lat. ;  here  you  may  expect  to  get  the 
SE.  trades  ;  and  then  make  a  due  north  course  till  I  took  the  NE.  trades.  My  reasons  are  that 
you  would  thus  make  your  westing  where  the  degrees  are  short,  and  then  cross  the  entire  SE. 
trades  on'"a  course  that  would  let  all  your  canvas  draw,  instead  of  running  so  much  before  the 
wind  as  to  becalm  your  head  sails.  You  would  thus  take  the  NE.  trades  in  about  110°  W., 
which  is  as  far  east  as  desirable.  You  will  see  by  the  log  that  the  doldrums  did  not  detain  me 
much  on  either  side." — Captain  Caldioell,  of  the  Great  Britain. 

"I  had  good  NE.  trades,"  says  Captain  Phinney,  of  the  Kentucky,  "and  lost  them  in 
about  5°  N.,  30°  20'  W. ;  19  days  from  Boston  ,•  an  old-fashioned  ship,  and  very  deep ;  that  I 
had  very  little  calm  or  rain,  but  almost  immediately  took  the  SE.  trades,  light  and  baffling, 
crossed  the  equator  in  32°  40',  24  days  out ;  wind,  SE. ;  made  two  short  tacks  to  eastward  in 
the  vicinity  of  Rocas;  passed  seventeen  miles  west  of  same,  and  cleared  St.  Roque  in  27  days, 
^running  all  one  day  near  the  land,  in  about  ten  fathoms  water ;  crossed  the  parallel  of  Rio  in 

J6  days,  and  from  thence  to  Cape  Horn  I  had  a  very  poor  chance.     Entered  the  Straits  of  Le 
Maire  in  65  days,  and  in  70  was  west  of  the  cape,  with  but  little  bad  weather,  and  no  easterly 

current ;  neither  did  I  feel  that  strong  westerly  set  between  the  line  and  St.  Roque,  so  much 

spoken  of  and  feared. 

«  Its  position  was  accurately  determined  by  the  officers  of  the  United  States  ship  Marion,  in  1849,  to  he  in  long. 
29°  18'  W.,  and  it  is  accurately  laid  down  on  the  Wind  and  Current  CAarts.— M.  F.  M. 


470  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 

"I  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  my  sense  of  the  benefit  I  feel  that  your  labors  have 
already  conferred  upon  the  commercial  world ;  and  also,  my  hope  that  you  may  be  permitted 
to  follow  up  these  researches  and  investigations,  by  which,  I  believe,  navigation  will  in  a  few 
years,  become  quite  a  different  matter  from  what  it  has  been  in  times  past." 

"  On  leaving  New  York,"  says  Captain  Homans,  of  the  Winged  Race,  at  San  Francisco, 
"I  followed  your  Directions  as  near  as  the  wind  and  weather  would  allow,  and  crossed  the 
equator  in  the  Atlantic  in  long.  31°  16',  and  found  no  difficulty  in  getting  past  the  Brazil 
coast.  Time  to  equator  21  days,  21  hours,  and  passed  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire;  and 
off  Cape  Horn  had  light  fine  weather.  Off  the  Horn  I  tried  to  follow  your  Directions  in  getting 
west ;  but  the  wind  prevented  me,  hanging  to  NW.  after  around  the  Horn  ;  and  I  passed 
about  three  degrees  to  west  of  Juan  Fernandez.  The  SE.  trades  I  had  far  to  the  eastward, 
sometimes  E.NE.,  and  from  that  to  E.SE. 

"  Crossed  the  equator  March  7,  1853,  eighty -five  days  out,  in  long.  106°  24'  W.  Took  NE. 
trades  in  about  three  or  four,  wind  N.NE.  to  N.,  and  arrived  off  this  bar  Sunday,  March  27, 
in  a  thick  fog,  which  continued  until  Wednesday,  30th,  when  it  cleared  up,  and  I  ran  in, 

*'I  should  follow  your  Directions  again  if  I  was  coming  round  the  Horn,  as  near  as  the 
wind  and  weather  would  permit  me.  Although  I  am  of  opinion  that,  with  the  wind  I  had  in 
the  South  Atlantic,  after  passing  lat.  38°  S.,  had  I  gone  to  east  of  Falkland  Islands,  I  think  I 
should  have  gained  some  five  days  in  the  passage,  and  should  have  got  in  in  100  days.  I  was 
105  days  to  the  bar. 

' '  I  am  going  from  this  to  Manilla,  and  thence  to  New  York  ;  on  my  arrival  at  the  latter 
port,  I  shall  send  an  abstract  from  this  to  that  port. 

' '  I  take  this  opportunity  to  acknowledge  the  great  benefit  I  have  derived  from  your 
Charts  and  Directions,  and  shall  most  readily  contribute  what  little  I  can  to  aid  you  in  the 
great  and  good  undertaking.  We  have  been  sadly  in  want  of  what  you  are  now  so  happily 
doing  in  the  way  of  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  for  this  navigation,  say  from  U.S.A.  round 
the  Horn  into  North  Pacific." 

"Februry  8,  1852.  Lat.  54°  53'  S.  ;  long.  62°  24'  W.  Current,  north,  22  miles. 
Barometer,  29.67.  Winds:  SW.,  variable,  variable.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  rainy 
weather;  no  prospects  of  clearing  up,  so  as  to  get  hold  of  the  land  ;  kept  off  to  the  eastward, 
and  gave  up  the  idea  of  going  through  the  straits,  which  I  was  very  sorry  to  do.  In  my 
opinion,  -every  vessel  bound  around  the  cape  should  endeavor  to  go  through  the  Straits  of  Le 
Maire,  [a  good  opinion,]  provided  they  can  get  a  sure  bearing  of  the  land,  to  know  their  true 
position.  I  have  been  through  three  different  times  and  found  no  difficulty,  but  gained  a  great 
advantage  of  being  so  much  further  to  windward;  I  have  also  strong  reasons  to  think  that 
there  is  better  weather  generally  under  the  land,  than  off  from  it.  At  sundown,  the  weather 
clearing  up,  saw  Staten  Land,  bearing  SW.  ^  W.,  5  leagues.  Middle  part,  variable  winds  and 
squally  weather,  with  rain  ;  latter  part,  pleasant  weather ;  a  strong  current  setting  to  the 
north." — F.  Lendholm,  ship  John  Bertram. 

"I  did  not,"  says  Capt.  John  S.  Farron,  of  the  clipper  ship  Eagle,  "take  the  SE.  trades 
until  in  the  latitude  of  3°  30'  S.,  and  had  a  fair  run  of  40  days  to  the  river  Plata,  and,  passing 
through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  I  made  Cape  Horn  on  the  fifty-fourth  day.  I  had  to  go  as 
far  south  as  59'^  20'  S. ;  and  had  bad  weather  until  I  reached  the  parallel  of  30°,  and  found  no 


FROM   THE    "FAIR    WAY"    OFF    ST     ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN.  471 

trade  until  in  22°,  and  then  on  the  average  at  E.NE.,  which  made  me  regret  striving  so  much 
to  get  to  the  westward.  However,  I  crossed  the  equator  on  the  ninety-first  day,  in  115°  30'. 
I  would  call  your  attention  to  the  great  fall  in  the  temperature  of  both  air  and  water,  imme- 
diately on  passing  the  line;  which,  taken  in  connexion  with  the  variableness  of  the  wind  for 
some  days,  the  overcast  appearance  of  the  weather,  and  heavy  swell  coming  from  the  W.NW., 
inclines  me  to  think  that  it  has  been  blowing  heavily  from  the  NW.  at  some  distance  in  that 
direction  from  us,  so  as  to  change  the  direction  and  interrupt  the  regular  trade,  which  I  think 
we  ought  to  have  carried  further  than  the  parallel  of  19°  N." 

Sea  Serpent,  (Howland,)  March  31.  "Lat.  55°  00'  S. ;  long.  65°  20' W.  Barometer, 
29.10;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  of  water,  46°.  Wind:  variable  from  S.SE.  to  SW.  Variable 
squalls  of  snow;  the  tide  set  through  the  straits  until  5  p.  m. ;  being  in  mid  passage  got  into 
a  strong  rip,  and  although  we  had  a  five-knot  breeze,  our  vessel  was  unmanageable  for  an  hour, 
until  we  cleared  it.  The  current  then  set  us  back,  but  the  wind  coming  off  the  land  light, 
we  kept  our  ground  until  the  morning's  tide.  I  have  my  doubts  if  it  is  always  advisable  to 
attempt  this  strait;  it  has  detained  us  full  three  days;  we  could  have  reached  the  east  of 
Staten  Land  much  sooner  with  a  free  sail;  at  any  rate,  our  detention  in  rounding  the  island 
could  not  have  been  more.  After  passing  the  strait  the  wind  inclined  south,  so  that  we  could 
not  make  a  "VV.SW.  course  to  have  cleared  the  land  on  the  starboard  tack.  At  noon,  Cape 
Good  Success  bore  NW.,  6  miles." 

Our  magazine  of  logs  enables  us  now  and  then  to  set  navigators  right  in  certain  matters  of 
opinion,  as  in  this  instance.  The  Golden  Racer  was  on  this  same  voyage  at  the  same  time,  and 
she  was  directly  east  of  the  Sea  Serpent,  March  28.  March  29,  the  Sea  Serpent  was  68  miles 
further  to  the  south;  on  the  30th,  she  was  86;  31st,  she  w^as  74;  and  April  1,  she  was  80  miles 
further  south,  and  6°  further  west  than  her  competitor. 

The  Sea  Serpent  got  clear  of  the  cape,  crossing  the  parallel  of  50°  in  the  Pacific  two  days 
ahead  of  the  Eacer.  This  I  am  sure,  does  not  look  like  a  loss  of  three  days  in  the  straits,  but 
more  like  a  gain  of  two. 

March  30,  the  Simoom,  (Smith,)  beat  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire.  On  the  31st,  she 
was  just  34  miles  south  of  the  Sea  Serpent.  She  hugged  the  land  close,  and  on  April  13,  was 
in  49°  32',  and  90°  10'  W.,  which  was  nearly  a  degree  ahead  in  latitude,  and  in  a  much  better 
position  in  longitude. 

I  quote  the  abstract  log  of  the  Golden  Racer,  that  those  who  choose  may  compare  the  two. 
It  will  be  perceived  that  she  passed  east  of  the  Falklands. 

The  Sword-Fish,  (Collins,)  was  also  along  there  at  the  same  time.  She  was  forced  east  of 
the  Falklands,  March  29,  lat.  51°  53';  long.  57°.  April  2,  she  had  only  got  as  far  as  55°  S., 
and  63°  W.  Hence  it  appears  that  the  Sea  Serpent  did  not  lose,  but  gain  by  going  through 
Le  Maire. 

The  opinion  expressed  by  these  navigators  as  to  the  passage  to  the  line,  and  the  Cape 
Horn  route,  are  fully  confirmed  by  the  Pilot  Charts;  and  though  sometimes  a  vessel,  by  going 
to  the  east  of  the  Falkland  Islands,  may  have  good  luck,  fine  weather,  and  a  short  passage,  it 
should  be  considered  as  the  exception,  but  by  no  means  as  the  rule.  The  combined  experience 
of  all  the  Cape  Horn  navigators  whose  journals  have  been  consulted  during  the  progress  of  my 


472  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

investigations,  is  against  the  eastern,  and  in  favor  of  the  western,  or  in-shore  passage,  as  a 
general  rule. 

Cape  Horn  navigators  should  not  forget  that  the  prevailing  winds  encountered  in  doubling 
the  cape,  are  Avesterly  Avinds;  that  the  Andes,  which  in  fact  terminate  only  with  the  continent, 
stand  up  as  a  barrier  to  these  winds;  and  consequently  these  winds  come  around  the  cape  in 
violent  sweeps,  puffs,  and  gales,  as  they  do  around  a  bluff  point  of  land  in  a  harbor,  or  the 
corner  of  a  building  on  shore.  The  strength  of  these  sweeping  winds  is  probably  felt 
with  more  force  near  the  cape  than  it  is  at  a  considerable  distance  off,  and  out  of  the  influence 
of  the  land  upon  the  course  and  velocity  of  the  wind. 

Hence  the  earnest  recommendation  to  navigators  to  pass  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire, 
if  practicable,  and  if  they  can,  accomplish  it  by  daylight,  for  the  currents  are  not  unfrequently 
strong  and  conflicting  there;  to  hug  the  cape  as  closely  as  the  winds  on  one  hand  and  the  rocks 
on  the  other  will  allow,  and  so  make  westing  down  there  where  the  degrees  are  short,  as  fast 
as,  without  fighting  adverse  winds  and  weather,  they  may  do,  until  they  cross,  if  bound  to 
California,  the  parallel  of  50°  S.,  between  the  meridians  of  80°  and  90°  west. 

But  if,  after  getting  through  the  straits,  and  before  doubling  the  cape,  a  westerly  gale 
strike  them  in  the  teeth,  then,  instead  of  stopping  there  off  the  pitch  of  the  cape  to  fight 
against  it,  with  the  intention  of  holding  their  own  until  the  gale  abates,  or  the  wind  slants  so 
as  to  let  them  get  round,  I  think  the  chances  would  be  altogether  in  their  favor  by  sticking  her 
away  south,  under  the  expectation  that  they  would  soon  get  out  of  the  strength  of  the  winds, 
which,  eddy-like,  come  sweeping  around  Cape  Horn,  sometimes  at  one  distance,  sometimes  at 
another,  according  to  the  direction  of  the  gale.  But  even  in  doing  this,  the  navigator  who  is 
desirous  of  making  a  quick  passage,  will  not  fail  to  take  advantage  of  slants.  He  will  always 
prefer,  until  he  doubles  the  cape,  the  tack  upon  which  he  can  make  the  most  westing.  Ves- 
sels intending  to  touch  at  Valparaiso,  or  any  of  the  Intermedios,  need  not  care  to  get  so  far 
west  while  they  are  south  of  the  parallel  of  50°,  even  when  the  winds  are  fair,  as  vessels  that 
are  bound  further  north,  as  to  California,  for  example.  Let  these  last  make  westing  whenever 
they  can,  without  making  southing  also.  They  cannot  well  cross  the  parallel  of  50°  S.  too  far 
west,  on  their  way  to  California,  provided  they  keep  to  the  east  of  100°  or  110°. 

The  Pilot  Charts  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Cape  Horn,  in  addition  to  the  Track  Charts, 
leave  but  little  more  to  be  said  with  regard  to  the  passages  west,  around  Cape  Horn,  than  may 
be  gathered  from  the  injunction  :  Study  the  Pilot  Charts. 

I  think  that  I  may  now  congratulate  navigators,  especially  those  who  are  co-operating  with 
me,  and  whose  labors  have  enabled  me  to  bring  about  these  results,  upon  the  present 
state  of  our  knowledge  with  regard  to  the  route  to  the  "Fair  Way,"  off  St.  Roque,  and  thence 
around  Cape  Horn. 

This  route,  I  think  I  may  be  permitted  to  say,  without  incurring  the  imputation  of  self- 
praise,  is  as  well  understood  as  it  is  possible  for  any  route  across  the  ocean  to  be,  that  is 
governed  and  controlled  by  the  force  of  winds  and  currents  alone. 

The  average  of  vessels  under  canvas  from  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  to  50°  S.  on  the  Cape 
Horn  passage,  is  only  about  100  miles  a  day.  The  intelligent  seaman  needs  no  other  sailing 
directions  here  than  simply:  "Make  the  best  of  your  way  south."  Of  course  he  will  understand 
that  this  "best  way"  is  not  to  be  supposed  to  lie  so  close  along  with  the  land  as  to  bring  him 
within  the  influences  of  the  land  breezes  and  the  calms  of  the  coast. 


FROM  THE  "  FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN.  47^ 

Besides  this  injunction  there  is  but  another  simple  caution  to  add,  and  that  is,  when  you 
arrive  at  the  calms  of  Capricorn  do  your  best  to  get  south  ;  for,  by  that  course,  it  is  easiest 
to  clear  them.  As  to  the  parallels  between  which,  at  the  different  seasons  of  the  year,  you  may 
expect  the  calms,  see  the  Trade  Wind  Chart. 

From  50°  south,  east  of  Cape  Horn,  to  the  same  parallel  west,  lies  the  rub — so  it  is  sup- 
posed. Along  this  part  of  the  route  the  prevailing  winds,  it  is  true,  have  westing  in  them, 
and  are,  therefore,  in  a  great  measure,  head  winds.  How  to  overcome  them  depends  on  the 
skill  of  the  navigator.  The  grand  object  of  this  work  is  to  let  the  navigator  know  how  he  may 
expect  to  find  the  winds,  which  way  the  currents  ;  taking  it  for  granted  that,  when  he  knows 
this,  his  own  skill  and  intelligence  will  best  guide  him  as  to  the  rest. 

The  Pilot  Charts  will  give  this  information  as  to  winds,  in  a  general  way.  With  the  view 
of  presenting  it  in  a  more  special  way,  extracts  have  been  made  from  various  abstract  logs, 
taken  at  random,  showing  the  wind  and  weather  encountered  by  each  vessel.  These  are 
arranged  according  to  the  month,  and  may  be  regarded  as  practical  illustrations  of  the  Pilot 
Charts. 

With  such  sources  of  information  before  him,  the  Cape  Horn  navigator,  Avho  studies  them 
closely,  can  never,  in  changes  of  wind,  feel  at  a  loss  either  as  to  the  best  course  to  steer  or 
the  best  tack  to  put  his  ship  upon  for  the  best  passage. 

I  have  often,  in  the  progress  of  these  labors,  had  occasion  to  feel  myself  indebted  to 
merchants  and  other  citizens  of  the  United  States,  besides  those  who  follow  the  sea,  for  that 
wholesome  assistance  which  the  influences  of  sympath}^,  good  wishes,  and  suggestions  of  good 
and  useful  men  never  fail  to  spread  abroad  and  around.  Among  the  earliest  of  these  was 
R.  B.  Forbes,  of  Boston  ;  and  one  of  the  most  noble,  steadfast,  and  true,  was  my  excellent 
friend  and  assistant,  the  late  George  Manning,  of  New  York.  They  took  a  lively  and  active 
interest  in  the  undertaking  from  the  first,  and  w^ere  its  advocates  before  it  had  given  any 
practical  results  in  demonstration  of  its  usefulness. 

I  well  recollect  the  surprise  expressed  by  the  former,  and  how  over  sanguine  he  appeared 
to  consider  me  when  I  suggested  to  him,  as  among  the  achievements  of  the  future,  the  proba- 
bility of  his  seeing  the  run  made  to  the  equator,  on  the  new  route  to  Rio,  within  18  days.  It 
has  been  done  in  15,  and  often  within  18.  Among  the  valuable  suggestions,  however,  made 
by  him  was  one  in  relation  to  the  harbors  about  Cape  Horn.  He  thought  that  vessels,  when 
caught  or  threatened  by  a  gale  in  the  act  of  doubling  Cape  Horn,  would  frequently  find  both 
profit  and  advantage  by  seeking  shelter  for  the  while  in  some  of  the  many  fine  harbors  or 
anchorages  which  the  excellent  surveys  of  King  and  Fitz  Roy  show  to  be  there.  In  proof  that 
this  w^as  a  good  and  practicable  idea,  I  am  at  last  enabled  to  adduce  the  result  of  actual  trial. 

Nassau  Bay  ofiers  a  resource  to  Cape  Horn  navigators  which  they  should  not  overlook, 
and  of  which  they  may  not  unfrequently  take  advantage  in  stormy  weather.  With  easterly 
winds  it  affords  a  short  cut  to  vessels  passing  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire  on  the  way  to 
the  Pacific,  and  in  case  of  westerly  gales  it  affords  a  lee.  My  attention  was  called  to  it  by  Mr. 
George  B.  Upton,  of  Boston,  in  consequence  of  the  use  made  of  it  by  his  ship,  the  Plymouth 
Rock.  Captain  Fitz  Roy  has  given  a  very  good  survey  of  it,  and  his  charts,  it  is  presumed, 
are  to  be  found  on  board  of  every  Cape  Horn-bound  vessel.  As  to  the  occasions  and  circum- 
stances when  navigators  should  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  offered  by  this  bay,  T  am 
VOL.    II ()0 


474  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

not  able  to  give  any  directions,  nor  to  make  any  suggestions,  further  than  to  say  :  When  ships 
are  passing  that  way,  each  master  must  decide  for  himself,  because,  knowing  the  circumstances 
of  his  own  case,  he  can  consult  his  own  judgment  to  more  advantage,  under  those  circumstances, 
than  he  can  any  sailing  directions  that  I  can  give. 

"My  ship,  Plymouth  Rock,  on  her  voyage  from  New  York  to  Panama,"  writes  Mr.  Geo. 
B.  Upton,  of  Boston,   "passed  through  Nassau  Bay  instead  of  going  outside. 

"The  ship  left  New  York  June  10  and  arrived  at  Panama  October  8.  The  great  object 
of  my  writing  you  at  this  time  is  to  draw  your  attention  to  this  important  inlet  (Nassau  Bay)  as 
a  good  place  for  vessels  to  go  in  for  any  temporary  repairs,  and  also  to  obtain  wood  and  water. 

' '  A  young  gentleman  who  went  out  in  my  ship,  and  from  whom  I  derive  this  information, 
says  they  stood  up  (Sept.  2)  with  an  intention  of  going  outside,  but  took  a  strong,  heavy 
southwest  gale  and  sea,  stood  back,  and  put  into  the  bay ;  found  the  weather  there  moderate ; 
thermometer  50°;  wind  light  from  NW. ;  the  navigation  in  and  through  the  bay  perfect.  He 
landed  on  one  of  the  small  islands  next  to  Wallaston  Islands,  near  Cape  Hale;  good  landing; 
fresh  water,  perfectly  accessible  and  very  good;  apparently  good  anchorage  all  around  the 
shores.     Saw  wood  growing  which  could  be  obtained  with  little  trouble." 

I  shall  give  copious  extracts,  with  regard  to  the  Cape  Horn  passage,  because  I  desire, 
by  practical  illustrations  and  example,  to  impress  navigators  Avith  a  correct  estimate  as  to  its 
difficulties. 

And  still  further  to  illustrate  this  route,  the  following  monthly  tables  of  Cape  Horn  cross- 
ings have  been  prepared.  They  show  the  crossings  according  to  the  month;  also  the  time 
from  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  to  the  parallel  of  50°  S.  in  the  Atlantic;  the  longitude  in  which 
each  vessel  crossed  the  parallel  of  50°,  53°,  and  56°  S.,  east  of  the  Horn;  then,  as  the  course  is 
west,  these  tables  show  the  parallels  upon  which  the  meridians  of  67°,  71°,  and  73°  W.  are 
crossed.  Thence  the  course  is  to  the  northward  again,  and  the  tables  show  the  meridians 
upon  which  the  parallels  of  55°,  53°,  and  50°  S.,  in  the  Pacific,  are  crossed. 

The  last  column  shows  the  time  from  lat.  50°  in  the  Atlantic  to  the  same  parallel  in  the 
Pacific,  which  is  generally  the  difficult  part,  and  always  the  turning  point  of  the  passage. 

Extracts  from  logs  are  given,  with  illustrations  for  each  month.  These  and  the  abstracts 
that  are  contained  in  the  7th  edition  would  seem  sufficient  to  furnish  the  navigator  all  the 
information  that  experience  can  give.  To  gain  time  he  must  now  look  to  the  barometer  and 
his  own  judgment. 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE   HORN. 
Cape  Horn  Crossings — January. 


475 


Name  of  vessel. 

2  w 

0  . 

1  2 
o.  a 

s  §• 

£  « 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing 
south  of  Cape 

meridians 
Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

0°  S. in  the 
tic  to  50°  S. 
Pacific. 

50'  S. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67°  W. 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S. 

53°  S. 

50°  S. 

Danube ...... 

Days. 
33 
23 
26 
26 
33 
33 
25 
20 
24 
22 
21 
29 
24 
27 
21 
23 
22 
21 
23 
30 
23 
29 
28 
17 
24 
27 
24 
26 
21 
28 
23 
18 
29 
36 
28 
27 

Long.  W. 
63° 
61 
64 
64 
64 
64 
61 
65 
60 
65 
62 
66 
65 
62 
65 
65 
62 
65 
65 
65 
63 
66 
64 
62 
64 
56 
63 
65 
64 
65 
62 
64 
65 
62 
63 
66 

Long.  W. 
64° 
64 
66 
64 
64 
65 
64 
64 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
66 
66 
66 
66 
64 
63 
66 
61 
64 
65 
64 
66 
62 
65 
64 
63 
65 
67 

Long.  W. 
69° 
67 
64 
64 
63 
67 
63 
67 
65 
67 
68 
66 
65 
64 
67 
66 
65 
64 
63 
64 
64 
64 
65 
65 
67 
66 
65 
66 
65 
65 
63 
68 
66 
64 
67 
69 

Lat.  S. 

56° 

56 

57 

57 

60 

.'56 

57 

56 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

56 

57 

58 

58 

57 

57 

58 

57 

57 

n 

56 
56 

57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
57 

Lat.  S. 
56° 
59 

57 
57 
59 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
57 
58 
57 
57 
57 
58 
58 
58 
58 
57 
58 
59 
56 
59 
56 
56 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
58 

Lat.  S. 
57° 
57 
56 
56 
59 
56 
56 
55 
56 
59 
57 
58 
56 
58 
56 
57 
58 
57 
56 
58 
56 
60 
55 
57 
55 
57 
56 
58 
58 
56 
54 
58 
57 
55 
57 
57 

Long.  W. 

77° 

78 

80 

76 

84 

77 

76 

75 

76 

75 

79 

80 

76 

80 

80 

80 

78 

83 

80 

78 

79 

80 

75 

81 

75 

80 

76 

78 

83 

75 

75 

81 

77 

75 

79 

58 

Long.  W. 

80° 

80 

80 

79 

87 

80 

77 

77 

78 

82 

81 

81 

78 

79 

79 

81 

78 

83 

81 

79 

83 

81 

82 

82 

79 

79 

81 

80 

83 

79 

78 

81 

79 

79 

79 

80 

Long.  rr. 

80° 

81 

80 

85 

89 

85 

79 

79 

81 

81 

82 

80 

78 

82 

78 

82 

78 

85 

80 

79 

85 

83 

80 

80 

81 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

81 

81 

79 

81 

78 

82 

Days. 
23 
12 

14 

16 

F.  W.  Brune 

21 

21 

19 

Golden  Gate 

IX 

Telegraph , 

15 

Trade  Wind 

12 

Eagle 

10 

25 

Telegraph* 

20 

24 

12 

United  States  Ship  St.  Mary'sf 

15 
10 

Tornado 

17 

Tornado 

14 

27 

Great  Republic 

10 
25 

Ocean  Express 

19 

14 

Phantom 

12 

18 

Brewster 

17 

24 
12 

Electric 

Victory. ......  

26 
25 
15 
15 

Sancho  Panza 

25.4 

63.5 

64.6 

65.1 

56.9 

57.3 

56.8 

77.6 

80.4 

81.1 

17.0 

*  Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  twenty-three  other  passages  have  been  made  since  the  publication  of  that  edition.        f  Put  in  at  St.  Catharine's, 

Ship  Cleopatra.,  (E.  D.  Thayer,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  21  days  from  St.Roque. 

"Jan.  11.  Lat.  49°  28'  S.;  long,  64°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  temperature  of  air,  61°; 
of  water,  58°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.  First  part,  light  airs  and  calms;  middle^  very  moderate 
and  foggy;  latter  part,  moderate  and  foggy  weather. 

Jan.  12.  Lat.  52°  38'  S. ;  long.  64°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.36;  temperature  of  air,  60°; 
of  water,  50°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.  by  W.     Moderate  breezes,  rainy  and  foggy  weather. 

Jan.  13.  Lat.  54°  50'  S.;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  57°; 
of  water,  52°.  Winds:  SW.,  N.,  SW.  First  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  pleasant; 
middle  part,  moderate  breezes  and  overcast. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  53°  10'  S.;  long.  64°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.47;  temperature  of  air,  55°; 
of  water,  52°.  Winds:  calm,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  to  W.  First  part,  calm  and  baffling;  middle 
and  latter,  strong  breezes  and  rainy  at  times. 


476  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  55°  45'  S.;  long.  64°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  temperature  of  air,  58°;  of 
water,  50°.  Winds :  W.  N  W. ,  calm,  calm.  First  part,  gentle  breezes ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm : 
have  experienced  a  current  since  passing  Cape  St.  John's,  setting  NE.  by  E.,  |  knot  per  hour. 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  65°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.43;  temperature  of  air,  56°; 
of  water,  50°.  Winds:  calm,  N.NE.,  N.NW.  First  part  calm;  middle  part,  gentle  breezes; 
latter  part,  fine  breezes. 

Jan.  17.  Lat.  58°  30'  S.;  long.  67°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.34;  temperature  of  air,  56°; 
of  water,  50°.     Winds:  N.,  W.SW.,  N.NW.     Strong  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  heavy  puiFs. 

Jan.  18.  Lat.  57°  49'  S.;  long.  75°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.37;  temperature  of  air,  58°; 
of  water,  49°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  First  part  strong  breezes;  middle 
and  latter  parts,  moderate;  the  barometer  is  a  sure  guide,  its  indications  are  very  true. 

Jan.  19.  Lat.  57°  47'  S.;  long.  76°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
of  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  S.SW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  moderate,  with  fine  rain;  middle, 
moderate  and  cloudy ;  latter,  moderate  and  clear  ;  current,  in  two  days,  |  knot,  E.  SE. ;  I 
expected  to  find  it  E.NE. 

Jan.  20.  Lat.  57°  02'  S.;  long.  79°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air  52°; 
of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  NW.  First  part,  wind  unsteady,  with  rain;  middle 
and  latter  parts,  moderate  and  cloudy. 

Jan.  21.  Lat.  56°  50'  S.;  long.  83°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.52;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
of  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate  and  rainy;  saw  a  large 
iceberg,  bearing  S.SE.,  distant  8  miles;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  rainy. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  53°  53'  S.;  long.  83°  26'  W.  Barometer^  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
of  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate,  with  occasional  squalls 
of  hail  and  sleet;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes,  with  squalls  of  hail. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  49°  59'  S.;  long.  82°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.27;  temperature  of  air,  53°; 
of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy; 
middle,  smooth  sea;  barometer  indicates  a  southerly  wind;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and 
puffy;  barometer  too  high  for  this  wind." 

Ship  Brewster,  (William  Clark.)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  24  days  from. St.  Roque; 
52  days  from  port. 

"Jan.  12.  Lat.  50°  44'  S. ;  long.  63°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  64°; 
of  water,  54°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  N.,  WSW.,  and  W.  by  S.  First  part  moderate;  middle, 
fresh  breezes;  latter,  moderate  and  pleasant;  sounded  in  90  fathom  water;  no  bottom;  water  a 
light  green  color. 

Jan.  13.  Lat.  52°  37'  S.;  long.  64°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  62°; 
of  water,  48°.  Winds:  calm,  NW.  by  N.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  calm  and  light  breeze; 
middle,  light  air;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Jan.  14.  Lat.  54°  10'  S. ;  long.  63°  33' W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
of  water,  46°.  Winds:  variable,  variable,  light  W.NW.  First  part,  moderate  and  variable; 
spoke  the  ship  Ocean  Express  from  New  York,  bound  to  San  Francisco,  63  days  out;  she  is 
one  of  the  largest  class  of  clipper  ships;  I  was  quite  surprised  to  catch  up  with  her,  but  by 
following  your  directions  I  have  gained  much  in  my  passage  thus  far. 

Jan.  15.  Lat.  55°  22'  S.;  long.  64°  01' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  47°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  SW.,  W.NW.,  SW.  to  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  wind  variable 
and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds;  I  find  a  strong  current  setting  to  the  eastward. 


FJROM   THE    "FAIR    WAY"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE   HORN. — JANUARY.  477 

Jan.  16.  Lat.  55°  44'  S.;  long.  63°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.50^  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  43°.     Winds:  SW.  by  S.  to  S.SW.,  SW.     Light  wind  throughout. 

Jan.  17.  Lat.  56°  07'  S.,  long.  65°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.  to  W.,  W.  by  N.,  W.SW.  to  SW.  Throughout,  light 
winds;  latter  part,  rainy. 

Jan.  18.  Lat.  57°  05'  N. ;  long.  67°  33'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  calm,  calm.,  S.  by  W.  to  S.SW.  First  part,  light  breeze; 
middle,  calm;  latter  part,  squalls  of  wind  and  rain.  You  see  I  am  past  Cape  Horn  in  59  days 
from  New  York;  saw  the  Ocean  Express  5  miles  NW.  of  us. 

Jan.  19.  Lat.  56°  31'  S.;  long.  70°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  48°. 
of  water,  50°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  W.,  SW.,  S.SW.  Moderate  breezes;  saw  the  island  of  Diego 
Raminjo,  W.SW.,  15  miles  distant. 

Jan.  20.  Lat.  55°  49'  S.;  long.  72°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  47°.  Winds:  baffling,  SW.,  calm,  W.,  S.  and  W.  Light  baffling  winds  and  calms; 
saw  a  large  number  of  whales. 

Jan.  21.  Lat.  55°  43'  S. ;  long.  73°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  variable  and  W.NW.  Calms,  with  light  baffling 
winds  and  squalls;  every  squall  would  haul  the  ship  two  or  three  points,  and  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  gain  much  in  beating  her,  and  it  has  every  appearance  of  a  storm. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  56°  05' S. ;  long.  76°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.20;  temperature  of  air,  46; 
of  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.  to  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  a 
high  sea;  middle  and  latter  parts,  the  gale  increased  to  a  hurricane;  a  tremendous  sea  on,  run- 
ning 40  feet  high,  filling  the  decks  with  water;  reefed  the  topsails,  furled  courses  and  mizzen 
topsail. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  55°  10'  S. ;  long.  76°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  to  W.  First  part,  strong  gale; 
ship  lying  to  under  two  close-reefed  topsails;  middle,  more  moderate;  found  the  main  topsail 
yard  sprung;  fished  it  as  well  as  we  could;  latter  part  moderating,  made  sail. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  54°  05'  N.;  long.  76°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.  to  W.  by  N.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  part,  more  moderate;  the  ship 
Ocean  Express  about  5  miles  to  westward  of  us;  middle  part,  strong  gales;  latter  part,  the  same. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  54°  43'  S.;  long.  78°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  49°; 
of  water,  47°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.  to  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts, 
strong  gales,  thick  rainy  weather;  latter  part,  more  moderate,  but  a  hard  chance  of  getting  to 
the  N.  and  W. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  54°  56'  S.;  long.  80°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  50°, 
of  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  W.  by  S.  to  W.NW.  First  and  middle,  strong 
gales  and  a  high  cross  sea;  latter  part,  hard  squalls,  with  hail;  the  ship  has  been  under  close 
reefs  for  a  week.     How  can  we  get  along  under  this  sail  with  a  high  sea? 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  54°  06'  S. ;  long.  81°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.20;  temperature  of  air,  51°; 
of  water,  47°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales,  with 
a  high  sea;  latter  part,  wind  increasing,  with  much  rain. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  52°  45'  S. ;  long.  81°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.10;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
of  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  N.,  NW.  by  N.  Barometer,  at  noon,  to  28.10;  but  no 
appearance  of  a  sudden  gale.     First  part,  dark  and  rainy;  middle  part,  blew  as  hard  a  gale  as 


478  THE    WIND    AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

I  have  had  for  5  years;  I  doubted  the  barometer  being  correct  before,  but  shall  not  after  this; 
latter  part,  hard  gale,  with  a  high  sea. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  50°  42'  S. ;  long.  79°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  47°.  Wincls:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate  gales;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  strong  gales." 

Ship  Great  BepuUic,  (Joseph  Limeburner,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St. 
Roque  and  40  from  port. 

"Jan.  17.  Lat.  50°  45'  S.;  long.  63°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  N.,  W.SW.  First  part, 
fresh  winds;  middle  part,  good  breezes  and  fine  weather;  latter,  strong  gales. 

Jan.  18.  Lat.  54°  36' S.;  long.  63°  47'  W.  Barometer,  28.95;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  part, 
fresh  gales  and  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle  part,  strong  winds  and  heavy  squalls  of  snow 
and  hail;  latter,  more  moderate. 

Jan.  19.  Lat.  57°  00' S.;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.96;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  light 
airs,  under  lee  of  Staten  Land,  increasing  to  strong  breezes  as  we  come  out  into  tl^  open  sea; 
middle,  good  breezes  and  cloudy  weather;  latter  part,  light  winds  and  cloudy. 

Jan.  20.  Lat.  57°  07'  S. ;  long.  65°  49'  W.  Barometer,  28.76;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  S.SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  light  breezes  and  damp  weather;  latter  part,  squally  appearances. 

Jan.  21.  Lat.  59°  07' S.;  long.  69°  05' W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  to  W.NW.,  W.  to  W.NW. 
Throughout  these  24  hours  experienced  fresh  westerly  gales,  and  moderate  occasional  squalls 
of  snow  and  hail;  we  passed  the  longitude  of  Cape  Horn  in  45  days  and  7  hours  from  Sandy 
Hook. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  59°  09'  S.;  long.  70°  08' W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  of  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales  with  light  snow  and  hail;  latter  part,  fresh  winds  and  cold,  with  snow  flaws; 
at  6  a.  m.  made  two  large  icebergs  ahead. 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  56°30'S.;  long.  73°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales  and  squally  with  flaws  of  hail  and  snow;  latter  part,  stiff  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  57°13'S.;  long.  77°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales  and  cloudy  misty  weather;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  55°  24' S. ;  long.  78°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  S.  First  part, 
good  breezes  and  cloudy,  a  heavy  swell  from  the  Nd. ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes 
and  good  weather;  passed  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn  at  midnight,  49  days  and  9  hours  from 
Sandy  Hook. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  53°  04' S. ;  long.  83°  03' W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature'  of  air,   44°;   of  water,   45°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,    S.SW.     First  part,    moderate 


FROM   THE   "  FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. JANUARY.  479 

breezes  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds  with  squalls 
of  light  snow,  rain  and  wind. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  49°  23'  S.;  long.  85°  56' W  Barometer,  30.16;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  strong 
winds,  strong  winds  and  squally;  middle  part,  fresh  winds  and  good  weather;  latter  part,  brisk 
winds  and  fine  weather.  These  24  hours  show  a  steady  and  remarkable  rise  in  the  barometer 
without  any  apparent  cause." 

Ship  Antelope^  (F.  W.  W.  Cole,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  22  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"Jan.  21.  Lat.  49°  14'  S.;  long.  61°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  of  water,  54°.  Winds:  W.  and  S.,  W.  and  S.,  SW.  and  S.SW. 
The  wind  has  been  baffling  during  the  24  hours  with  light  rain;  it  appeared  no  matter  how  the 
ship' s  head  was,  she  was  always  on  the  wrong  tack  by  the  time  every  thing  was  well  trimmed. 

Jan.  22.  Lat.  51°17'S.;  long.  63°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  of  water,  51°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  N.  to  W.NW.  First 
part,  wind  more  steady;  fine  clear  weather  with  smooth  sea;  the  wind  has  canted  as  far  back  as 
North.  The  moon  was  full  yesterday  at  3  a.  m.,  (can  this  affect  these  obstinate  SW.  winds, 
and  how?j 

Jan.  23.  Lat.  54°41'S.;  long.  65°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Throughout 
pleasant  weather,  with  light  airs;  passed  through  the  straits  of  Le  Maire. 

Jan.  24.  Lat.  56°  17'  S. ;  long.  64°  51' W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  calm  to  all  around  the  compass;  calm 
and  SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  calm  and  variable  winds;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes, 
clear  and  pleasant  weather. 

Jan.  25.  Lat.  57°  45'  S.;  long.  64°  53' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  66;  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.NW.  and  calm.  First  and 
middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter,  light  airs.  The  barometer  rising,  should  lead  me  to  expect 
a  NW.  or  northerly  wind,  it  has  invariably  indicated  a  very  fresh  gale  by  falling,  or  moderate 
gale  by  rising;  with  the  above  rule  I  find  the  barometer  the  same  use  here  as  in  the  N.  Atlantic; 
these  are  facts;  the  opinion  I  have  not  formed  as  yet. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  58°  36' S. ;  long.  68°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.  First  part,  unsettled 
looking  weather,  thick  and  rainy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  59°  28'  S.;  long.  73°  18'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  44°  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  to  NW.,  NW.  and  N.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fine  weather  and  steady.  The  barometer  is  falling  fast;  we 
will  see  now  what  turns  up.  The  mercury  being  now  lower  than  at  any  previous  time  upon 
this  voyage,  if  it  is  not  blowing  a  SW.  gale  in  12  hours  then  I  will  be  better  prepared  to  say 
the  barometer  is  no  use  about  Cape  Horn. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  57°  25' S. ;  long.  76°  52' W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  N.  and  N.NE.,  E.NE.  and  calm,  S.  and 
W.SW.  First  part,  clouding  up;  a  heavy  SW.  swell;  middle,  light  airs,  with  rain;  squally 
looking  weather;  latter  part,  fresh  W.SW.  gale  and  cloudy. 

Jan.   29.     Lat.  55°  34' S. ;  long.  77°  54' W.     Barometer,   28.97;  thermometer  attached, 


480  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

58°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  46°.  .  Winds:  SW.,  W.  and  NW.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  fresh  gale;  middle  part,  moderating;  latter  part,  strong  gale  and  high  sea  from  W.NW. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  53°  30'  S. ;  long.  78°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.53;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part, 
fresh  gale;  middle,  strong  gale;  latter  part,  ship  diving  hard  into  a  head  sea,  and  taking  large 
quantities  of  water  over  the  bows;  moderating. 

Jan  31.  Lat.  50°  15'  S.;  long.  78°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.,  W.  and  NW.  First  and 
middle  parts,  partially  clear;  latter  part,  breezing  up. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  50°  49'  S.;  long.  81°  46' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.NW.  and  NW.,  NW.  First  part, 
cloudy  and  squally  looking  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  thick  and  rainy. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  49°  04'  S. ;  long.  83°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached,  61°; 
temperature  of  air,  52°;  of  water,  51°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  calm,  W.SW.  and  W.,  W.NW. 
Thick  and  rainy  weather." 

Ship  Tornado,  (0.  R.  Mumford,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco  ;  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"January  22.  Lat.  49°  40' S.;  long.  65°00' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  62°  ;  temperature  of  water,  59°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  W.  toS.SW. 
First  part,  light  airs  ;  at  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  58°;  wet  bulb,  52°;  8  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  57°;  wet  bulb, 
51°.     Middle,  moderate  breezes;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  62°;  wet  bulb,  57°.   Latter  part,  moderate. 

January  23.  Lat.  52°  48'  S. ;  long.  65°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29. 59;  temperature  of  air,  57°; 
temperature  of  water,  54°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  W.SW.,  SW.  by  S.SW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  at  4  wet  bulb,  53°;  dry  bulb,  55°;  at  8  wet  bulb,  48°;  dry  bulb,  51°.  Middle  part, 
light  breezes;  (strong  tide  pace;)  at  9  wet  bulb,  47°;  dry  bulb,  49°.  Latter  part,  moderate 
breezes. 

January  24.  Lat.  55°  03'  S. ;  long.  63°  23'  W.  Barometer.  29.76;  thermometer  attached. 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  by 
W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  dry  bulb,  55°;  wet  bulb,  52°;  at  8  dry  bulb,  50°;  wet  bulb, 
47°.  Middle,  light;  at  2.30  saw  Staten  Land;  from  8  a.  m.  till  noon,  by  bearing  off  Cape  St. 
John,  current  had  set  east  eight  miles.     Latter  part,  light  breezes. 

January  25.  Lat.  56°  43'  S.;  long.  63°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.  I  W.,  SW.,  SW. 
First  part,  gentle  breezes;  middle  part,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  light  airs.  4  p.  m.  dry 
bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  44°;  8  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  45°;  9  a.  ra.  dry  bulb,  47°;  wet 
bulb,  45°. 

January  26.  Lat.  66°  58'  S. ;  long.  66°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.51;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  temperature  of  water,  .48°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.NW.,  N.  First 
and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  moderate.  Have  had  little  or  no  easterly  current 
from  St.  John's.      8  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  49°;  wet  bulb,  46;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb,  45°. 

January  27.  Lat.  58°  12'  S.;  long.  70°  20'  W.  Barometer,  28.99;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  N.NW.  Mod- 
erate breezes  throughout.  At  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  51°;  wet  bulb,  49°;  8  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  47°;  wet 
bulb,  44°;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  49°. 

January  28.     Lat.  57°  18'  S.;  long.  73°  50'  W.     Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN JANUARY.  481 

70°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.  to  E.,  and 
E.  to  S.SW.,  S.  by  W.  First  part,  gentle  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes, 
with  moderate  rain.  At  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  47°;  wet  bulb,  45°;  8  p.  m,  dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb, 
45°;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  45°;  wet  bulb,  44°. 

January  29.  Lat.  56°  00'  S.;  long.  74°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  to 
W.,  W.  to  NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  gales;  long  westerly  sea.  Latter  part,  moderate 
rain;  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  45°;  wet  bulb,  44°;  8  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  44°;  wet  bulb,  44°;  9  a.  m.  dry 
bulb,  44°;  wet  bulb,  44°. 

January  30.  Lat.  55°  51'  S.;  long.  77°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.  and  NW.  by  W.,  W., 
calm,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  rainy;  middle  part,  moderate  and  calm; 
latter  part,  gentler  breezes,  with  a  heavy  westerly  sea.     9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  45°;  wet  bulb,  44°. 

January  31.  Lat.  54°  44'  S.;  long.  78°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  by  N.  ^  N. 
First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  fine;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes.  At  4  p.  m.  dry 
bulb,  45°;  wet  bulb,  43°;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  46°. 

February  1.  Lat.  55°  01'  S.;  long.  80°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.SW.,  and 
NW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  puffy  and  nearly  calm;  latter  part,  light 
breezes.     At  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb,  44°;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb  46°;  wet  bulb,  42°. 

February  2.  Lat.  53°  42'  S. ;  long.  81°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.72;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  N.,  and 
W.SW.,  W.  First  part,  gentle;  middle  part,  moderate;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes.  At  4  p. 
m.  dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb,  45°;  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb,  44°. 

February  3.  Lat.  53°  12'  S. ;  long.  81°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  N.NW.  to  W., 
NW.  by  N.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  part,  moderate,  with  a  westerly  sea;  latter  part, 
strong  gale.  At  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  45°;  8  p.  m.  dry  bulb  45°;  wet  bulb,  44°; 
9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  47°;  wet  bulb,  45°. 

February  4.  Lat.  51°  16'  S.;  long.  81°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S. 
First  part,  strong  gales;  middle  part,  hard  squalls;  latter  part,  squalls  not  quite  so  hard. 
Washed  the  lee  cat-head  up  and  broke  the  rail  diving  through  this  N.NW.  sea.  At  4  p.  m.- 
dry  bulb,  46°;  wet  bulb,  42°;  at  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  48°;  wet  bulb,  45°. 

February  5.  Lat.  49°  19'  S.;  long.  80°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  thermometer  attached, 
76°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  fresh  gale;  middle  part,  fine  breeze;  latter  part,  moderate.  At  4  p.  m.  dry  bulb,  50°; 
wet  bulb,  49°;  at  8  p.  m..  dry  bulb,  49°;  wet  bulb,  47°;  at  9  a.  m.  dry  bulb,  54°;  wet  bulb,  51°." 

Ship  "  Ocean  Pearly "  (Winthrop  Sears,)  Boston  to  Honolulu,  Sandwich  Islands,  via  Valparaiso; 
17  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"January  24.    Lat.  48°  19'  S.;  long.  61°  00'  W.   Barometer,  29.62;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  57°;  temperature  of  water,  54°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  Strong 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 
VOL.    II 61 


482  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

January  25.  Lat.  51°  37' S.;  long.  62°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.22;  temperature  of  air, 
58°;  temperature  of  water,  56°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  SW.  Strong  breezes  and  pleasant 
throughout  the  day. 

January  26.  Lat.  54°  09'  S.;  long.  63°34' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
56°:  temperatureof  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.NW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  pleasant ;  latter,  cloudy;  strong  breezes  throughout. 

January  27.  Lat.  55°  02'  S.;  long.  63°  13'  W.  Barometer,  28.82;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water;  46°.  Winds:  N.NW.  and  SW.,  N.,  W. 
by  S.     First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  latter,  moderate  and  cloudy. 

January  28.  Lat.  55°  37' S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.93;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW. 
by  S.     Squally  throughout  this  day;  clouds  from  the  SW.  constantly  rising. 

January  29.  Lat.  57°  15'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.63;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  by  W.,  S. 
First  and  middle  parts,  squally;  light  rains  for  the  latter  part. 

January  30.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  68°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  S.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  squally;  latter  part  squally,  with  rain. 

January  31.  Lat.  58°  40'  S.;  long.  71°  09'  W.  Barometer,  28.40;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  Cloudy 
and  stormy  throughout  the  day.  Commenced  blowing  violently  about  7  p.  m.,  and  continued 
without  intermissian.  Have  never  known  the  barometer  to  fall  so  low  in  any  latitude;  a  heavy 
snow  squall. 

February  1.  Lat.  57°  25'  S.;  long.  73°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  violent  wind  and  heavy  sea;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes.  At  8.30  a.  m. 
a  snow  squall. 

February  2.  Lat.  57°  47'  S.;  long.  76°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  N.,  W.NW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  cloudy  and  squally;  latter  part,  cloudy  and  snowing. 

February  3.  Lat.  58°  40'  S.;  long.  79°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW.,  NW. 
by  W.  First  part,  cloudy,  with  fresh  breezes;  middle,  moderate  breezes  and  rainy;  latter  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  foggy. 

February  4.  Lat.  58°  06'  S.;  long.  80°  49'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  and 
middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  rainy,  squally  weather;  latter  part,  fresh  winds  and  pleasant. 
At  10  a.  m.  passed  an  iceberg. 

February  5.  Lat.  55°  28'  S. ;  long.  81°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.22;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes,  cloudy  and  squally;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant.     Saw  two  large  icebergs,  bearing  east  12  miles. 

February  6.  Lat.  52°  04' S.;  long.  80°  53' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST.    ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN — FEBRUARY. 


483 


February  7.     Lat.  49°  47'  S.;  long.  79°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
60°.     First  part,  rainy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  cloudy.     Strong  gales  throughout  the  day." 

Cape  Horn  Crossings — February. 


Name  of  vessel. 

m    . 

<^  <n 

O    o 

cs    a) 

P.    3 

s  §■ 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
VFest  of  Cape  Horn. 

0°  S.  in  the 
tic  to  50°  S. 
Pacific. 

50°  S. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67°  W. 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S. 

53°  S. 

50°  S. 

o<a 

John  Holland 

Days. 
31 
33 
23 
44 
25 
26 
30 
19 
23 
26 
30 
28 
24 
21 
23 
28 
30 
27 
20 
22 
22 
19 
25 
22 
SO 
26 
19 
30 
23 
29 
23 
22 
26 
26 
33 
24 
31 
36 
22 
30 
27 

Long.  W. 
65° 
61 
57 
66 
65 
65 
65 
64 
65 
66 
66 
65 
65 
66 
63 
65 
54 
61 
63 
64 
66 
63 
64 
63 
62 
64 
60 
62 
65 
66 
63 
64 
64 
66 
65 
65 
61 
65 
64 
65 
63 

Long.  TV. 
66° 
65 
61 
66 
65 
65 
66 
65 
66 
65 
66 
65 
65 
66 
64 
65 
56 
65 
64 
65 
66 
65 
64 
63 
64 
66 
65 
63 
65 
65 
63 
65 
64 
66 
65 
65 
63 
66 
64 
65 
65 

Long.  W. 
63° 
71 
67 
66 
63 
65 
66 
69 
64 
69 
66 
66 
66 
67 
64 
64 
61 
64 
65 
66 
66 
66 
65 
69 
66 
66 
67 
64 
66 
66 
66 
65 
67 
65 
66 
68 
64 
66 
67 
63 
67 

Lat.  S. 
58° 
56 
57 
57 
56 
58 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
58 
56 
56 
57 
58 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
56 
56 

Lat.  S. 
59° 
56 
58 
58 
56 
58 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
58 
57 
56 
58 
56 
59 
58 
60 
67 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
59 
55 
57 
59 
68 
59 
58 
68 
60 
57 
57 
58 
59 
58 
57 
57 

Lat.  S. 
57° 
56 
58 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
59 
56 
58 
57 
56 
56 
57 
56 
66 
58 
60 
55 
58 
57 
57 
55 
57 
57 
58 
57 
56 
58 
58 
59 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
58 
57 
57 
55 

Long.  W. 
76° 
77 
77 
76 
81 
79 
77 
77 
80 
81 
78 
80 
76 
78 
79 
79 
75 
77 
78 
58 
77 
83 
81 
75 
78 
77 
77 
75 
79 
82 
78 
75 
80 
81 
79 
75 
79 
78 
78 
79 
74 

Long.  W. 
80° 
78 
78 
78 
81 
80 
78 
79 
79 
83 
79 
83 
76 
79 
78 
79 
77 
79 
78 
79 
78 
82 
82 
77 
79 
76 
80 
84 
78 
83 
79 
83 
79 
81 
80 
78 
80 
79 
78 
81 
77 

Long.  W. 
79° 
82 
79 
80 
84 
81 
81 
84 
84 
82 
79 
85 
78 
80 
79 
79 
79 
80 
78 
79 
84 
83 
81 
79 
80 
78 
84 
85 
77 
84 
82 
83 
80 
82 
79 
77 
82 
83 
79 
82 
77 

Days. 
26 

25 

Storm 

A.  F.  Jennessf 

John  Bertram 

12 
20 
12 

Flying  Childera 

12 

Golden  West 

14 

Bald  Eagle  

10 

Phantom , 

Winged  Racer 

15 
14 

17 

14 

E  gle  Wing 

10 

Flying  Cloud 

12 

19 

14 

North  Carolina* 

29 

Fair  Wind 

22 

23 

Boston  Light 

11 

Telegraph 

12 

Electric  Spark 

16 

Hollander. , 

25 

25 

13 

Winfield  Scott 

26 

Governor  Morton 

16 

E.  Kimball 

35 

Western  Continent 

16 

Syren 

19 

19 

Adelaide 

30 

Isaac  Jeanes .... 

25 

Humboldt 

26 

Emiliaj: 

39 

Telegraph 

21 

Harriet ,.  . 

30 

19 

Romance  of  the  Sea 

Coringa 

13 
30 

John  Haven 

21 

Means 

26.0 

63.8 

64.6 

65.7 

56.8 

57.6 

56.9 

79.9 

79.4 

80.8 

18.8 

*  She  is  famous  for  long  passages.    (See  p.  464,  7th  ed.) 

t  Last  in  the  7th  edition,  the  24  other  passages  have  been  made  since. 

{  Chilian  vessel.    Not  included  in  means. 

Ship  ''  Aurora,^ ^  (Nat.  Brown,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  20  days  from  St.  Roque, 

"Jan.  25.  Lat.  50°  42' S.;  long.  62°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW, 
by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  increasing  breezes;  latter  parts,  strong  gales  and  bad 
sea. 


484  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Jan.  26.  Lat.  52°  03'  S. ;  long.  63°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  NW. 
First  part,  strong  gales  and  moderating;  middle  part,  light  and  unsteady  airs;  latter  part,  fresh 
breezes  and  hazy. 

Jan.  27.  Lat.  54°  58'  S.;  long.  65°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
56°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  Fresh  breezes  and  blowing  in  heavy  squalls  off  the  land; 
passed  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  strong  tide  race. 

Jan.  28.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  65°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
54°:  Winds:  variable,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  variable  airs;  middle  and  latter  part,  fresh  winds 
and  heavy  squalls,  large  hail,  thunder  and  lightning. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  57°  54'  S.;  long.  68°  31'  W.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  SW.  First  part, 
moderating  and  cloudy;  middle,  increasing,  with  thick  weather  and  hail  and  rain;  latter,  almost 
a  gale,  very  changeable  weather. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  57°  31'  S.;  long.  70°  50'  W.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  W.NW.  First  part, 
hard  squalls  from  the  southward;  middle,  moderate  and  foggy;  latter,  hard  squalls. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  58°  19'  S. ;  long.  72°  01'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  First 
part,  hard  gales,  hard  squalls;  middle,  hard  gales,  high  head  sea;  latter,  heavy  gales. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  57°  19'  S. ;  long.  73°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  thermometer  attached,. 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  42°;  Winds:  W.NW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  First 
part,  hard  gales;  middle,  strong  winds  and  hard  squalls,  snow  and  hail;  latter  part,  moderate. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  57°  50'  S. ;  long.  75°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached,  50°; 
temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  fresh  and  cloudy;  middle,  strong  gales;  latter,  moderating,  thick,  foggy  weather. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  57°  27'  S.;  long.  77°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
Strong  breezes  throughout.     First  part,  thick  weather;  middle,  constant  rain;  latter,  thick  fog. 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  56°  58'  S.;  long.  77°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  by 
S.     Strong  gales  and  high  sea. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  55°  02'  S.;  long.  78°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  byS.,  W.  byS.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  strong  and  squally;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  light  and  fine,  nearly  calm. 
Lat.  56°  20'  S.,  long.  74°  35'  W.,  passed  an  iceberg  5  or  6  miles  to  windward  of  us.  No 
change  in  temperature  of  air  or  water. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  52°  56'  S.;  long.  79°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.47;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  calm,  W.SW.,  W.  First 
part,  calm  and  cloudy;  middle  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  hard  squalls  of  hail  and  rain;  latter 
part,  fresh  winds. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  50°  58'  S.;  long.  78°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  strong  and  squally;  middle  part,  hard  gales;  latter  part,  freshening,  thick  weather. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  51°  09'  S. ;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;    temperature  of  air,   49°;    temperature  of   water,  49°.     Winds:    NW.,    NW.,    W.NW. 


FROM   THE   "FAIR  WAY  "    OFF   ST.   EOQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN — FEBRUARY.  485 

First  part,  strong  gales;  middle  part,  heavy  gales  and  violent  squalls j  latter  part,  moderate, 
with  a  tremendous  swell,  thick  and  foggy. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  50°  48'  S. ;  long.  80°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.41;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W.,  calm. 
First  part,  light  winds,  thick,  foggy,  and  wet  weather;  middle  part,  strong  breezes,  with  rain; 
latter,  light  airs  and  calms  and  rainy.     We  certainly  have  had  hard  luck". 

Ship  '^ Beindeer,''  (0.  R.  Bunker,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

♦'Jan.  28.  Lat.  49°  52'  S.;  long.  63°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  59°. 
Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  airs  and  pleasant;  latter  part, 
good  breezes. 

Jan.  29.  Lat.  51°  03'  S.;  long.  63°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.41;  temperature  of  air,  61° 
Winds:  S.SW.,  W.NW.,  SW.     Light  breezes  throughout. 

Jan.  30.  Lat.  52°  41'  S. ;  long.  62°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  60°. 
Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.     First  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes;  middle  part,  strong  gale. 

Jan.  31.  Lat.  54°  58'  S.;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  52°. 
Winds:  W.,  NW.,  NW.     First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  strong  breezes. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  56°  38'  S.;  long.  66^  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.34;  temperature  of  air,  49°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  SW.     First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  57°  23'  S.;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  temperature  of  air,  48°. 
Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  W.     First  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes;  middle  part,  light  breezes. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  58°  33'  S.;  long.  68°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.74;  temperature  of  air,  45°. 
Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.  by  N.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter  part, 
more  moderate. 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  59°  37'  S. ;  long.  71°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.22;  temperature  of  air,  42°. 
Winds:  W.  by  N.,  NW.,  W.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales,  with  rain;  latter 
part,  more  moderate. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  58°  39'  S.;  long.  72°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.26;  temperature  of  air,  46°. 
Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Strong  gales,  with  squalls  of  wind  and  hail. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  56°  25'  S.;  long.  72°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29,21;  temperature  of  air,  43°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Strong  breezes,  with  passing  squalls  of  hail  and  wind. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  56°  39'  S.;  long.  73°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  temperature  of  air,  42°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle  part,  hard  gales;  latter, 
more  moderate,  with  passing  squalls  of  hail  and  wind. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  57°  38'  S.;  long.  74°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.93;  temperature  of  air,  48°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.     First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  hard  gales. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  58°  02'  S. ;  long.  75°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  48°. 
Winds:  W.,  NW.,  N.NW.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter  part,  light 
breezes. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  58°  46'  S.;  long.  78°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air,  45°. 
Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  Finstpart,  strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales, 
with  thick  rainy  weather;  saw  two  icebergs. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  58°  24'  S.;  long.  78°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  temperature  of  air,  43°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter, 
moderate  breezes,  with  showers  of  rain. 


486  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHARTS. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  56°  13'  S.;  long.  78°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  temperature  of  air,  42°. 
Winds:  "W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Good  breezes,  with  passing  squalls  of  hail  and  rain. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  53°  42'  S.;  long.  79°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  44°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong 
breezes. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  52°  17'  S.;  long.  81°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  48°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  N.,  N.NE.     Light  breezes,  fine  and  clear  weather. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  51°  39'  S.;  long.  83°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  temperature  of  air,  51°. 
Winds:  N.,  NW.,  W.  First  part,  light  breezes,  thick  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate  breezes,  with  passing  squalls. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  49°  50'  S. ;  long.  82°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  51°. 
Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  clear;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate  breezes,  with  thick  weather  and  rain  squalls." 

Ship  ''Bomance  of  the  Sea,''  (W.  W.  Henry,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  22  days  from 
St.  Roque. 

"Jan.  31.  Lat.  49°  13'  S. ;  long.  63°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  53°; 
of  water,   53°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  calm,  W.NW.     Variable,  calm,  and  squally. 

Feb.  1.  Lat.  51°  43'  S.;  long.  64°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.15;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
of  water,  52°.  Winds:  SW.  ,NW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter  part, 
fresh  gales;  passed  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire. 

Feb.  2.  Lat.  55°26'S.;  long.  65°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
of  water,  52°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  by  N.     Strong  gales  throughout. 

Feb.  3.  Lat.  56°04'S.;  long.  67°  31' W.  Barometer,  28.85;  temperature  of  air,  51°; 
of  water,  50°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes,  and 
squally;  latter  part,  fresh  gales  and  rainy. 

Feb.  4.  Lat.  57°  35' S.;  long.  68°  58' W.  Barometer,  29.96;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  51°.     Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  W.  by  N.     Fresh  gales  throughout  and  confused  sea. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  58°30'S.;  long.  70°  02' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
of  water,  44°.     Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  W.     Fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  57°  30'  S.;  long.  74°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
of  water,  44°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.SB.,  E.SE.  First  and  latter  parts,  squally;  middle  part, 
heavy  gales. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  57°  28'  S.;  long.  78°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.65;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
of  water,  48°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  NW.     Strong  gales  during  the  twenty-four  hours. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  57°  13'  S.;  long.  78°  10' W.  Barometer,  28.67;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
of  water,  46°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.  by  S.     Heavy  gales  and  violent  squalls. 

'     Feb.  9.     Lat.  56°  13' S. ;  long.  78°  47' W.     Barometer,   28.90;   temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  46°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.     Heavy  gales  and  violent  squalls. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  55°  04'  S. ;  long.  78°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.22;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  44°.     Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  SW.  by  W.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  52°  16'  S. ;  long.  78°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.43;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.,  W.  First  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales;  middle  part, 
heavy  gales  and  violent  hail  squalls. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  51°  32'  S.;  long.  79°  27'  W.  Barometer,  28.87;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
of  water,  43°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.NW.     Moderate  gales  with  hail  squalls. 


FROM  THE    "fair  WAY  "   OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN — FEBRUARY.  487 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  49°  02'  S.;  long.  78°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales; 
latter  part,  fresh  gales." 

Sliip  ^^ Electric  SparJc,''  (Laban  Homes,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  19  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"Feb.  4.  Lat.  49°  32'  S.;  long.  63°  20'  W.  Barometer,  26.60;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  55°;  of  water,  53°.  Winds:  N.,  N.  by  E.,  N.NW.  to  S.SW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  latter  part,  blowing  hard. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  52°16'S.;  long.  64°  45' W.  Barometer,  26.75;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  54;  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  N.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Fresh  winds  and 
cloudy  throughout;  passed  some  kelp. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  55°  02'  S.;  long.  65°  01' W.  Barometer,  26.65;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  variable,  N.  First  and  latter 
parts,  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  fresh;  passed  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  56°  21' S. ;  long.  66°  43'  W.  Barometer,  26.50;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  N.,  W.SW.  First  part,  nearly 
calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  56°  26'  S. ;  long.  69°  30'  W.  Barometer,  26.10;  thermometer  attached,  60°; 
temperature  of  air,  52°;  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  NE.  Light  winds  and  pleasant 
weather  throughout. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  57°  09'  S. ;  long.  70°  44'  W.  Barometer,  26.34;  thermometer  attached,  58°; 
temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.SW.  Brisk  breezes  through- 
out; first  part,  weather  variable;  middle,  rainy;  latter  part,  pleasant. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  57°  40'  S.;  long.  72°  21' W.  Barometer,  26.42;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  Throughout, 
fresh  gales,  with  heavy  irregular  sea. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  56°09'S.;  long.  73°  30'  W.  Barometer,  26.67;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes,  with  very  heavy  sea;  latter  part  moderate. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  74°  25'  W.  Thermometer  attached,  57°;  temperature  of 
air,  47°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Light  winds,  thick  and  foggy 
throughout. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  56°  51'  S.;  long.  76°  23'  W.  Temperature  of  air  55°;  of  water,  46°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  calm.     Light  airs  and  calm;  thick  fog  on  the  horizon,  clear  over  head. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  76°  57'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  61;  of  water,  46°. 
Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.     Light  airs  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  15.  Lat.  56°  23'  S.;  long.  79°  55'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  51°;  of  water,  45°. 
Winds:  calm,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  calm  and  foggy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  blowing  hard; 
barometer  of  no  use,  no  doubt  incorrect,  too  low  altogether. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  56°  06'  S.;  long.  82°  10'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  45°. 
Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  Variable  weather,  sometimes  blowing  hard  and  sometimes 
nearly  calm. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  55°  17'  S.;  long.  83°  13'  W.  Thermometer  attached,  58°;  temperature 
of  air,  49°;  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  calm  and  W.SW.,  W.,  W.,  First  part,  calm  and  fresh 
winds,  squally;  middle  part,  blowing  hard;  latter  part,  hard  gale. 


488  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  54°  47'  S. ;  long.  82°  09'  W.  Thermometer  attached,  55°;  temperature  of 
air,  48°;  of  water,  44°;  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.  First  part,  very  hard  gale;  middle  part, 
more  moderate;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  squalls. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  54°  05'  S.;  long.  82°  24'  W.  Thermometer  attached,  54°;  temperature  of 
air,  46°;  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  baffling  and  calm.  First  and  middle  parts, 
fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  baffling  and  calm,  with  rain. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  50°  35'  S.;  long.  83°  40'  W.  Thermometer  attached,  54°;  temperature  of 
air,  48°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle 
and  latter  parts,  good  breezes,  with  dark  squally  looking  weather." 

Ship  "  Western  Continent, "  (Fred.  Barnham, )  New  York  to  San  Francisco ;  23  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"Feb.  4.  Lat.  49°  54'  S.;  long.  65°  13' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
78°;  temperature  of  air,  58°;  temperature  of  water,  53'='.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  NW.  First 
and  latter,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  strong. 

Feb.  5.  Lat.  52°  34'  S.;  long.  65°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached,  50°; 
temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  NW.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  strong  breezes. 

Feb.  6.  Lat.  54°  27'  S.;  long.  64°  15' W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  N.  and  NW.,  E.  and  E.SE., 
S.  and  S.SW.  Moderate  breezes  and  variable.  My  intention  was  to  have  gone  through  the 
straits,  but  the  wind  being  from  the  southward,  I  gave  it  up. 

Feb.  7.  Lat.  55°  44'  S.;  long.  64°  23' W.  Barometer,  29.26;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  NW.,  NW.  and 
W.     First  and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter,  strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls. 

Feb.  8.  Lat.  56°  44'  S.;  long.  66°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached,  46°; 
temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  W.  First  and 
middle  parts,  heavy  gales;  latter,  moderate. 

Feb.  9.  Lat.  56°  47'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached,  49°; 
temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  moderate  gales;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Feb.  10.  Lat.  57°  44'  S. ;  long.  68°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached,  46°; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.  and  N.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
First  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales;  middle  part,  moderate,  with  rain. 

Feb.  11.  Lat.  58°  33'  S.;  long.  70°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached,  46°; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.     Heavy  gales  and  squally  weather. 

Feb.  12.  Lat.  58°  39' S.;  long.  71°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  First  and 
middle  parts,  hail  squalls,  blowing  hard  in  squalls;  latter  part,  strong  gales,  with  hail  squalls. 

Feb.  13.  Lat.  56°  37'  S. ;  long.  71°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  Throughout 
this  day  strong  gales  and  hail  squalls  about  every  15  minutes;  saw  an  iceberg. 

Feb.  14.  Lat.  56°  53'  S.;  long.  70°  42' W.  Barometer,  29.56;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  N.  First,  mod- 
erate gale,  light  airs;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

Feb.  15.     Lat.  56°  26' S. ;  long.  76°  42' W.     Barometer,   29.00;   thermometer  attached, 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST     ROQUE    TO   CAPE    HORN. — FEBRUARY.  489 

45°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  Avater,  44°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.  and  NW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain;  latter  part,  the  same. 

Feb.  16.  Lat.  55°  17' S. ;  long.  79°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  Fresh 
breezes  and  squally,  with  rain. 

Feb.  17.  Lat.  54°  10'  S.;  long.  79°  11' W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  W.  First 
and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  rain;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally. 

Feb.  18.  Lat.  52°  35'  S.;  long.  78°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.13;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First 
part,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales  with  rain. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  51°  32' S. ;  long.  78°  34' W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Wind:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales  and  squally. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  49°  55' S.;  long.  77°  11' W.  Barometer,  29.32;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  NW. 
Fresh  gales  and  rain  during  these  twenty-four  hours." 

Ship  ''Boston  Light,^'  (William  Collagan,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  22  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"Feb.  18.  Lat.  48°  21'  S. ;  long.  61°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.83;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  60°;  temperature  of  water,  56°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  N.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant  weather;  sea  smooth. 

Feb.  19.  Lat.  51°  16'  S.;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.72;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  N.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.  Fine 
moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  In  no  part  of  the  world  have  I  seen  better  quantities 
of  kelp  and  rock-weed. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  54°  13' S.;  long.  65°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  SW.,  W.SW. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.,  E.  and  S.,  S.  and  E. 
First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  hazy;  middle  part,  strong  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes 
and  rain. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  57°  06' S. ;  long.' 66°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  E.SE.  and  S.,  SW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  moderate  breezes,  fog  and  rain;  middle,  heavy  squalls  of  rain  and  hail;  latter  part, 
moderate. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  58°  02' S. ;  long.  68°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  W.  and 
W.NW.  First  part,  squally;  middle  part,  moderate;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes,  thick  and 
rainy. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  57°  12' S.;  long.  70°  55' W.  Barometer,  29.78;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  part,  hail  squalls;  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  56°  08' S.;  long.  73°  14' W.  Barometer,  29.82;  thermometer  attached, 
VOL.  II 62 


490 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


56°;  temperature  of  air,  48°j  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  E.  andE.NE.  First 
part,  light  airs;  middle,  moderate  breezes,  fine  and  pleasant. 

Feb.  26.  Lat.  54°  57' S. ;  long.  78°  05' W.  Barometer,  29.96;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  Mode- 
rate breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

Feb.  27.  Lat.  54°  00' S.;  long.  79°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  46°;  Winds:  N.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  and 
middle  parts,  strong  breezes,  with  rain  squalls;  latter,  moderate. 

Feb.  28.  Lat.  52°  OS'S.;  long.  78°  52' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  strong  breezes,  mist  and  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales;  squally,  with 
rain,  fog  and  hail. 

March  1.  Lat.  49°  24' S.;  long.  78°  48' W.  Barometer,  29.87;  thermon;eter  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W. 
First  part,  gales,  squally  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  squally." 

Cape  Horn  Crossings — 3Iarch. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Aldebaran  

Esther  May 

Lucknow 

Masconoma 

Tornado 

Eagle 

Celestial 

Amelia 

Phantom 

Stag  Hound 

Courser.  .^ 

Huguenot 

Ludwig 

Herald  of  the  Morning. 

Seaman's  Bride 

M.  Howes* 

Jenny  Ford 

Sultan 

Osborn  Howes 

E.  F.  Willets 

Phantom 

Greenfield 

Therese 

James  Brown 

Derby 


S   o 


Days. 
28 
29 
26 
32 
25 
24 
24 
26 
23 
22 
26 
28 
36 
26 
26 
26 
27 
28 
28 
27 
22 
25 
33 
30 


Means 27.3 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 


50°  S. 


Long.  W. 
66° 
64 
65 
65 
65 
64 
63 
63 
65 
65 
65 
67 
63 
64 
64 
66 
63 
62 
64 
65 
63 
64 
61 
66 
66 


64.3 


53' S. 


Long.  JV. 
65° 
02 
66 
65 
65 
65 
64 
64 
66 
64 
65 
65 
63 
64 
63 
65 
68 
65 
65 
64 
65 
-65 
63 
66 
66 


64.7 


56°  S. 


Long.  W. 
66° 
65 
63 
66 
65 
66 
66 
63 
63 
65 
66 
67 
62 
65 
63 
61 
67 
65 
64 
66 
65 
67 
66 
66 
65 


64.9 


Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 


67°  W.       71°  W.       75°  W. 


Let.  S. 
56° 
58 
60 
57 
56 
57 
56 
59 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
57 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 


57.0 


Lat.  S. 
59° 
60 
58 
56 
58 
58 
57 
57 
59 
57 
57 
57 
SB 
56 
58 
57 
59 
57 
58 
57 
57 
57 
57 
59 
58 


57.6 


Lat.  S. 
67° 
56 
56 
56 
57 
58 
56 
55 
59 
55 
57 
58 
57 
54 
57 
57 
59 
57 
56 
56 
55 
56 
54 
55 
57 


56.4 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 


55°  S. 


Long.  W. 

77° 

77 

78 

78 

77 

78 

77 

78 

80 

73 

77 

78 

78 

76 

80 

81 

79 

77 

84 

77 

75 

81 

74 

75 

83 


77.9 


53*S. 


Long.  W. 
80° 
80 
81 


77 
85 
84 
81 
79 
85 
79 
78 
84 
76 
78 


80.0 


50°  S. 


Long.  fV 

84° 
81 
86 


2    o 

u  Oh 


«  5 


Days. 


13 
13 
18 
96 
14 
12 
12 
21 
31 
8 
16 
15 
18 
19 
SI 
11 
13 
11 
26 
27 
17 


18.3 


'  Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  nine  others  are  subsequent. 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR    WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO   CAPE    HORN. MARCH.  49 1 

Ship  '■'■James  Brown^''  (Charles  W.  Kerlin,)  Boston  to  Callao ;  21  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"February  18.  Lat.  50°  08' S.;  long.  65° 57'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;-  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  57°;  temperature  of  water,  53°.  Winds:  S.,  calm,  NW.  First  part, 
moderate  breezes;  middle,  calm;  latter  part,  light  breezes.  Sounded  in  57  fathoms;  pebbles, 
fine  sand,  and  coral. 

February  19.  Lat.  51°  56'  S. ;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  61°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  E.NE.  First  part, 
light  breezes;  middle,  moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  bafiling. 

February  20.  Lat.  53°  16'  S. ;  long.  66°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  51°.  Winds:  NB.,  N.NE.,  N.&S.SW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  light  airs;  latter  part,  stiff  breezes. 

February  21.  Lat.  54°  30'  S. ;  long.  65°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.64;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  W.SW.  First 
part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  strong  gales. 

February  22.  Lat.  55°  10'  S. ;  long.  65°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  NW.  to  SW. ;  baffling,  from 
S.SW.  to  NW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  light;  latter,  strong  breezes  and 
light  rain.     Strong  current  to  the  eastward. 

February  23.  Lat.  55°  45'  S. ;  long.  66°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  fresh  gales  in  puffs. 

February  24.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Wind  :  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  fresh  gale;  middle,  hard  squalls;  latter,  very  hard  gale  and  hard  squalls. 

February  25.  Lat.  56»  31'  S. ;  long.  66°  27'  W.  Barometer,  28.85;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  hard  squalls  and  hard  gale;  latter,  more  moderate.  ' 

February  26.  Lat.  56°  38'  S. ;  long.  66°  56'  W.  Barometer,  28.83;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.&SW.,  calm,  S.SW.  and 
W.     First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  calm;  latter,  wind  changeable. 

February  27.  Lat.  56°  39'  S. ;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;.  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW,,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  clear;  middle  and  latter  parts,  hard  squalls  of  hail  and  rain. 

February  28.  Lat.  56°  30'  S. ;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  NW. 
Hard  gales  and  very  hard  squalls,  with  bad  sea. 

February  29.  Lat.  56°  59'  S. ;  long.  67°  54'  W.  Barometer,  28.75;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  fresh  breezes  ;  middle  part,  moderate  breezes,  passing  squalls ;  latter  part,  clear 
heavy  gale,  the  sea  one  sheet  of  foam. 

March  1.  Lat.  57°  29'  S. ;  long.  66°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  hard  gale;  middle,  moderate  gale;  latter,  strong  squalls,  hail  and  rain.  Current, 
E.NE.,  40  miles. 

March  2.     Lat.  56°  59'  S. ;  long.  66°  31' W.     Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 


492  TUE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

48°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
These  24  hours  great  variety  of  weather  from  a  royal  breeze  to  heavy  gales. 

March  3.  Lat.  57°  34'  S. ;  long.  66°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.68  ;, thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
First,  middle,  and  latter  parts,  moderate  gales. 

March  4.  Lat.  58°  10' S.;  long.  66°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
First  and  middle,  fresh  gales  and  squalls  of  hail  and  rain;  latter,  hard  gale. 

March  5.  Lat.  58°  32'  S. ;  long.  65°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.71  ;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  -temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
First,  strong  gales;  middle,  moderate  gale;  latter,  more  moderate. 

March  6.  Lat.  59°  33'  S.;  long.  67°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.67  ;  thermometer  attached, 
40°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
Moderate  breezes,  with  frequent  flaAvs  of  wind. 

March  7.  Lat.  59°  51'  S.;  long.  69°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.46;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  by 
W.     Light  airs;  latter  part,  foggy  weather. 

March  8.  Lat.  59°  31'  S. ;  long.  72°  59'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  N.NE.  First 
part,  moderate  breeze  and  clear  weather ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  with 
thick  fogi 

March  9.  Lat.  58°  49' S. ;  long.  73°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.22;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.  First 
part,  light  breezes  and  clear;  middle  and  latter  parts,  gale  with  terrific  squalls  of  snow  and 
hail.  My  aneroid  acts  to  a  charm.  I  might  have  lost  some  of  my  spars  or  sails,  but  I  prepared 
in  time  for  it,  as  indicated  by  barometer. 

March  10.  Lat.  58°  00'  S.;  long.  72°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.21 ;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  fresh  gales ;  middle,  hard  gales ;  latter,  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail  in  great 
violence. 

March  11.     Lat.  56°  49'  S.;  long.  73°  31'  W.     Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached, 
•43°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.    Winds:  S.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.    Fresh 
breezes,  with  squalls  of  hail  and  sleet. 

March  12.  Lat.  55°  04'  S. ;  long.  75°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.64  ;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  SW.  First  and 
middle,  moderate  gale;  latter  part,  moderating. 

March  13.  Lat.  54°  16'  S.;  long.  75°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.79  ;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  bafiling,  SW.  by  W. 
First  and  latter  parts,  fine  breezes;  latter  part,  baffling. 

March  14.     Lat.  52°  50'  S.;  long.  78°  03'  W.     Barometer,  30.09;   thermometer  attached, 
48°;    temperature   of  air,   46°;    temperature  of  water,   47°.      Winds:    SW.,  S.SW.,  .S.  by  E.. 
Throughout,  moderate  breezes;  strong  tide  rips  setting  S.SE. 

March  15,  Lat.  51°  50'  S.;  long.  80°  26'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  to  E.,  NE.  These 
24  hours  light  and  baffling  breezes. 


FROM  THE   "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO   CAPE   HORN. FEBRUARY.  493 

March  16.  Lat.  49°  58'  S.;  long.  80°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  NE.  to  NE.  by  N.,  N.NE.-, 
E.NE.  to  E.  First  part,  moderate  breezes,  overcast;  middle,  singular  weather;  latter  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  gloomy-looking  weather." 

Ship  ''Oshorn  Howes,"  (D.  Kelly,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco  ;  28  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"Feb.  19.  Lat.  49°  23'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29,70  ;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  61°;  temperature  of  water,  55°.  Winds:  calm  and  NE.,  N.,  N.NW. 
First  part,  calm  and  light  airs  ;  middle  part,  moderate  ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes.  At  4. 
p.  m.  sounded :  bottom  with  80  fathoms ;  fine  yellow  and  black  sand. 

Feb.  20.  Lat.  51°  49' S.;  long.  65°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,- 55°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.,  N.NE.,  W. 
to  SW.     First  part,  strong  breezes  ;  middle  part,  light  breezes  ;  latter  part,  fresh. 

Feb.  21.  Lat.  54°  16'  S.;  long.  64°  25' W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached. 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First 
part,  strong  breezes  ;  middle  part,  light ;  latter  part,  moderate. 

Feb.  22.  Lat.  55°  13' S. ;  long.  64°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
^6°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  calm,  calm.  First 
part,  moderate  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm. 

Feb.  23.  Lat.  56°  14'  S. ;  long.  64°  ^0'  W.  Barometer,  29.50  ;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First 
^nd  middle  parts,  light  breezes  ;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squally  weather. 

Feb.  24.  Lat.  57°  30'  S.;  long.  65°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW. 
Strong  gales  and  squally  weather. 

Feb.  25.  Lat.  57°  10'  S. ;  long.  66°  30' W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  strong  gales  ;  middle  part,  more  moderate  ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  rainy 
weather. 

Feb.  26.  Lat.  58°  44'  S.;  long.  70°  16'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  thick,  rainy,  and  dark  looking  weather  ;  middle  part,  squally  ;  latter  part,  strong 
breezes  and  clear. 

Feb.  27.  Lat.  58°  41'  S. ;  long.  70°  16'  W.  ^  Barometer,  28.90  ;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  by  N.  Fresh 
gales  and  squally. 

Feb.  28.  Lat.  58°  45'  S.;  long.  71°  30' W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  strong  gales  ;  middle  part,  light  breezes  ;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  steady  rain. 

Feb.  29.  Lat.  59°  08'  S.;  long.  73°  40'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds  :  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW. 
Strong  gales  and  squally. 

March  1.  Lat.  57°  52'  S. ;  long.  74°  00' W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  First 
and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales,  with  snow  squalls  and  rain  ;  middle  part,  more  moderate. 


494  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  2.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  75°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.30  ;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds  :  W.NW.,  W.,  W.  by  N. 
Strong  gales  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

March  3.  Lat.  56°  35'  S.;  long.  75°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.30  ;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
Strong  gales. 

March  4.  Lat.  57°  38'  S.;  long.  75°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  baffling,  W.  First 
and  middle  parts,  strong  gales  ;  latter  part,  more  moderate. 

March  5.  Lat.  58°  40'  S. ;  long.  77°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.00  ;  thermometer  attached, 
41°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
Strong  breezes  and  thick,  smoky  weather. 

March  6.  Lat.  59°  27'  S. ;  long.  78°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.01  ;  thermometer  attached, 
41°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds  :  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW., 
W.NW.     Strong  gales,  thick  and  squally  weather. 

March  7.  Lat.  58°  37'  S. ;  long.  79°  43'  W.  Barometer  29.20  ;  thermometer  attached, 
41°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds  :  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW., 
W.NW.     First  part,  strong  gales  ;  middle  part,  light;  latter  part,  strong  breezes. 

March  8.  Lat.  56°  34'  S.;  long.  83°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  N.  by  W., 
N.NW.     Strong  breezes,  thick,  rainy  weather. 

March  9.  Lat.  54°  36'  S.;  long.  84°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.60  ;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds  :  calm,  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
First  part,  calm  ;  latter  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

March  10.  Lat.  51°  30'  S.;  long.  86°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.70  ;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W. 
Moderate  breezes,  fine,  clear,  afid  pleasant  weather. 

March  11.  Lat.  50°  00'  S. ;  long.  87°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.70  ;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds  :  W.NW.,  E.NE.,  NE. 
Light  breezes,  with  foggy  weather." 

Ship  "^.  F.  Willets^^'  (Chas.  C.  Lisson,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  27  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"  March  9.  Lat.  50°  56'  S.;  long.  65°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.45  ;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds  :  N.NE.,  N.,  SW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  brisk  gale  ;  latter  part,  heavy  gales  and  terrific  squalls. 

March  10.  Lat.  53°  10'  S. ;  long.  64°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.40  ;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  57°;  temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  S.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  First 
part,  fresh  gales  and  squally ;  middle  part,  light  breezes  ;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  over- 
cast, thick,  hazy  weather. 

March  11.  Lat.  54°  32'  S. ;  long.  65°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.12  ;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  .54°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  SW.,  W.NW. 
First  part,  moderate  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes  and  cloudy,  hazy  weather. 

March  12.  Lat.  56°  16'  S.  ;-long.  66°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.00  ;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds  :  N.NW.,  W.,  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  light  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 


FROM  THE  "  FAIR  *^AY  "  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. — MARCH.        4  95 

March  13.  Lat.  57°  00'  S. ;  long.  64°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.21  ;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds  :  SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  NE. 
First  part,  light  breezes  and  cloudy  ;  middle  part,  more  moderate  ;  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

March  14.  Lat.  56°  42'  S. ;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.45  ;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.NE. 
First  part,  light  breezes  and  cloudy  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes,  with  snow  and 
rain  ;  a  horrible  sea  on. 

March  15.  Lat.  57°  18'  S.;  long.  73°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90  ;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE.,  E.  First 
part,  light  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  light  squalls  of  rain. 

March  16.  Lat.  55°  34'  S.;  long.  76°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.18  ;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  NE.  First 
part,  fine  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  wind  baffling,  with  light  squalls  of  rain. 

March  17.  Lat.  53°  36'  S.;  long.  79°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.68  ;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.,  N.NW. 
First  part,  moderate  breezes  ;  middle  part,  baffling  ;  latter  part,  heavy  gales  with  constant 
rain. 

March  18.  Lat.  52°  59'  S.;  long.  80°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.NW.,  NW. 
First  part,  heavy  gales,  with  constant  rain  ;  middle  part,  light  and  baffling  ;  latter  part,  fresh 
breezes. 

March  19.  Lat.  52°  43'  S. ;  long.  83°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.29  ;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Wind:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  First 
part,  brisk  gale  ;  middle  part,  light  breezes  with  thick  fogs  ;  latter  part,  light  breezes,  foggy 
and  damp  weather. 

March  20.  Lat.  49°  55'  S. ;  long.  81°  29'  W.  Barometer;  29.57  ;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
Fresh  breezes,  with  heavy  squalls  and  ugly  sea  ;  latter  part,  heavy  gale,  the  sea  making  a 
complete  breach  over  the  ship,  fore  and  aft." 

Ship  Greenfield,  (B.  A.  Follansbee,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  25  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"March  9.  Lat,.  49°  25'  S. ;  long.  64°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.52;  thermometer  attached, 
62°.     Winds:  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.,  SW.      First  and  middle  parts,  fine  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh. 

March  10.  Lat.  51°  17'  S. ;  long.  64°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached, 
65°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  N.     Fresh  gales  and  clear  weather. 

March  11.  Lat.  53°  18'  S. ;  long.  64°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
65°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  W.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

March  12.  Lat.  54°  30'  S.;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W., 
W.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales  with  heavy 
squalls. 

March  13.  Lat.  55°  51'  S.J  long.  64°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Winds:  SW.,  SW., 
E.SE.  First  part,  strong  gales  with  squalls  of  hail  and  sleet;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter, 
Ught  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 


496  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  14.  Lat.  55°  55' S.;  long.  66°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  SE. 
First  part,  light  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  wind  baffling. 

March  15.  Lat.  56°  45' S. ;  long.  70°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.05.  Winds:  SB.,  E.NE., 
E.NE.     First  part,  light  breezes  and  cloudy  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fine  breezes  and 

cloudy. 

March  16.  Lat.  56°  30'  S. ;  long.  75°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.27.  Winds:  E.NE.,  E.NE., 
NE.     Fine  breezes  throughout. 

March  17.  Lat.  55°  30'  S. ;  long.  80°' 46'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE., 
N.     First  and  middle  parts,  fine  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

March  18.  Lat,  54°  45'  S.;  long.  84°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
60°.  Winds:  N.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breezes. 

March  19.  Lat.  54°  00'  S.;  long.  84°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW., 
W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  fresh  gales  with  rain 
squalls. 

March  20.  Lat.  50°  10'  S.;  long.  84°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.65.  Winds:  W.,  W., 
W.SW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally." 

Ship  '■'■  Sultan^^^  (F.  A.  Wyman,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  28  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"March  13.  Lat.  49°  37'  S.;  long.  63°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  54°; 
temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  heavy  gale;  middle  part, 
moderate;  latter,  light  breezes. 

March  14.  Lat.  51°  18'  S. ;  long.  64°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  56°; 
temperature  of  water,  50°.  Winds:  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  S.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  strong; 
latter  part,  light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

March  15.  Lat.  51°  43'  S. ;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  50  °; 
temperature  of  water,  49°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

March  16.  Lat  52°  30'  S.;  long.  65°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.95.;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
temperature  of  water,  49°.     Wind:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

March  17.  Lat.  53°  10'  S.;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
emperattire  of  water,  48°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.SW. ;  light  airs  and  thick  weather. 

March  18.  Lat.  54°  13'  S. ;  long.  64°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  variable;  variable,  variable  and  calm;  light  variable 
breezea  and  calm. 

March  19.  Lat.  55°  30'  S. ;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.,  calm,  N. ;  light  variable  breezes  and  calms.  First 
part,  light  wind,  thick  weather;  middle,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  latter  part,  moderate  and 
cloudy. 

March  20.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  65°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.,  W.NW.  High  wind,  thick  weather; 
middle  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  latter  part,  moderate. 

March  21.  Lat.  57°  36'  S.;  long.  66°  28'  W.  Barometer,  28.90.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W., 
S.SW.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  alternate  squalls  and  light  airs;  latter, 
wind  fickle  and  inconstant. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR    WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. MARCH.  497 

March  22.  Lat.  56'^  55'  S. ;  long.  67"  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  smart  wind 
and  squalls;  latter  part,  a  gale. 

March  23.  Lat.  57°  34'  S. ;  long.  69°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  more  moderate,  with  frequent  squalls  with  hail  and  snow. 

March  24.  Lat.  57°  13'  S.;  long.  70°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  part,  smart  wind  with 
occasional  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate,  with  an  occasional  squall  of  rain, 
snow  and  hail. 

March  25.  Lat.  57°  55'  S. ;  long.  72°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  mod- 
erate breezes;  latter  part,  light  breezes  with  squalls  of  rain  and  hail. 

March  26.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  74°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
temperature  of  water,  "46°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Fresh  breezes  and  squally 
weather. 

March  27.  Lat.  56°  08'  S. ;  long.  76°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
temperature  of  water,  46°.     Winds:  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  S.     Strong  breezes,  and  rain  throughout. 

March  28.  Lat.  53°  48'  S.;  long.  79°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  S.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  Fresh  breezes  throughout,  very  bad 
dark  clouds  fully  charged  with  rain,  frequent  squalls. 

March  29.  Lat.  50°  10'  S.;  long.  80°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  47°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  N.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong 
breezes  and  gloomy;  latter  part,  fine  weather. 

March  30.  Lat.  50°  50'  S.;  long.  81°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  49°; 
temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  mod- 
erate breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  fresh  winds,  and  a  dense  fog  with  a  drizzling  rain. 

March  31.  Lat.  49°  34'  S.;  long.  83°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  W.  Fresh  breezes,  and  thick  fog 
throughout." 

Ship  '^ Derby, ^^  (Samuel  Hutchinson,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  28  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"March  16.  Lat.  50°  13'  S. ;  long.  65°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.  to  .S.SE.,  SE. 
to  S.SE.     Light  breezes,  with  light  squalls  of  hail  and  rain. 

March  17.  Lat.  50°  31'  S. ;  long.  65°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  52°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  calm,  light 
breezes,  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  calm. 

March  18.  Lat.  53°  07' S. ;  long.  65°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  SW.  to  NW.,  NW.  to 
W.NW.,  W.  to  W.SW.  Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather.  Sounded  in  62  fathoms.  Black 
and  yellow  sand. 

March  19.  Lat.  54°  09'  S. ;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.46;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.  to  NW.,  calm, 
VOL.  II 63 


498  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

E.SE.  to  SE.     First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  calm;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and  drizzling 
rain.     Sounded  in  71  fathoms,  shells  and  yellow  earth. 

March  20.  Lat.  54°  06'  S. ;  long.  63°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.58;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  calm  and  S. 
to  SW.  First  part,  blowing  hard;  middle  part,  more  moderate,  calm,  and  light  breezes,  at 
times  hard  squalls. 

March  21.  Lat.  56°  08'  S. ;  long,  64°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.46;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  to  W.NW., 
W.NW.  to  NW.     Alternate  fresh  and  light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

March  22.  Lat.  57°  32'  S. ;  long.  66°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.  to  N.,  W., 
SW.  First  part,  light  unsteady  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle,  moderate  and  rainy;  latter  part, 
blowing  heavy. 

March  23.  Lat.  57°  12'  S. ;  long.  67°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.,  S.,  S.  to  SW. 
First  part,  fresh  gales  and  sleet;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  light  airs. 

March  24.  Lat.  57°  59'  S. ;  long.  68°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.59;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  S.  to  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  fresh  squalls  of  hail,  snow,  and  sleet;  middle  and  latter  parts,  lighter  squalls  and 
less  frequent. 

March  25.  Lat.  57°  53'  S.;  long.  69°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  thermometer  attached, 
50^;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.  to  W.  by  S., 
S.SW.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.  to  W.  First  and  latter  parts,  light  airs,  with  hail  squalls;  middle 
part,  moderate,  with  fewer  squalls. 

March  26.  Lat.  58°  04'  S.;  long.  70°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.,  baffling, 
SW.  by  W.  to  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.  First  part,  baffling  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light 
breezes  and  cloudy  misty  weather. 

March  27.  Lat.  58°  29'  S.;  long.  72°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW., 
W.SW.  First  part,  light  baffling  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes 
and  cloudy  misty  weather. 

March  28.  Lat.  57°  56'  S.;  long.  73°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.,  S.  by 
W.  to  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes,  thick,  squally,  and  misty;  latter  part,  fresh 
hail  squalls. 

March  29.  Lat.  56°  15'  S.;  long.  76°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.,  S.  to  S.SE.,  S. 
First  part,  hard  squalls ;  middle,  a  severe  gale  commenced  very  suddenly  and  moderated 
gradually;  latter,  light  airs. 

March  30.  Lat.  55°  24'  S.;  long.  80°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.02:  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44*=^;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  calm,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  N. 
First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate  breezes;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  with  mist  and  thin  fogs. 

March  31.  Lat.  55°  28'  S. ;  long.  83°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.54;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.     Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  NW.  to  NW. 


FROM    THE  "  FAIR   WAY        OFF    ST.    ROQUE   TO    CAPE    HORN. APRIL. 


499 


by  N.,  W.  to  NW.  First  part,  fresh  winds,  misty;  middle,  fresh  gales;  latter  part,  squally 
weather. 

April  1.  Lat.  54°  46'  S.;  long.  82°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.43;  thermometer  attached,  57"; 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  W.,  W.  to  SW.  by 
W.,  baffling.  First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle  part,  a  severe  gale;  latter  part,  wind  light  and 
bafflling,  hail  squalls. 

April  2.  Lat.  53°  03'  S. ;  long.  82°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  N.,  SW.  to 
S.SW.     First  part,  moderate;  middle  part,  blowing  hard;  latter,  fresh  squalls. 

April  3.  Lat.  50°  21'  S.;  long.  85°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached^ 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  S.SW.,  S. 
First  part,  hard  hail  squalls,  moderate  between;  middle  part,  fresh  gales;  latter  part,  fresh 
gales,  squalls  lighter." 

Cape  Horn  Crossings — April. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Simoon 

Sea  Serpent. .,..., 

Stag  Hound , 

Golden  Racer. ..., 

Paragon 

David  Baxter 

Herculean 

Sword  Fish , 

Astrea 

Governor  Morton  , 

Burlington 

Francisco 

Cornelia  L.  Bevan 

Polynesian 

Cynthia* 

Boston 

Goddess 

Surprise 

Cathedral 

J.  VV.  White 

Sweepstakes 

Tinqua 

White  Swallow. ,, 

8.  S.  Bishop 

Samuel  Eusscl.... 

John  Gilpin 

Atalanta 

Lotus ,. 

Means 


Days. 
29 
21 
30 
21 
36 
33 
39 
19 
38 
30 
39 
35 
36 
30 
35 
30 
25 
22 
27 
27 
21 
24 
26 
28 
26 
28 
25 
32 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 


50»  8. 

53°  S. 

Long.  W. 

Long.  W. 

65° 

65° 

65 

66 

65 

64 

55 

57 

62 

63 

61 

63 

65 

64 

57 

60 

57 

57 

62 

63 

62 

65 

63 

65 

60 

65 

64 

66 

65 

66 

65 

65 

64 

64 

62 

64 

56 

60 

64 

66 

64 

64 

64 

65 

61 

64 

64 

66 

63 

65 

62 

63 

65 

63 

65 

65 

62.4 

63.7 

Long.  W. 
68' 
66 
78 
64 
67 
63 
78 
64 
59 
67 
63 
65 
66 
65 
68 
70 
63 
63 
66 
64 
64 
67 
65 
67 
66 
70 
63 
65 


66.2 


Latit  ide  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 


67°  W.        71°  W. 


Lat.  S. 
56  = 
5» 
55 
57 
56 
57 


58 
57 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
57 


Lat.  S. 
56° 
57 
55 
57 
56 
57 


58 
57 
56 
58 
56 
56 
57 
58 
56 
57 
57 
55 
57 
58 
■58 
58 
56 
56 
57 
56 
58 


75°  W. 


Lat.  S. 
56° 
57 
56 
55 
57 
57 


56.8 


58 
57 
55 
58 
57 
56 
55 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
58 
56 
55 
56 
56 
56 
57 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 


Long.  W. 
76° 
77 
79 
75 
81 
80 


83 

81 
79 
80 
77 
79 
78 
75 
77 
78 
76 
76 
81 
78 
85 
78 
76 
79 
76 
80 
80 


56.1 


53°  S. 


Long.  W. 

79° 


86 
82 
81 
80 
80 
81 
80 
80 
79 
81 
80 
77 
78 
80, 
90 
79 
75 
81 
82 
82 
8U 


50°  S. 


Long.  W. 
85* 
81 


87 
63 
84 
80 
82 
78 
82 
84 
80 
83 
82 
80 
77 
■81 
94 
81 
81 
81 
85 
82 
83 


82.3 


Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  thirteen  others  added  since. 


.s  >o  <a 
r«  2  '3 


Days. 
14 
18 
12 
19 
16 
12 
15 
17 
21 
11 
15 
28 
16 
15 
17 
32 
18 
17 
25 
25 
15 
22 
21 
14 
13 
12 
10 
20 


17.5 


Ship  ''Cathedral,''  (Wm.  H.  Howard,)  Boston  to  Callao;  27  days  from  St.  Eoque. 
"March  22.     Lat.  50°  00'  S. ;  long.  56°  24'  W.     Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air, 
47°;  water,  47°.     Winds:  NE.,  N.,  NW.     Moderate  breezes  and  hazv  weather. 


500  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  23.  Lat.  51°  35'  S.;  long.  57°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  48°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  hazy,  squally,  with  hail  and  rain. 

March  24.  Lat.  52°  02'  S. ;  long.  57°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.53;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  NE.  Light  breezes,  clear 
and  pleasant  weather  throughout. 

March  25.  Lat.  52°  30'  S. ;  long.  60°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.,  SE.  to  S.SW.  Moderate  breezes 
and  variable  throughout. 

March  26.  Lat.  53°  03'  S.;  long.  60°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30'.00;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  48*^.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Light  airs  and  smooth  sea  throughout  these  24  hours. 

March  27.  Lat.  54°  45'  S.;  long.  58°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

March  28.  Lat.  55°  20'  S.;  long.  59°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate:  middle  and  latter, 
increasing. 

March  29.  Lat.  55°  10'  S. ;  long.  59°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  35°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.     Strong  breezes  and  heavy  squalls,  with  snow  and  hail 

March  30.  Lat.  55°  17'  S. ;  long.  61°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  35°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.  Moderate  gales;  at  times  heavy  squalls,  with  snow 
and  hail. 

March  31.  Lat.  55°  08'  S. ;  long.  62°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  40°.  First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes;  clear  and  pleasant 
weather. 

April  1.  Lat.  56°  30'  S. ;  long.  66°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  Fresh  breezes;  at  times  heavy  squalls,  with  snow  and 
hail. 

April  2.  Lat.  58°  26'  S.;  long.  68°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW,,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes  and 
squally;  latter  part,  moderate. 

April  3.  Lat.  58°  00'  S. ;  long.  70°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  44°.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes,  with  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

April  4.  Lat.  56°  05'  S. ;  long.  72°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  hard  squalls,  with  rain  and  hail. 

Aprils.  Lat.  55°  50' S.;  long.  7P  00' W.  Baromete«-,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Hard  squalls,  with  hail  and  rain. 

April  6.  Lat.  55°  40'  S. ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air  44°; 
water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  Strong  gales,  with  tremendous  squalls  with  hail  and 
snow. 

April  7.  Lat.  55°  49'  S. ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

April  8.  Lat.  56°  17'  S.;  long.  71°  25'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Hard  squalls  and  strong  gales;  hail,  rain,  and  snow. 

April  9.  Lat.  56  '  43'  S. ;  long.  70°  09'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  S.SW,,  S.SW.     Hard  gales  and  terrible  squalls. 


I 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR    WAY  ''    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. APRIL.  501 

April  10.  Lat.  55°  46'  S. ;  long.  71°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.     Wind  moderating;  squalls  less  violent. 

April  11.  Lat.  55°  40'  S.;  long.  71°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Light  airs  throughout  these  24  hours. 

April  12.  Lat.  56°  37'  S. ;  long.  75°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  SW.,  N.,  N.     First  part,  light  airs;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fine  breezes. 

April  13.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  78°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.41;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  W.   First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  moderate. 

April  14.  Lat.  35°  07'  S.;  long.  76°  35' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  rainy;  latter  part, 
fresh  gales. 

April  15.  Lat.  51°  12'  S.;  long.  78°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  temperature  of  air,  32°: 
water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  First  part,  hard  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  latter  part, 
moderating. 

April  16.  Lat.  47°  54'  S. ;  long.  81°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  hard  gales  and  heavy  squalls,  with  hail 
and  snow;  latter  part,  wind  moderating." 

Ship  ^^  White  Sivalloiv,"  (Nathaniel  Brown,  jr.,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  26  days  from 
St.   Roque. 

"April  10.  Lat.  50°  35'  S. ;  long.  62°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.71.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW., 
W.SW.     First  part,  strong  winds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate. 

April  11.  Lat.  50°  54'  S.;  long.  62°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  thermometer  attached, 
74°.     Winds:  SW.  and  baffling;  do.,   do.,  light  baffling  winds  and  strong  squalls. 

April  12.  Lat.  51°  50' S.;  long.  62°  00' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  thermo  .eter  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  baffling  and  S.SW.,  do., 
calm.     First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  baffling;  latter,  calm. 

April  13.  Lat.  53°  16'  S. ;  long.  63°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  calm,  W.  by  S.,  N.NW. 
First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds,   thick  and  foggy. 

April  14.  Lat.  55°  00'  S.;  long.  62°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.21;  thermometer  attached, 
71°;  temperature  of  air,  43°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  NW.  by  W.,  do.  Fresh  breezes  and  foggy 
throughout;  strong  tide  rips. 

April  15.  Lat.  55°  58'  S. ;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.66;  thermometer  attached, 
64°.  Winds:  N.,  NW.,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle,  moderating; 
latter,  strong  gale. 

April  16.  Lat.  56°  00'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
58°.      Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.SW.,  S.      Hard  gales,  with  heavy  sea  and  thick  weather. 

April  17.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  65°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  50°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate  gales,  with 
snow  squalls;  middle  part,  calm  and  hazy;  latter,  moderate  breezes. 

April  18.  Lat.  57°  35' S. ;  long.  65°  52' W.  Barometer,  28.86;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  40°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  do.,  W.NW.  Moderate  breezes;  thick, 
rainy  weather. 

April  19.     Lat.  57°  00'  S. ;  long.    66°  32'  W.     Barometer,    28.90;  thermometer  attached, 


502  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 

72°5  temperature  of  air,  35°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.     First  part,  strong  breezes,  rain  and 
sleet;  middle,  moderate  gale;  latter  part,  light  winds,  with  snow. 

April  20.  Lat.  56°56'S.;  long.  66°  20' W.  Barometer,  28.91;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Variable  and  calm;  do.,  do. 
Throughout  almost  constant  rain,  wind,  calm,  and  variable;  sometimes  a  strong  gale,  then  calm 
and  moderate. 

April  21.  Lat.  56°  20'  S.;  long.  67°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  33°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.  by  S. ;  do.  First  and  middle  parts,  brisk 
breezes  and  strong  squalls,  with  hail;  latter  part,  strong  gales  and  hard  squalls,  with  heavy 
hail  and  snow. 

April  22.  Lat.  57°  12'  S. ;  long.  67°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
61°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  calm,  and  NW.  by  W.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  hard  squalls; 
middle  part,  light  airs;  latter  part,  calms  and  light  breezes,  with  rain,  fog,  and  mist. 

April  23.  Lat.  58°  00'  S. ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.53;  thermometer  attached, 
59°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  do.,  W.  and  SW.     Moderate  breezes;  thick,  misty,  and  rainy  weather. 

April  24.  Lat.  57°  40'  S. ;  long.  72°  05' W.  Barometer,  28.59;  thermometer  attached, 
65°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  ditto,  calm,  and  NB.  First  part,  hard  gale,  with  violent  squalls  and 
rain;  middle,  moderating;  latter  part,  baffling  airs  and  calm. 

April  25.  Lat.  56°  25'  S.;  long.  74°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
64°.  Winds:  E.,  S.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  strong  and  puffy;  latter,  squalls, 
with  snow. 

April  26.  Lat.  56°  23'  S.;  long.  77°  21'  W.  Barometer,  28.63;  thermometer  attached, 
65°.     Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.NW.,  NW.     Strong  breezes  with  heavy  squalls  of  wind  and  rain. 

April  27.  Lat.  56°  12'  S.;  long.  77°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.57;  thermometer  attached, 
58°.  Winds:  NW.  to  SW.,  SW.  to  S.,  S.  Strong  breezes,  with  heavy  gusts;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  a  furious  gale, 

April  28.  Lat.  55°  32'  S.;  long.  78°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  thermometer  attached, 
70°.  Winds :  S.,  SW.,  NW.  by  N.  First  part,  hard  gales  and  heavy  squalls  ;  middle, 
moderating,  thick  weather;  latter,  moderate. 

April  29.  Lat.  53°  56'  S.;  long.  79°  16'  W.  Barometer.  29.91;  thermometer  attached, 
80°.  Winds:  N.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  with  rain; 
latter  part,  light  breezes  and  almost  calm.     Strong  NE.  current  since  last  observation. 

April  30.  Lat.  51°  27'  S.;  long.  79°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  thermometer  attached, 
78°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  by  S.,  S.SW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  breeze 
increasing  and  squally;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

May  1.     Lat.  50°  07'  S.  ;    long.  80°  44'.     Barometer,  30.30;  thermometer  attached,  77° 
Winds:  W.SW.,  baffling,  and  W.,  NW.  by  N.     First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  fine  weather; 
middle  part,  light  baffling  airs;  latter,  moderate  and  increasing  breezes,  cloudy,  foggy  weather." 

Ship  "-Goddess,'^  (Z.  E,  Crowell,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  24  days  from  St.  Roque. 

'April  13.  Lat.  47°  31'  S. ;  long.  64°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  temperature  of  water,  51°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.  by  E.,  N.  by  E. 
First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  smart  breezes;  latter,  strong  breezes,  cloudy,  with  rain. 

April  14.  Lat.  50°  57'  S. ;  long.  64°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.  by  N.,  N.NW. 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. APRIL  503 

First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes,  rainy  and  foggy  weather;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and 
thick. 

April  15.  Lat.  52°  16'  S. ;  long.  63°  33'  W.  Barometer,  28.32;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  variable,  SW. 
First  part,  light  breezes  with  thick  weather;  middle,  light  winds  and  variable;  latter  part, 
moderate  and  rainy. 

April  16.  Lat.  52°  21'  S. ;  long.  64°  58'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.  by  E.,  S.  by  E.,  SW.  by  S. 
First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales  and  rainy;  latter,  strong  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  17.  Lat.  53°  19'  S. ;  long.  63°  44'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer' attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  calm,  variable  and 
calm.  First  part,  strong  breezes,  with  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm 
and  variable  airs. 

April  18.  Lat.  53°  55'  S. ;  long.  64°  01'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  W. 
First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  strong  breezes  with  squalls  of  hail  and  rain;  latter,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy  weather. 

April  19.  Lat.  55°  28'  S. ;  long.  63°  12'  W.  Barometer,  28.67;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
First  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes,  squally,  with  rain;  middle  part,  moderate  gales,  with 
squalls  of  rain. 

April  20.  Lat.  56°  23'  S. ;  long.  63°  03'  W.  Barometer,  28.62;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  SW.  by  W. 
First  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain;  middle  part,  more  moderate;  latter  part, 
light  and  variable. 

April  21.  Lat.  55°  47'  S.;  long.  65°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  strong  breezes,  with  squalls  of  wind  and  rain. 

April  22.  Lat.  55°  54'  S. ;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  to  W. 
First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  gales,  heavy  squalls  of  hail  and  snow;  latter  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  23.  Lat.  57°  15'  S. ;  long.  67°  56'  W.  Barometer,  28.32;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.  to  W.SW., 
W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  strong  breezes,  with  fine  rain;  latter,  heavy  breezes 
and  violent  squalls,  rainy  weather. 

April  24.  Lat.  56°  47'  S.;  long.  48°  07'  W.  Barometer,  28.40;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.      Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  calm.     First 

Ppart,  strong  breezes  and  rainy;  middle,  heavy  gales;  latter  part,  calm,  with  a  large  sea. 
April  25.     Lit.  5.6°  53'  S. ;  long.  70°  24'  W.     Barometer,  29.02;  thermometer  attached, 
JBO°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.     Winds:  NE.,  E.NB.,  calm  and  S.SW. 
First  part,  moderate;  middle,  moderate,  with  hail  and  snow;  latter,  calm  and  strong  breezes, 
hail  and  snow. 

April  26.     Lat.  57°  12'  S. ;  long.  72°  51'  W.     Birometer,  28.75;  thermometer  attached, 


504  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

59°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.,  N.NW. 
Fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  hail,  snow,  and  rain. 

April  27.  Lat.  57°  05'  S.;  long.  75°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.NW.,  S.SE. 
First  part,  strong  gales,  with  squalls  of  rain;  middle,  light;  latter,  fresh. 

April  28.  Lat.  55°  52'  S.;  long.  78°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  S.SW.  to  W., 
NW.     First  part,  fresh  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes. 

April  29.  Lat.  54°  37'  S.;  long.  79°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  SE.,  NW.  First 
and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  rainy;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes. 

April  30.  Lat.  54°  03'  S. ;  long.  81°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  NW.  by  W., 
SW.  by  W.     First  and  latter  parts,  smart  breezes;  middle,  fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

May  1.  Lat.  51°  15'  S.;  long.  81°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached,  63°; 
temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.  by  SW.,  NW.  by  W.  First 
and  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  moderate  breezes. 

May  2.  Lat.  50°  55'  S. ;  long.  83°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.57;  thermometer  attached,  63°; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  to  S. 
First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes,  thick,  rainy  weather;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and 

foggy. 

May  3.  Lat.  48°  53'  S.;  long.  86°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached,  63°; 
temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  N.  by  W.  First 
and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  foggy  weather;  middle  part,  fresh  breezes  and  foggy, 
with  rain." 

Ship  ^^Atalanta,^^  (F.  M.  Montell,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  25  days  from  St.  Eoque. 

"April  13.  Lat.  50°  47'  S. ;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  48°.     Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  NW.     Strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  14.  Lat.  54°  06'  S. ;  long.  63°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
water,  47°.     Winds:  N.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S.     Strong  breezes  and  clear  weather. 

April  15.  Lat.  55°  10'  S.;  long.  63°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  45°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Strong  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls  of  rain  and 
hail. 

April  16.  Lat.  56°  04'  S. ;  long.  63°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  strong  breezes,  with  rain; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate. 

April  17.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  68°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
temperature  of  water,  37°.     Winds:  S.,  NE.,  N.     Gentle  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  18.  Lat.  56°  18'  S.;  long.  72°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.34;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  45°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  baffling,  N.     Light  breezes,  with  rain. 

April  19.  Lat.  56°  30'  S. ;  long.  74°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.87,  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  light  squalls  ot 
wind  and  rain. 

April  20.     Lat,  56^  31'  S. ;  long.  76°  01'  W.      Barometer,  28.80;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 


» 


FROM  THE  "  FAIR  WAY  *'  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN APRIL.        505 

temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  W.NW.  Moderate  breezes,  with  light  rain 
squalls. 

April  21.  Lat.  54°  58'  S. ;  long.  80°  42'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NB.,  SE.,  SW.  Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  have  not 
experienced  any  current  as  yet. 

April  22.  Lat.  52°  36'  S.;  long.  82°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
temperature  of  water,  44°.     Winds:  S.,  SE.,  S.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  23.  Lat.  49°  29'  S.;  long.  82°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  42°"; 
temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  W.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and  squally 
weather. " 

Skip  "e/.  W.  White,' ^  (R.  Snow,)  New  York  to  Valparaiso;  26  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"April  17.  Lat.  49°  11'  S.;  long.  63°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  N.,  SW.,  E.SE.  Strong 
breezes,  cloudy  and  rainy,  and  squally  weather. 

April  18.  Lat.  51°  25' S.;  long.  65°  58' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  49°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.,  N.  First 
part,  baffling  winds,  light  rain  in  squalls;  middle,  stiff  breezes;  latter  part,  heavy  gale. 

April  19.  Lat.  52°59'S.;  long.  66°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.,  SW.,  SW.  and  calm. 
First  part,  heavy  gale  and  foggy;  middle,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  light  airs  and  calms. 

April  20.  Lat.  54°  39' S.;  long.  65°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW. 
Moderate  breezes,  and  thick  foggy  weather. 

April  21.  Lat.  55°  39' S. ;  long.  65°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
74°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  First  part,  fine  breezes,  smoky  and 
hazy  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales. 

April  22.  Lat.  55°  42' S. ;  long.  63°  51' W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  calm.  First 
part,  heavy  gale  with  squalls  of  snow;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  calm. 

April  23.  Lat.  57°00'S.;  long.  64°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W. 
First  part,  light  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales,  with  squalls  of  hail 
and  snow. 

Aprir24.  Lat.  57°  30' S. ;  long.  66°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  squally  and  dirty  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales,  with  squalls  of  hail  and 
snow. 

April  25.  Lat.  57°  40' S. ;  long.  68°  35' W.  Barometer,  28.60;  thermometer  attached, 
6°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.  to  W.NW. 
irst  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales. 

April  26.     Lat.  58°15'S. ;  long.  68°  09''W.     Barometer,  28.95;    thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,   42°;  water,  46°.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     First  part,  heavy 
gales,  with  heavy  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes  and  heavy  sea. 
VOL.   II 64 


5G6  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

April  27.  Lat.  58°  54' S.;  long.  67°  12' W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  Strong  gales,  with  heavy 
squalls  and  sea  on. 

April  28.  Lat.  59°  OS'S.;  long.  67°  45' W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  SW.  Strong  gales,  and  heavy 
squalls  of  snow  and  hail  throughout. 

April  29.  Lat.  57°  54' S. ;  long.  70°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Strong  gales, 
with  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

April  30.  Lat.  56°  57' S.;  long.  71°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  Strong  and  hard 
gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  wind,  rain,  hail,  and  snow. 

May  1.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  73°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.20  ;  thermometer  attached,  64°; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds  :  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Heavy  gales,  with  heavy 
squalls  blowing  furiously. 

May  2.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  75°  15'  W.  Barometer,  28.70  ;  thermometer  attached,  62°; 
temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Moderate  breezes,  with 
light  squalls  and  rain. 

May  3.  Lat.  56°  33'  S.;  long.  76°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached,  66°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong  breezes 
and  rain  ;  middle  part,  heavy  gale  ;  latter  part,  stiff  breeze. 

May  4.  Lat.  56°  20'  S. ;  long.  77°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.40  ;  thermometer  attached,  66°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  35°.  Winds  :  W.NW.,  calm  and  variable,  W.SW.  First  part, 
stiff  breezes  and  squally  ;  middle  part,  light  variable  breezes  and  calm  ;  latter  part,  fresh  gale. 

May  5.  Lat.  55°  30'  S.;  long.  78°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.30  ;  thermometer  attached,  68°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.,  N.NE.,  NW.  First  part,  strong  breezes 
and  heavy  squalls  ;  middle  part,  light  breezes  ;  latter  part,  stiff  gales  and  heavy  rain  squalls, 
calm  and  rainy  weather. 

May  6.  Lat.  55°  09'  S. ;  long.  81°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.10  ;  thermometer  attached,  62°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  37°.  Winds  :  NW.  by  W.,  NW.,  N.NW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  stiff"  breezes  and  thick  foggy,  rainy  weather ;  latter  part,  heavy  gale  with  heavy  rain. 

May  7.  Lat.  54°  44'  S. ;  long.  81°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.00  ;  thermometer  attached,  62°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  38°.  Winds  :  NW.,  W.,  NW.  Stiff  gales,  with  a  great  deal 
of  rain  throughout. 

May  8.  Lat.  54°  13'  S. ;  long.  80°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.90  ;  thermometer  attached,  70°; 
temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  N.,  W.NW.,  NW.  Strong  gales  and  heavy 
sea  ;  heavy  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

May  9.  Lat.  53°  48'  S.;  long.  79°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached,  71°; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds  :  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  Strong  gales  and  heavy 
cross  sea. 

May  10.  Lat.  52°  50'  S.;  long.  77°  45'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  45°.  Winds  :  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  Strong  and  heavy 
gales,  with  a  tremendous  sea,  with  heavy  squalls  of  hail. 

May  11.     Lat.  51°  05' S. ;   long.  77°  40'  W.     Barometer,   28.80;  thermometer  attached, 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR    WAl"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN APRIL.  507 

68°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  46°.     Winds  :  W.SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.     First  and  middle 
parts,  heavy  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  hail  and  rain  ;  latter  part,  more  moderate. 

May  12.  Lat.  50°  25'  S.;  long.  77°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy  ;  middle  part,  pleasant ;  latter  part,  stiff  gales." 

Ship  "/S'.  S.  Bishop^^'  (Josiah  Sherman,)  Baltimore  to  San  Diego;  28  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"April  19.  Lat.  50°  21'  S. ;  long.  64°  04'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  47°. 
Winds  :  E.NE.,  E.,  SE.     First  part,  strong  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate. 

April  20.  Lat.  51°  09'  S. ;  long.  67°  38'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  49°. 
Winds  :  calm,  S.,  calm.     First  and  latter  parts,  calm  ;  middle  part,  light  airs  and  snow  squalls. 

April  21.  Lat.  52°  43'  S. ;  long.  66°  17'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  47°. 
Winds  :  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant ;  latter 
part,  light  airs. 

April  22.  Lat.  53°  25'  S. ;  long.  66°  12'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  47°. 
Winds  :  E.SB.  to  S.,  SE.  to  S.,  S.SW.  Light  airs,  cloudy  and  baffling.  Sounded  in  63 
fathoms  water  ;  dark  gray  sand. 

April  23.  Lat.  54°  26'  S.;  long.  63°  04'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  38°  ;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  S.  First  and  latter  parts,  light  winds;  middle  part,  fresh  and 
pleasant. 

April  24.  Lat.  54°  36'  S.;  long.  65°  03'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  46°.  Winds: 
S.,  calm,  NW.  First  part,  light  winds;  middle  part,  calm;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes, 
with  fog  clouds. 

April  25.  Lat.  56°  04'  S.;  long.  67°  40'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds: 
W.NW.,  calm,  E.SE.  First  part,  moderate  and  pleasant  ;  middle,  calm  ;  latter  part,  light 
winds,  with  rain. 

April  26.  Lat.  55°  44'  S.;  long.  72°  38'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds: 
E.  by  N.,  E.  by  N.,  NE.  by  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  with  rain  ;  latter  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  27.  Lat.  55°  40'  S.;  long.  76°  40'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  N.,  NW.,  NW.     Moderate  breezes  and  light  rain. 

April  28.  Lat.  54°  25'  S. ;  long.  76°  15'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  46°  ;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales, 
fog,  and  rain. 

April  29.  Lat.  53°  31'  S. ;  long.  74°  42'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  46°, 
Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Hard  gales  throughout,  and  hard  squalls. 

April  30.  Lat.  54°  30'  S. ;  long.  75°  40'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  46°, 
Winds :  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  by  N.  Throughout  strong  winds  and  heavy  squalls  of  hail,  rain, 
and  snow. 

May  1.  Lat.  54°  57'  S. ;  long.  74°  56'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds; 
W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     First  part,  strong  breezes  ;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

May  2.  Lat.  54°  22'  S. ;  long.  7-5°  28'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  44°.  Winds: 
W.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  and 
puffy. 


508 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


May  3.  Lat.  51"  32'  S.;  long.  80°  04'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  46°.  Winds: 
S.SW.,  S.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  winds  and  puffy  ;  latter  part,  moderate, 
with  frequent  snow  squalls. 

May  4.  Lat.  49°  06'  S.;  long.  82°  39'  W.  Temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  48°.  Winds: 
S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes  and  heavy  squalls  of  hail,  rain, 
and  snow  ;  latter  part,  wind  baffling. ' ' 

Cape  Horn  Crossings — May. 


Nainu  of  vessel. 


Surprise 

Competitor 

Einpresa  of  the  Seas 

Hi  uqua... 

Pariliiaii 

Climax 

Sirocco 

Archer 

Robert  Harding 

Seaman's  Bride 

Lantao 

Hampton 

Hugh  Birkliead 

Rosario 

Roscoe 

James  H.  Sliepherd.. 
Eliza  Thornton  .  ... 
Benjamin  Howard... 

Mary  Annah  

Storm  King 

Catherine 

Santiago 

Matanzas 

R.  B.  Forbes 

*Surprise 

iWessenger 

Golden  State 

Sierra  Nevada 

Panama 

Tiking 

Starlight 

Blondel 

Sword  Fish 

Ellen  Foster 

Fleet  Wing 

Shooting  Star 

Sword  Fish 

George  Raines 

Hope 

Eagle ;. 

Means 


S  BS 


Days. 
24 
24 
27 
31 
25 
23 
34 
33 
33 
26 
27 
37 
34 
28 
29 
40 
45 
30 
29 
31 
40 
27 
32 
28 
21 
26 
25 
34 
20 
22 
23 
4ft 
23 
'£1 
25 
25 
25 
33 
40 
30 


Longiludc  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 


50°  8. 

53'  S. 

Long.  W. 

Long.  W. 

63 

64 

64 

64 

65 

65 

64 

63 

63 

64 

61 

65 

64 

66 

64 

64 

66 

65 

64 

63 

67 

67 

65 

65 

64 

65 

64 

64 

65 

65 

66 

68 

64 

65 

64 

64 

63 

64 

64 

64 

64 

65 

65 

66 

66 

66 

64 

61 

62 

65 

65 

64 

62  • 

65 

62 

63 

65 

66 

64 

64 

62 

64 

64 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

64 

55 

56 

66 

67 

63 

63 

64 

65 

63 

64 

63.9 

64.5 

Long.  W. 
66 
67 
65 
65 
67 
67 
67 
66 
65 
66 
71 
66 
67 
65 
65 

t 

67 
67 
63 
65 
64 
66 
65 
65 
64 
67 
65 
61 
64 
67 
67 
64 
67 
64 
67 
64 
67 
66 
66 


Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 


65.1 


67°  W.   71°  W, 


Lat.  S. 
58 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 


57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
56 
56 
58 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
56 
57 
59 
57 
57 
56 


56.7 


Lot.  S. 
58 
57 
57 
58 
58 
56 
57 
57 
58 
58 
56 
58 
58 
58 
59 


59 
57 
57 
58 
56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
58 
57 
56 
57 
57 
58 
58 
56 
57 
58 


75°  W. 


Lat.  S. 
59 
56 
57 
58 
58 
56 
58 
56 
55 
56 
57 
56 
58 
56 
58 


57 
57 
57 
57 
58 
57 
56 
57 
56 
59 
56 
57 
57 
56 
55 
58 
54 
57 
58 
57 
58 
55 
55 
59 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 


55°  S. 


Long.  W. 
79 
79 
80 
81 
79 
76 
79 
82 
75 
81 
79 
78 
77 
81 
81 


56.8 


78 
79 
77 
78 
77 
79 
78 
79 
77 
78 
77 
81 
81 
76 
75 
80 
74 
79 
80 
80 
84 
75 
75 
82 


53°  S. 


Long.  W. 
79 
80 
80 
82 
8U 
78 
82 
84 
78 
81 
79 


79 
82 
80 
79 
77 
79 
77 
83 
80 
79 
81 
80 
83 
79 
78 
83 
77 
79 
83 
80 
84 
77 
78 
82 


50°  S. 


Long.  W. 
84 
78 
85 
83 
81 
79 
80 
84 
78 
81 
80 
80 
79 
81 


79 
81 
82 
79 
78 
80 
83 
86 
82 
85 
81 
81 
81 
81 
81 
84 
81 
79 
86 
84 
84 
80 
80 
82 


S  •= 
2  < 


Days, 
22 
15 
13 
29 
13 
12 
20 
23 
26 
15 
11 
21 
23 
19 
22 


23 
23 
36 
16 
21 
16 
29 
15 
18 
13 
17 
14 
16 
14 
15 
32 
8 
16 
12 
20 
17 
24 
15 
15 


78.3 


80.0 


18.7 


*  Last  in  the  seventh  edition,  the  15  others  being  subsequent. 

t  Through  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and  had  50  days  from  the  time  she  entered  them  till  she  crossed  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific. 


FROM    THE    "FAIR    WAY      OFF    ST.    HOQUE   TO   CAPE    HORN — MAY. 


509 


Ship  '■'■Panama^^^  (Wm.  P.  Care,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  twenty  days  from  St.  Roque 

"April  24.  Lat.  49°  35'  S.;  long.  64°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  thermometer  attached 
90°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts 
moderate  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  haze;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  clear. 

April  25.     Lat.  53°  34'  S.;  long.  66°  21'  W.     Barometer,  29.08;  thermometer  attached,  88° 
temperature  of  air,  98°;   water,  49°.     Winds:    W.NW.,   W.NW.,   W.NW.     First  part,   fresh 
winds;  middle,  strong  breezes;  latter  part,  strong  gales. 

^pril  26.  Lat.  54°  42'  S.;  long.  63°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached,  80° 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  S.SE.,  W.SW.  and  SW.  Strong  gales 
with  rain. 

April  27.     Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  64°  37'  W.     Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached,  80° 
temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  40°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Moderate  breezes,  with 
squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales,  with  heavy  squalls. 

April  28.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  65°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached,  78° 
temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  SW.  First  part,  a  heavy  gale 
with  terrific  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate,  with  heavy  squalls. 

April  29.     Lat.  55°  50'  S.;  long.  66°  12'  W.     Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached,  70° 
temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  SW.     Heavy  gales,  with  terrific 
squalls;  latter  part,  thick  snow;  a  strong  NB.  current. 

April  30.     Lat.  56°  01'  S.;  long.  65°  18'  W;  barometer,  29.58;  thermometer  attached,  65° 
temperature  of  air,  35°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     First  and  middle  parts,  heavy 
gales  and  squalls;  latter  part,  moderating. 

May  1.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  64°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached,  76° 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Moderate  winds. 

May  2.  Lat.  56°  47'  S.;  long.  67°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached,  87° 
temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  calm,  and  NW.,  W.NW.  Light  winds  and 
at  times,  calms. 

May  3.     Lat.  57°  43'  S. ;  long.  71°  08'  W.     Barometer,  29.31;  thermometer  attached,  78° 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Moderate  breezes  and 
rainy. 

May  4.  Lat.  57°  14'  S.;  long.  74°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.57;  thermometer  attached,  86° 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts 
moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  sharp  squalls,  with  hail. 

May  5.     Lat.  55°  25'  S.;  long.  77°  18'  W.     Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached,  85° 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  NE.     First  part,  strong  gales  and 
heavy  squalls;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  rainy. 

May  6.     Lat.  55°  10'  S. ;  long.  81°  30'  W.     Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached,  80° 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Strong  gales,  heavy 
squalls  and  rainy  weather.     I  am  now  60  days  out;  wind  ahead;  poor  chance  for  100  days  to 
San  Francisco. 

May  7.  Lat.  54°  18'  S. ;  long.  83°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached,  78°; 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  N.NE.  First  part,  strong  gales 
and  squalls;  middle  part,  moderate;  latter  part,  fresh,  with  sharp  squalls. 

May  8.     Lat.  53°  18'  S.;  long.  86°  06'  W.     Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached,  77°; 


610  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  W.,  N.NW.  Throughout,  heavy  gales, 
with  terrific  squalls. 

May  9.  Lat.  53°  47'  S.;  long.  84°  44'  W.  Barometer,  28.55;  thermometer  attached,  70°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  Heavy  gales  and  heavy 
squalls. 

May  10.  Lat.  51°  47'  S.;  long.  83°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  thermometer  attached,  44°; 
temperature  of  air,  44".  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong 
gales  and  heavy  squalls;  latter  part,  more  moderate. 

May  11.  Lat.  48°  09'  S. ;  long.  84°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached,  68°; 
temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts, 
moderate;  latter  part,  light  airs." 

Sliip  "  Viking,"  (Z.  Windsor,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"May  6.  Lat.  48°  00'  S. ;  long.  62°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
water,  48°.  Winds:  calm,  NE.,  NE.  First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes; 
thick  fogs. 

May  7.  Lat.  51°  34'  S.;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  45°.     Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  NE.     Fresh  gales;  dense  fog  and  rain. 

May  8.  Lat.  51°  01'  S. ;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  calm.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  gales; 
latter,  calm,  fog,  and  rain. 

May  9.  Lat.  52°  00'  S.;  long.  64°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  45°.     Winds:  S.,  NW.,  NW.,  NW.     Moderate  breezes;  clear  and  pleasant  weather. 

May  10.  Lat.  54°  18'  S. ;  long.  63°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.26;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  calm.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes 
and  pleasant;  latter,  calm  and  foggy. 

May  11.  Lat.  55"  26'  S. ;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  calm;  latter  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  foggy. 

May  12.  Lat.  56°  58'  S. ;  long.  67°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.SW.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter 
part,  blowing  hard  at  times. 

May  13.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  68°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  W.    Fresh  gales,  with  snow  squalls;  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

May  14.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  70°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.26;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.  Fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls;  latter  part,  thick  and 
rainy. 

May  15.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  71°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.     Fresh  gales;  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

May  16.  Lat.  56°  52'  S.;  long.  72°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  calm,  SW.  First  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  with  heavy 
squalls  of  snow;  middle,  calm. 

May  17.  Lat.  55°  12'  S.;  long.  73°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter,  fresh  breezes, 
with  violent  hail  and  snow  squalls. 


I 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN — MAY.         511 

May  18.  Lat.  55°  50'  S. ;  long.  74°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  light  and  baffling. 

May  19.  Lat.  55°  33'  S.;  long.  76°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  33°; 
water  40°.  Winds:  calm,  W.NW.,  S.SE.  First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breezes.  Barometer  is  a  good  guide;  in  the  tropics  its  mean  is  30.40;  off  Cape  Horn,  mean 
29.20. 

May  20.  Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  78°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  calm,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  took  a 
fresh  squall  which  terminated  in  a  heavy  gale ;  snow. 

May  21.  Lat.  48°  56'  S.;  long.  81°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  Fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  hail  and  snow." 

Ship  ^^ Starlight,'^  (P.  Chase,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"May  6.  Lat.  47°  56'  S.;  long.  57°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air,  54°; 
water.  48°.  Winds:  baffling,  calm,  E.SE.  First  part,  fog  squalls;  middle,  calm;  latter,  fresh 
breezes;  thick  fogs. 

May  7.  Lat.  50°  54'  S. ;  long.  62°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air,  55°; 
water,  45°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  NE.  by  N.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
stormy  winds  and  thick  weather. 

May  8.  Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  S.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  thick  and  rainy;  middle,  light; 
latter,  light,  with  thick  fogs. 

May  9.  Lat.  54°  17'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  temperature  of  air  49°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.,  W.  First  and  middle,  brisk  breezes,  with  rain;  latter  part, 
fresh  breezes,  with  thick  fog. 

May  10.  Lat.  54°  51'  S.;  long  63°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air,  49°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  N.  by  W.     Fresh  breezes,  thick  and  rainy. 

May  11.  Lat.  56°  05'  S. ;  long.  67°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and 
pleasant;  latter  part,  blowing  a  gale. 

May  12.  Lat.  56°  35'  S.;  long.  68°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  44°.  Winds :  W.  by  S. ,  NW. ,  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  gales,  with  tre- 
mendous squalls;  latter  part,  hard  gale. 

May  13.  Lat.  57°  23'  S. ;  long.  69^  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Hard  gales;  hard  squalls  of  hail  and  rain  throughout. 

May  14.  Lat.  58°  00'  S.;  long.  70°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  W.  First  part,  hard  hail  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
rain. 

May  15.  Lat.  58°  30'  S, ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.01;  temperature  of  air,  36°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  W.,   W.NW.,  W.SW.     Strong  gales  and  squally,  with  rain. 

May  16.  Lat.  57°  00'  S.;  long.  73°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  temperature  of  air,  34°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.     Strong  breezes,  with  snow  squalls  throughout. 

May  17.  Lat.  55°  00'  S. ;  long.  74°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Moderate  breezes,  with  sharp  snow  squalls 
every  hour. 


512  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

May  18.  Lat.  54°  50'  S. ;  long.  76°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  SW.,  calm.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales  and  hard  squalls; 
latter  part,  calm. 

May  19.  Lat.  54°  40'  S. ;  long.  76°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  baffling.  First  and  middle  parts,  calm;  latter  part,  light 
baffling  airs. 

May  20.  Lat.  52°  30'  S. ;  long.  78°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  43°.    Winds:  SE.,  NW.,  SW.   First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  hard  gale. 

May  21.  Lat.  51°  35'  S.;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  heavy  gale;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderating. 

May  22.  Lat.  48°  45'  S. ;  long.  82°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  moderate." 

Ship  '  ^Messenger, ' '  (Samuel  Kennedy, )  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco ;  =—  days  from  St.  Eoque. 

"May  7.  Lat.  50°  14' S.;  long.  65°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  N.NE.  First  part,  strong 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate;  foggy  all  day. 

May  8.  Lat.  51°  16'  S. ;  long.  65°  24' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached,  58°; 
temperature  of  air,  44°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.,  NW.,  S.  Moderate  breezes;  first  part, 
foggy;  middle  and  latter  parts,   clear;  sounded  in  74  fathoms  water,  sand,  gravel,  and  shells. 

May  9.  Lat.  53°  25'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached,  57°; 
temperature  of  air,  48°;  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.,  N.  Moderate  breezes;  latter  part, 
freshening. 

May  10.  Lat.  55°  57'  S. ;  long.  65°  37' W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  of  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.,  baffling,  N.  to  SE.,  N.  First  part, 
strong  breezes  and  hazy;  middle,  baffling;  latter,  moderate. 

May  11.  Lat.  56°  45' S. ;  long.  69°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  baffling,  N.  to  W.,  W.NW.  First  part, 
moderate  and  baffling;  middle  part,  wind  freshening;  latter  part,  blowing  hard. 

May  12.  Lat.  57°  54'  S.  ;*  long.  72°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  thermometer,  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  Fresh  gales, 
with  occasional  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

May  13.  Lat.  58°12'S.;  long.  72°  23' W.  Barometer,  29.39;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  34°;  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.SW.  Fresh  gales,  mod- 
erating a  little  at  times,  continual  hail  and  snow  squalls. 

May  14.  Lat.  58°  23' S. ;  long.  73°  03' W.  Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Fresh  gales, 
snow  and  hail  squalls;  latter,  thick  weather. 

May  15.  Lat.  58°  38' S. ;  long.  75°  02' W.  Barometer,  28.95;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  and  W.SW.,  W.SW. 
Fresh  gales,  snow  and  hail  squalls. 

May  16.  Lat.  56°  59' S. ;  long.  76°  43' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  S.SW.  Fresh  gales,  with 
snow  and  hail  squalls. 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAY"  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. — MAY.         513 

May  17.  Lat.  54°  43'  S. ;  long.  78°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.11;  thermometer  attached,  54°; 
temperature  of  air,  38°;  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  Fresh  gales,  hail,  snow, 
and  rain  squalls. 

May  18.  Lat.  53°  08'  S. ;  long.  79°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  thermometer  attached,  52°; 
temperature  of  air,  44°;  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  and  N.  First  part,  fresh  gales; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes. 

May  19.  Lat.  52°  35'  S.;  long.  81°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached,  54°; 
temperature  of  air,  43°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.,  E.  First  and  latter  parts, 
moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  light  breezes. 

May  20.  Lat.  49°  16'  S.;  long.  85°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.56:  thermometer  attached,  55°; 
temperature  of  air,  47°;  of  water.  46°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SW.,  SW.  Moderate  breezes  throughout. " 

Ship  ^^  Sierra  Nevoda^^^  (P.  W.  Penhallow,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  33  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"May  8.  Lat.  50°  18'  S.;  long.  61°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached,  48°. 
Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.     Clear,  pleasant  weather,  light  airs;  appearances  of  a  current. 

May  9.  Lat.  52°  54'  S. ;  long.  63°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.63;  thermometer,  attached,  48°. 
Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  calm.     First  and  middle  parts,  breezes;  latter  part,  calm. 

May  10.  Lat.  54°  52'  S. ;  long,  62°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.37;  thermometer  attached,  47°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  fresh;  latter  part,  moderate 
gales  and  squalls  of  snow. 

May  11.  Lat.  55°  25'  S. ;  long.  61°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  thermometer  attached,  70°. 
Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.     Light  breezes  with  rain,  squalls  of  rain. 

May  12.  Lat.  56°  52'  S.;  long.  60°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached,  69°. 
Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes,  with  light  snow  squalls. 

May  13.  Lat.  58°  00'  S. ;  long.  62°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  thermometer  attached,  73°. 
Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  squally. 

May  14.  Lat.  58°  00' S.;  long.  64°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.84;  thermometer  attached,  75°. 
Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.NW.     Light,  variable  breezes,  with  snow  squalls. 

May  15.  Lat.  58°  26'  S.;  long.  67°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached,  63°. 
Winds:  W.  by  N.,  NW.,  N.NW.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant;  five  icebergs  insight. 

May  16.  Lat.  58°  14'  S. ;  long.  68°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached,  85°. 
Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  N.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy. 

May  17.  Lat.  57°  40'  S.;  long.  71°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.49;  thermometer  attached,  80°. 
Winds:  N.,  N.NW.,  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  heavy  sea. 

May  18.  Lat.  58°  02'  S. ;  long.  73°  47'  W.  Barometer,  28.56;  thermometer  attached,  81°. 
Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First  part,  light  breezes,  with  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate  breezes. 

May  19.    Lat.  58°  27' S. ;  long.  72°46'W.    Barometer,  28.72;  thermometer  attached,  80°. 
|Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.     First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  blowing  a  perfect  hurricane; 
itter  part,  light  breezes. 

May  20.   Lat.  57°  39'  S.;  long.  75°  00'  W.    Barometer,  28.86;  thermometer  attached,  82°. 
'inds:  W.NW.,  S.,  S.     First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  and  squally. 

May  21.    Lat.  54°  18'  S. ;  long.  80°  14'  W.     Barometer,  29.30.     Winds:  S.,  S.  to  S.SW., 
J.SW.     Strong  breezes,  with  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 
VOL.  II 65 


514  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

May  22.  Lat.  49°  49'  S. ;  long.  81°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.78;  thermometer  attached,  90°. 
Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.SW.     Strong  breezes  and  fine  weather." 

Ship  ^ ^  Shooting  Star ,' '  (W.  E.  Kingman,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  25  days  from  St. 
Koque. 

"May  12.  Lat.  50°  30'  S.;  long.  54°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
50°.  "Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate  and  clear;  middle,  fresh;  latter 
part,  strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls. 

May  13.  Lat.  51°  37'  S. ;  long.  54°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached,  48°; 
temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  calm.  First  part,  strong 
gale  and  hard  squalls;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  calm. 

May  14.  Lat.  52°  43'  S. ;  long.  55°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.44;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  First  and  middle 
parts,  light  baffling  breezes;  latter  part,  steady  breezes. 

May  15.  Lat.  53°  34'  S.;  long.  57°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  and  E.SE.  First 
and  middle  parts,  light  winds  and  light  rain  squalls;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  light  rain 
and  sleet. 

May  16.  Lat.  54°  52'  S.;  long.  60°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SE.,  baffling  and  calm,  W.NW.  First 
part,  fresh;  middle,  baffling  and  calm;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

May  17.  Lat.  56°24'S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  W.  by  N.,  baffling.  First 
part,  moderate  and  fresh;  middle,  moderate  and  light;  latter,  light  and  baffling. 

May  18.  Lat.  57°  14'  S. ;  long.  69°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.  by  N.  First  part, 
moderate;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  moderate,  with  rain. 

May  19.  Lat.  58°  19'  S.;  long.  71°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW,,  W.,  W.  by  N.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes,  with  squalls;  middle,  strong  gales  and  hard  squalls;  latter,  moderate,  light,  and 
baffling,  and  squalls  of  rain. 

May  20.  Lat.  57°  33'  S. ;  long.  73°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.23;  thermometer  attached, 
48°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  N.NW.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate  and  baffling, 
frequent  fresh  squalls;  middle,  moderate,  with  rain;  latter,  strong  gales. 

May  21.  Lat.  56°  34'  S.;  long.  73°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
48°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales;  latter,  hard  gale  and  rainy 
throughout. 

May  22.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  73°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  First  part,  strong  gale  and 
cloudy;  middle,  heavy  squalls;  latter,  heavy  squalls. 

May  23.  Lat.  57°  08'  S. ;  long.  74°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
44°.  Winds:  W.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls; 
latter,  moderating. 

May  24.     Lat.  56°  25'  S.;  long.   77°  20'  W.     Barometer,   29.30;  thermometer  attached, 


FROM   THE   "FAIR   WAY  "   OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. MAY  515 

46°.     Winds:  W.SW.,   N.NW.,   W.     First  part,  moderating;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  fresh 

breezes. 

May  25.     Lat.  56°  25'  S. ;  long.  81°  18'  W.     Barometer,   29.15;  thermometer  attached, 

48°.     Winds:   W.NW.,  NW.,  N.NW.     First  and  middle  parts,   moderate  and  fresh;  latter, 

strong  gales,  thick  and  rainy  weather. 

May  26.  Lat.  56°  34'  S. ;  long.  80°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.18;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong 
gales;  middle  and  latter,  strong  gales,  with  heavy  squalls. 

May  27.  Lat.  54°  50'  S.;  long.  79°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts, 
heavy  squalls  of  rain,  snow,  and  hail;  latter,  strong  gales. 

May  28.  Lat.  54°  22'  S.;  long.  78°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
47°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  ditto.  First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle,  moderating;  latter, 
fresh  breezes. 

May  29.  Lat.  53°  32'  6.;  long.  80°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.  ^  W.,  NW.,  NW.  by  N.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  moderate. 

May  30.  Lat.  52°  51'  S. ;  long.  84°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  ditto,  ditto.  First  part, 
moderate ;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  and  thick  weather. 

May  31.  Lat.  51<^  58'  S.;  long.  84°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  thermometer  attached, 
70°.  Winds:  N.NE.  to  NB.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  part,  wind  freshening,  thick  and  rainy; 
middle,  heavy  gale,  with  violent  squalls  of  hail  and  rain;  latter,  not  so  heavy.  Notice. — How 
well  my  barometer  works ;  never  saw  the  like  hereaboute. 

June  1-  Lat.  49°  48'  S. ;  long.  83°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached, 
560;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.  to  W.,  SW.,  W.SW.  First  part, 
strong  gales  and  squally;  middle,  moderating,  with  fewer  squalls;  latter,  moderating,  with 
fresh  squalls." 


516 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Cape  Horn  Crossings — Jwwe. 


Name  of  vessel. 

1  s 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

0'  S. in  the 
tic  to  50°  S. 
i  Pacific. 

50°  8. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67*  W. 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S. 

53°  S. 

50°   S. 

i<.s 

Days. 
25 
24 
43 
41 
29 
20 
27 
27 
26 
32 
25 
38 
33 
36 
32 
43 
30 
27 
30 
36 
33 
23 
23 
31 
27 
24 
36 
25 
25 
33 
31 

ion?.  W. 
62 
64 
67 
64 
65 
54 
64 
67 
64 
65 
63 
66 
65 
63 
65 
65 
65 
62 
64 
65 
65 
65 
64 
64 
64 
61 
64 
64 
64 
64 
56 

Long.  W. 
66 
63 
67 
63 
66 
58 
64 
65 
63 
65 
65 
66 
66 
63 
65 
66 
65 
64 
63 
66 
64 
65 
65 
64 
64 
62 
64 
64 
64 
65 
58 

Long.  W. 
66 
65 
70 
64 
65 
61 
63 
66 
65 
65 
64 
65 
67 
65 
63 
64 
67 
66 
63 
67 
61 
67 
68 
67 
65 
64 
68 
64 
66 
67 
63 

Lat.  S. 
56 
57 
56 
57 
59 
57 
58 
56 
57 
58 
58 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
56 
56 
57 
66 
58 
56 
56 
5T 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 

Lat.  S. 
56 
56 
56 
57 
59 
58 
58 
55 
58 
58 
59 
67 
57 
59 
56 
58 
58 
58 
56 
57 
57 
55 
56 
57 
58 
57 
56 
59 
56 
56 
57 

Lat.  S. 
53 
56 
58 
56 
56 
54 
56 
54 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
58 
57 
54 
54 
56 
57 
56 
55 
58 
56 
56 
57 

Long.W. 
73 
76 
83 
81 
78 
75 
78 
73 
80 
78 
79 

(t) 
78 
79 
80 
79 
77 
80 
78 
77 
81 
73 
72 
78 
78 
75 
74 
81 
76 
77 
79 

Long.W. 
77 
79 
83 
87 
79 
78 
81 
76 
80 
80 
79 

(t) 
78 
80 
83 
81 
80 
83 
78 
79 
83 
74 
78 
82 
79 
81 
79 
81 
82 
81 
79 

Long.  W. 
79 
78 
85 
90 
80 
80 
84 
78 
85 
86 
79 

«) 
79 
85 
83 
81 
86 
86 
79 
80 
86 
77 
85 
85 
85 
79 
80 
80 
86 
80 
81 

Days. 
14 

11 

20 

Finland  • 

14 

28 

23 

18 

9 

15 

13 

14 

15 

11 

15 

19 

27 

14 

16 

18 

23 

Morning  Light .  • 

Simoon..  ••. 

14 
14 
8 

9 

11 

20 

14 

17 

22 

15 

12 

29.1 

63,5 

64.0 

65.1 

56.7 

.57.1 

56.1 

77.8 

79.5 

82.2 

15.4 

*  Last  in  the  7th  edition  ;  the  twelve  other  passages  have  been  made  since.  f  Not  included  in  the  means.  X  No  observation!. 


Ship  '■'■War  HawJc,''  (J.  B.  Simmons,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  30  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"May  25.  Lat.  49°  18'  S.;  long.  54°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle,  strong  breezes;  latter,  moderate  gales. 

May  26.  Lat.  50°  31'  S. ;  long.  55°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW,,  calm,  calm.  First  part,  strong 
breezes;  middle  and  latter,  calm. 

May  27.  Lat.  52°  21'  S.;  long.  56°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  60°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  NW,,  SW.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle  and  latter,  strong  breezes. 

May  28.  Lat.  53°  47'  S. ;  long.  58°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  57°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto,  SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  light  breezes;  latter,  strong. 


FROM   THE  "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE   TO   CAPE    HORN. JUNE.  517 

May  29.  Lat.  55°  00'  S.;  long.  60°  20'  W.  :^rometer,  29.06;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  NW.,  W.  by  N.  First  part,  strong 
breezes;  middle,  gales;  latter,  light  breezes. 

May  30.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  63°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.SW.,  E.     First  part,  moderate;  middle,  strong;  latter,  moderate. 

May  31.  Lat.  56°  42'  S.;  long.  68°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  water,  46°.  Winds:  calm,  N.NW.,  calm.  First  and  latter  parts,  calm; 
middle,  strong  breezes. 

June  1.  Lat.  57°  11'  S.;  long.  67°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  NE.,  ditto,  calm.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant; 
latter,  calm. 

June  2.  Lat.  57°  17'  S. ;  long.  69°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  calm,  W.,  W.SW.     First  part,  calm;  middle  and  latter,  moderate. 

June  3.  Lat.  57°  30'  S.;  long.  71°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

June  4.  Lat.  57°  29'  S. ;  long.  79°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  ditto.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes,  with  hail; 
latter,  moderate. 

June  5.  Lat.  54°  52'  S.;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  43°.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

June  6.  Lat.  52°  32'  S.;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water,  45°.     Winds:  W.  by  S.,  ditto,  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes,  with  light  squalls. 

June  7.  Lat.  50°  00'  S. ;  long.  81°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  45°.     Light  airs  and  misty  weather." 

Ship  "  Coeur  Be  Lion^^^  (W.  Tucker,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  27  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"May  28.  Lat.  15°  19'  S.;  long.  64°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  E.,  NE.  to  N.  Light  breezes  and 
foggy. 

May  29.  Lat.  52°  20' S. ;  long.  64°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  NW.,  calm,  calm.  First  part,  moderate 
and  foggy;  middle  and  latter,  calm  and  foggy.  Sounded  in  98  fathoms  water;  white  and  black 
sand. 

May  30.  Lat.  53°  56'  S. ;  long.  64°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  NW.  to  NE.  Light  winds;  on 
soundings. 

May  31.  Lat.  56°  06'  S.;  long.  64°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.,  N.NW.  Moderate  breeze  and 
pleasant. 

June  1.  Lat.  56°  10' S.;  long.  67°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  S.,  NE.  Light,  variable  airs  and 
pleasant. 

June  2.  Lat.  57°  21'  S.;  long.  67°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached,  49°; 
temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.,  SW.,  SW.  Light  airs,  and  light 
rain  squalls. 


»'il8  THE   WIND  AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Junes.  Lat.  58°  OS'S.;  long.  70°  36' W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.NW.,  ditto.  Moderate  breezes 
and  fine  rain  squalls, 

June  4.  Lat.  58°  43' S.;  long.  73°  01' W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  41;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  calm.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  rainy;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  calm. 

June  5.  Lat.  55°  40'  S.;  long.  78°  29' W.  Barometer,  30.02;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  ditto.  First  part,  light 
breezes  and  snow  squalls;  middle,  brisk  breezes,  with  passing  squalls  of  snow;  latter,  moderate. 

June  6.  Lat.  53°  00' S.;  long.  78°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.,  ditto,  ditto.  Moderate  breezes,  thick, 
foggy,  gloomy  weather. 

June  7.  Lat.  51°  50'  S.;  long.  79°  48'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  SW.,  SB.,  E.  to  NE.  Light  airs,  thick 
gloomy  weather. 

Junes.  Lat.  50°  00' S.;  long.  84°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  ditto,  ditto.  Brisk  breezes  and 
cloudy." 

Ship  ^'Mary  L.  Sutton,"  (P.  E.  Rowland,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  30  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"June  2.  Lat.  49°  27'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  calm,  N.NE.  First  and  latter 
parts,  light  winds;  middle,  calm. 

June  3.  Lat.  50°  44'  S.;  long.  64°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  thermometer  attached,  67°; 
temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  E.NE.     Light  airs  and  pleasant. 

June  4.  Lat.  52°  44'  S. ;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  thermometer  attached,  68°; 
temperature  of  air,  53°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  NE.  Light  winds,  with  Scotch 
mist. 

June  5.  Lat.  55-°  41'  S. ;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NE.,  do.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts, 
light  winds,  fog,  and  rain,  at  times;  latter,  stiff  breezes. 

June  6.  Lat.  56°  35'  S.;  long.  67°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  SW.,  do.  First  part,  stiff  breezes 
and  thick;  middle,  rainy;  latter,  winds  and  fog  squalls. 

June  7.  Lat.  58°  48'  S.;  long.  69°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  First  part,  light  breezes 
and  light  rain  squalls;  middle  and  latter,  stiff  breezes. 

June  8.  Lat.  57°  57'  S.;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.21;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  do.,  do.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes,  with  snow  squalls. 

June  9.  Lat.  57°  01'  S.;  long.  72°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.46;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  39.  Winds:  calm,  NE.,  SE.  First  part,  calm;  middle, 
moderate  breezes,  with  snow  squalls  and  fine  rain;  latter,  stiff  breezes,  with  passing  squalls. 


FEOM  THE  "  FAIR  WAY  "  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. JUNE         519 

June  10.  Lat.  55°  39'  S. ;  long.  78°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.79;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  SE.  First  part,  stiff  breezes, 
with  snow  and  hail  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  and  baffling. 

June  11.  Lat.  53°  20'  S.;  long.  85°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  do.  First  part,  light 
winds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  stiff  gales. 

June  12.  Lat.  50°  30'  S. ;  long.  85°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.92;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  E.,  S.SE.,  SW.  First  part,  stiff  gales; 
middle  and  latter,  light  winds. 

June  13.  Lat.  47°  26'  S.;  long.  87°  17'  W.  Barometerj  29.26;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  do.,  S.  First  and  middle  parts, 
fresh  breezes  and  light  rain  squalls;  latter  part,  light  breezes." 

Ship  ^'■Morning  Light,''  (Benj.  L.  Johnson,)  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco;  32  days  from 
St.  Eoque. 

"June  3.  Lat.  48°  32' S.;  long.  64°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.05;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water  47°.  Winds:  N.,  NE.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle  parts, 
light  winds;  latter,  moderate. 

June  4.  Lat.  51°  08'  S.;  long.  65°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.  to  N.NW.,  baffling.  First, 
moderate;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes,  misty,  with  light  showers  of  rain. 

June  5.  Lat.  53°  41'  S.;  long.  64°  27' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  N.NW.  First  part,  light 
winds  and  thick;  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  fresh  gales. 

June  6.  Lat.  54°  59'  S.;  long.  62°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.51;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  ditto,  ditto.  First  and  middle 
parts,  strong  gales  and  drizzling  rain;  latter,  more  moderate.  Sounded  in  63  fathoms;  rock  and 
coral. 

June  7.  Lat.  55°  20'  S.;  long.  62°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  SW.  by  S.  Light  airs,  thick 
misty  weather.     Sounded  in  50  fathoms;  small  stones. 

June  8.  Lat.  56°  17'  S.;  long.  61°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.32;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  36;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First  and  middle,  light 
breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

June  9.     Lat.   56°  43'  S. ;  long.   64°  06'  W.     Barometer,   29.09;  thermometer  attached, 

60°;  temperature    of  air,   37°;  water,   37°.      Winds:  N.NW.,   NE.,  E.NE.      Light  breezes, 

thick  and  foggy  weather. 

I  June  10.     Lat.   56°45'S.;  long.  64°  50'  W.     Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 

^2°;  temperature  of  air,   36°;  water,    36°.     Winds:  W.NW.,   NW.  by  N.,   E.SE.     First  and 

^Hiiddle,  light  breezes;  latter,  strong  breezes  and  increasing. 

j^B  June  11.  Lat.  57°  17' S.;  long.  68°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached, 
1^60°;  temperature  of  air,  32°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  SE.  First  part,  strong  breezes; 
'      middle,  strong  gales,  hard  squalls  with  hail;  latter,  light  winds  and  puffy. 

June  12.     Lat.   57°  17'  S.;  long.  70°  46'  W.     Barometer,   29.29;  thermometer  attached, 


520  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

60°;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SE.,  NE.,  N.  to  N.NE.  Light  winds  and 
cloudy. 

June  13.  Lat.  57°  12' S.;  long.  76°  02' W.  Barometer,  29.08;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  31°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SE.,  E.SE.,  E.  First  part,  light  breezes, 
with  snow  squalls;  middle  and  latter,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

June  14.  Lat.  55°50'S.;  long.  80°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  32°;  water  40°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  SE.  First  part,  moderate;  mid- 
dle, light  winds;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  with  frequent  snow  squalls. 

June  15.  Lat.  54°  01' S.;  long.  82°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  35;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.,  SW.,  ditto.  First  and  latter  parts, 
moderate,  with  snow  squalls;  middle,  frequent  hard  squalls  with  snow. 

June  16.  Lat.  52°  54' S.;  long.  83°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.33;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  39;  water,  43°.  "  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.  First  and 
middle,  moderate  winds,  with  light  snow  squalls;  middle,  light  winds. 

June  17.  Lat.  50°  51' S.;  long.  86°  20' W.  Barometer,  28.82;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.NE.,  E.  by  S.,  E.  by  S.  First 
part,  light  winds  and  freshened;  middle,  hard  gales  and  increasing;  latter,  tremendous  gale. 

June  18.  Lat.  48°  27' S.;  long.  88°  33' W.  Barometer,  29.94;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  E.  by  S.,  SE.,  SE.  by  S.  First  and  mid- 
dle parts,  storm  raging  with  unabated  violence;  latter,  subsiding  a  little." 

Ship  '•'•Star  King,"  (George  H.  Turner,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  24  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"June  11.  Lat.  49°  40'  S. ;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.,  N.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales,  squally,  with  light  rain. 

June  12.  Lat.  52°  45'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  do.,  do.  First  part,  fresh  gales, 
foggy,  with  light  rain;  middle,  moderate  and  foggy;  latter,  pleasant. 

June  13.  Lat.  54°  00'  S. ;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  42.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  foggy; 
latter,  moderate. 

June  14.  Lat.  54°  30'  S. ;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  S.SE.,  SE.,  do.  Fresh  breezes  and 
cloudy. 

June  15.  Lat.  54°  50'  S. ;  long.  65°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.34;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SE.,  do.,  calm  NW.  to  NE.  First  part, 
light  airs,  rain,  and  fog;  middle  and  latter,  light  variable  airs,  and  calms. 

June  16.  Lat.  55°  38'  S.;  long.  66°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.  to  NE.,  N.,  W.NW.  to  W.  First 
part,  light  airs;  middle,  fresh  breezes  and  rainy;  latter,  moderate. 

June  17.  Lat.  56°  10'  S. ;  long.  66°  31'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  calm,  S.  to  S.SW.  First  part, 
moderate;  middle,  calm  and  rainy;  latter,  hard  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

June  18.     Lat.  56°  36'  S. ;  long.   65°  44'  W.     Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE   HORN. JUNE.  521 

44°;  temperature  of  air,   35°;  water,   36°.     Winds:  SW.,   do.,   do.     First  and  middle  parts, 
hard  gales,  with  violent  squalls,  snow,  and  hail;  latter,  heavy  gale,  with  more  violent  squalls. 

June  19.  Lat.  56°  39'  S.;  long.  65°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  34°;  water,  35°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW.,  SW.,  do.  First  part, 
heavy  gale,  violent  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate. 

June  20.  Lat.  56°  10'  S. ;  long.  65°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.,  do.,  do.  First  part,  hard 
gales,  squalls  of  snow;  middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate. 

June  21.  Lat.  55°  38'  S.;  long.  65°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  30°;  water,  31°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  First  and  latter  parts, 
hard  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle,  snow  and  hail  squalls. 

June  22.  Lat.  56«  05'  S. ;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
44^;  temperature  of  air,  30°;  water,  31°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  do.,  do.  First  and  middle  parts, 
strong  gales,  hard  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  latter,  more  moderate. 

June  23.  Lat.  55°  56'  S.;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  do.  First  part,  strong  gale; 
middle  and  latter,  light  airs. 

June  24.  Lat.  55°  45'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  baffling,  from  SE.  to  SW.,  N.NW.  to  NE., 
NW.  to  SE.     Light  variable  airs. 

June  25.  Lat.  55°  42'  S.;  long.  66°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.  to  SE.,  SE.  to  S.,  E.  Light  and  variable 
airs. 

June  26.  Lat.  56°  00'  S.;  long.  68°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.92:  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.,  E.NE.,  N.NW.  Light  breezes, 
clear,  pleasant  weather. 

June  27.  Lat.  56°  12'  S.;  long.  69°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.,  calm,  NE.  First  and  latter  parts,  light 
breezes;  middle  part,  calm. 

June  28.  Lat.  55°  34'  S. ;  long.  75°  35'  W.  BaroAieter,  29.12;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NE.,  E.NE.,  do.  First  and  middle  parts, 
light  breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

June  29.  Lat.  54°  35'  S.;  long.  78°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.,  do.,  N.NW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  rainy;  middle  and  latter,  light  breezes,  drizzling  rain. 

June  30.  Lat.  53°  52'  S.;  long.  82°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  N.NW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes,  with  light  rain  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes. 

July  1.  Lat.  53°  20'  S.;  long.  83°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  43.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  N.  Light  breezes,  with 
light  showers  of  rain. 

July  2.     Lat.   51°  05'  S. ;  long.   85°  47'  W.     Barometer,   29.26;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  calm,   E.NE.  to  E.,   E.     First  part,  calm; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  light  rain. 
VOL.   II 66 


522  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

July  3.  Lat.  48°  35'  S.;  long.  89°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  43°.  First  part,  fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  rain; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes." 

Ship  '^ Stag  Hound,' ^  (Chas.  F.  W.  Behm,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"June  25.  Lat.  49°  38'  S. ;  long.  64°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  E.SE.,  ditto,  Light  breezes  and 
thick  foggy  weather. 

June  26.  Lat.  51°  20'  S.;  long.  65°  02' W.  Barometer,  30.12;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  ditto,  E.NE.  Light  breezes  and 
pleasant;  sounded  at  different  times  in  from  75  to  80  fathoms,  dark  gray  sand  and  gravel. 

June  27.  Lat.  53°  50' S. ;  long.  65°  28'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto,  ditto.  Moderate  breezes 
and  pleasant. 

June  28.  Lat.  56°  03' S. ;  long.  68°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.36;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  N.  Fresh  breezes  and  squally 
throughout. 

June  29.  Lat.  55°  56' S.;  long.  71°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29,17;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.  to  W.,  E.  to  S.  Light  variable 
winds. 

June  30.  Lat.  55°  35' S. ;  long.  72°  54' W.  Barometer,  29.01;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  Avater,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto,  ditto.  Light  breezes  and 
foggy,  very  cold  and  damp. 

July  1.  Lat.  54°  37' S.;  long.  73°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.43;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  ditto,  calm.  Light  airs  and 
foggy;  latter,  calm. 

July  2.  Lat.  53°  34'  S. ;  long.  78°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.69;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  E.  First  and  middle  part,  light 
breezes;  latter,  strong  breezes. 

July  3.  Lat.  50°  43'  S.;  long.  85°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.43;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  E.NE.  Strong  breezes;  latter, 
moderating. 

July  4.  Lat.  49°  30'  S.;  long.  87°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.33;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NE.,  ditto.  Light  breezes  and 
foggy." 


FROM  THE  "FAIR  WAY   OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. — JUNE. 


523 


Gape  Horn  Crossings- 


Name  of  vessel. 

&    . 

O    o 

as 
fl 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

el  6 

•-:  oS 

OS   ■"    " 
o    .Ji  a. 

50°  S. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67°  W. 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  a. 

53°  S. 

50°  S. 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Days. 
22 
25 
37 
19 
30 
22 
28 
23 
33 
26 
35 
39 
29 
31 
27 
34 
38 
31 
47 
34 
23 
24 
30 
26 
24 
*2 
37 
27 
18 
41 
28 

Long.  W. 
56° 
64 
66 
64 
63 
64 
55 
66 
55 
57 
64 
65 
66 
57 
64 
64 
61 
55 
63 
59 
58 
63 
55 
64 
61 
64 
64 
64 
63 
63 
66 

Long.  W. 
55° 
63 
66 
65 
63 
64" 
56 
65 
55 
55 
65 
65 
65 
59 
63 
64 
64 
56 
67 
63 
63 
64 
58 
64 
64 
65 
64 
64 
64 
64 
67 

Long.  W. 
67° 
64 
68 
65 
61 
65 
64 
68 
61 
66 
65 
68 
62 
60 
65 
67 
62 
60 
66 
65 
66 
70 
62 
65 
66 
66 
66 
70 
66 
65 
65 

Lat.  S. 
57° 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
58 
56 
57 
57 
56 
56 
58 
60 
57 
57 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
56 
56 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
56 

Lat.  S. 
58° 
57 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
57 
59 
58 
56 
57 
56 
57 
56 
59 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
58 
56 
57 
56 
56 

Lat.  S. 
66° 
58 
56 
56 
55 
58 
57 
55 
55 
56 
56 
54 
57 
59 
58 
55 
57 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
56 
55 
54 
58 
56 
55 
56 
53 

Long.  W. 

77° 

83 

76 

77 

77 

78 

77 

73 

76 

76 

77 

76 

79 

86 

79 

73 

80 

78 

78 

79 

76 

78 

84 

79 

75 

75 

82 

77 

78 

79 

74 

Long.  W. 
78° 
81 
77 
80 
78 
79 
78 
78 
79 
80 
79 
77 
82 
88 
80 
76 
82 
81 
80 
81 
78 
81 
88 
81 
80 
77 
84 
79 
79 
80 
75 

Long.  W. 
78° 
79 
80 
81 
79 
80 
79 
80 
80 
84 
81 
80 
82 
88 
81 
78 
81 
86 
79 
80 
80 
82 
90 
82 
83 
78 
81 
81 
80 
82 
80 

Days. 
19 

Southerner 

26 

A,  Buckman 

14 

Senator 

18 

Queen  of  the  East 

23 

White  Squall 

18 

Ellen  Noyes 

Flying  Cloud 

21 

7 

Rome 

24 
17 

Levanter 

16 

Atalanta 

18 

Belle  of  the  West 

19 

Anglo  Saxon 

26 

White  Squall 

18 

West  Wind 

13 

( 'yane 

23 

Avondale. .... 

30 

Sarah  Bovd 

19 

Reindeer 

22 

Golden  State* 

19 

Golden  Eagle 

12 

14 

Endeavor 

Robin  Hood 

17 
7 

Flying  Dutchman 

8 
19 

Falcon 

Hurricane 

11 
11 

Java 

12 

Sword  Fish 

27 

29.7 

61.7 

62.5 

65.0 

56.7 

56.7 

56.0 

77  8 

79.9 

81.1 

17  i 

'  Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  ten  others  are  more  recent  crossings. 


Ship  ^ '■Independence,^^  (     .  Chad  wick,)  Boston  to  Valparaiso;  37  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"June  21.  Lat.  49°  04'  S.;  long.  63°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  temperature  of  air,  40; 
water,  42.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  part  moderate  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  light 
winds. 

June  22.  Lat.  51°  07'  S.;  long.  64°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  strong  breezes  and 
squally;  latter,  light  breezes. 

June  23.  Lat.  53°  25'  S.;  long.  64°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.64;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  variable,   W.SW.,  SW.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

June  24.  Lat.  53°  54'  S. ;  long.  64°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  41.     Winds:  S.,  calm,  N.     First  and  latter  parts,  light  winds;  middle,  calm. 

June  25.  Lat.  55°  12'  S.;  long.  63°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  N.,  ditto,  variable.     Light  breezes  and  rainy. 


524  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  26.  Lat.  55°  20'  S.;  long.  64°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  30°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  SE.,  ditto,  S.     Light  breezes  and  rainy. 

June  27.  Lat.  55°  11'  S.;  long.  62°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.64;  temperature  of  air,  29°; 
water,  34°.     Winds:  S.,  calm,  calm.     First  part,  light  airs;  middle  and  latter,  calm. 

June  28.  Lat.  55°  55'  S. ;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air,  28°; 
water,  37°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  S.  First  part,  light  winds;  middle,  fresh  breezes  with  squalls 
of  snow  and  hail;  latter,  moderate. 

June  29.  Lat.  56°  11'  S. ;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air,  36°; 
water,  36°.  Winds:  S.,  N.NW.,  W.  First  and  middle,  fresh  breezes  with  snow  squalls; 
latter,  strong  breezes. 

June  30.  Lat.  57°  29'  S.;  long.  69°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  W.,  ditto.     Strong  breezes  with  unsettled  weather. 

July  1.  Lat.  58°  36'  S.;  long.  70°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  W.,  ditto,  ditto.     Moderate  breezes  and  squally. 

July  2.  Lat.  58°  36'  S.;  long.  73^  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  temperature  of  air,  32°; 
water,  37°.  Winds:  W.  to  NW.,  SE.,  S.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  foggy;  middle 
and  latter,  squally  with  rain  and  snow. 

July  3.  Lat.  57°  39'  S.;  long.  74°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  S.,  W.,  W,NW.  First  part,  light  winds;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  fresh 
gales  and  squally. 

July  4.  Lat.  57°  55' S. ;  long.  76°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  38°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto,  W.SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  latter,  moderate. 

July  5.  Lat.  50°  00'  S.;  long.  79°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  SE.,  NE.,  N.NE.  First  part,  light  winds;  middle,  strong  breezes;  latter, 
fresh  breezes,  thick  and  rainy. 

July  6.  Lat.  55°  40'  S.;  long.  82°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  N.,  N.NW.,  NW.     Strong  breezes  and  squally,  thick  and  rainy. 

July  7.  Lat.  54°51'S.;  long.  82°  33' W.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  NW.,  N.,  ditto.     Fresh  breezes  and  rainy. 

July  8.  Lat.  53°  11'  S.;  long.  84°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  N.,  NE.,  N.     Fresh  winds,  thick  and  rainy. 

July  9.  Lat.  52°  13'  S.;  long.  83°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  NE.,  W.     First  part,  fresh;  middle,  stormy;  latter,  heavy  squalls. 

July  10.  Lat.  50°  42'  S. ;  long.  81°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  ditto.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter, 
moderate. 

July  11.  Lat.  49°  41'  S.;  long.  79°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  45°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  N.,  NW.     Light  winds  throughout." 

Ship  '■'■  Robin  Hood,''''  (R.  Bearse,  jr.,)  New  York  to  California;  29  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"June  28.  Lat.  49°  23'  S.;  long.  56°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  35°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.,  S.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle,  hard  squalls;  latter,  more  moderate,  squalls  of  snow  and  rain. 

June  29.     Lat.  50°  30' S.;  long.  55°  48'  W.     Barometer,   29.20;  thermometer  attached. 


FROM  THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. JULY.  525 

40°;  temperature  of  air  35°;  water,  39°.     Winds:  SW.,  ditto,  ditto.     First  and  middle  parts, 
fresh  breezes,  with  snow  squalls;  latter,  more  moderate,  with  frequent  snow  squalls. 

June  30.  Lat.  51°  10' S.;  long.  57°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
37°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.  to  SW.,  NE.  to  NW.,  ditto.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes,  with  passing  snow  squalls;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  light  winds,  with  snow 
squalls. 

July  1.  Lat.  53°  46'  S.;  long.  58°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.16;  thermometer  attached,  43°; 
temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  to  SW.,  SW.  to  W.NW.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes,  with  snow  squalls;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes,  with  snow  squalls. 

July  2.  Lat.  54°  38'  S.;  long.  61°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
41°:  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.,  W.NW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  middle  and  latter,  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  3.  Lat.  55°  59'  S. ;  long.  62°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.17;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water;  35°.  Winds:  W.NW.;  SW.,  ditto.  First  part,  light 
airs;  middle  and  latter,  moderate,  foggy  and  misty. 

July  4.  Lat.  56°  46'  S.;  long.  65°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.17;  thermometer  attached,  41°; 
temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.,  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW.  First  and 
middle  parts,  moderate  breezes,  foggy  and  misty;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  misty  and  drizzling 
rain. 

July  5.  Lat.  55°  53' S.;  long.  66°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.26;  thermometer  attached,  39°; 
temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.  and  SW.,  S.,  S.SW.  First  part, 
strong  gales,  and  squally  misty  weather;  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

July  6.  Lat.  56°  00'  S.;  long.  67°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.27;  thermometer  attached,  41°; 
temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  to  NE.,  N.,  NW.  Light  baffling  airs  and 
pleasant. 

July  7.  Lat.  none,  long.  none.  Barometer,  29.22;  thermometer  attached,  42°;  temper- 
ature of  air,  45°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.,  calm,  calm.  First  part,  light  airs;  middle  and 
latter,  calm. 

July  8.  Lat.  55°  56'  S.;  long.  71°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.11;  thermometer  attached,  44°; 
temperature  of  air, 45°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  calm  and  NE.,  N.  by  E.,  N.  First  part,  calm 
and  light  airs;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes  and  misty. 

July  9.  Lat.  55°  57' S.;  long.  75°  20'  W.  Barometer,  28.24;  thermometer  attached,  43°; 
temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.,  W.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy;  middle  and  latter,  fresh  gales  and  squalls,  with  drizzling  rain.. 

July  10.  Lat.  56°  28'  S. ;  long.  76°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29,08;  thermometer  attached,  41°; 
temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.  to  N.  First  part,  strong 
breezes  and  squally;  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

July  11.  Lat.  none,  long.  none.  Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached,  43°;  temper- 
ature of  air,   40°;  water,   39°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.     Light  baffling  airs  and  rainy. 

July  12.  Lat.  56°  33'  S.;  long.  80°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached,  44°; 
temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  N.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle,  light  airs;  latter,  moderate,  foggy,  misty,  and  drizzling  rain. 

July  13.  Lat.  54°  52'  S.;  long.  84°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  thermometer  attached,  43°; 
temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.  by  W.,  N.  First  and  middle, 
moderate,  fog  and  rain;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 


526  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

July  14.  Lat.  52°  25'  S. ;  long.  88°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached,  45°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.  by  E.  First  and  latter  parts,  fresh 
breezes;  middle,  moderate. 

July  15.  Lat.  50°  38'  S.;  long.  90°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached,  43°; 
temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  42°  Winds;  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.,  calm  and  N.  First  and  mid- 
dle parts,  strong  gales  and  squally,  with  drizzling  rain;  latter,  calm  and  light  breezes,  and 
rain. 

July  16.  Lat.  49°  04'  S.;  long.  92°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached,  40°; 
temperature  of  air  41°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales,  with  hard  squalls  of  hail  and  rain;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  squally." 

Ship  ^'■Java."  (John  W.  Davis,)  New  York  to  San  Juan  del  Sur;  39  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"June  30.  Lat.  48°  53'  S.;  long.  62°  37'  W.  Barometer,  28.62;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  N.,  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  foggy;  middle  and 
latter,  light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

July  1.  Lat.  51°  02'  S. ;  long.  62°  07'  W.  Barometer,  28.55;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate;  latter 
part,  fresh,  with  frequent  fog  squalls. 

July  2.  Lat.  50°  19'  S.;  long.  63°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  strong;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate. 

July  3.  Lat.  51°  00'  S.;  long.  63°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.36;  temperature  of  air,  32°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SE.,  E.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  fog  squalls;  middle, 
strong  breezes;  latter,  light  airs. 

July  4.  Lat.  52°  48'  S. ;  long.  63°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  36°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter,  brisk 
winds. 

July  5.  Lat.  54°  40'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.,  E.NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  brisk  breezes  and 
rainy;  latter,  moderate. 

July  6.  Lat.  56°  07'  S.;  long.  65°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  33°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.,  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  thick  weather. 

July  7.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  69°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  temperature  of  air,  33°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  E.,  E.NE.,  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes. 

July  8.  Lat.  56°  25'  S.;  long.  71°  03'  W.  Barometer,  28.30;  temperature  of  air,  36°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes,  thick,  and 
rainy;  latter  part,  thick  snow  storm. 

July  9.  Lat.  56°  04'  S. ;  long.  74°  15'  W.  Barometer,  28.46;  temperature  of  air,  31°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  SE.,  SE.,  S.  First  part,  strong  breezes,  with  snow  storm;  middle  and 
latter,  light. 

July  10.  Lat.  54°  50'  S. ;  long.  78°  41'  W.  Barometer,  28.68;  temperature  of  air,  30°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  S.,  SE.,  E.SE.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  squally;  latter,  strong 
breezes  and  snow. 

July  11.  Lat.  52°  30'  S. ;  long.  80°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.16;  temperature  of  air,  30°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  E.SE.,  E.SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Strong  breezes,  with  frequent  squalls  of  snow. 


FKOM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    KOQUE    TO   CAPE   HORN. — JULY.  527 

July  12.  Lat.  51°  01'  S. ;  long.  81°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air,  36° 
water,  43°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  calm.  First  part,  brisk  breezes  and  squally 
middle,  moderate;  latter,  calm. 

July  13.  Lat.  51°  15'  S.;  long.  82°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  44° 
water,  43°.  Winds:  calm,  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate  breezes 
latter,  heavy  gale,  with  rain. 

July  14.  Lat.  50°  50'  S. ;  long.  82°  36'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  temperature  of  air,  42° 
water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.,  N.NW.  First  part,  heavy  gale,  with  rain;  middle,  moderate 
latter,  light  breezes. 

July  15.  Lat.  49°  13'  S.;  long.  83°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.14;  temperature  of  air,  41° 
water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  S.SE.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  rain;  latter 
strong  breezes  and  squally." 

Ship  "  Golden  Eagle,"  (Samuel  A.  Fabens,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  24  days  from  St. 
Eoque. 

"July  3.  Lat.  50°  30' S. ;  long.  63°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  squally,  with  occasional  light  rain  and  hail  squalls. 

July  4.  Lat.  51°  38'  S.;  long.  63°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.SE.,  calm  and  W.SW.,  NW.  to 
W.NW.     Light  airs  and  calms. 

July  5.  Lat.  53°  51'  S.;  long.  64°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  NW.,  S.SE.  to  S.,  S.     Light  breezes. 

July  6.  Lat.  54°  40'  S. ;  long.  65°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  to  SW.  and  calm,  W.NW.  First 
part,  light  airs  and  calms;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

July  7.  Lat.  55°  47'  S.;  long.  66°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  and  calm,  calm.  First  part, 
moderate;  middle,  light  airs  and  calm;  latter,  calm. 

July  8.  Lat.  56°  27'  S.;  long.  69°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.NE.,  N.NE.  Moderate  and 
cloudy. 

July  9.  Lat.  56°  45'  S.;  long.  71°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.  and  calm,  N.,  NW.  by  W.  First 
part,  light  airs  and  calm;  middle,  brisk  breezes  and  squally;  latter,  fresh  gales  and  squally, 
with  rain. 

July  10.  Lat.  56°  59'  S.;  long.  72°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  N.,  calm.  First  part,  strong 
gales;  middle,  moderate  and  squally;  latter,  calm. 

July  11.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  73°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  calm  and  N.NE.,  calm,  NW.,  calm  and 
W.NW.     First  part,  calm  and  light  airs;  middle,  calm;  latter,  calm  and  light  airs. 

July  12.  Lat.  56°  14'  S.;  long.  75°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.,  W.  by  S.,  calm  and  N.NW. 
First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter,  light  airs  and  calm. 


528  THE    WIND   AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 

July  13.  Lat.  54^  47'  S. ;  long.  77°  5G'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  W.,  N.NE.,  NE.  Moderate 
breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  14.  Lat.  51°  44'  S.;  long.  80°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.73;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.NE.,  N.NW.  First  part,  brisk 
breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  light  airs. 

July  15.  Lat.  50°  10'  S. ;  long.  82°  05'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  NE.  by  N.,  NE.  by  N.,  calm 
and  N.NW.  First  part,  moderate  breeze;  middle,  strong;  latter,  calm  and  hard  gales,  fogs 
and  rain." 

Ship  "jHiwTica^ie,"  (Samuel  Vesey,  jr.,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  18  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"July  8.  Lat.  50°  28'  S. ;  long.  63°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.13;  thermometer  attached,  48°; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NE.  and  calm,  SW.,  ditto.  First  part,  brisk 
gales;  middle,  calm,  and  drizzling  rain;  latter,  light  winds  and  foggy. 

July  9.  Lat.  52°  20' S.;  long.  63°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached,  49°; 
temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  to  NW.  and  N.,  calm,  calm.  First  part, 
variable  winds;  middle  and  latter,  calm. 

July  10.  Lat.  53°  24' S.;  long.  63°55' W.  Barometer,  29.08;  thermometer  attached,  42°; 
temperature  of  air,  33°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  calm,  calm,  SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  calm; 
latter,  hard  gales,  with  heavy  squalls,  constant  snow  and  sleet. 

July  11.  Lat.  54°  10'  S.;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  thermometer  attached,  40°; 
temperature  of  air,  31°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SE.,  ditto,  S.SE.  and  calm.  First  and  middle 
parts,  hard  gales,  with  snow;  latter,  moderate  and  calm. 

July  12.  Lat.  55°  27' S.;  long.  65°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  31°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  calm  and  SW.  to  W.SW.,  S.,  ditto.  First 
part,  calm  and  fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  fierce  gales  and  snowing. 

July  13.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  67°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  31°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  S.,  W.,  calm  and  NW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  calm  and  fresh  breezes. 

July  14.  Lat.  56°  50'  S. ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.28;  thermometer  attached,  49°; 
temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.  and  calm,  calm  and  NW.  First  part, 
hard  gales;  middle,  fresh  and  calm;  latter,  calm  and  hard  gales. 

July  15.  Lat.  57°  00'  S. ;  long.  73°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.72;  thermometer  attached,  50°; 
temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.  and  calm,  calm,  S.  First  part,  hard  gale 
and  calm;  middle,  calm  and  moderate;  latter,  calm,  and  brisk  gales. 

July  16.  Lat.  55°  18' S.;  long.  75°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.82;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.,  calm,  S.  First  and  latter  parts,  brisk 
winds;  middle,  calm. 

July  17.  Lat.  55°  25' S. ;  long.  78°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.29;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  Avater,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  First  part,  furious 
gales;  middle,  moderating;  latter,  light  breezes. 

July  18.     Lat.    52°  59'  S.;  long.  79°  05' W.     Barometer,  29.67;   thermometer  attached. 


FROM  THE   "FAIR  WAY  "   OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — JULY,  629 

50°;  temperature  of  air,   42°;  water,    44°.     Winds:  W.,    ditto,    ditto.     Blowing  fresh  gales 
throughout. 

July  19.  Lat.  50°  28'  S.;  long.  79°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.,  ditto,  ditto.  Fresh  gales;  latter  part, 
rainy." 

Ship  '■'■Flying  Dutchman^^^  (A.  Hubbard,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  31  days  from  St. 
Roque, 

"July  19.  Lat.  50°  23'  S.;  long.  64°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.10:  thermometer  attached, 
71°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  N.,  N.  Moderate  breezes  and 
rainy. 

July  20.  Lat.  54°  37'  S.;  long.  65°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
73°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  N.     Moderate  breezes. 

July  21.  Lat.  56°  23'  S.;  long.  66°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.08;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.  Fresh  gales,  with  heavy 
squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

July  22.  Lat.  57°  40'  S.;  long.  67°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
76°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  41°.     Winds:  W.,  NW.,  W.SW.     Fresh  gales. 

July  23.  Lat.  58°  42'  S.;  long.  69°  42'  W.  Barometer,  28.94;  thermometer  attached, 
76°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  W.  Fresh  galea  and 
squally. 

July  24.  Lat.  57°  50'  S.;  long.  69°  21'  W.  Barometer,  28.76;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  Strong  gales  and  squally, 
with  snow  and  hail. 

July  25.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  71°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
77°;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SE.,  S.  Strong  gales  and  squally, 
with  snow  and  hail. 

July  26.  Lat.  56°  06'  S.;  long.  76°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.04;  thermometer  attached, 
72°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.SW.  Strong  gales  and  squally, 
with  hail  and  snow. 

July  27.  Lat.  50°  51'  S.;  long.  78°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30.24;  thermometer  attached, 
76°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  W.  Moderate  breezes  and 
squally. 

July  28.  Lat.  48°  38'  S.;  long.  78°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  thermometer  attached, 
77°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Fresh  gales 
throughout.     I  notice  the  barometer  continues  up  as  the  breeze  freshens." 

VOL.  II 67 


530 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Cape  Horn  Crossings. — August. 


Name  of  vessel. 


E.  Mallory 

Pelican  State 

White  Swallow... 

Corinne 

Wild  Ranger 

Mermaid 

Saraoset 

Fenelon 

Union 

Oarioea 

Flying  Dutchman. 

Greenwich 

Young  America.. 
John  Bertram. ... 

Rubicon 

Horsburg 

Harrisburg 

Kate  Hays 

Winfield  Scott... 
Windward.  ..... 

F.  P.  Sage 

Sandusky... 

Sunbeam* 

Challenger 

Golden  State 

Golden  Rule 

Nor  Wester 

Fleet  Wing 

Northern  Queen.. 

Albonl 

Snap  Dragon 

Live  Yankee 

Young  America. , 

Competitor , 

Galatea 

BdwinFlye 


Means . 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 

It    . 
a  tn  Si 

2  tf 

east  of  Cape  Horn. 

south  of  Cape  Horn. 

west  of  Cape  Horn. 

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17. 

'  Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  13  others  have  been  added  since. 


Ship  "  Gdldm  State,^^  (Andrew  Barstow,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  26  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"July  24.  Lat.  50°  00'  S.;  long.  64°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
o;  water,  44°.     Winds:  W.,  N.NW.,  W. 

July  25.  Lat.  53°  07'  S.;  long.  63°  27'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.  Commences  near  calm;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  mode- 
rate.    Drift,  kelp. 

July  26.  Lat.  54°  55'  S.;  long.  63°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  NW.  Commences  moderate;  middle,  fresh  breeze;  latter, 
strong.  At  9  a.  m.  close-reefed  topsails;  land  in  sight  at  meridian;  land  bearing  N.NW.  to 
W.NW.,  true;  distance  about  15  miles;  completely  covered  with  snow. 


FROM  THE  "  FAIR  WAY  "  OFF  ST.  ROQUE  TO  CAPE  HORN. AUGUST.       531 

July  27.  Lat.  56°  02'  S.;  long.  65°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air,  34°; 
water,  31°.  "Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.  Middle  part,  light  and  calm;  latter,  moderate,  thick, 
cloudy,  with  light  rain.     Single  reefs,  with  topgallant-sails  over. 

July  28.  Lat.  57°  57'  S.;  long.  65°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  36°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  Commences  light  airs;  middle,  freshening;  ends 
with  strong  west  winds. 

July  29.  Lat.  58°  08'  S.;  long.  67°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  N.NW.  Commences  with  strong  west  winds  and  high  sea.  At 
8  p.  m.  tacked  north.  At  3  a.  m.  wore  ship.  Middle,  light  north  airs  and  moderate,  with 
thick,  cloudy  weather,  and  the  sea  from  the  west.     Aneroid  falling. 

July  30.  Lat.  57°  24'  S.;  long.  68°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  42°. 
Broke  water  thermometer.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  Commences  fresh;  middle,  strong, 
wind  veered  to  W.NW. ;  latter  ends  with  a  gale,  under  a  press  of  sail;  some  snow  squalls. 

July  31.  Lat.  57°  58'  S.;  long.  67°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.48.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W., 
SW.  Commences  with  an  increasing  gale,  hard  squalls,  with  snow;  middle,  hard  squalls; 
latter,  moderating.     Split  close-reefed  foretopsail  and  reefed  foresail. 

Aug.  1.  Lat.  56°  34'  S.;  long.  69°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Winds:  S.SW.,  W.SW., 
W.  Commences  gales;  middle  part,  hard  snow  squalls;  latter  part,  a  hard  gale  of  wind  from 
W.  to  W.NW.;  very  high  sea. 

Aug.  2.  Lat.  57°  54'  S.;  long.  69°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.25.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.NW. 
Commences  a  furious  gale;  middle,  hard  squalls;  latter,  strong,  but  somewhat  more  moderate; 
under  close  reefs,  and  reefed  foresail;  cloudy,  with  drizzling  rain. 

Aug.  3.  Lat.  58°  53'  S.;  long.  69°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.25.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW., 
W.     Snow  squalls  from  W.  to  W.NW. ;  strong  gales. 

Aug.   4.     Lat.  59°   28'   S. ;    long.    71°   27'  W.      Barometer,    28.90.      Winds:    W.NW., 
W.NW.,  NW.     Commences  with  a  hard  gale;  middle,  ditto;  at  meridian,  died  suddenly  calm, 
'  and  shifted  to  the  south,  with  a  thick  snow  storm ;  sea  very  high  and  unruly. 

Aug.  5.  Lat.  57°  48'  S.;  long.  74°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Winds:  SW.,  S.SW.,  S. 
First  and  middle  parts,  continued  snow  squalls;  latter  part,  strong  winds  and  high  sea. 

Aug.  6.  Lat.  55°  58'  S.;  long.  75°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  NW. 
First  part,  strong  gales  and  high  sea;  latter  part,  hard  gale.  Aneroid  has  been  at  30.00; 'is 
falling;  varies  very  well,  but  rather  too  slow  for  the  wind. 

Aug.  7.  Lat.  55°  53'  S.;  long.  76°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Winds:  NW.,  SW., 
calm  and  NW.  First  part,  a  heavy  gale  and  very  high  sea;  middle  part,  wind  suddenly 
shifted  to  SW.,  with  light  wind;  latter  part,  calm  and  light  airs. 

Aug.  8.  Lat.  54°  08'  S.;  long.  77°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  NW.,  SW., 
W.SW.  First  part,  snow  squalls  and  calms;  second  part,  wind  suddenly  changed  and  blowing 
a  hard  gale ;  ends  with  a  hard  wind. 

Aug.  9.  Lat.  52°  55'  S. ;  long.  78°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  W.,  SW.,  S.SW. 
First  part,  a  hard  gale;  middle,  wind  shifted;  latter,  moderating,  sea  going  down. 

Aug.  10.  Lat.  51°  50'  S. ;  long.  80°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  SW.,  calm, 
N.NE.,  S.SW.  Commences  moderate  and  calm;  middle  part,  the  wind  shifted;  latter  part, 
strong  gale  and  very  high  sea. 

Aug.  11.     Lat.  49°  30'  S.;  long.  79°  42'  W.     Barometer,  30.30.     Winds:  S.SW.,  W.NW., 


532  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

W.NW.     Commences  fresh  and  foggy;  middle,  strong  breezes,  rainy,  and  thick,  water  indi- 
cating the  approach  to  the  coast;  ends  strong  winds  and  high  west  sea." 

Ship  ^^  Edwin  Flye^^^  (Captain  William  Flye,)  from  Cardiff  to  Acapulco.  ,- 

"Aug.  5.  Lat.  50°  12'  S.;  long.  66°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
water,  48°.  "Winds:  NE.,  NW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  light  airs  from  the  NE.  and  foggy; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  clear  and  pleasant. 

Aug.  6.  Lat.  52°  38'  S.;  long.  65°  11'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  NW.,  NE.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather,  barometer  going  down,  winds  freshening;  ends  clear  and  pleasant;  current  26  miles 
north. 

Aug.  7.  Lat.  54°  31'  S.;  long.  63°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  temperature  of  air,  42°. 
Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  NW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  clear,  heavy  sea;  middle  part, 
strong  breezes;  ends  clear  and  pleasant;  current  48  miles  east. 

Aug.  8.  Lat.  56°  12'  S.;  long.  64°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  clear;  middle 
part,  strong  gales  and  thick  hazy  weather;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  squalls  of  wind 
and  rain. 

Aug.  9.  Lat.  57°  09'  S.;  long.  D.  R.  64°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29. 14;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes,  with 
rain,  hail,  and  snow;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales,  with  snow  and  hail;  current  36 
miles  NE. 

Aug.  10.  Lat.  57°  17'  S.;  long.  64°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.47;  temperature  of  air,  34°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  NE.,  SE.,  S.  Commences  with  heavy  gales  and  tremendous  squalls  of 
wind  and  hail,  heavy  sea;  middle  part,  more  moderate,  with  squalls  of  rain  and  snow;  latter 
part,  very  light  airs,  cloudy,  very  cold. 

Aug.  11.  Lat.  56°  50'  S.;  long.  D.  R.  71°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air, 
41°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate  breezes,  with  snow;  ends  with  light  airs  from  the 
NE.  and  foggy. 

Aug.  12.  Lat.  56°  16'  S.;  long.  71°  44'  W.  .  Barometer,  29.35;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  NE.,  S.,  S.  Commences  light  airs  from  NE.  and  foggy,  heavy  swell 
from  the  westward;  middle  part,  fresh  winds  sprung  up,  freshened  into  a  heavy  gale  from  the 
southward,  with  snow  and  sleet;  ends  heavy  gales,  with  snow  and  rain;  ship  laboring  and 
shipping  considerable  water. 

Aug.  13.  Lat.  55°  20'  S.;  long.  73°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  heavy  gales,  with  squalls  of  snow  and 
rain;  middle  part,  weather  moderating,  barometer  rising;  latter  part,  moderate  and  squally. 

Aug.  14.  Lat.  56°  29'  S.;  long.  74°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.,  W.NW.  to  W.,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  light  breezes,  with 
occasional  squalls  of  wind  and  rain;  middle  part,  moderate  gales;  ends  with  fresh  gales  and 
clear  cold  weather. 

Aug.  15.  Lat.  57°  03'  S. ;  long.  74°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.47;  temperature  of  air,  35°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  fresh  gales  and  clear 
weather;  middle  part,  heavy  gales,  with  snow,  barometer  going  down;  ends  fresh  gales  and 
heavy  sea,  cold  and  clear. 


FKOM  THE   "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    EOQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. AUGUST.  533 

Aug.  16.  Lat.  D.  E.  57°  40'  S. ;  long.  D.  R.  74°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature 
of  air,  41°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  SW.  to  W.,  W.,  W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  from 
SW.  and  passing  clouds.  At  3  p.  m.  a  thick  snow  storm;  wind  hauled  to  W.  and  increasing. 
Middle  part,  tremendous  gales,  with  snow  and  sleet,  barometer  going  down;  latter  part,  heavy 
gales.  During  the  night  a  sea  struck  the  ship  on  the  starboard  side,  between  the  main  and 
mizzen  rigging,  and  stove  in  a  part  of  the  bulwarks;  at  meridian,  a  trifle  less  wind. 

Aug.  17.  Lat.  58°  01'  S. ;  long.  74°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.26;  temperature  of  air,  34°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  SW.  Commences  with  strong  gales  and  cloudy  rainy 
weather,  enormous  sea  on,  ship  laboring  and  shipping  large  quantities  of  water;  middle  part, 
fresh  gales,  with  tremendous  squalls  of  wind;  latter  part,  heavy  squalls  of  wind,  with  hail 
and  snow. 

Aug.  18.  Lat.  D.  E.  57°  57'  S.;  long.  D.  E.  76°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.16;  temperature 
of  air,  40°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  to  W.SW.,  W.  to  NW.  Commences  with 
heavy  gales  and  tremendous  squalls  of  wind,  hail,  and  snow;  barometer  rising  rapidly;  weather 
moderating  somewhat  towards  evening,  very  heavy  sea,  ship  taking  on  board  large  quantities 
of  water;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

Aug.  19.  Lat.  D.  R.  58°  07'  S.  Barometer,  28.70;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  N.,  W.  by  S.,  NW.,  SW.,  W.SW.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  thick 
weather,  barometer  falling  rapidly  and  wind  increasing.  At  8  p.  m.  heavy  gales  and  thick 
rainy  weather;  hove  to  under  close-reefed  main  topsail  and  main  spenser.  Latter  part,  fresh 
gales,  with  frequent  squalls  of  snow  and  rain. 

Aug.  20.  Lat.  58°  27'  S.;  long.  75°  25'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  34°; 
water,  38°:  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.  to  NW.  by  N.,  S.SW.  Commences  with  fresh  gales, 
with  frequent  squalls  of  hail  and  snow;  barometer  rising;  weather  moderating  slightly;  latter 
part,  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds,  the  sea  still  too  heavy  to  permit  making  sail. 

Aug.  21.  Lat.  D.  R.  58°  37'  S.;  long.  D.  E.  75°  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature 
of  air,  38°;  water,  39.  Winds:  S.  by  W.  and  calm,  calm,  NW.  by  W.  Commences  with 
moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  barometer  rising  rapidly;  improvement  in  the  appearance 
of  the  Aveather;  tremendous  sea  from  the  westward;  latter  part,  strong  winds  and  cloudy; 
barometer  going  down;  hail  and  snow. 

Aug.  22.  Lat.  D.  E.  59°  13'  S.;  long.  D.  E.  76°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  temperature 
of  air,  40°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.  to  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Commences  with 
strong  gales  and  cloudy,  with  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  very  heavy  sea  on;  ship  taking  on  board 
large  quantities  of  water;  ends  with  moderate  breezes  and  thick  weather;  light  drizzling  rain. 

Aug.  23.  Lat.  59°  34'  S.;  long.  78°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  36°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W.  to  NW.,  W.NW.  to  N.  by  W.  Com- 
mences with  moderate  breezes,  thick  weather,  and  light  rains;  barometer  falling;  wind  increas- 
ing to  a  heavy  gale;  hove  to  under  close-reefed  main  topsail  and  foretopmast  staysail;  middle 
part,  furious  gales,  with  hail  and  sleet  and  dangerous  sea;  ends  with  strong  gales,  fog,  and 
sleet. 

Aug.  24.  Lat.  D.  E.  59°  46'  S.;  long.  D.  E.  78°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  temperature 
of  air,  36°;  water,  34°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  to  SW.,  NW.  Commences  with  strong  gales  and 
foggy  rainy  weather;  very  heavy  and  irregular  sea;  at  8  p.  m.,  furious  gales;  ends  fresh  gales 
and  squally,  with  hail,  rain,  and  snow;  barometer  falling. 


534  THE   WIND   AND    CUERENI   CHARTS. 

August  25.  Lat.  59°41'S.;  long.  78°  04'  W.  Barometer,  28.75;  thermometer  broken. 
Winds:  N.  by  W.  to  W.  by  S.,W.  by  S.  W.  by  S.  to  SW.  Commences  with  strong  gales,  and 
squalls  of  hail,  snow,  and  sleet;  barometer  falling  and  wind  increasing.  At  7  p.  m.  barometer 
commenced  to  rise,  the  wind  suddenly  died  away,  and  shortly  changed  from  N.  by  W.  to  W. 
by  S.  Yery  heavy  sea  from  N.  and  W.  j  ship  laboring,  and  decks  full  of  water.  Ends  with 
moderate  breezes  and  occasional  squalls   of  snow  and  hail. 

August  26.  Lat.  58°  21'  S.;  long.  78°  05' W.  Barometer,  29.04.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by 
W.,  SW.  by  W.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes,  and  squalls  of  hail  and  snow.  Heavy  swell 
from  SW.,  too  heavy  to  allow  of  making  sail.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales,  with  squalls 
of  hail  and  snow. 

August  27.  Lat.  D.  R.  57°  02'  S. )  long.  D.  R.  77°41' W.  Barometer,  28.70.  Winds:  SW.,  SW. 
to  W.  NW.,  W.  NW.  First  part,  weather  clearing  up;  barometer  rising;  wind  moderating  after 
midnight;  ends  heavy  gales,  cloudy  rainy  weather,  and  dangerous  irregular  sea. 

August  28.  Lat.  57°  23' S.;  long.  D.  R.  78°  01' W.  Barometer,  28.26.  Winds:  W.  NW., 
W.  NW.,  W.  NW.  to  W.  by  S.  Commences  with  heavy  gales  and  squally  weather;  enormous 
sea;  middle  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  occasional  patches  of  clear  sky.  Ends  with  moderate 
breezes. 

August 29.  Lat.  D.  R.  56°  37'  S. ;  long.  D.R.  77°  05' W.  Barometer,  28.57.  Winds:  W.  SW., 
SW.,  W.  SW.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes;  cloudy,  with  squalls  of  rain;  middle  part, 
strong  winds,  with  frequent  squalls  of  hail  and  snow;  latter  part,  heavy  gales  and  squally. 

August 30.  Lat. D.R.  54° 49'  S. ;  long.  D.R.  78°21' W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  W.  SW. 
to  W.,  S.  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Commences  with  heavy  gales,  and  almost  constant  squalls  of  hail 
and  snow.  At  8  p.  m.  wind  hauled  to  S.  SW.  Barometer  rising  rapidly;  weather  looking 
more  settled;  ends  with  fresh  breezes  and  thick  cloudy  weather. 

August.  31.  Lat.  53°  30'  S.;  long.  78°  54'.  Barometer,  29.80.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW. 
Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  squalls  of  snow  and  sleet;  middle  part,  more 
moderate;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy  weather.  Ship  under  whole  topsails  and 
topgallant  sails,  the  first  time  for  upwards  of  three  weeks. 

September  1.  Lat.  D.R.  52°  19' S. ;  long.D.  R.  80°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.82.  Winds:  SW., 
SW.  to  W.  NW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  middle  part,  light  baffling  airs  and 
clear;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

September  2.  Lat.  52°  23'  S.;  long.  81  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.67.  Winds:  NW.,  NW., 
W.  Commences  Avith  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds.  Barometer  falling  rapidly,  wind 
increasing.     Middle  part,  strong  gales  and  squally;  ends  moderate  and  clear. 

September  3.  Lat.  D.R.  52°  07'  S. ;  long.  D.R.  34°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.13.  Winds: 
W.  to  NW.  by  W.,  NW.,  N.  to  NW.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate  and  clear;  middle  and  latter, 
moderate  and  foggy. 

September  4.  Lat.  51°  53'  S.;  long.  85°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.07.  Winds:  NW.,  SW., 
NW.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  thick  Aveather;  ends,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy 
weather,  with  occasional  snow  and  sleet. 

September  5.  Lat.  D.  R.  51°  01'  S. ;  long.  D.  R.  85°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.62.  Winds: 
NW.  to  W.  SW.,  W.,  NW.,  N,  Commences  with  light  breezes  and  foggy  Aveather,  with  light 
rain;  ends  Avith  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  misty  weather;  heavy  sAvell  from  the  NW. 

September  6.  Lat. D.R.  50°  25'  S. ;  long. D.R.  85°30' W.  Barometer,  29.40.  Winds:  NW. 
by  W.,  NW.  by  N.,  N.    by  W.    First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  misty  Aveather;  heavy 


FROM  THE   ''  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — AUGUST.  535 

swell  from  NW. ;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  barometer  falling  rapidly,  and  winds  increasing; 
ship  under  closed-reefed  topsail  and  reefed  foresail,  laboring  considerably,  and  shipping  water. 
September  7.  Lat.  50°  06' S.;  long.  86°  56' W.  Barometer,  29.24.  Winds:  SW.,  SW. 
by  W.,  S.  SW.  First  part,  heavy  gales  and  thick,  rainy  weather.  Barometer  falling  rapidly. 
Middle  part,  dark,  dirty,  rainy  weather;  wind  moderating,  weather  looking  better;  ends,  fresh 
breezes  and  squally." 

Ship  ''Nor  Wester,' '  (F.  0.  Eldridge,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  26  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"August  12.  Lat.  50°  59'  S. ;  long.  64°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29. 65 ;  thermometer  attached,  63° ; 
temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Through- 
out light  breezes  and  cloudy.     At  noon  sounded  in  55  fathoms;  current  east  19  miles. 

August  13.  Lat.  54°  13'  S. ;  long.  65°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29. 00;  thermometer  attached,  62° ; 
temperature  of  air,  46°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  W.SW.  to  W.NW. 
First  part,  light  winds,  thick  and  cloudy;  middle,  fresh  and  cloudy;  latter,  fresh  gales. 

August  14.  Lat.  55°  46'  S. ;  long.  66°  21'  W.  Barometer,  28. 85 ;  thermometer  attached,  60° ; 
temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.NW.,  N.NW.  First 
part,  fresh  and  cloudy;  entered  Straits  of  Le  Mare.  Middle,  wind  light  and  baffling;  at  5  p.  m. 
clear  of  the  straits.     Latter,  light  breezes  and  thick  weather. 

August  15.  Lat.  56°13'S.;  long.67°46'W.  Barometer,  29.26;  thermometer  attached,  60°; 
temperature  of  air,  36°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  to  W.NW.,  SW. 
First  part,  light  and  cloudy;  middle,  heavy  squalls,  with  hail;  latter,  fresh  gales. 

August  16.  Lat.  57°34'S. ;  long.  68°28'W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached,  60°; 
temperature  of  air,  36°;  temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds':  SW.,  W.SW.,  S.  First  part, 
fresh  gales,  with  snow  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  and  snow  squalls. 

August  17.  Lat.  57°  18'  S.;  long.  71°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  temperature  of  water,  38°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SE.  by  S.,  S.  to 
S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  winds,  with  frequent  snow  squalls;  latter,  fresh  and 
clear. 

August  18.  Lat.  56°  53'  S.;  long.  74°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  S.  by  W.,  E.,  E.  by  N. 
Throughout  light  breezes,   smooth  water,  and  cloudy;  current  for  48  hours,  NE.  by  E.,  30  miles. 

August  19.  Lat.  55°  42'  S.;  long.  77°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.82;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.,  N.NE.,  N.  by  W. 
Light  winds  and  pleasant;  current,  SE.  ^  E.,  17  miles. 

August  20.  Lat.  54°  42'  S. ;  long.  80°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.74;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.NW.,  W.NW. 
First  and  latter  parts,  light  winda  and  pleasant;  middle,  squally,  with  rain. 

August  21.  Lat.  52°  21'  S.;  long.  81°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW.,  W.SW. 
Light  winds,  passing  clouds,  and  pleasant. 

August  22.     Lat.  52°  27'  S.;  long.  83°  28'  W.     Barometer,  29.84;  thermometer  attached, 

L56°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.  to  W.NW., 
NW.  by  W.     First  part,  light  and  pleasant;  middle,  squally;  latter,  fresh  and  cloudy. 
August  23.     Lat.  51°  54'  S. ;  long.  85°  10'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 


536  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

56°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.     Winds:  NW.  to  NW.  by  N.,  NW. 
by  N.     Strong  winds  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales,  heavy  head  sea. 

August  24.  Lat.  50°  31'  S. ;  long.  84°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.  to  W.,  W.  byN., 
W.NW.  First  part,  light  winds  and  thick;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and 
squally. " 

Ship  ^ ^ Fleetwing,"  (C.  Homes,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  29  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"August  9.  Lat.  50°  57'  S. ;  long.  64©  36'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  51°; 
temperature  of  water,  43°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  N.,  N,     Moderate  and  fair  weather. 

August  10.  Lat.  54°  13'  S.;  long.  63°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W.,  N.  by  W.  First  part,  fresh  breezes 
and  cloudy;  middle,  strong  breezes  and  overcast;  latter,  thick,  dark  weather. 

August  IL  Lat.  55°  43'  S.;  long.  62°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  50°; 
temperature  of  water,  38°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.  First  part,  fresh  gales  and 
thick;  second,  thick  and  dark;  latter,  thick  and  misty. 

August  12.  Lat.  56°  33'  S.;  long.  61°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air,  49°; 
temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  calm.  First  part,  moderate,  with  fog;  second, 
light  airs,  and  clear,  calm,  and  pleasant;  fog  bank  on  the  horizon. 

August  13.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  63°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  calm,  NB.,  N.  by  B.  First  part,  foggy,  with  thick  mist; 
second,  fresh  breezes  and  clear;  latter,  strong  breezes,  thick  and  dark,  Avith  rain. 

August  14.  Lat.  55°  27'  W.;  long,  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  48°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.     Winds:  NW.,  calm,  NB.,  calm,  E.     Light  airs,  calms,  and  foggy. 

August  15.  Lat.  58°  05'  S.;  long.  65°  21'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  40°.  AVinds:  NB.,  N.  by  E.,  NW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  fog 
clouds;  middle,  moderate  and  fair;  latter,  strong  gales,  -with  clear  weather. 

August  16.  Lat.  59°  01'  S. ;  long.  66°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.  First  part,  strong  gales; 
•middle  part,  squally,  with  snow;  latter,  squally,  strong  gales. 

August  17.  Lat.  59°  06'  S. ;  long.  67°  55'  W.  Barometer,  28.92;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  W.  Fresh  gales  and  heavy  squalls  of  wind, 
with  hail  and  snow. 

August  18.  Lat.  58°  14'  S. ;  long.  68°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.29;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  Fresh  gales,  with  snow  and  rain 
squalls;  high  sea. 

August  19.  Lat.  57°  31'  S. ;  long.  72°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  calm,  E.SB,  First  part,  strong  winds, 
with  squalls  of  rain;  middle  and  latter,  calms,  with  light  airs. 

August  20.  Lat.  57°  01'  S.;  long.  74°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.53;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  B.SE.,  B.  by  S.,  E.  by  N.  First  and  middle  parts, 
moderate  and  pleasant;  latter  part,  strong  breezes,  thick,  cloudy  weather,  with  fine  rain. 

August  21.  Lat.  55°  00'  S.;  long.  79°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.24;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  B.  by  N.,  E.  byN.,  NB.  Strong  breezes,  with  thick, 
cloudy  weather  and  rain. 


FROM  THE   "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — AUGUST.  537 

August  22.  Lat.  53"  54'  S. ;  long.  80°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.39;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NE.  calm,  calm  W.,  W.  by  N.  Thick  and  foggy,  with 
showers  of  fine  rain. 

August  23.  Lat.  51°  32'  S. ;  long.  81°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  SW.  to  W.  Fresh  breezes  and  squally, 
with  light  rain. 

August  24.  Lat.  50°  25'  S.;  long.  84°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.62;  temperature  of  air,  47°; 
temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  NW.  to  SW.  Squalls  of  wind  and  rain;  latter 
part,  foggy." 

Ship  "  Young  America,"  (D.  S.  Babcock,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St. 
Eoque. 

"August  11.  Lat.  49°  48'  S.;  long.  64°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.6;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.SW.  to  N.NW.  First  and  middle,  moderate 
breezes;  latter,  light  and  bafiling. 

August  12.  Lat.  51°  30'  S. ;  long.  64°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.65;  temperature  of  air,  46°: 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.NW.  to  SW.,  W.SW.  to  N.NW.  Winds  light 
and  bafiling,  thick  and  foggy  weather. 

August  13.  Lat.  54°  15'  S. ;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
temperature  of  water,  40°.     Winds:  E.NE.,  NE.,  N.NE.     Light  breezes  and  thick  fog. 

August  14.  No  observation.  In  Straits  of  Le  Maire.  Winds  :  NE.,  N.NE.,  E.NE. 
Barometer,  29.45. 

August  15.  Lat.  56°  08'  S.;  long.  65°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.80.  Winds:  N.,  W.,  calm. 
First  part,  light  variable  winds  and  rainy;  latter  part,  calm. 

August  16.  Lat.  56°  28'  S. ;  long.  none.  Cape  Horn  bore  NW.  Barometer,  none. 
Winds :  calm,  calm,  calm.     Throughout  calm ;  a  long  swell  from  the  eastward. 

August  IT.  Lat.  56°  17'  S.;  long.  72o  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.02;  temperature  of  air,  38°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  to  S.SE.  Fresh  breezes,  with  hard  squalls  of 
hail  and  snow;  passed  Diego  Ramirez;  latter,  moderate. 

August  18.  Lat.  56°  02'  S. ;  long.  78°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.9;  temperature  of  air,  41°; 
temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  NW.  First  part,  light  airs;  middle,  strong 
breezes  and  squally;  latter,  moderate. 

August  19.  Lat.  53°  50'  S. ;  long.  81°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.1;  temperature  of  air,  39°; 
temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.,  NE.,  E.  to  S.SW.  First  part,  light  baffling  winds 
and  rainy;  middle  and  latter,  strong  winds;  large  sea. 

August  20.  Lat.  49°  32'  S.;  long.  84°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.8;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breeze; 
latter  part,  light  and  baffling." 

Ship  ^^  Northern  Queen,"  (Allen  Hodgdon,)  Boston  to  Valparaiso;  twenty-seven  days  from 
St.  Roque. 

"August  14.    Lat.  51°  10' S.;  long.  63°  23' W.    Barometer,  29.01.;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,   46°.     Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,   N.NE.     First  part,   fresh 
breezes,  fog,   and  rain,  a  heavy  NE.  swell;  middle,  foggy,  with  rain;  latter,  pleasant;  plenty 
of  birds,  large  quantities  of  kelp,  discolored  water. 
Vol.  II. 68 


638  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHAETS. 

August  15.  Lat.  53°  50'  S. ;  long.  63°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes,  heavy  sea  from  NE.  My  intention  was  to  pass  through  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire,  but 
shall  be  obliged  to  pass  outside  on  account  of  winds.  Middle  and  latter,  pleasant;  made  the 
land  bearing  S.SE. 

August  16.  Lat.  55°51'S.;  long.  63°  47' W.  Barometer,  29.06;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh  winds; 
middle  moderate;  latter,  light  winds,  with  snow  squalls,  with  a  heavy  sea  from  west. 

August  17.  Lat.  56°  29'  S.;  long.  66°  03' W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  N.NE.,  NE.  First  part,  light  breezes 
and  smooth  sea;  middle,  fresh,  with  rain;  latter,  changeable,  with  squalls  of  rain,  snow,  and  hail. 

August  18.  Lat.  57°  25'  S.;  long.  66°  21' W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh  gales, 
with  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  gale. 

August  19.  Lat.  58°  11'  S.;  long.  66°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.C6;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  44°  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SE.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with 
heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  rain;  middle,  the  same;  latter,  the  wind  variable,  settled  with  a 
light  SE.  breeze,  a  heavy  SW.  swell.  If  this  is  a  specimen  of  Cape  Horn  weather  there  is 
everything  flattering  to  be  said  of  it. 

August  20.  Lat.  58°  00'  S. ;  long.  68°  39' W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.  S.  E.  W.,  N.,  NE.  First  part,  wind  all 
around  the  compass,  showers  of  rain,  and  a  heavy  SW.  swell;  middle  and  latter  part,  moderate 
breezes,  with  snow  and  rain;  current  small.  I  have  been  deceived  in  Cape  Horn  weather;  it 
is  much  better  than  our  coast  in  winter. 

August  21.  Lat.  57°  40'  S.;  long.  79°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  45°  water,  43°.  Winds:  NE.,  NE.,  N.NW.  Light  breezes  and 
pleasant;  throughout  the  twenty-four  hours  passed  kelp. 

August  22.  Lat.  55°  41'  S. ;  long.  76°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NE.,  N.  Pleasant  throughout; 
passed  around  the  cape.  I  think  if  I  was  to  come  around  one  hundred  times  I  should  choose 
the  same  track.     I  am  confident  it  is  better  weather  bound  from  the  cape. 

August  23.  Lat.  53°  54'  S.;  long.  79°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.09;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes  and  a  heavy  swell  from  S. ;  middle,  thick  and  squally;  latter  part,  pleasant  weather, 
sea  smooth. 

August  24.  Lat.  53°  27'  S. ;  long.  78°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.08;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  light  breezes 
and  thick,  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SW. ;  middle  part,  mild  and  pleasant,  with  light  winds;  latter 
part,  fresh  breezes,  clear  and  pleasant. 

August  25.  Lat.  50°  47'  S.;  long.  76°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30°;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.  First  part, 
light  breezes  and  pleasant,  sea  smooth;  middle,  fresh  breezes  and  appearances  of  stronger 
winds;  current  small." 


FKOM   IHE    "  FAIR   WAY       OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE   HORN. SEPTEMBER. 


539 


Cape  Horn  Crossings — September. 


,  Name  of  vesrel. 

O    o 

— .  o 
a   2 

s  §• 

£  ^ 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

)'  S.  in  the 
ic  to  50°  S. 
Pacific.       1 

50°  S. 

53°  S. 

56"  S. 

67°  W. 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S.         53°  S. 

50°  S. 

EX4 

Days. 
32 
37 
38 
28 
32 
23 
26 
25 
19 
21 
18 
20 
24 
21 
21 
19 
23 
36 
33 
29 
29 
25 
29 
17 
33 
32 
31 
30 
38 
33 
21 
31 
34 
22 
37 
27 
25 
31 

Long.  W. 
63 
67 
65 
65 
65 
51 
65 
65 
64 
64 
65 
65 
63 
65 
.65 
64 
65 
65 
64 
63 
65 
63 
63 
61 
64 
65 
65 
65 
62 
64 
57 
64 
64 
65 
66 
65 
64 
65 

Long.  W. 

67 
65 
65 
67 
54 
65 
66 
66 
63 
65 
65 
64 
65 
66 
63 
66 
64 
66 
64 
65 
64 
63 
62 
65 
63 
64 
66 
64 
65 
63 
64 
64 
65 
65 
65 
63 
65 

Long.  W. 
66 

Lot.  S. 
56 
57 
57 
57 

Lat.  S. 
56 
56 
59 
58 
56 
59 
56 
56 
56 
57 
58 
58 
56 
56 
57 
58 
57 
58 
59 
56 
56 
57 
58 
58 
57 
58 
58 
56 
57 
56 
58 
56 
59 
58 
57 
58 
57 
55 

Lat.  S. 
55 
57 
60 
56 
56 
61 
55 
57 
56 
57 
57 
59 
56 
57 
58 
57 
56 
59 
59 
55 
55 
54 
57 
58 
57 
56 
56 
54 
54 
54 
57 
56 
58 
55 
58 
56 
58 
58 

Long.  W. 
75 
71 
79 

82 
85 
83 
76 
79 
78 
79 
83 
82 
78 
78 
79 
81 
79 
■/8 
84 
77 
73 
74 
79 
77 
81 
76 
75 
74 
66 
75 
84 
76 
78 
79 
77 
75 
77 
83 

Long.  W. 

77 
80 
81 
83 
84 
84 
80 
85 
78 
82 
84 
84 
79 
78 
79 
82 
82 
81 
84 
83 
81 
77 
80 
77 
81 
78 
79 
77 
75 

Long.  W. 
79 

81 
82 
83 
83 
85 
82 
86 
79 
83 
84 
85 
81 
83 
78 
83 
84 
84 
84 
83 
81 
80 
83 
80 
80 
79 
80 
79 
79 

Dayt. 
16 

Z  D 

18 

65 
66 
70 
59 
65 
67 
67 
66 
66 
65 
65 
64 
66 
64 
65 
65 
66 
67 
66 
66 
65 
64 
63 
62 
64 
67 
69 
.    65 
65 
67 
67 
56 
66 
64 
64 
65 

17 

Carrington 

31 

22 

Eagle 

57 
66 
57 
56 
56 
57 
57 
56 
58 
57 
57 
57 
59 
58 
57 
57 
57 
57 
58 
56 
59 
59 
56 
55 
56 
57 
58 
56 
56 
58 
58 
57 
56 

18 

Uueen  of  Clippers 

John  Bertram 

12 
14 

9 

Jamestown 

Comet  

17 
29 

Trade  Wind 

24 

Whistler 

10 
25 

North  Wind 

29 

26 

WildDuck 

23 

39 

40 

20 

11 

11 

17 

Hornet 

20 
24 

Gauntlet 

18 

Jamestown 

15 

9 

Plymouth  Rock 

11 

Lucy  L.  Hale 

76  1        78 
83                85 

79  \        80 

80  80 

81  80 

79  80 

80  88 

77  82 
83                85 

18 

24 

15 

13 

14 

fTheodor 

20 

Ocean  Telegraph 

17 
33 

24 

27.4 

63.8 

64.4 

65.1 

56.9 

57.1 

56.7 

78.0 

80.3            81  3 

19  3 

*Last  in  7th  edition.    The  seventeen  others  now  published  for  the  first  time. 


t  Hamburg  brig. 


Ship  ^^ Plymouth  Hock,"  (M.  F.  Patterson,)  New  York  to  Panama;  thirty-five  days  from 
St.  Roque. 

"August  29.    Lat.  49°  56'  S. ;  long.  G0°  48' W.    Barometer,  29.24;  thermometer  attached 
56°;   temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,   41°.     Winds:   SW.,   SW.,   SW.     Heavy  gales;   large 
quantities  of  drift  kelp. 

August  30.  Lat.  50°  19'  S.;  long.  62°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  40.  Winds:  SW.,  S.,  S.SB.  First  part,  strong  gales; 
middle,  moderating,  with  several  hail  squalls;  latter,  light  breezes. 


540  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT    CHARTS. 

August  31.  Lat.  52°  26'  S.;  long.  64°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of.  air,  42°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  S.SB.  to  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  First  part, 
light  winds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes. 

September  1.  Lat.  54°48'S.;  long.  65°  08' W.  Barometer,  29.65;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.  Fresh  breezes  and 
foggy. 

September  2.  Lat.  55°  28'  S. ;  long.  66°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  baffling,  NW.,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  light 
and  baffling;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  heavy  hail  squalls. 

September  3.  Lat.  55°  30' S. ;  long.  67°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.48;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  and  calm;  calm,  and  N.;  N.NE. 
Light  airs  and  calms. 

September  4.  Lat.  55°  50'  S. ;  long.  68°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  calm;  calm;  calm,  and  W.  by  S.  First  and 
middle,  calm;  latter,  calm  and  fine  breezes. 

September  5.  Lat.  56°55'S.;  long.  71°29'W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  N.NW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales. 

September  6.  Lat.  58°  51'  S.;  long.  71°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  W.  First  part,  strong  gales, 
heavy  squalls,  with  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts  moderating;  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

September  7.  Lat.  57°  49'  S.;  long.  72°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.32;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  30°;  water,  37<^.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  SW.  Strong  breezes,  with 
frequent  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

September  8.  Lat.  54°  51'  S.;  long.  74°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Strong  gales,  with 
smart  squalls,  rain,  hail,  sleet,  and  snow. 

September  9.  Lat.  53°23'S. ;  long.  75°57'W.  Barometer,  29.38;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  NE.,  SE.  and  S.SW.  Light  squalls  of 
rain  and  sleet.     Middle  and  latter,  light  airs. 

September  10.  Lat.  51°  S.;  long.  79°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.57;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.  Fresh  breezes,  with 
frequent  squalls  of  snow,  hail,  and  rain.  Passed  through  Nassau  bay,  ^  knot  current  against  us. 
I  would  like  to  know  if  any  of  our  ships  have  tried  the  channel  lately.  Can  Lieutenant  Maury 
inform  me  ? 

September  11.  Lat.  47°41'S. ;  long.  80°37'W.  Barometer,  30.24;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.  First  part,  smart  snow  squalls; 
middle  and  latter,  fresh  breezes." 

Ship  ^^ Midnight,''  (James  B.  Hatch,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  26  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"August  30.  Lat.  49°  45'  S. ;  long.  60°  37'  W.  Barometer  30.05;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  strong 
gales;  middle,  strong  breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

August  31.     Lat.  50°  58'  S.;  long.  63°  07'  W.     Barometer  29.97;  thermometer  attached, 


FROM   THE   "FAIR  WAY  "   OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — SEPTEMBER.  541 

51°;    temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  40°.      Winds:  S.SE.,   NW.,  W.NW.     First  and  middle 
parts,  light  winds;  latter  part,  fresh. 

September  1.  Lat.  53°  57'  S.;  long.  64°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  by  N.  First  part, 
fresh  winds  and  foggy ;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  and  foggy. 

September  2.  Lat.  55°  06'  S.;  long.  64°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.64;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW,,  W.SW.  First  and  latter 
parts,  moderate  and  foggy;  middle,  fresh  breezes. 

September  3.  Lat.  55°  32'  S. ;  long.  66°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NB.,  N.  to  N.NW.  First  part, 
light;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  fresh  breezes  with  snow  squalls. 

September  4.  Lat.  56°  42'  S.;  long.  66°  32'  W.  Barometer,  29.54;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  SW.  and  S.SE.,  SW.,  SW.  by 
S.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  light;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  squally,  with  showers 
of  rain. 

September  5.  Lat.  57°  58'  S.;  long.  69°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  39°.  Winds,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  First  part, 
strong  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales  and  squally. 

September  6.  Lat.  58°  08'  S.;  long.  69°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  35°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.  to  NW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First 
part,  strong  gale;  middle,  moderating,  heavy  snow  squalls;  latter,  light  breezes. 

September  7.  Lat.  57°  05'  S;  long.  70°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.41;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  34°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  SW.  First  part,  light  breezes; 
middle,  strong  breezes  and  snow  squalls;  latter,  moderate. 

September  8.  Lat.  55°  39'  S.;  long.  72°  59' W.  Barometer,  29.91;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  to  W.SW.  Strong  breezes, 
with  passing  snow  squalls. 

September  9.  Lat.  55°  13'  S. ;  long.  73°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.,  E.NE.  to  N.NE.  First 
part,  fresh  breezes;  middle,  light;  latter,  moderate. 

September  10.  Lat.  52°  56'  S. ;  long.  77°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.  to  SW.,  SW.,  S.SW.  to  S.SE.  First 
part,  moderate;  middle,  fresh  and  snow  squalls;  latter,  strong  and  heavy  squalls. 

September  11.  Lat.  50°  50'  S.;  long.  79°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  strong 
breezes,  with  heavy  snow  squalls;  middle,  strong  breezes  and  squally;  latter,  moderate. 

September  12.  Lat.  48°  33'  S.;  long.  82°  10'  W.  Barometer  30.50;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water  43°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SSW.  to  SE.  First  and 
middle  parts,  moderate;  latter  part,  light  winds." 

Ship  '■'■Graxie  Darling,^'  (L.  N.  Doane,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  34  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"August  31.  Lat.  49°  23'  S.;  long.  64°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
temperature  of  water,  38°.     Winds,  N.,  N.,  N.     Moderate  breezes,  passing  clouds. 

September  1.     Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  64°  34'  W.     Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 


642  THE  WIND    AND    CUKRENT    CHARTS. 

46°;  temperature  of  water,  38°.     Winds,   N.NW.,   N.NW.,    N.NW.     Moderate  breezes  and 

September  2.     Lat.  54°  20'  S.;  long.  63°  W.     Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  46°; 
water,  32°.     Winds:  W.,  W.,  W. ;  light  winds  and  pleasant. 

September  3.     Lat.  55°  19'  S. ;  long.  63°  30'  W.     Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air, 
43°;  temperature  of  water,  32°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NB.,  N.NE.     Light  winds  and  foggy. 

September  4.  Lat.  55°  38' S.;  long.  64°  10' W,  Barometer,  29.15;  temperature  of  air 
42°;  water,  31°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NE.     Light  winds  and  foggy. 

September  5.  Lat.  56°  20'  S.;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  temperature  of  water,  31°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy. 

September  6.  Lat.  none;  long.  none.  Barometer,  28.85;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water, 
31°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Fine  winds  and  foggy. 

September  7.  Lat.  none;  long.  none.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  tem- 
perature of  water,  31°.     Winds:  baffling,  baffling,  light  and  baffling. 

September  8.  Lat.  58°  00'  S. ;  long.  70°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  temperature  of  water,  31°.     Winds:  S.,  S.,  S.     Light  winds  and  cloudy. 

September  9.  Lat.  58°  40'  S.;  long.  70°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  temperature  of  water,  31°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.     Light  winds  and  squally. 

September  10.  Lat.  58°  20'  S.;  long.  72°  20'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  temperature  of  water,  31°.     Winds:  N.,  N.,  N.     Light  winds  and  cloudy. 

September  11.  Lat.  55°  30'  S.;  long.  77°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air, 
44°;  temperature  of  water,  31°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.     Strong  winds  and  squally. 

September  12.  Lat.  52°  00'  S. ;  long.  79°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.80. ;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Fresh  winds  and  cloudy. 

September  13.  Lat.  50°  19'  S.;  long.  80°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air, 
41°;  temperature  of  water,  46.°     Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.  S.SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy." 

Ship  "  Gauntlet,^'  (Sam'l  Borland,)  from  New  York  to  Callao  and  Chincha  Islands;  thirty- 
two  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"September  15.  Lat.  48°  48'  S. ;  long.  64°  58'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.,  N.,  baffling.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes;  latter, 
baffling  and  light. 

September  16.  Lat.  51°  30'  S.;  long.  65°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air, 
45°;  water,  40.°  Winds:  calm,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate;  latter, 
strong  winds. 

September  17.  Lat.  53°  00'  S. ;  long.  63°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air, 
45°;  water  38°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.     Strong  gales. 

September  18.  Lat.  54°  38'  S. ;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air, 
40°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  and  latter,  strong  gales;  middle, 
more  moderate. 

September  19.  Lat.  55°  34'  S. ;  long.  62°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  38°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W\,  SW.,  SW.     Strong  gales. 

September  20.  Lat.  55°  24'  S. ;  long.  62°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  Strong  gales,  with 
heavy  squalls  of  wind  and  hail. 


FROM   THE  "  FAIR  WAY  "   OFF   ST.    ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — SEPTEMBER.  543 

September  21.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.74;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  First  and  latter 
parts,  strong  gales;  middle,  more  moderate. 

September  22.  Lat. '57°  06'  S.;  long.  62°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  Avater,  37°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  First  and  middle, 
strong  gales;  latter,  more  moderate. 

September  23.  Lat.  57°  35'  S. ;  long.  62°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.55;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  first  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
strong  gales. 

September  24.  Lat.  none;  long.  65°  30' W.  Barometer,  28.95;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  N.NW.  First 
part,  strong  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderating. 

September  25.  Lat.  58°  50'  S. ;  long.  66°  40'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.  by  N.,  NW. 
by  W.     First  part,  moderate;  middle,  moderating;  latter  part,  came  on  suddenly  a  gale. 

September  26.  Lat.  59°  17'  S. ;  long.  68°  33'  W.  Barometer,  28.12;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  variable.  First 
part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  baflSing  and  squally. 

September  27.  Lat.  58°  09'  S.;  long,  68°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.60;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  28°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW. 
and  calm.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  light  variable  winds,  and 
calms. 

September  28.  Lat.  57°  39'  S. ;  long.  68°  38'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  29°;  temperature  of  water,  36°.  Winds:  calm,  NW.,  W.  First  part, 
calm;  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  strong  gales  and  squalls. 

September  29.  Lat.  57°  51'  S. ;  long.  68°  18'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  34°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  W.,  calm,  E.  First  part, 
strong  gales;  middle,  calm;  latter,  moderate,  and  rainy. 

September  30.  Lat.  57°  04'  S.;  long.  73°  40'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  37°.  Winds:  E.,  E.,  NW.  Light  airs 
and  cloudy. 

October  1.  Lat.  55°  43'  S.;  long.  76°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  calm,  SW.  First 
part,  moderate;  middle,  calm  and  rainy;  latter  part,  strong  breezes. 

October  2.  Lat.  51°  46'  S. ;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  39"?;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.,  S.  First 
part,  strong  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderating. 

October  3.  Lat.  50°  00'  S.;  long.  79°  42'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer  attached, 
56°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy." 

Ship  ^^  Bajpid,''  (Richard  S.  Corning,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  twenty -nine  days  from 
St.  Roque. 

• '  September  18.  Lat.  49°  52'  S. ;  long.  62°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.15 ;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  S.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.     Moderate  breezes. 
September    19.     Lat.    52°    50'    S. ;  long.    63°    10'   W.     Barometer,   29.53;   thermometer 


544  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

attached,  66°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  SW.,   W.SW.,   SW.     Moderate 
breezes  and  showers  of  rain. 

September  20.  Lat.  54°  03'  S.;  long.  64°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.52;  thermometer 
attached,  67°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  S.,  S^.  by  W.,  W.SW.  First 
part,  moderate;  middle,  fresh;  latter,  strong  gales,  with  squalls  of  hail,  sleet,  and  snow. 

September  21.  Lat.  55°  27'  S.;  long.  64°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.07;  thermometer 
attached,  67°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  by  N.  First 
and  latter  parts,  hard  gales,  with  squalls  of  sleet  and  snow;  middle,  moderate  and  squally. 

September  22.  Lat.  56°  15'  S. ;  long.  64°  45'  W.  Barometer,  28.83;  thermometer 
attached,  70°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.  by  N.  Strong 
gales,  hard  squalls,  with  hail,  snow,  and  sleet. 

September  23.  Lat.  56°  52'  S.;  long.  64°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer 
attached,  67°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  ditto,  ditto.  Hard 
gales,  with  furious  squalls,  with  snow,  hail,  and  sleet. 

September  24.  Lat.  57°  24'  S.;  long.  66°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer 
attached,  71°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  Hard  gales, 
with  squalls  of  rain  and  snow. 

September  25.  Lat.  57°  57'  S.;  long.  68°  26'  W.  Barometer,  28.65;  thermometer 
attached,  70°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  with  snow  and  hail  squalls;  latter,  heavy  gales,  snow  and 
hail  squalls. 

September  26.  Lat.  58°  32'  S.;  long.  69°  15'  W.  Barometer  28.40;  thermometer 
attached,  71°;  temperature  of  air,  33°;  temperature  of  water,  36°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  by 
W.,  W.  by  N.  to  W.SW.     Hard  gales,  with  squalls  of  snow,  sleet,  hail,  and  rain. 

September  27.  Lat.  57°  33'  S.;  long.  67°  38'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  thermometer 
attached,  54°;  temperature  of  air,  30°;  temperature  of  water,  36°.  Winds:  SW,  by  W.,  ditto, 
W.SW.,  W.     Hard  gales,  with  squalls  of  hail,  sleet,  and  snow, 

September  28.  Lat.  57°  44'  S.;  long.  68°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer 
attached,  72°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  by  S,, 
W.  First  part,  light  breezes,  and  squally;  middle  part,  with  hail  and  snow;  latter,  strong 
breezes,  with  squalls  of  rain. 

September  29.  Lat.  58°  31'  S.;  long.  69°  51'  W.  Barometer,  28.97;  thermometer 
attached,  68°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  temperature  of  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW., 
NW.,  and  calm.  First  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally,  with  snow;  middle,  moderate;  latter, 
light  winds  and  calms,  with  squalls  of  snow  and  rain. 

September  30.  Lat.  57°  30'  S.;  long.  74°  54'  W.  Barometer,  28.76;  thermometer 
attached,  72°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW., 
NW.  by  N.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  rain  and 
snow. 

October  1.  Lat.  56°  15'  S.;  long.  77°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29,13;  thermometer  attached, 
37°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  calm,  SW.  by  S. 
First  part,  light  breezes,  and  rainy;  middle,  calm;  latter,  moderate  gale. 

October  2.  Lat.  52°  46'  S. ;  long.  80°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.26;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.  to  SW,  by  S., 
S.SW.,  SW.  to  SW.  by  S.     First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle,  stormy;  latter,  moderating. 


p 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. —  SEPTEMBER  545 

October  3.  Lat.  51°  56'  S. ;  long.  81°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.47;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  calm,  calm  and  E.SE., 
E.SE.     First  part,  calm;  middle  calm,  and  light  airs;  later  part,  light  breezes. 

October  4.  Lat.  50°  56'  S.;  long.  84°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  NE.  to  E.SE. 
Light  variable  winds,  and  pleasant. 

October  5.  Lat.  50°  07'  S.;  long.  83°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.13;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  temperature  of  water,  45°.  Winds:  E.SE.  to  E.,  calm,  calm, 
and  N.NW.     First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  calm;  latter  part,  light  airs,  and  calm." 

Ship  ^'' Ocean  Telegraph,''  (George  W.  Willis,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  27  days  from 
St.  Roque. 

"September  19.  Lat.  49°  03'  S.;  long.  64°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air, 
44°;  water,  42°.     Winds  NW.,  W.NW,  W.SW.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

September  20.  Lat.  51°  18'  S.;  long.  66°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.54;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part, 
fine  breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  strong  breezes. 

September  21.  Lat.  54°  41'  S.;  long.  62°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°;  Winds:  S.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong 
gales;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

September  22.  Lat.  55°  29'  S.;  long.  6P  57'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
68°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  ditto.  Strong  gales,  thick 
rainy  weather,  heavy  squalls  swept  the  deck  of  everything  movable,  and  broke  several  ring- 
bolts. 

September  23.  Lat.  56°  24'  S.;  long.  63°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  37°:  Winds,  W.SW.,  SW.W.  First  part,  hard  gales; 
middle,  blowing  hard  in  squalls;  latter,  more  moderate. 

September  24.  Lat.  56°  38'  S.;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.83;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.,  N.NW.  Strong  gales 
and  rainy. 

September  25.  Lat.  57°  16'  S.;  long.  eQ'=^  53'  W.  Barometer,  28.56;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  39°.  Winds  :  N.NW.,  W.SW.,  N.NW.  Strong  gales 
and  rainy;  hail  and  snow. 

September  26.  Lat.  57°  38' S.;  long.  65°  57' W.  Barometer,  28.85;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto,  W.  First  part,  strong  gales; 
middle,  light  breezes;  latter,  blowing  very  hard  in  squalls,  with  snow. 

September  27.  Lat.  57°  35' S.;  long.  66°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.11;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.,  ditto,  ditto.  First  part,  heavy  gale; 
middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  moderate,  with  severe  squalls  of  snow  and  wind. 

September  28.  Lat.  57°  48' S.;  long.  67°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  Calm,  S.SW.,  W.NW.  First  part,  calm; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  heavy  snow  squalls;  a  great  quantity  of  snow  fell 
during  the  calm. 

September  29.  Lat.  57°  46'  S.;  long.  70°  43'  W.  Barometer,  28.95;  thermometer  attached, 
VOL.  II 69 


546  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

70°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto,  calm.  First  and  middle 
parts,  strong  gales;  latter  part,  calm. 

September  30.  Lat.  57°  45' S.;  long.  72°  11' W.  Barometer,  28.93;  thermometer  attached, 
74°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  E.,  ditto,  N.  Light  airs 
and  foggy  weather. 

October  1.  Lat.  55°  48'  S.;  long.  77°  27'  W.  Barometer  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
62°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto,  calm.  First 
and  middle  parts,  light  airs,  and  thick  with  rain;  latter  part,  calm. 

October  2.  Lat.  54°  26'  S. ;  long.  77°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.29;  thermometer  attached, 
70°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  S.,  ditto,  ditto.  First  part, 
moderate  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gale,  with  hard  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

October  3.  Lat.  53°  32'  S.;  long.  79°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.23;  thermometer  attached, 
73°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  calm,  calm.  First 
part,  strong  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm. 

October  4.  Lat.  52°  55'  S. ;  long.  81°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  thermometer  attached, 
75°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  E.SE.,  ditto,  SE.  First 
and  middle  parts,  light  airs;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

October  5.  Lat.  53°  16'  S.;  long.  84°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
73°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  E.,  NE.,  N.NW.  Light 
airs;  fine,  clear,  pleasant  weather. 

October  6.  Lat.  50°  25'  S.;  long.  88°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  N.NW.,  calm. 
First  part,  fresh  breezes,  thick  and  foggy;   middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  calm,  thick,  and 

foggy- 
October  7.     Lat.  48°  15'  S.;  long.  87°  43'  W.     Barometer,  29.58;  thermometer  attached, 

68°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  temperature  of  water,  43°.     Winds:  SW. ,  ditto,  ditto.     First 

part,  light  airs;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy." 


FROM  THE    "  FAIR  WAY  "    OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — OCTOBER. 


647 


Cape  Horn  Crossings — October. 


Name  of  vessel. 

£2 

s  "■ 
S  o 
2  « 
fa 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

1  " 
.E§| 

m  "  a 
o   .2  *< 

50°  S. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67°  w' 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S. 

51°  S. 

50°  S. 

Seaman , 

Days. 
20 
30 
20 
21 
18 
49 
27 
41 
26 
21 
SO 
19 
21 
14 
31 
42 
S5 
26 
21 

3:1 

41 
32 
51 
22 
21 
24 
29 
21 
25 

Long.  W. 
65° 
63 
64 
64 
64 
64 
66 
65 
64 
67 
64 
63 
63 
65 
63 
67 
63 
64 
65 
62 
66 
53 
54 
64 
63 
57 
62 
64 
65 

Long.  W. 
65° 
64 
64 
65 
66 
64 
66 
64 
65 
67 
64 
65 
64 
65 
63 
66 
64 
64 
65 
64 
66 
55 
60 
64 
65 
64 
65 
66 
65 

Long.  W. 
69° 
65 
67 
65 
66 
66 
66 
67 
68 
67 
66 
66 
66 
66 
62 
64 
67 
64 
67 
69 
67 
62 
63 
67 
66 
65 
67 
66 
68 

Lot.  S. 
.55° 
."56 
56 
56 
58 
57 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
57 
56 
58 
56 
56 
56 
57 
57 
56 
58 
58 
56 
58 
56 

Lot.  S. 
57° 
56 
56 
57 
56 
57 
59 
58 
57 
57 
56 
59 
56 
56 
57 
57 
56 
58 
56 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
58 

Lot.  S. 

58° 

58 

55 

56 

56 

57 

57 

58 

57 

58 

58 

61 

57 

56 

58 

58 

57 

59 

56 

57 

57 

58 

56 

58 

55 

56 

55 

56 

55 

Long.  W. 

77° 

76 

77 

76 

76 

81 

80 

76 

78 

84 

83 

8J 

87 

77 

80 

83 

78 

82 

79 

79 

79 

76 

79 

78 

79 

76 

78 

82 

74 

Long.  W. 
76° 

78 
79 
79 
82 
82 
76 
78 
78 
83 
84 
87 
95 
82 
81 
85 
80 
79 
80 
79 
80 
78 
81 
78 
82 
78 
79 
87 
77 

Ung.  W. 

77° 

80 

80 

77 

80 

82 

80 

79 

79 

83 

83 

87 

97 

86 

80 

86 

81 

81 

80 

78 

79 

79 

81 

80 

84 

79 

79 

90 

78 

Dayf. 
24 

Louis  Philippe 

22 

Sea  Witch 

14 

Typhoon 

10 

Raven  

19 

Schooner  Clifton 

16 

S.  D.  Horton 

33 

Matilda 

32 

Samuel  Russel 

15 

Winged  Arrow 

20 

Mandarine 

ss 

Witch  of  the  Wave 

19 

John  Wade* 

15 

Wizard 

12 

Mary  Dunham 

22 

Realm 

21 

Stingray 

14 

Martha  Allen 

26 

Bejapore 

14 

Flying  Dragon 

12 
14 

Clara  Brooknian 

15 

Victory 

25 

Ocean  Telegraph 

14 

14 

Monterey. 

16 

13 

Wild  Duck 

14 

18 

36.9 

63.3 

63.3 

64.7 

56.5 

56  9 

57.0 

79.1 

80.8 

81.5 

18  1 

*  Last  in  the  7th  edition.    The  sixteen  others  have  been  added  since. 


Barh  ^ ' Mary  Dunham,^ '  (Richard  Luce,  jr.,)  New  York  to  Callao;  31  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"  September  25.  Lat.  49°  12'  S.;  long.  63°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  N.  by 
W.,  ditto,  ditto.     Pine  breezes  and  pleasant.     Sounded  in  80  fathoms.     Sand. 

September  26.  Lat.  52°  48'  S.;  long.  63°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds;  N.  ditto, 
W.SW.  to  N.NW.     First  part,  fresh;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  breezes. 

September  27.  Lat.  54°  54'  S.;  long.  63°  35'  W.  Winds:  N.NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  First 
part,  heavy  gale;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail.     Barometer,  29.10. 

September  28.  Lat.  55°  40'  S.;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  W.NW., 
ditto,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  hard  gales,  with  tremendous  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and 
hail;  latter,  moderate,  with  squalls  of  snow. 

September  29.  Lat.  56°  11'  S.;  long.  61°37' W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
W.,  SW.,  W.  to  W.NW.  First  part,  strong  gale;  middle,  more  moderate;  latter,  moderate 
and  foggy. 

September  30.  Lat.  57°  01' S. ;  long.  63°  17' W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  W.NW., 
NW.,  NW.  to  N.NW.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy. 


648  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

October  1.  Lat.  57°  04'  S.;  long.  66°  22'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  N.NE.  toNE., 
E.NE.,  E.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  foggy,  with  rain;  middle  and  latter  parts,  moderate 
breezes  and  foggy. 

October  2.  Lat.  57°  52'  S.;  long.  68°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  E.NE.,  SW., 
SW.  to  W.SW.     Strong  breezes,  and  foggy,  rainy  weather. 

Octobers.  Lat.  57°  40'  S.;  long.  68°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  calm,  and 
S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  calm,  and  light  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy 
gales,  thick  and  heavy  snow  storm. 

October  4.  Lat.  56°  58' S.;  long.  68°  10' W.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  S.SW,  ditto, 
ditto.  First  part,  hard  gale,  with  hail  and  snow  squalls;  middle,  more  moderate,  with  hail 
squall;  latter,  moderating. 

October  5.  Lat.  56°  56'  S.;  long.  68°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.50.  Winds:  calm,  calm, 
calm,  throughout  calm. 

October  6.  Lat.  57°  05'  S.;  long.  69°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  N.NE.,  NW., 
calm,  and  NW.     First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  light  airs  and  calm. 

October  7.  Lat.  58°  20'  S. ;  long.  72°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  calm,  and 
NW.,  NW.,  ditto.  First  part,  calm,  and  moderate  breezes;  middle  part,  breezes,  with  rain; 
latter  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  snow  squalls. 

October  8.  Lat.  58°  50'  S. ;  long.  74°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.40.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     Strong  gales,  and  hard  squalls  of  snow,  rain,  and  hail. 

October  9.  Lat.  57°  00'  S.;  long.  76°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  S.  to  S.SE., 
S.,  W.     Hard  gales,  and  heavy  squalls  of  snow,  rain,  and  hail. 

October  10.  Lat.  57°  18'  S. ;  long.  77°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  W.  to 
N.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.     Fresh  gales,  with  snow  squalls. 

October  11.  Lat.  56°  50  S. ;  long.  76°  56'  W.  Barometer,  28.90.  Winds:  N.NW., 
ditto,  calm,  and  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  hard  gales;  latter  part,  calm,  hard  gales,  and 
heavy  fall  of  snow. 

October  12.  Lat.  55°  08'  S.;  long.  80°  18'  W.  Barometer,  28.80.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     Fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  snow,  hail,  and  rain. 

October  13.  Lat.  54°  10'  S.;  long.  81°  18'  W,  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle,  moderating;  latter,  moderate. 

October  14.  Lat.  52°  30'  S.;  long.  81°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  SW.,  W., 
calm,  N.  by  E.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes,  with  rain  squalls;  latter,  calm  and 
light  breezes,  and  foggy. 

October  15.  Lat.  51°  42'  S.;  long.  81°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  E.NE., 
N.NW.,  ditto.     First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  moderate  breezes;  latter,  fresh. 

October  16.  Lat.  50°  58'  S. ;  long.  80°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  NW.,  N., 
NW.  to  N.  First  part,  fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls;  middle,  strong  gales  and  squally; 
latter,  squally. 

October  17.  Lat.  50°  00'  S.;  long.  79°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  W.NW., 
ditto,  NW.     First  part,  strong  winds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  heavy  gales." 

Ship  "  Clara  B^'ookman,^ '  (A.  G.  Higgins,)  Boston  to  Callao,  32  days  from  St.  Roque. 
"September  26.     Lat.  49°  06'  S.;  long.  52°  34'  W.    Barometer  29.36.    Thermometer:  air, 
49°;  water,  49°.     Winds:    NW.,  NW.  by  W.  W.NW.     Moderate  breezes. 


FROM   THE    "fair   WAY  "    OFF    ST     ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. —  OCTOBER,  549 

September  27.  Lat.  51°  24'  S.;  long.  54°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Temperature:  air, 
46°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.  First  part  moderate. 
Middle,  heavy  gale,  snow  and  hail  squalls.     Latter,  same. 

September  28.  Lat.  51°  57'  S.;  long.  54°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.40.  Temperature: 
air,  46°;  Avater,  46°.  Winds:  calm,  SW.  to  W.SW.,  W.NW.  to  SW.  First  part,  calm. 
Middle  part  squally  and  puffy.     Latter,  severe  snow  squalls,  blowing  terrific. 

September  29.  Lat.  53°  44'  S.;  long.  56°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Temperature:  air,  50°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.     Fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

September  30.  Lat.  55°  07' S.;  long.  62°  13'  W.  Barometer,  28.95.  Temperature:  air, 
49°;  water,  45°.     Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  N.NW.,  N.     Strong  gales  and  squally. 

October  1.  Lat.  56°  48'  S. ;  long.  62°  01'  W.  Barometer  28.75.  Temperature:  air,  48°; 
water,  46°.  Winds:  N.  and  calm,  calm  and  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  light  airs  and  calm.  Middle, 
light  airs  and  calm.     Latter,  light  breezes  and  foggy. 

October  2.  Lat.  57°  36'  S. ;  long.  63°  03'  W.  Barometer  29.31.  Temperature:  air,  50°; 
water,  46°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.NW.,  calm  and  light  airs  from  N.  to  E.NE.  First  part 
and  middle  part,  light  breezes.     Latter,  calm  and  light  airs,  light  showers  of  rain  and  snow. 

October  3.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  66°  31' W.  Barometer  30.00.  Temperature:  air,  42°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  calm  and  light  airs,  S.,  S.  First  part,  calm  and  light  airs.  Middle  and 
latter  parts,  fresh  gales  and  squally. 

October  4.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  68°  12'  W.  Barometer  30.14.  Temperature:  air,  47°; 
water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.  by  W.  and  calm,  calm.  First  part,  light  breezes.  Middle,  light 
airs  and  calm.     Latter,  calm. 

October  5.  Lat.  56°  44' S. ;  long.  68°  33' W.  Barometer  29.80.  Temperature:  air,  46°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  calm,  calm,  calm.     Light  snow  and  rain  squalls. 

October  6.  Lat.  58°  25'  S.;  long.  71°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Temperature:  air,  46°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Moderate  breezes,  snow  and  rain  squalls. 

October  7.  Lat.  58°  22'  S.;  long.  74°  21'  W.  Barometer  29.20.  Temperature:  air,  42°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  calm  and  baffling,  S.  by  E.  Light  breezes,  calm  and  baffling 
airs,  thick  fogs. 

October  8.  Lat.  55°  11' S.;  long.  76°  16' W.  Barometer  29.40.  Temperature:  air,  49°; 
water,  47°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.NW.  First  part  fresh  breezes,  snow  squalls. 
Middle  and  latter,  moderate  and  squally. 

October  9.  Lat.  54°  24'  S.;  long.  77°  45'  W.  Barometer  29.02.  Temperature:  air,  48°; 
water,  46°.     Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  NW.,  NW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

October  10.  Lat.  53°  55^  S. ;  long.  78°  33'  W.  Barometer  28.90.  Temperature:  air,  46°; 
water,  46°.  Winds:  N.,  N.  to  SW.,  SW.  and  calm.  First  and  middle  parts,  severe  gale. 
Latter,  fresh  winds  and  calm. 

October  11.  Lat.  50°  48' S. ;  long.  79°  07' W.  Barometer  29.52.  Temperature:  air,  47°; 
water,  47°.  Winds:  calm  and  SW.,  SW.  by  W.  W.SW.  First  part,  calm  and  moderate  winds. 
Middle  and  latter  fresh  breezes  with  thick  snow  squalls. 

October  12.  Lat.  49°  43'  S. ;  long.  77°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.48.  Temperature:  air,  48°; 
water,  49°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.  N.NW.  W.  ^  N.  First  and  middle  part,  strong  breezes  and 
heavy  squalls.     Latter  part,  heavy  gale,  frequent  and  heavy  squalls." 


I 


550  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Ship  ' '  Flying  Dragon, ' '  (Jas.  H.  Little, )  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

" September  27.  Lat.  48°  03' S. ;  long.  60°  30' W.  Barometer  30.10.  Temperature:  air, 
45°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  by  N.     Light  breezes. 

September  28.  Lat.  51°  18'  S. ;  long.  63°  38' W.  Barometer,  30.09.  Temperature:  air, 
46°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  mode- 
rate.    Latter  strong  breezes  and  clear. 

September  29.  Lat.  54°  32'  S.;  long.  65°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.90.  Temperature:  air, 
45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes. 
Latter  part,  light  breezes. 

September  30.  Lat.  55°  19' S.;  long.  65°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.93.  Temperature:  air, 
47°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  E.SE.,  N.     Light  baffling  airs. 

October  1.  Lat.  56°  20' S.;  long.  69°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.43.  Temperature:  air,  45°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  E.,  N.NW..  N.  by  W.  First  part,  light  baffling  airs.  Middle  and  latter, 
fresh  breezes. 

October  2.  Lat.  56°  57'  S.;  long.  72°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.33.  Temperature:  air,  38°; 
water,  43°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes.  Latter  part, 
strong  gale  with  squalls  of  snow. 

October  3.  Lat.  57°  05'  S.;  long.  75°  02'  W.  Barometer  29.33.  Temperature:  air,  41°; 
water,  43°.    Winds:   S.,  S.,  NW.     First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes.     Latter,  strong  gale. 

October  4.  Lat.  57°  09'  S. ;  long.  76°  30'  W.  Barometer  29.33.  Temperature:  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  S.,  S.SW.,  NW.  by  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  variable  airs. 
Latter  part,  gales  and  squally. 

October  5.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  77°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Temperature:  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  calm,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  strong  gales.  Middle,  calm. 
Latter,  light  breezes. 

October  6.  Lat.  56°  32'  S.;  long.  79°  24'  W.  Barometer,  28.90.  Temperature:  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  WNW.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  squally. 
Latter,  moderate  breezes  and  squally  with  snow. 

October  7.  Lat.  53°  44'  S.;  long.  79°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.15.  Temperature:  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes.  Latter, 
heavy  gale  with  light  rain. 

October  8.  Lat.  51°  24'  S.;  long.  78°  04' W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Temperature:  air,  44°; 
water,  44°.     Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  W.     Fresh  gales  and  foggy. 

October  9.  Lat.  50°  26'  S.;  long.  78°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.71.  Temperature:  air,  44°; 
water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  squally.  Middle  and  latter  parts,  light 
breezes  and  cloudy. 

October  10.  Lat.  50°  16' S.;  long.  78°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.00,  Temperature:  air, 
45°;  water,  46°.     Winds:  W.,  calm,  calm.     Light  baffling  airs  and  calms. 

October  11.  Lat.  50°03'S.;  long.  83°  34' W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Temperature:  air,  47°; 
water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  First  and  latter  parts,  moderate  breezes.  Middle, 
strong  breezes." 


FROM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE   HORN. — OCTOBER.  551 

Ship  '' Stingray,' '   (N.  Kirby,  jr.,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  25  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"September  29.  Lat.  49°  30'  S. ;  long.  61°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  temperature  of  air, 
48°;  temperature  of  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NE.,  N.  First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle 
and  latter  parts,  hard  gales. 

September  30.  Lat.  51°  12'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  temperature  of  air, 
50°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  N.NW.,  ditto,  NW.     Hard  gales  and  hard  squalls. 

October  1.  Lat.  52°  40'  S. ;  long.  64°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.  to  W.SW.     Hard  gales. 

October  2.  Lat,  54°  04'  S.;  long.  64°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  42°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.  to  SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  ditto.     Heavy  gales  and  snow  storms. 

October  3.  Lat.  53°  50'  S. ;  long.  64°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.  byS.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  toS.  First  part,  hard  gales;  middle,  moderating; 
latter,  light  breezes. 

October  4.  Lat.  54°  00'  S. ;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  41°.     Winds:  S.  to  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  SE.  by  S.  to  SE.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

October  5.  Lat.  54°  55'  S.;  long.  63°  40' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  temperature  of  air,  43°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  calm,  N.NE.  to  N.NW.,  NW.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate  breezes; 
latter,  squally. 

October  6.  Lat.  56°  36'  S. ;  long.  67°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  ditto.  First  part,  fine  breezes;  middle  and  latter, 
squally  and  thick. 

October  7.  Lat.  56°  55'  S. ;  long.  69°  45'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  temperature  of  air,  44°; 
water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  NW.  to  NE.,  calm,  E.NE.  to  NE.  Moderate  and  baffling  breezes; 
latter,  calm  and  squally. 

October  8.  Lat.  56°  12'  S. ;  long.  72°40°  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  42°; 
water,  39°.  Winds:  E.  by  N.  to  S.SE.,  S.SW.,  SW.  to  W.SW.  First  part,  squally;  middle, 
moderate;  latter,  hard  gales. 

October  9.  Lat.  56°  58'  S.;  long.  75°  15'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
60°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.,  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  Hard  gales,  with 
snow  and  rain. 

October  10.  Lat.  56°  26'  S. ;  long.  78°  04'  W.  Barometer,  28.55;  temperature  of  air,  40°; 
water,  40°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.  to  SW.,  SW.     Hard  gales,  snow  and  rain. 

October  11.  Lat.  53°  37' S. ;  long.  79°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  hard  gales;  middle,  moderating;  latter, 
moderate. 

October  12.     Lat.  53°  14'  S. ;  long.  80°  15'  W.     Barometer,  29. 15 ;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 
water,  39°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.  to  W.NW.,  W.SW.  to  SW.     First  part,  moderate  breezes, 
rainy  and  squally;  middle,  hard  gales;  latter,  light  baffling  airs. 
I  October  13.     Lat.  51°  48'  S. ;  long.  80°  30'  W.     Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  37°; 

water,  39°.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.,  W.,  W.NW.  to  N.     Light  baffling  airs  and  pleasant. 

October  14.  Lat.  50°  48'  S. ;  long.  80°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water,  42°.  Winds:  N.NE.  to  NW.,  N.NW.  to  NW.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate 
breezes,  with  hard  squalls;  latter,  fresh  gales. 

October  15.  Lat.  50°  14'  S. ;  long.  80°  04'  W.  Barometer,  28.85;  temperature  of  air,  45°; 
water  43°.     Winds:  N.NW.  to  NW.,  NW.,  NW.  by  N.  to  N.NW.     Hard  gales  throughout." 


552  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

Ship  ^ ' Bejapore,' '  (John  L.  McKay,)  New  York  to  Callao;  21  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"September  30.  Lat.  49°  45'  S.;  long.  64°  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer 
attached,  50°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.,  N.  by  W.,  W.  First  and 
middle  parts,  brisk  gales  and  rainy;  latter,  moderate  and  clear. 

October  1.  Lat.  52°  00'  S. ;  long.  65°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  thermometer  attached,  50°; 
temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  ditto.     Moderate  breezes. 

October  2.  Lat.  54°  07'  S.;  long.  64°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  by  S.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes,  with  hard  squalls;  middle,  brisk  gales,  threatening  appearance;  latter,  hard  gales, 
with  violent  snow  squalls. 

October  3.  Lat.  53°  52'  S. ;  long.  63°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.97;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto,  S.  by  E.  First  part,  hard 
gales,  with  heavy  snow  squalls;  middle,  hard  gales;  latter,  more  moderate. 

October  4.  Lat.  53°  56'  S.;  long.  66°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.38;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E.,  SE.  by  S.  First  part,  moderate 
gale  and  squally,  with  light  snow;  middle,  moderate  breezes;  latter,  light  winds. 

October  5.  (Lat.  entrance  of  Le  Maire;  long.  — .)  Barometer,  30.20;  thermometer 
attached,  50°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  variable,  from  W.,  NW.,  NW.  by 
W.  First  part,  light  airs  and  variable.  Sounded  in  55  fathoms;  gray  and  black  sand.  Middle, 
light  winds;  latter,  light  winds,  with  passing  snow  showers. 

October  6.  Lat.  56°  42'  S.;  long.  67°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.    Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.  by  N.,  W.    Moderate  breezes. 

October  7.  Lat.  57°  20'  S.;  long.  70°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.18;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NE.,  E.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes  and  squally;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  light,  variable  airs  and  drizzling  rain. 

October  8,  Lat.  55°  56'  S.;  long.  73°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.44;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  41.  Winds:  B.,  S.SE.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  light, 
variable  breezes  and  hazy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  brisk  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain. 

October  9.  Lat.  56°  38'  S.;  long.  76°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.03;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  NW.,  ditto.  First  part,  brisk 
breezes;  middle,  brisk  breezes  and  squally,  with  snow  and  sleet;  latter,  brisk  breezes. 

October  10.  Lat.  55°  54'  S. ;  long.  79°  06'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  N.NW.,  S.SW.  First  part, 
brisk  gale;  middle,  strong  gale;  latter,  moderate  gale. 

October  11.  Lat.  53°  08'  S. ;  long.  80°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  W.SW.  First  part, 
moderate  gale;  middle,  increasing  gale,  with  heavy  squalls  of  hail;  latter,  moderate  and 
squally. 

October  12.  Lat.  51°  39'  S. ;  long.  81°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N,NW.,  NW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  moderate 
gale;  middle,  increasing  gale;  latter,  more  moderate. 

October  13.  Lat.  50°26'S.;  long.  80°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  NW.,  N.  to  N.NE.  First  part, 
moderate  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds  and  foggy." 


TROU  THE    "FAIR   WAY"  OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. OCTOBER.  553 

Ship  ^ ^  Defiance,' '  (John  Hendrick,)  New  York  to  Callao;  20  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"October  10.  Lat.  49°  03'  S. ;  long.  61°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  39°.     Winds:  NE.,  W.,  W.     Light  breezes. 

October  11.  Lat.  50°  48'  S.;  long.  63°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  moderate; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes;  light  hail  squalls;  sounded  in  70  fathoms  water,  fine 
speckled  sand. 

October  12.  Lat.  50°  36'  S. ;  long.  63°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  steady  gales,  with  heavy  snow  squalls ;  latter,  more  moderate. 

October  13.  Lat.  53°  10'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  44^;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W,,  W.SW.  First  part,  light 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

October  14.  Lat.  54°  07'  S.;  long.  64°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  NW.,  N.  to  NE.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales;  latter  part,  wind  light. 

October  15.  Lat.  54°  23'  S.;  long.  64°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  40°.  Winds:  E.NE.,  calm,  SW.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle, 
calm;  latter,  fresh  gale;  sounded  in  53  fathoms,  shelly. 

October  16.  Lat.  56°  41'  S.;  long.  66°  28'  W.  Barometer,  28.99;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.  to  N.NE.,  NE.,  W.  Fresh  breezes; 
sounded  in  mid-channel  in  55  fathoms,  speckled  sand  and  shells. 

October  17.  Lat.  57°  33'  S. ;  long.  66°  27'  W.  Barometer,  28.90;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.  to  W.,  W.SW.  to  NW. 
First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  blowing  heavy;  ship  in  ballast,  not  able  to 
carry  sail. 

October  18.  Lat.  58°  19'  S. ;  long.  67°  27'  W.  Barometer,  28.60;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  39°.     Winds:  W.  to  W.SW.,  SW.,  W.SW.     Heavy  gales. 

October  19.  Lat.  56°  58'  S. ;  long.  68°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  38°.     Strong  gales  and  snow  squalls. 

October  20.  Lat.  56°  24'  S. ;  long.  70°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  38°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  Strong  breezes,  with 
heavy  swell. 

October  21.  Lat.  55°  57'  S.;  long.  72°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  35°;  water,  41°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Strong  gales. 

October  22.  Lat.  55°  42'  S. ;  long.  75°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  32°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.,S.SW.,  S.  to  S.SE.  First  part,  strong 
breezes,  with  snow  squalls;  middle,  heavy  squalls;  latter,  strong  puff. 

October  23.  Lat.  55°  37'  S.;  long.  79°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  32°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.,  NE.,  NE.  First  part,  strong 
breezes;  middle,  wind  decreasing;  latter,  moderate. 

October  24.     Lat.  52°  14'  S.;  long.  81°  49'  W.     Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,   42°;  water,  40°.     Winds:   NE.,  NE.,  NE.     First  part,  moderate; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes. 
VOL.   II 70 


I 


654 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


October  25.  Lat.  51°  56'  S. ;  long.  83°  42'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
50°:  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  NW.  to  N.  First  and 
middle  parts,  strong  breezes;  latter  part,  more  moderate. 

October  26.  Lat.  50°  09'  S. ;  long.  84°  09'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  strong  breezes; 
middle,  light  and  variable;  weather  misty;  latter  part,  strong  gale." 


Cape  Horn  Crossings — November. 


Name  of  vessel. 

O   0 

%  s 
1  - 

le  « 

O.  9 

E  §• 
I** 

Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 

Latitude  of  crossing  parallels 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 

Longitude  of  crossing  meridians 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 

[)°  S.  in  the 
tic  to  50°  S. 
Pacific. 

50°  S. 

53°  S. 

56°  S. 

67°  W- 

71°  W. 

75°  W. 

55°  S. 

53°  S. 

50°  8. 

2  <i  .S 

Days. 
26 
21 
20 
20 
24 
30 
31 
28 
20 
26 
23 
30 
21 
31 
20 
21 
26 
23 
18 
16 
22 
29 
32 
20 
23 
28 
18 
24 
26 
33 
2S 
24 

Long.  W. 
65° 
63 
64 
63 
53 
62 
64 
65 
65 
65 
62 
63 
65 
64 
63 
65 
63 
63 
64 
64 
63 
63 
64 

6;i 

66 
64 
63 
64 
62 
66 
63 
66 

Long.  W. 
66° 
67 
64 
65 
56 
64 
65 
65 
65 
66 
63 
64 
66 
64 
65 
66 
65 
67 
65 
65 
64 
64 
64 
65 
65 
64 
64 
65 
63 
66 
62 
66 

Long.  W. 
65° 
67 
67 
63 
66 
65 
64 
66 
66 
69 
62 
62 
66 
65 
64 
66 
64 
66 
64 
65 
64 
65 
65 
66 
60 
64 
62 
64 
67 
65 
59 
64 

Lat.  S. 
59° 
56 
56 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 

Lat.  S. 

58° 

58 

57 

57 

57 

58 

56 

58 

58 

57 

57 

58 

57 

58 

56 

58 

58 

56 

58 

58 

57 

59 

58 

57 

57 

57 

57 

58 

58 

56 

59 

59 

Lat.  S. 
56° 
59 
56 
56 
59 
59 
55 
54 
56 
57 
57 
58 
57 
58 
56 
59 
58 
56 
57 
58 
56 
58 
57 
54 
59 
57 
.■58 
55 
58 
55 
61 
60 

Long.  W. 
77° 
78 
76 
76 
78 
79 
75 
73 
76 
78 
79 
82 
78 
78 
76 
79 
80 
76 
77 
80 
78 
78 
77 
76 
79 
77 
80 
75 
78 
77 
88 
75 

Long.  W. 
81° 

78 
78 
78 
80 
81 
77 
78 
81 

Long.  W. 
85° 
80 
82 
81 
83 
83 
79 
81 
64 

Days. 
21 

17 

17 

24 

17 

Xigris 

18 

22 

23 

12 

79        i        81 

23 

56 
57 
56 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
57 
57 
57 
58 
58 
57 
58 
57 
57 
59 
56 
57 
60 
56 

81 
82 
83 
81 
77 
80 
81 
79 
78 
81 
77 
79 
78 
80 
80 
79 
79 
75 
80 
81 
88 
75 

81 
83 
83 
81 
78 
80 
80 
78 
81 
81 
79 
81 
77 
80 
80 
81 
80 
80 
80 
80 
88 
77 

24 

28 

24 

24 

Skylark 

20 

N.  B.  Palmer 

18 

28 

18 

Bald  Eagle 

19 

14 

19 

24 

Kate  and  Alice* 

21 

Flyii.gFish  

14 
20 

Kremlin 

16 
29 

19 

10 

17 

Mariannef 

Jane  A.  Falkinburg 

'Jo 
24 

Means 

24.4 

63.4 

64.5 

64.6 

57.0 

57.5 

57.2 

77.4 

79.5 

80.8 

20.3 

•  Last  in  the  7tl 

1  edition. 

The  nine 

other  cros 

sings  have 

been  receii 

red  since. 

t  Bre 

men  ship. 

Ship  ^'^  Ocean  Express,"  (Thomas  Cunningham,)  Boston  to  Callao;  18  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"October  17.  Lat.  49°  02'  S. ;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air, 
49°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.NW.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

October  18.  Lat.  52°  36'  S. ;  long.  64°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.38;  temperature  of  air,  47°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.     Brisk  breezes. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR  WAY  "    OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN — NOVEMBER.  555 

October  19.     Lat.  55°  17'  S. ;  long.  62°  54'  W.    Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  38°. 
Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  SW.     First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter,  strong. 

October  20.     Lat.  55°  17'  S. ;  long.  63°  31'  W.    Barometer,  29.42;  temperature  of  air,  36° 
Winds:  SW.,  S.,  S.SW.     First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  light;  latter,  fresh. 

October  21.  Lat.  56°  20'  S. ;  long.  62°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  31°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.  by  S.     Strong  breezes,  with  hail  and  snow  squalls. 

October  22.  Lat.  55°  44'  S.;  long.  64°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Winds:  S.SW., 
S.SW.,  S.SW.     Strong  breezes  and  heavy  squalls  of  wind,  hail,  and  snow. 

October  23.  Lat.  54°  50'  S. ;  long.  62°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.35.  Winds:  S.,  S.  by  E., 
S.SW.     Heavy  gales  and  heavy  squalls. 

October  24.  Lat.  55°  46'  S. ;  long.  60°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air,  31°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Continual  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

October  25.  Lat.  57°  18'  S. ;  long.  58°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air,  27°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  variable,  variable.     First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes;  latter,  moderate. 

October  26.  Lat.  57°  13'  S. ;  long.  58°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.35;  temperature  of  air,  40°. 
Winds:  variable,  variable,  N.NW.     Light  variable  winds. 

October  27.  Lat.  57°  26'  S. ;  long.  62°  30'  W.  Barometer,  28.30;  temperature  of  air,  37°. 
Winds:  N.NE.,  E.,  E.SE.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  hazy;  latter,  moderate 
breezes  and  thick  fogs. 

October  28.  Lat.  57°  58'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air,  30°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.,  S.SW.     Strong  breezes,  and  thick  foggy  weather. 

October  29.  Lat.  57°  22'  S. ;  long.  66°  55'  W.  Barometer  29.25;  temperature  of  air,  37°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.     Light  breezes  and  squally. 

October  30.  Lat.  57°  20'  S. ;  long.  68°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air,  37°. 
Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.     Strong  gales,  with  snow  squalls. 

October  31.  Lat.  57°  31'  S.;  long.  68°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air,  37^. 
Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW.     Strong  gales,  with  strong  squalls. 

November  1.  Lat.  57°  50'  S. ;  long.  68°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  temperature  of  air, 
38°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  heavy  gales,  with  hard  squalls;  latter 
part,  moderating. 

November  2.  Lat.  59°  04'  S.;  long.  69°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
48°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.SW.     Strong  breezes,  with  drizzling  rain;  latter  part,  foggy. 

Novembers.  Lat.  57°  22' S.;  long.  71°  17' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
36°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes,  with  rain  and 
snow  squalls;  latter  part,  moderate. 

November  4.  Lat.  58°  15'  S. ;  long.  71°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.22;  temperature  of  air, 
38°.     Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  ditto.     Fresh  gales,  squally,  with  drizzling  rain. 

November  5.  Lat.  59°  31'  S.;  long.  72°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air, 
38°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.NW.,  W.SW.     Strong  breezes  and  rainy. 

November  6.  Lat.  58°  45'  S.;  long.  73°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  temperature  of  air, 
38°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  to  SW.     Heavy  gales  and  hard  squalls. 

November  7.  Lat.  57°  51'  S. ;  long.  75°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
41°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  NW.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  light 
airs. 


I 


556  THE    WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

November  8.  Lat.  57°  55'  S.;  long.  77°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  temperature  of  air, 
37°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  SW.,  NW.  by  W.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  fresh;  latter  part, 
fresh  gale. 

November  9.  Lat.  58°  47'  S.;  long.  79°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
41°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  NW.     First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales;  latter  part,  moderating. 

November  10.  Lat.  57°  39'  S. ;  long.  78°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.08;  temperature  of  air, 
42°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  N.     Strong  gales,  with  snow  squalls. 

November  11.  Lat.  58°  03'  S.;  long.  80°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.07;  temperature  of  air, 
41°.     Winds:  NW.  by  N.,  N.NW.,  W.     Heavy  gales. 

November  12.  Lat.  56°  55'  S. ;  long.  78°  55'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  temperature  of  air, 
37°.     Winds:  W.,  W.  by  S.,  N.NW.     Hard  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  sleet. 

November  13.  Lat.  56°  03'  S.;  long.  80°  15'  W.  Barometer,  28.50;  temperature  of  air, 
37°.  Winds:  W.,  calm,  W.SW.  First  part,  strong  gales;  middle,  calm;  latter,  strong  gales, 
with  squalls  of  snow  and  rain. 

November  14.  Lat.  53°  13'  S. ;  long.  79°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
42°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  by  N.     Fresh  gales,  with  heavy  squalls. 

November  15.  Lat.  50°  36'  S.;  long.  80°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air, 
41°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W,,  W.SW.  First  and  middle,  strong  breezes,  Avith  heavy  squalls  of 
snow  and  rain;  latter  part,  moderating." 

Baric  '■^Jane  A.  FalMiiburg,"  (Chas.  A.  Falkinburg,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  23  days 
from  San  Francisco. 

"October  26.  Lat.  50°  30' S.;  long.  66°  28' W.  Barometer,  28.60.  Winds:  NE.,  W., 
W.     First  part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  hard  gale;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

October  27.  Lat.  52°  36'  S.;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.55.  Winds:  W.,  ditto, 
S.SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  puify;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes,  with 
snow  squalls. 

October  28.  Lat.  54°  32'  S.;  long.  65°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Winds:  S.SW.,  N., 
S.     First  and  latter  parts,  hard  galea,  with  snow  squalls;  middle  part,  light  airs. 

October  29.  Lat.  none;  long.  none.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  S.,  SW.  by  S.,  SW. 
First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  squalls  of  hail,  rain,  and  snow;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong 
gales,  with  snow  squalls. 

October  30.  Lat.  55°  50'  S.;  long.  64°  27'  W.  Barometer,  29.55.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto, 
ditto.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  squalls  of  rain,  hail,  and  snow;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
hard  gales,  with  squalls. 

October  31.  Lat.  55°  50'  S. ;  long.  64°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.55.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     Fresh  gales. 

November  1.  Lat.  55°  35'  S.;  long.  63°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.55.  Winds:  SW.,  ditto, 
W.SW.     Hard  gales,  with  rain,  snow,  and  hail  squalls. 

November  2.  Lat.  55°  45'  S. ;  long.  63°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  W.SW.,  ditto, 
SW.     First  and  middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  squally;  latter  part,  hard  gales. 

November  3.  Lat.  56°  30'  S.;  long.  64°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  SW.  by  W., 
ditto,  ditto.     First  and  middle  parts,  hard  gales,  with  light  rain;  middle  part,  more  moderate. 

November  4.  Lat.  55°  27'  S. ;  long.  66°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Winds:  SW.  by  W., 
ditto,  NW.     First  part,  fresh  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts,  variable  and  puffy. 


FROM   THE   "  FAIR  WAY  "    OFF   ST.   ROQUE   TO   CAPE   HORN. — ^NOVEMBER.  557 

November  5.  Lat.  56°  20'  S.;  long.  67°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.15.  Winds:  W.SW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     First  and  middle  parts,  variable  and  puffy,  with  rain  and  hailj  latter,  moderate  and 

squally. 

November  6.     Lat.  57°  20'  S. ;  long.  66°  20'  W.     Barometer,  29.20.     Winds:  SW.  by  W., 

ditto,  ditto.     Strong  gales. 

November  7.  Lat.  56°  47'  S. ;  long.  67°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,^ 
ditto,  ditto.     Fresh  gales;  latter,  rainy. 

Novembers.  Lat.  58°  08' S. ;  long.  69°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.75.  Winds:  N.N  W.,  ditto, 
ditto.     First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  fresh  gales  and  rainy. 

November  9.  Lat.  58°  56'  S. ;  long.  71°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

November  10.  Lat.  59°  56'  S.;  long.  73°  15'  W.  Barometer,  28.95.  Winds:  NW.  by 
W.,  N.,  N.     Strong  gales,  with  rain,  and  squally. 

November  11.  Lat.  60°  10'  S. ;  long.  75°  00'  W.  Barometer,  27.80.  Winds:  NW.,  NW. 
by  W.,  ditto.     Hard  gales;   hail,  rain,  and  snow. 

November  12.  Lat.  60°  25'  S.;  long.  76°  35'  W.  Barometer,  28.32.  Winds:  N.NW., 
W.SW.,  NW.     Strong  gales,  with  hail,  rain,  and  snow. 

November  13.  Lat.  59°  35'  S.;  long.  76°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.50.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     First  and  latter  parts,  moderate ;  middle,  strong  breezes. 

November  14.  Lat.  57°  29'  S. ;  long.  75°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto, 
SW.     Moderate  gales,  with  passing  squalls. 

November  15.  Lat.  54°  40'  S. ;  long.  75°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds;  SW.,  NW., 
N.  by  W.     Fresh  gales,  and  squally,  rainy  weather. 

November  16.  Lat.  52°  40'  S. ;  long.  75°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.50.  Winds:  NW.,  ditto, 
ditto.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

November  17.  Lat.  51°  40'  S. ;  long.  76°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  W.,  ditto, 
NW.     Fresh  gales,  with  squalls. 

November  18.  Lat.  50°  57' S.;  long,  76°  36' W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  W.NW., 
ditto,  ditto.     Heavy  gales  and  squally,  thick  and  stormy  weather. 

November  19.  Lat.  50°  05'  S.;  long.  76°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.05.  Winds:  W.NW., 
ditto,  ditto.     Hard  gales  and  heavy  squalls." 

Ship  "  Challenge,"  (J.  Kenny,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

' '  October  27.  Lat.  49°  51'  S. ;  long.  65°  34'  W.  Barometer,  28.69;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  ditto.  First  and  middle  parts, 
strong  breezes  and  hazy;  latter  part,  moderating,  hazy  weather. 

October  28.  Lat.  52°  43'  S.;  long.  66°  46'  W.  Barometer,  28.85;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  ditto,  SW.  by  W.  First  and 
middle  parts,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  latter,  strong  breezes  and  squally. 

October  29.  Lat.  54°  26'  S. ;  long.  64°  43'  W.  Barometer,  28.94;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  36°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  SW.,  SW.  and  SE.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes;  middle,  strong;  latter,  moderate. 

October  30.  Lat.  55°  07'  S.;  long.  60°  54'  W.  Barometer  29.57;  thermometer  attached, 
44^;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  35°.  Winds:  SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SW.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  middle,  squally,  with  snow;  latter,  fresh  gales. 


568  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

October  31.  Lat.  56°  46'  S.;  long.  60°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.37;  tliermometer  attached, 
38°;  temperature  of  air,  30°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW.,  ditto,  ditto.  First  and 
latter  parts,  strong  breezes  and  pleasant;  middle  part,  fresh  gales  and  light  squalls  of  snow. 

November  1.  Lat.  57°  27'  S. ;  long.  58°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.14;  thermometer  attached, 
38°;  temperature  of  air,  32°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  W.SW.,  SW.  by  S.,  S.  by  W.  to 
S.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  snow  squalls;  middle,  light  breezes;  latter,  moderate  breezes, 
with  light  snow. 

November  2.  Lat.  56°  07'  S. ;  long.  61°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
41°;  temperature  of  air,  37°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  SW.,  S.  by  W.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter  part,  strong  gales  and  drizzling  rain,  hard  squalls. 

November  3.  Lat.  57°  18'  S. ;  long.  64°  11'  W.  Barometer,  28.97;  thermometer  attached, 
39°;  temperature  of  air,  35°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales,  with  snow  squalls  and  light  rain ;  latter  part,  strong  breezes. 

November  4.  Lat.  56°  26'  S. ;  long.  66°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29. 18;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  ditto,  ditto.  Strong  breezes, 
with  hard  squalls. 

November  5.  Lat.  58°  18'  S. ;  long.  67°  43'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.NW.  Light  breezes 
and  hazy;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  misty. 

November  6.  Lat.  58°  07'  S. ;  long.  68°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
42°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes,  foggy  and  misty  weather;  middle  part,  strong  breezes,  with  frequent  snow  squalls; 
latter  part,  squally. 

November  7.  Lat.  56°  58'  S.;  long.  70°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
41°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  strong 
gales  and  squally;  middle,  moderate,  with  squalls;  latter  part,  light  airs. 

November  8.  Lat.  58°  42'  S. ;  long.  73°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  First  part,  light 
airs  and  misty;  middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter,  steady  breezes. 

November  9.  Lat.  59°  13'  S. ;  long.  75°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.84;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW.  byN.,  W.NW.,  W.  by  N. 
First  part,  fresh  breezes,  misty  and  rainy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales  and  rainy 
weather. 

November  10.  Lat.  59°  52'  S.;  long.  77°  42'  W.  Barometer,  28.71;  thermometer 
attached,  43°;  temperature  of  air,  41°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  by  N.,  W.  First 
part,  fresh  breezes  and  squally,  with  snow  and  rain;  middle,  squally;  latter  part,  moderate 
breezes. 

November  11.  Lat.  59°  39'  S. ;  long.  79°  54'  W.  Barometer,  27.74;  thermometer 
attached,  41°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  38.  Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW. 
to  W.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  rainy;  middle,  strong  gale;  latter,  strong  breezes  and 
rainy. 

November  12.  Lat.  58°  19'  S.;  long.  78°  56'  W.  Barometer,  28.13;  thermometer 
attached,  42°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  N.  to  SW.  by 
W.,  W.  to  SW.  by  W.     Strong  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 


FROM   THE   "FAIR   WAy"    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO   CAPE   HORN. — NOVEMBER.  559 

November  13.  Lat.  57°  08'  S.;  long.  79°  41'  W.  Barometer,  28.56;  thermometer 
attached,  40°;  temperature  of  air,  34°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  W.  to  NW.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  W. 
First  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales,  with  snow  squalls;  middle,  moderate  breezes. 

November  14.  Lat.  55°  12'  S.;  long.  79°  24'  W.  Barometer,  28.99;  thermometer 
attached,  43°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water.  41°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.  to  NW.  by 
W.,  W.NW.  to  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  with  snow  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
moderate,  with  light  squalls. 

November  15.  Lat.  51°  53'  S.;  long.  81°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.77;  thermometer 
attached,  44°;  temperature  of  air,  44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.  First 
part,  moderate  breezes;  middle,  fresh  gales,  with  squalls  of  snow  and  hail;  latter  part,  strong 
breezes. 

November  16.  Lat.  49°  01'  S. ;  long.  80°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.69;  thermometer 
attached,  47°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  ditto,  W.  by  S.  First 
part,  fresh  breezes  and  misty;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  breezes,  foggy,  misty,  rainy 
weather." 

Shijp  ^^CycloTie,"  (Chas.  C.  Osgood,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  twenty-one  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"November  1.  Lat.  48°  43'  S. ;  long.  63°28'W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
57°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  NW.     First  part,  moderate;  middle,  fresh  gales;  latter,  strong. 

November  2.  Lat.  52°  11'  S.;  long.  64°  42'  W.  Barometer,  28.57;  thermometer  attached, 
54°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  fresh  gales;  latter  part, 
heavy  gales  and  furious  squalls. 

November  3.  Lat.  53°  20'  S.;  long.  64°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.15;  thermometer  attached, 
50°.     Winds:  W.,  S.,  W.SW.     First  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales ;  middle  part,  heavy  squalls. 

November  4.  Lat.  54°  32' S. ;  long.  63°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  W.SW., 
ditto,  ditto;  strong  gales,  and  squalls  of  snow. 

November  5.  Lat.  55°  10'  S. ;  long.  63°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.45.  Winds:  S.SW., 
W.NW.,  SW.     First  part,  furious  gales;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  fresh  gules,  snowing. 

November  6.  Lat.  56°  01'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.23.  Winds:  W.NW., 
W.SW.,  W.  by  S.       Strong  gales;  first  part,  rainy. 

November  7.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  64°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  W.SW., 
ditto,  SW.     Hard  gales. 

November  8.  Lat.  57°01'S.;  long.  67°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.55.  Winds:  SW.,  N.NW., 
ditto.     First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  strong  breezes. 

November  9.  Lat.  57°  42'  S.;  long.  69°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.30.  Winds:  W.NW., 
NW.  by  W.,  ditto.     Strong  gales. 

November  10.  Lat.  58°02'S. ;  long.  70  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.23.  Winds:  NW.  by  W., 
calm;  ditto.     First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm. 

November  11.  Lat.  56°  49'  S. ;  long.  71°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.55.  Winds:  W.SW., 
SW.,  SW.  by  W.     First  and  latter  parts,  moderate;  middle,  squally  and  rainy. 

November  12.  Lat.  57°  00' S. ;  long.  74°irW.  Barometer,  29.25.  Winds:  calm;  NE. 
by  N.,  NW.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate  breezes,  thick  and  rainy,  with  heavy  squalls; 
latter  part,  strong  gales,  thick  and  misty. 


560  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

November  13.  Lat.  58°  08'  S.:  long.  75°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.05.  Winds:  W.  by  N., 
W.,  W.  by  S.     First  and  latter  parts,  hard  gales;  middle,  moderate. 

November  14.  Lat.  57°  13'  S.;  long.  76°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.60.  Winds:  W.  by  S., 
SW.  by  W.,  W.     Strong  gales. 

November  15.  Lat.  56°57'S.;  long.  77°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.00.  Winds:  W.NW., 
NW.,  NW.  by  W.  First  part,  strong  breezes j  middle,  fresh  gales,  thick  and  rainy;  latter, 
moderate. 

November  16.  Lat.  56° 37' S. ;  long.  78°  00' W.  Barometer,  28.87.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW. 
Strong  gales  and  squally,  snow,  rain,  and  hail. 

November  17.  Lat.  56°  10' S. ;  long.  78°  22'  W.  Barometer,  28.85.  Winds:  W.NW., 
W.SW.,  W.     Hard  gales,  and  heavy  squalls,  snow,  and  hail. 

November  18.  Lat.  54°  57'  S. ;  long.  78°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  W.,  WSW., 
ditto.     Hard  gales,  and  heavy  squalls,  snow,  and  hail. 

November  19.  Lat.  53°  12'  S. ;  long.  78°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  W.  by  S., 
ditto,  W.     Hard  gales  and  squalls,  snow  and  hail. 

November  20.  Lat.  53°  41'  S.;  long.  78°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.25.  Winds:  W., 
W.NW.     First  and  middle  parts,  hard  gales;  latter,  moderating. 

November  21,  Lat.  51°  52'  S.;  long.  79°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  SW., 
W.SW.,  W.  by  N.     First  and  middle  parts,  squally;  latter  part,  strong  gales. 

November  22.  Lat.  50°  00' S. ;  long.  79°  40' W.  Barometer,  30.00.  Winds:  W.,  SW. 
by  W.,  W.  by  S.     First  and  middle  parts,  strong  gales;  latter  part,  strong  breezes." 

Barque  ^^ Kremlin,"  (John  F.  Cortiss,)  Boston  to  Valparaiso;  twenty-seven  days  from  St. 
Eoque. 

"November  17.  Lat.  49°  19'  S. ;  long.  63°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  NW.,  W.SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes. 

November  18.  Lat.  50°40'S.;  long.  64°  31' W.  Barometer,  28.89;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  First  and  middle 
parts,  moderate  breezes  and  hazy;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally. 

November  19.  Lat.  53°34'S.;  long.  64°38' W.  Barometer,  28.64;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  43°.    Winds:  W.,  W.,  NW.    Strong  breezes  and  pleasant. 

November  20.  Lat.  54°54'S.;  long.  63°18' W.  Barometer,  28.65;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  calm.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  middle,  light;  latter,  calm. 

November  21.  Lat.  55°10'S.;  long.  62°50'W.  Barometer,  29.02;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.,  S.SW.,  SW.  Moderate  breezes  and 
pleasant. 

November  22.  Lat.  55°56'S. ;  long.  63°01'W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  SE.,  calm,  W.NW.  First  part,  light  airs; 
middle,  calm;  latter  light  airs  and  misty. 

November  23.  Lat.  56°26'S.;  long.  63°46'W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  Avater,  39°.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  NW.  Light  breezes  and  fine 
weather. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN NOVEMBER.  561 

November  24.  Lat.  57°  15' S.;  long.  67°35' W.  Barometer,  29.00;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  W.SW.  Light  breezes 
and  hazy. 

November  25.  Lat.  57°  45' S.;  long.  70°  05' W.  Barometer,  28.98;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  47°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  Fresh  breezes 
and  pleasant. 

November  26.  Lat.  57°40'S.;  long.  73°45'W.  Barometer,  29.62;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

November  27.  Lat.  58°  33' S. ;  long.  74°  35' W.  Barometer,  28.40;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  38°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.SW.  Strong  gales  and 
pleasant. 

November  28.  Lat.  57°  30'  S. ;  long.  75°  12'  W.  Barometer,  28.58;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  part,  strong 
gales';  latter  and  middle,  fresh  gales  and  foggy. 

November  29.  Lat.  56°59'S.;  long.  75°09'W.  Barometer,  28.51;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  NW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  part,  fresh  breezes; 
middle  and  latter,  hard  gales. 

November  30.  Lat.  56°19'S.;  long.  76°06'W.  Barometer,  28.74;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.  Fresh  breezes  and 
pleasant  weather. 

December  1.  Lat.  54°  06'  S. ;  long.  78°  10' W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
43°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.SW.  Fresh 
breezes,  with  snow  and  hail  squalls. 

December  2.  Lat.  53°  12'  S. ;  long.  78°  57' W.  Barometer,  29.33;  thermometer  attached, 
46°;  temperature  of  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.,  W.  by  S.  Moderate  breezes, 
with  hail  and  snow  squalls. 

December  3.  Lat.  51°  54'  S.;  long.  80°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.12;  thermometer  attached, 
44°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  43°.  .  Winds:  calm,  S.SW.,  S.SW.  First  part,  calm; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes. 

December  4.  Lat.  49°  00'  S. ;  long.  81°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.62;  thermometer  attached, 
47°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  S.SW.,  S.,  S.  Fresh  breezes,  with  snow 
squalls." 

Sldp  ^^ Susan  L.  Fitzgerald,^ ^  (Edward  Pesend,)  Baltimore  to  Cobija;  twenty-four  days 
from  St.  Roque. 

' '  November  20.  Lat.  49°  18'  S. ;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29. 35 ;  thermometer  attached, 
54°.  Winds:  W.,  calm,  S.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squally;  middle,  calm;  latter, 
brisk  breezes. 

November  21.  Lat.  52°17'S. ;  long.  64°  56' W.  Barometer,  29.45;  thermometer  attached, 
56°.     Winds:  S.SW.,  SW.,  W.     Fresh  winds  and  puffy. 

November  22.    Lat.  55°  20' S. ;  long.  65°  30' W.    Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
50°.     Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.SW  to  S.SW.     First  part,   fresh  gales;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
heavy  gales  and  furious  squalls,  with  hail. 
VOL.  II 71 


562  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

November  23.  Lat.  55°54'S.;  long.  64°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.30,-  thermometer  attached, 
42°.    Winds:  S.SW.,  S.SW.,  S.SW.    Furious  gales,  with  violent  squalls  of  hail,  snow,  and  rain. 

November  24.  Lat.  56°53'S.;  long.  65°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
40°.  Winds:  calm,  W.,  SW  by  W.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  strong  breezes,  heavy  gale,  with 
violent  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

November  25.  Lat.  58°  00'  S.;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.80;  thermometer  attached, 
36°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.  to  W.  by  N.,  W.  by  S.  to  W.  by  N.,  W.  by  S.  to  W.  by  N.  Baffling 
and  squally,  with  hail,  snow,  and  sleet. 

November  26.  Lat.  58°33'S.;  long.  66°00'W.  Barometer,  28.50;  thermometer  attached, 
35°.     Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.     Furious  squalls,  with  hail,  snow,  and  sleet. 

November  27.  Lat.  59°  10'  S. ;  long.  67°  10'  W.  .  Barometer,  28.30;  thermometer  attached, 
35°.  Winds:  W.,  calm,  E.SE.  First  part,  furious  squalls,  with  hail  and  snow;  middle,  calm; 
latter  part,  light  breezes. 

November  28.  Lat.  58°30'S.;  long.  69°  12' W.  Barometer,  28.30;  thermometer  attached, 
34°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  W.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  heavy  gale, 
with  snow  and  sleet. 

November  29.  Lat.  59°  30' S. ;  long.  68°00'W.  Barometer,  28.30;  thermometer  attached, 
36°.     Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.     Heavy  gales,  with  squalls  of  terrific  fury,  with  hail  and  snow. 

November  30.  Lat.  58°30'S.;  long.  68°30'W.  Barometer,  28.20;  thermometer  attached, 
34°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  furious  gales,  with  violent  squalls  of  hail, 
snow,  and  sleet;  latter  part,  heavy  gale. 

December  1.  Lat.  58°  04'  S. ;  long.  69°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
34°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  First  part,  heavy  gale;  middle  part,  strong  breezes,  with 
snow  and  sleet;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes,  with  hail,  snow,  and  sleet. 

December  2.  Lat.  57°  46'  S. ;  long.  72°  10'  W.  Barometer,  28.70;  thermometer  attached, 
36°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  calm,  SE.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  calm;  latter,  moderate 
breezes. 

December  3.  Lat.  55°  16'  S. ;  long.  75°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
40°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle,  strong;  latter,  strong 
gale,  with  snow  and  sleet. 

December  4.  Lat.  53°  04'  S.;  long.  75°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
40°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Strong  gales  and  squally,  with  snow  and  hail. 

December  5.  Lat.  54°  25'  S.;  long.  78°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
42°.     Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Strong  gales,  with  hail,  rain,  snow,  and  sleet. 

December  6.  Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  78°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.10;  thermometer  attached, 
40°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  S.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  rainy;  middle,  light  and  moderate 
winds;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and  rainy. 

December  7.  Lat.  49°  35'  S.;  long.  80°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
40°.     Winds:  S.  to  W.,  S.  to  W.,  S.  to  W.     Baffling  winds  and  squally." 

Ship  ''Wild  Banger,'^  (J.  Henry  Sears,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  22  days  from  St. 
Roque. 

"November  25.  Lat.  49°  51'  S. ;  long.  65°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  61°;  water,  47°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  SW.     Moderate  breezes. 

November  26.  Lat.  52°  41'  S.;  long.  66°  03'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
55°;  temperature  of  air,  59°;  water,  45°.     Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  W.NW. 


FEOM   THE    "  FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.   ROQUE    TO    CAPE    HORN. NOVEMBER.  563 

November  27.  Lat.  55°  20'  S.;  long.  65°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,53°;  water;  43^.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.,  W.  by  N.  First  and  middle 
parts,  moderate  breezes;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

November  28.  Lat.  56°  02'  S. ;  long.  66°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.18;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  48°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  strong  gales. 

November  29.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  67°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.72;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  46^;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.  First  part, 
fresh  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  strong  gales  and  squalls  of  hail  and  snow. 

November  30.  Lat.  57°  31'  S.;  long.  67°  25'  W.  Barometer,  28.98;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.  First  part, 
heavy  gale;  middle,  fresh  gale;  latter,  strong  breezes. 

December  1.  Lat.  57°  30'  S.;  long.  68°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.31;  thermometer  attached, 
45°;  temperature  of  air,  43°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.  Strong  breezes, 
with  hail,  rain,  and  snow  squalls. 

December  2.  Lat.  57°  13'  S.;  long.  69°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attachedj 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.  Strong  breezes, 
with  frequent  squalls  of  snow,  rain,  and  hail. 

December  3.  Lat.  57°  01'  S.;  long.  69°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.33;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  40°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  calm,  B.  to  E.NE.  First  and 
latter  parts,  light  breezes;  middle,  calm. 

December  4.  Lat.  56°  06'  S. ;  long.  73°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  thermometer  attached, 
59°;  temperature  of  air,  39°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  E.,  SE.,  S.  by  W.  First  part,  light  breezes; 
middle,  moderate;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  with  frequeut  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

December  5.  Lat.  53°  58'  S. ;  long.  75°  46'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  thermometer  attached, 
57°;  temperature  of  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh 
breezes;  middle  and  latter,  strong  breezes,  with  rain  squalls. 

December  6.  Lat.  50°  39'  S.;  long.  77°  46'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  49°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  W.  by  S.,  W.  by  S.  Strong  breezes, 
with  heavy  squalls  of  wind  and  rain. 

December  7.  Lat.  47°  09'  S. ;  long.  77°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.  by  S.,  W.,  W.  by  N.  First  part, 
strong  breezes;  middle  and  latter,  moderate  breezes  and  squally,  with  rain." 


564 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Gape  Horn  Crossings. — December. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Westward  Ho 

Austiss 

Flying  Fish 

John  Gilpin 

Wild  Pigeon 

John  Jay 

J.  E.  Donnell 

George  Raynes 

Tigris 

Seaman 

Adelaide 

Westward  Ho 

Franconiau 

Cyclone 

Samuel  Lawrence.... 

Golden  City 

Ringleader 

Arthur 

Eureka 

Squantum* 

Cornet 

Hussar 

Wild  Pigeon 

Chenango 

Kate  and  Alice 

Saxonville 

Morning  Light 

Samuel  Appleton 

Sophonia 

S.  L.  Fitzerald 

Wild  Ranger 

Mameluke 

Bald  Eagle 

Sweepstakes 

Raduga 

Wings  of  the  Morning 

Winged  Arrow 

Ringleader 

Means 


I   ° 

04 


Days, 
21 
24 
24 
19 
23 
30 
34 
26 
30 
23 
29 
21 
28 
22 
25 
22 
21 
32 
25 
28 
24 
28 
21 
35 
33 
38 
25 
25 
32 
24 
22 
30 
24 
24 
25 
27 
27 
20 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
east  of  Cape  Horn. 


50"  S.    53°  S 


26.2 


Long.  W. 
63° 
69 
64 
64 
65 
65 
61 
64 
62 
62 
61 
66 
62 
54 
63 
65 
64 
66 
65 
65 
63 
62 
65 
63 
63 
64 
63 
65 
65 
64 
65 
65 
65 
63 
64 
64 
65 
63 


Long.  W. 
66° 
64 
65 
65 
65 
64 
63 
64 
64 
65 
64 
66 
63 
56 
64 
65 
65 
65 
66 
66 
65 
65 
66 
64 
64 
66 
64 
66 
65 
65 
66 
66 
66 
65 
64 
66 
65 
64 


56°  S. 


Long.  W. 
64o 
64 
66 
66 
66 
64 
65 
65 
65 
66 
66 
65 
63 
60 
65 
67 
64 


66 
63 
65 
66 
65 
66 
64 
63 
65 
66 
66 
67 
67 
66 
70 
65 
69 
67 
66 


63.5 


Latitude  of  crossing  meridians 
south  of  Cape  Horn. 


67°  W.        71°  W.        75°  W. 


Lot.  S. 
57° 
58 
55 
57 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
57 
58 
57 
57 
59 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
57 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
57 
55 
56 
56 


Lat.  S. 
56° 
57 
56 
55 
56 
57 
56 
56 
58 
57 
58 
56 
57 
59 
57 
57 
58 
58 
58 
57 
56 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
57 
56 
57 
57 
58 
57 
56 
57 
56 
56 
58 


Lot.  S. 
55° 
56 
55 
57 
56 
56 
55 
55 
59 
54 
56 
56 
57 
56 
56 
56 
58 
56 
59 
57 
56 
59 
56 
55 
57 
58 
58 
59 
56 
55 
54 
57 
56 
57 
57 
56 
56 
58 


Longitude  of  crossing  parallels 
west  of  Cape  Horn. 


55°  8.    53°  S.    50°  8 


Long.  W. 
73° 
80 
74 
79 
79 
76 
77 
75 
78 
75 
78 
78 
81 
78 
76 
76 
78 
80 
86 
76 
75 
80 
76 
74 
76 
74 
77 
82 
75 
75 
73 
82 
75 
81 
76 
79 
83 
82 


77.6 


Long.  W. 
80° 
81 
76 
83 
82 
79 
78 
78 
80 
75 
79 
80 
83 
81 
77 
77 
79 
80 
85 
77 
75 
81 
81 
77 
77 
78 
78 
82 
78 
77 
75 
82 
79 
83 
77 
80 
84 
83 


79.4 


Long.  W, 
82 

79 

79 

84 

85 

79 

79 

80 

82 

78 

79 

82 

83 

82 

78 

79 

80 

80 

88 

79 

81 

83 

81 

81 

77 

79 

80 

82 

79 

78, 

77 

83 

81 

83 

78 

81 

84 

84 


80.7 


.5  in  !C 

o  <  .s 
fc*  ^  "^ 


Dayt. 
13 
18 
7 
11 
16 
19 
13 
11 
18 
12 
19 
24 
19 
18 
15 
10 
12 
19 
18 
19 
19 
15 
18 
27 
19 
16 
15 
16 
29 
11 
11 
15 
12 
10 
18 
12 
17 
13 


15.9 


*  Last  in  the  7th  edition ;  the  18  others  are  new. 

Ship  ^^  Wings  of  the  Morning,"  (H.  H.  Lovell,)  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco;  26  days 
from  St.  Koque. 

"December  9.  Lat.  49°  40'  S. ;  long.  63°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
54°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  W.,  S.,  SE.  by  E.  First  part,  moderate 
breezes;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes. 

December  10.  Lat.  51°  42'  S. ;  long.  65°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  48°.     Winds:  E.,  SE.,  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes. 

December  11.  Lat.  53°  00'  S. ;  long.  66°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.55;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  48°.     Winds:  E.S.E.,  E.,  NW.     Light  baffling  winds. 


FROM   THE    "FAIR   WAY  "    OFF    ST.    ROQUE    TO   CAPE   HORN. — DECEMBER.  565 

December  12.  Lat.  54°  44'  S.;  long.  68°  20' W.  Barometer,  29.50;  thermometer  attached, 
53°;  temperature  of  air,  55°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.  First  and  middle 
parts,  light  breezes  and  hazy;  latter,  moderate  breezes. 

December  13.  Lat.  56°  37'  S.;  long.  69°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  45°.  Winds,  N.,  N.NE.,  N.NE.  First  and  middle,  brisk 
breezes;  latter,  baffling,  with  light  rain  showers. 

December  14.  Lat.  56°  26'  S.;  long.  74°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
52°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.NW.,  N.NW.  First  part, 
light  baffling  airs;  middle  part,  moderate;  latter,  fresh  breezes,  with  light  rain  squalls. 

December  15.  Lat.  57°  00'  S.;  long.  77°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  First  and  middle  parts, 
strong  breezes  and  rainy;  latter,  fresh  gales,  with  constant  rain. 

December  16.  Lat.  57°  25'  S.;  long.  80°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.35,  thermometer  attached, 
51°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  water,  43°.    Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  NW.    Fresh  breezes  and  rainy. 

December  17.  Lat.  57°  04'  S. ;  long.  81°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.25;  thermometer  attached, 
49°;  temperature  of  air,  51°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  SW.,  S.SW.  First  part, 
moderate  breezes  and  rainy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  breezes. 

December  18.  Lat.  55°  30'  S.;  long.  79°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.  Moderate 
breezes,  foggy,  with  light  showers  of  rain. 

December  19.  Lat.  55°  00'  S. ;  long.  79°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.05;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  50;°  water,  46.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  W.  First  part,  moderate  breezes; 
middle  and  latter  parts,  light  baffling  airs. 

December  20.  Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  80°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  thermometer  attached, 
50°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  calm,  W.,  W.SW.  First  part,  calm;  middle, 
moderate  breezes;  latter,  fresh  gales  and  squally. 

December  21.  Lat.  50°  13'  S. ;  long.  81°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  thermometer  attached, 
48°;  temperature  of  air,  50°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.,  SW.  First  part,  strong 
breezes;  middle,  moderate;  latter  part,  light  breezes." 

Ship  ^ ^ JRingleade7\"  (Richard  Mathews,)  Boston  to  San  Francisco;  20  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"December  11.  Lat.  49°  10'  S.;  long.  62°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air, 
53°;  water,  50°.  Winds:  NE.,  N.  by  E.,  N.NE.  First  part,  moderate;  middle,  brisk  breezes; 
latter,  fresh  gales. 

December  12.  Lat.  53°  15'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.,  NE.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  breezes;  latter 
part,  moderate. 

December  13.  Lat.  56°  00'  S. ;  long.  66°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.59;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.,  W.  First  part,  light  breezes;  middle,  brisk;  latter, 
fresh. 

December  14.  Lat.  57°  42'  S. ;  long.  70°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  water,  47°.     Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.     Fresh  breezes;  latter,  thick  and  rain3% 

December  15.  Lat.  58°  40'  S. ;  long.  72°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  gales; 
latter  part,  heavy  gales. 


566  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

December  16.  Lat.  58°  30'  S.;  long.  74°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.  by  "W.,  S.  and  calm,  calm.  First  part,  heavy  gales  and  squally; 
middle,  light  breezes  and  calm;  latter  part,  calm. 

December  17.  Lat.  57°  35'  S. ;  long.  73°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
44°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  calm,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  N.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  strong  breezes; 
latter,  brisk  breezes,  misty  and  foggy. 

December  18.  Lat.  57°  35'  S. ;  long.  77°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
51°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  NW:  by  N.,  NW.,  calm  and  NW.  First  part,  brisk  breezes  and 
misty;  middle,  moderate  breezes  and  foggy;  latter  part,  calm  and  light  breezes. 

December  19.  Lat.  57°  15'  S. ;  long.  80°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air, 
45°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  calm  and  N.NW.,  S.  First  part,  calm  and  light  breezes;  middle, 
stormy;  latter,  light  breezes. 

December  20.  Lat.  55°  15'  S. ;  long.  82°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  W.,  NW.,  NW.     Light  breezes,  thick,  and  foggy. 

December  21.  Lat.  54°  35'  S. ;  long.  84°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air, 
60°;  water,  43°.    Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  W.NW.,  W.  to  NW.     Light  breezes,  thick,  and  foggy. 

December  22.  Lat.  53°  00'  S.;  long.  83°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NW.,  N.NW.  First  and  middle,  light  breezes  and 
foggy;  latter,  fresh  breezes  and  foggy,  and  light  rain. 

December  23.  Lat.  52°  10'  S.;  long.  85°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW.  to  NW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes,  thick 
and  foggy ;  middle,  moderate  breezes  and  foggy ;  latter  part,  light  breezes,  foggy  and  rainy. 

December  24.  Lat.  50°  20'  S.;  long.  83°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.  by  N.,  W.  by  N.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  foggy; 
middle  part,  fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  brisk  breezes." 

Ship  '■ '■  Raduga,^ ^  (M.  W.  Green,)  Boston  to  Honolulu;  25  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"December  12.  Lat.  50°  27'  S. ;  long.  64°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.46;  temperature  of  air, 
58°;  water,  50°.     Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NE.,  NW.     Heavy  gales. 

December  13.  Lat.  52°  48'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  W.  Barometer,  27.70;  temperature  of  air, 
50°;  water,  48.     Winds:  W.SW.,  SW.,  S.  by  W.     Fresh  gales. 

December  14.  Lat.  53°  10'  S. ;  long.  64°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  temperature  of  air, 
56°;  water,  48°.     Winds:  SE.,.N.,  SE.     Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

December  15.  Lat.  54°  32'  S.;  long.  64°  02'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  temperature  of  air, 
53°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  calm,  NW.,  NW.  First  part,  calm;  middle,  moderate;  latter,  fresh 
breezes. 

December  16.  Lat.  56°  04'  S.;  long.  66°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.88.  Winds:  W.  by  N., 
W.,  SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  17.  Lat.  56°  54' S.;  long.  66°  44' W.  Barometer,  29.68.  Winds:  W.SW., 
W.SW.,  SW.     Hard  gales. 

December  18.  Lat.  57°  64'  S.;  long.  67°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.66;  temperature  of  air, 
52°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  SW.,  NW.  by  W.,  N.NW.     Strong  breezes. 

December  19.  Lat.  57°  06'  S.;  long.  70°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.54;  temperature  of  air, 
57°;  water,  46°.     Winds:  E.,  SW.,  SW.  by  W.     Light  breezes. 


FROM   THE   "  FAIE   WAY  "    OFF   ST.    EOQUE    TO   CAPE   HORN. DECEMBER.  567 

December  20.  Lat.  56°  10'  S.;  long.  72°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air, 
48°;  water,  47°.     Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  W.SW.,  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes. 

December  21.  Lat.  56°  58'  S. ;  long.  74°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  temperature  of  air, 
54°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  W.,  W.  by  N.,  W.  by  N.  Strong  breezes.  ("Instruments  broken 
and  observations  discontinued.") 

December  22.  Lat.  57°  35'  S.;  long.  76°  36' W.  Winds:  W.  by  N.,  W.,  W.  Strong 
breezes  and  foggy. 

December  23.  Lat.  58°  21'  S.;  long.  80°  26'  W.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  W.NW- 
Strong  gales  and  foggy. 

December  24.  Lat.  57°  29'  S.;  long.  80°  13'  W.  Winds:  W.,  N.NE.,  W.NW.  Moderate 
gales. 

December  25.  Lat.  56°  08'  S. ;  long.  76°  32'  W.  Winds:  W.,  W.SW.,  W.  Hard  gales, 
and  dangerous  cross  sea. 

December  26.  Lat.  55°  29'  S.;  long.  76°  56'  W.  Winds:  N.NW.,  SW.,  SW.  Strong 
gales. 

December  27.  Lat.  52°  23'  S.;  long.  76°  20'  W.  Winds:  SW.,  W.  by  N.,  W.  by  N. 
Strong  breezes. 

December  28.  Lat.  52°  29'  S.;  long.  77°  08'  W.  Winds:  W.NW.,  W.NW.,  NW.  Strong 
gales  and  heavy  squalls. 

December  29.  Lat.  51°  44'  S.;  long.  77°  17'  W.  Winds:  W.,  SW.,  W.  Hard  gales, 
with  squalls  of  rain,  hail,  and  snow. 

December  30.  Lat.  50°  03'  S.;  long.  78°  13'  W.  Winds:  W.,  NW.,  N.NW.  Strong 
gales,  with  squalls  of  rain  and  hail." 

Ship  ' '  Bald  Eagle, ' '  (W.  H.  Treadwell,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  23  days  from  St.  Roque. 

' '  December  22.  Lat.  48°  57'  S. ;  long.  63°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29. 55 ;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  62°;  water,  51°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  N.NE.  to  E.SE.,  N.NE.  Light 
airs  and  rainy, 

December  23.  Lat.  52°  15'  S. ;  long.  66°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.16;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  61°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  W.,  W.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh 
breeze;  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

December  24.  Lat.  54°  33'  S. ;  long.  65°  12'  W.  Barometer,  28.09;  thermometer  attached, 
63°;  temperature  of  air,  60°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  SW.  to  NW.,  W.,  SW.  First  and  latter 
parts,  light  breeze;  middle,  moderate  breezes,  thick  and  rainy. 

December  25.  Lat.  55°  00'  S.;  long.  65°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.01;  thermometer  attached, 
66°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  SB.,  S.,  N.NE.  First  part,  fresh  breezes; 
middle  and  latter,  moderate. 

December  26.  Lat.  56°  46'  S. ;  long.  66°  20'  W.  Barometer,  28.83;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  N.NE.  to  W.SW.,  W.SW.,  S.SW.  Light 
breezes. 

December  27.  Lat.  56°  40'  S. ;  long.  67°  50'  W.  Barometer,  28.88;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  water,  43°.     Winds:  NW.,  W.,  W.SW.     Light  baffling  breezes. 

December  28.  Lat.  57°  27'  S. ;  long.  70°  43'  W.  Barometer,  28.65;  thermometer  attached, 
64°;  temperature  of  air,  56°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.SW.,  NW.,  W.  First  and  middle  parts, 
fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  gale,  thick  and  rainy. 


568  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

December  29.  Lat.  58°  30'  S. ;  long.  73°  43'  W.  Barometer,  28.36;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  52°;  water,  42°.  Winds:  W.,  W.NW.,  NW.  by  W.  First  and  middle 
parts,  fresh  gales  and  squally;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

December  30.  Lat.  56°  36'  S. ;  long.  75°  21'  W.  Barometer,  28.98 ;  thermometer  attached, 
69°;  temperature  of  air,  46°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  SW.,  SW.,  SW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

December  31.  Lat.  56°  13'  S. ;  long.  75°  47'  W.  Barometer,  29.04;  thermometer  attached, 
61°;  temperature  of  air,  53°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.  by  S.  First 
and  middle  parts,  fresh  gales  with  hail  and  rain  squalls;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes. 

January  1.  Lat.  54°  04' S. ;  long.  78°  47' W.  Barometer,  28.75;  thermometer  attached, 
65°;  temperature  of  air,  54°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  N.NB.,  NW.  First  part,  mod- 
erate breezes,  thick  and  rainy;   middle,  fresh  breezes;  latter  part,  light  breezes,  thick  and  rainy. 

January  2.  Lat.  52°  04'  S. ;  long.  81°  00'  W.  Barometer,  28.09;  thermometer  attached, 
58°;  temperature  of  air,  58°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  calm,  SE.,  S.  to  SW.  First  part,  calm, 
thick  and  rainy;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  and  thick. 

January  3.  Lat.  48°  45'  S.;  long.  82°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.06;  thermometer  attached,  66°; 
temperature  of  air,  51°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  by  W.,  E.SE.  First  and  middle  parts, 
moderate  breezes  with  rain  squalls;  latter,  light  breezes  with  sprinkling  rain." 

Sldp  ^'■Golden  City,''  (R.  Canfield,)  New  York  to  San  Francisco;  22  days  from  St.  Roque. 

"December  15.  Lat.  49°  38'  S. ;  long.  64°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.53;  temperature  of  air, 
49°;  water,  49°.  Winds:  E.NE.  and  calm,  N.NW.,  W.  by  S.  First  part,  light  airs  and  calm; 
middle  and  latter  part,  light  breezes. 

December  16.  Lat.  52°  01'  S. ;  long.  65°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  temperature  of  air, 
47°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  NW.,  SW.  by  W.,  W.  by  S.  First  and  latter  parts,  moderate; 
middle,  squally. 

December  17.  Lat.  54°  58'  S.;  long.  64°  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  temperature  of  air, 
44°;  water,  44°.  Winds:  W.,  SE.  to  NE.,  SW.  First  part,  strong  breezes;  middle,  squally 
and  rainy ;  latter,  moderate  breezes  and  squally. 

December  18.  Lat.  55°  46'  S.;  long.  65°  09'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  temperature  of  air, 
49°;  water,  44°.     Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  W.  to  SW.,  W.NW.  to  NW.     Light  breezes. 

December  19.  Latitude,  none;  longitude,  none.  Barometer,  29.20;  temperature  of  air, 
44°;  water,  39°.  Winds:  W.  to  SW.,  W.  to  SW.,  W.  to  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts, 
moderate  breezes,  and  rain  squalls;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

December  20.  Lat.  56°  40'  S.;  long.  68°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.00;  temperature  of  air, 
40° ;  water,  44°.  Winds :  NW.  by  W.,  NW.  and  calm,  W.  SW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes, 
thick,  and  rainy;  middle,  light  airs;  latter,  strong  breezes. 

December  21.  Lat.  57°  06'  S.;  long.  69°  46'  W.  Barometer,  28.78;  temperature  of  air, 
41°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  W.  to  N.NW.,  NW.  and  calm,  W.NW.  First  part,  hard  breezes; 
middle,  light  airs  and  calm;  latter,  fresh  breezes. 

December  22.  Lat.  56°  50'  S. ;  long.  71°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.30;  temperature  of  air, 
41°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.  by  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.  First  part,  fresh  breezes;  middle  and 
latter  parts,  strong  gales,  and  squally. 

December  23.  Lat.  56°  35'  S. ;  long.  73"^  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.27;  temperature  of  air, 
43°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  SW.,  W.,  W.NW.  First  and  middle  parts,  strong  breezes  and 
rainy;  latter  part,  moderate. 


RESUME    OF   CAPE   HORN   CROSSINGS. 


569 


December  24.  Lat.  55°  19'  S.;  long.  76°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.52;  temperature  of  air, 
41°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  "W.,  SW.,  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  light  breezes  and  rainy; 
atter  part,  strong  breezes  and  rainy. 

December  25.  Lat.  52°  11'  S. ;  long.  77°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.67;  temperature  of  air, 
44"^;  water,  45°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  do.,  do.     Strong  breezes,  with  occasional  rain. 

December  26.  Lat.  49°  39'  S. ;  long.  79°  26'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  temperature  of  air, 
45°;  water,  45°.     Winds:  W.SW.,  do.,  W.     Fresh  breezes  and  squally." 

RESUME  OF  CAPE  HORN  CROSSINGS. 


Days  from — 


St.  Roque  to  parallel  of  50°  S 

50"  S.  in  Atlantic  to  50°  S.  in  Pacific . . 
St.  Roque  to  50°  S.  in  Pacific 


Jan. 


25.0 
16.7 
41.5 


26.6 
17.6 
44.2 


27.3 
18.2 
45  5 


April. 


May. 


30.2 

17. 

47.2 


29.7 
18.8 
48.5 


June. 


29.3 
15.5 

44.8 


July. 


29.5 
18.3 
47.8 


August. 


31,8 
17. 

48.3 


Sept. 


Oct. 


26.9  26.2 
20.1  18.8 
47.  45. 


Nov. 


24.3 
20.4 
44.7 


25.7 
15.7 
41.4 


27.7 
17.8 
45.5 


There  are  some  ships  whose  passages  to  latitude  50°  in  the  Atlantic  are  too  long  to  be 
taken  into  the  average.  They  make  such  bad  time  as  to  constitute  an  exception  from  the 
generality.  Such  is  the  A.  F.  Jenness,  with  her  44  days  in  February.  She,  it  will  be  recol- 
lected, is  among  the  September  (p.  464,  7th  ed.)  crossings  to  St.  Roque.  In  that  case  her 
time  from  the  United  States  to  the  line  was  77  days;  and  her  performance  on  that  occasion, 
because  it  was  out  of  all  rule,  was  rejected  from  the  means  then. 

From  the  parallel  of  Cape  St.  Roque  to  the  parallel  of  50°  south,  at  the  usual  crossing 
place  for  the  Cape  Horn  trader,  is  about  2,900  miles — not  quite  the  distance  from  New  York  to 
Liverpool.  And  the  most  striking  feature  in  this  table  is  perhaps  the  length  of  the  time 
between  these  parallels. 

The  distance  from  the  average  crossing  of  50°  in  the  Atlantic,  around  the  Cape,  to  the 
average  crossing  of  the  same  parallel  in  the  Pacific,  is  nearly  half  the  distance  from  the  parallel 
of  St.  Roque  to  the  Atlantic  crossing  of  50°  south,  and  the  time  occupied  around  the  Cape  is, 
considering  winds  and  sea,  by  no  means  disproportionate. 

The  average  distance  made  good  against  the  current  around  Cape  Horn  is  80  miles  a  day. 
The  average  distance  from  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  to  that  of  50°,  through  a  mild  climate, 
and  with  no  such  opposing  current,  is  105  miles  the  day.  And  the  average  distance  made 
good  by  the  "  liners" /rom  Liverpool  to  New  York  is  95  miles  a  day;  to  Liverpool  the  average 
made  good  is  135  miles. 

These  Cape  Horn  crossings  are  derived  from  the  mean  of  nearly  400  passages  taken  at 
random,  and  they  give  us,  it  may  be  supposed,  what  may  be  finally  considered  as  a/mV  average, 
for  it  really  differs  only  a  "dog's  watch"  from  the  average,  as  stated  in  the  seventh  edition  of 
this  work,  from  the  mean  of  220  passages.  So  it  appears  that  the  passage  from  England  to 
New  York  under  canvas,  in  the  winter  time,  is  nearly  as  difiicult  as  the  passage  around  the  Horn. 

Navigators  are  recommended  to  give  these  tables  an  attentive  examination,  for  they  are 
instructive.  January  and  December  are  good  months  from  St.  Roque  around  the  Horn,  giving 
an  average  passage  of  41. 5  days.  February  and  November  give  only  three  days  longer.  March 
and  October  are  still  worse,  the  passage  then  being  aggravated  by  the  difficulties  from  the 
parallel  of  50°  in  the  Atlantic  to  50°  in  the  Pacific.  The  months  from  April  to  August  are 
worse  than  all,  and  here  the  difficulty  lies  chiefly  from  St.  Roque  to  the  parallel  of  50°,  the 
VOL.  II 72 


570  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

average  of  that  part  of  the  passage  being  about  20  per  cent,  longer  than  it  is  in  January.  In 
March,  May,  and  July,  and  from  September  to  November,  the  doubling  of  Cape  Horn  is  most 
difficult,  the  monthly  average  being  between  19  and  20  days  from  the  parallel  of  50°  on  one 
side  to  the  same  parallel  on  the  other.  The  best  months  for  doubling  it  are  from  December  to 
April,  inclusive,  the  average  being  about  17  days. 

On  the  other  hand,  August  gives  the  largest  average  from  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  to  that 
of  50°,  and  November  the  smallest.  From  March  to  August,  inclusive,  the  monthly  mean  for 
this  part  of  the  route  is  29.3  days,  while  for  the  six  other  months  the  average  is  25.8  days. 
Thus  it  ceases  to  be  any  longer  a  matter  of  opinion,  for  actual  experience  has  decided  that,  as 
a  rule,  the  months  of  the  least  daylight  give  the  longest  passages  from  Cape  St.  Roque  around 
the  Horn. 

It  is,  however,  useless  to  go  into  any  further  discussion  of  this  table  here.  Every  navi- 
gator can  do  that  for  himself.  It  is  only  necessary  to  call  his  attention  to  the  apparently  very 
tedious  time*  generally  which  navigators  have  from  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  to  that  of  50°  S. ; 
how  nearly  all  vessels  pursue  the  same  route,  and  how  those  vessels  that  go  east  of  the  Falklands, 
though  they  reach  50°  sooner,  lose  all  they  gain  in  getting  west  after  clearing  those  islands. 

Take,  as  an  instance,  the  ships  which  did  this  in  July.  Their  average  time  to  50°  south 
in  the  Atlantic  was  28,  and  thence  around  the  Horn,  22  days;  total,  50.  The  average  of  the 
inside  ones  for  that  month  is  30  and  18  days,  total  48,  or  a  gain  of  two  days  by  passing  inside 
of  the  Falkland  Islands. 

These  tables  afford  the  navigator  who  is  running  for  a  quick  passage  fresh  points  of  depar- 
ture in  the  middle  of  the  ocean.  Here  he  can  compare  his  progress  with  the  progress  made  by 
those  who  have  preceded  him  at  the  same  season  of  the  year,  and  see  how  much  he  has  to  gain 
to  come  up  with  the  foremost  among  them,  or  how  much  he  can  aiford  to  spare,  and  still  hold 
his  own  with  the  best  of  them. 

THE  STRAITS  OP  MAGELLAN. 

Many  of  the  vessels  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade  of  the  United  States  have  now  to  pass 
these  straits  or  double  Cape  Horn  on  their  way  to  or  fro  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports 
of  the  country.     Steamers  will  always  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  pass  through  the  straits. 

"In  them,"  says  a  brother  officer,  after  having  made  the  passage  through  in  83  days  under 
canvas,  ' '  the  winds  and  weather  are  more  moderate,  the  sea  smooth,  the  anchorages  good  and 
safe,  the  tides,  taken  at  the  right  moment,  an  important  auxiliary,  and,  with  proper  care  and 
look  out,  and  rigid  adherence  to  the  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  of  Captains  P.  P.  King  and 
Fitzroy,  R.  N. ,  excepting  where  changes  have  naturally  taken  place,  the  dangers  are  of  little 
importance. 

' '  The  head  winds  in  the  western  reaches  present  the  greatest  obstacles,  and,  in  my  opinion, 
it  is  at  Cape  Isidro  or  Cape  Froward  that  the  difficulties  commence.  The  almost  perennial 
strong  westerly  winds  form  the  only  objection  to  the  navigation  of  these  waters." 

Among  the  many  expedients  to  which  the  dangers  of  the  sea  compel  vessels  to  resort,  or 
among  the  emergencies  which  spring  up  from  the  business  of  commerce,  sailing  vessels,  and 
especially  small  craft,  may  now  and  then  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  take  to  the  straits.  As  a 
rule,  however,  it  is  the  route  for  steamers,  but  not,  unless  in  exceptional  cases,  for  sailers. 

o  Average  distances  made  good  per  day  :  From  St.  Roque  to  50°  S.  105  miles ;  from  line  to  38°  S.  105  miles,  (p.  576;) 
from  30°  N.  to  line,  (new  route,)  111  miles;  ditto,  (middle,)  97;  ditto,  (old,)  89,  (p.  373;)  from  Lizard  to  30'>  N.  110 
miles,  (p.  371 ;)  thence  to  line,  100  miles,  (p.  370.)  . 


BESUME    OF    CAPE   HOKN   CROSSINGS.  571 

THE    SOUTH    ATLANTIC. 

FBOM  LAT.  0°  TO  LONG.  0°. 

Sailing  directions,  based  on  actual  observations  and  derived  from  a  laborious  investigation 
of  the  winds  and  currents  in  all  the  commercial  ports  of  the  south  Atlantic,  have  been  given 
for  every  one  of  the  principal  routes  that  run  to  and  from  across,  or  up  and  down  through  that 
ocean.  Only  for  the  homeward  route,  sailing  directions  have  not  been  given  for  vessels  coming 
out  of  the  south  Atlantic.  But  these  also  will  be  given  in  the  proper  place.  By  the  charts 
and  by  these  tables  of  "time  and  crossings,"  mile  stones  for  all  the  practical  purposes  of  navi- 
gation have  been  set  up  at  sea,  and  finger  boards  fixed  to  the  winds,  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
navigator,  though  a  stranger  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  may  find  his  way  across  it  not  only  by  the 
best  and  quickest  paths,  but  he  is  reminded  daily,  by  a  mere  glance  at  the  tables,  how  much 
he  is  behind  time,  or  how  much  he  is  ahead  of  time  during  any  part  of  the  voyage.  They 
will  also  show  him  where  and  when  he  has  gained  or  lost  on  this  average  time.  Thus  every 
shipmaster  is  about  to  be  put  upon  his  mettle  in  a  race  against  time,  and  the  moment  ho 
blunders  he  will  discover  that  a  mistake  has  been  made.  These  tables  must  prove  highly 
instructive  and  useful  on  board  ship.  The  idea  of  time  from  crossing  to  crossing  in  them  is 
borrowed  from  the  Sailing  Directions  published  by  that  most  efficient  of  coadjutors,  the 
Meteorological  Institute  of  Utrecht. 

For  this  valuable  improvement  in  the  tables  of  crossing  generally  navigators  are  indebted 
to  that  admirable  man  of  the  sea,  Jansen,  of  the  Dutch  navy.  In  a  paper  in  1855  on  the 
Sailing  Directions,  published  from  the  Meteorological  Institute  of  Holland,  he  says: 

' '  The  tables  of  crossings  were  designed  by  me  in  imitation  of  the  Tables  of  Crossings  of 
Maury's  Sailing  Directions.  Yet  it  occurred  to  me  that  the  observations  (eindnitkomsten) 
merely  of  voyages  were  not  sufficient  to  enable  us  to  judge  critically  their  results.  Therefore 
for  every  crossing  I  have  placed  the  intervals  (de  etmalen)  which  are  used,  so  as  to  come  from 
one  point  of  intersection  to  another." 

Lieut.  Van  Gough,  Jansen' s  successor,  has  in  all  the  tables  of  the  Institute  carried  out  this 
idea.  The  route  to  India  and  back  he  has  divided  into  sections;  the  first  section  lies  between 
tbe  English  channel  and  the  line;  the  second  between  the  line  and  the  cape;  the  third  around 
the  cape,  and  the  fourth  between  the  cape  and  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  &c.  So  that  the  beaten 
track  to  India  and  back  is  thus  divided  into  sections  and  rendered  as  plain  as  any  highway  on 
the  land.  The  oldest  stage-coach  driver  in  the  country  can  scarcely  be  better  acquainted  with 
the  "mud  holes,"  "the  tight  stretches,"  and  the  "smooth  places"  of  the  road,  than  these 
tables  will  make  the  navigator  with  the  difficult  parts  of  the  India  route. 

The  tables  of  the  sort  already  given  for  the  north  Atlantic,  being  followed  and  studied  for 
a  voyage  or  two,  will  impart  a  practical  knowledge  of  winds,  which,  in  a  general  way,  will  be 
useful  in  all  seas.  Therefore  before  proceeding  to  discuss  further  the  routes  through  the  south 
Atlantic,  I  claim  for  a  few  moments  the  attention  of  every  navigator  who  has  followed  me  so 
far,  or  who  intends  to  go  further,  with  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts  for  his  guide. 

And  first  about  currents,  tide  rips,  and  drift.  Referring  to  chapter  XV,  and  page  328, 
volume  I,  I  quote  from  bottle  the  papers  and  co-operators: 


572  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Wai/s  from  the  sea,  received  at  the  Observatory  May  6,  1858. 

"1.  A  bottle  was  thrown  overboard  by  Captain  Langston,  of  the  American  ship  Parana, 
December  27,  1857,  in  lat.  3°  43'  S.,  long.  35°  35'  W.,  and  picked  up  on  the  coast  of 
Alcantara,-  (Brazil,)  in  lat.  2°  17'  S.,  long.  44°  20'  W.,  by  Manoel  Joao  Concei9ao,  on  the  18th 
of  February,  1858.  Drift  about  north  81°  west  530  miles,  in  142  days,  being  at  the  rate  of 
about  3^  miles  a  day." — (Forwarded  to  the  Observatory  by  Alexander  Thomson,  esq..  United 
States  consul,  Maranham.) 

"2.  A  bottle  was  thrown  overboard  by  Captain  Stickney,  of  the  American  ship  '  Corinne,' 
December  5,  1856,  in  lat.  11°  44'  S.,  long.  12°  32'  W.,  and  picked  up  on  the  Island  of  Cutia, 
(coast  of  Brazil,)  some  time  between  March  1  and  22,  1858,  by  Sra.  Emiliana,  in  lat.  2°  13'  S., 
long.  43°  40'  W.  Drift  about  north  73°  west  1,940  miles,  in  say  460  days,  being  at  the  rate 
of  four  miles  a  day." — (Forwarded  by  Alexander  Thomson,  esq.,  United  consul,  Maranham.) 

"3.  A  bottle  was  thrown  overboard  from  the  Austrian  frigate  'Novara,'  Com.  Wiillerstorf, 
June  28,  1857,  in  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  25°  40'  W.,  and  was  picked  up  on  the  Grand  bay,  Turk's 
Island,  lat.  21°  32'  N.,  long.  71°  10'  W.,  March  27,  1858,  by  a  poHce  officer.  Drift  south  84° 
west  2,520  miles,  in  272  days,  being  at  the  rate  of  about  nine  miles  a  day." — (Forwarded  to 
the  Observatory  by  Commander  W.  Hamilton,  royal  navy.) 

"4.  A  bottle  from  her  British  Majesty's  ship  Highflyer,  Captain  Shadwell,  October  18 
1856,  lat.  25°  59'  S.,  long.  14°  26'  W.,  which  was  picked  up  on  Parrot  Kay,  lat.  21°  57'  N. 
long.  72°  06'  W.,  April  10,   1858.     Drift  north  49°  west  4,400  miles,  in  539  days,  being  at 
the  rate  of  about  eight  miles  a  day." — (Forwarded  by  Commander  Hamilton,  royal  navy.) 

In  his  log  for  May  31,  1854,  lat.  2°  30'  S.,  long.  26°  40'  W.,  Captain  Holt,  of  the  Falcon, 
remarks : 

' '  Regarding  current  rips,  I  think  most  navigators  are  deceived.  Current  rips  are  caused 
by  opposite  winds  on  the  equator  or  in  the  variables,  and  I  think  nine  times  out  of  ten  there  is 
no  current,  although  the  observations  may  give  a  little  easting^  or  westing.  All  ships  close- 
hauled  will  make  more  or  less  leeway  in  light  winds  and  a  heavy  swell,  (as  is  usually  the  case 
in  the  variables  betwixt  the  trades,)  which  is  accounted  for  as  current;  but  in  nay  .opinion  there 
is  no  current  to  affect  a  vessel  materially,  getting  south  in  the  variables.  There  is  a  strong 
magnetic  influence  not  yet  accounted  for  also.  I  have  always  noted  in  the  variables  that  the 
water  has  a  very  black  appearance,  if  the  sky  be  ever  so  clear,  and  the  temperature  of  the 
water  and  air  much  higher;  and  how  sensibly  one  can  perceive  the  change  in  the  color  of 
the  water  and  the  temperature,  only  with  light  airs  from  the  SE.  or  NE.,  as  you  approach 
the  trades,  indicating  you  are  out  of  the  doldrums." 

"In  your  Sailing  Directions,"  says  Captain  G.  W.  Ginn,  af  the  John  Knox,  "you  seem  to 
encourage  speculation  on  the  part  of  those  navigators  who  are  co-operating  with  you  in  collect- 
ing data  for  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  &c.  I  have  not  indulged  in  anything  of  that  sort 
in  filling  the  column  of  'remarks,'  for  I  hardly  feel  myself  competent  for  the  recording  of  facts, 
much  less  that  of  drawing  conclusions  therefrom.  As  I  have  a  plenty  of  time  at  present,  and 
this  leaf  will  not  interfere  with  the  abstract,  I  will,  however,  copy  from  a  note  book  of  my  own 
a  few  remarks  suggested  on  passing  through  some  extensive  tide  rips : 

"  Observation.— '^mid^dij  evening,  March  22,  1857,  lat.  9°  31'  S.,  long.  42°  57'  W. 

' '  The  sea  has  all  day  presented  one  of  those  phenomena  usually  called  tide  rips.  As  I  am  in- 


THE    SOUTH   ATLANTIC.  573 

clined  to  think  the  phenomena  of  tide  rips,  or  what  usually  bears  that  name,  are  somewhat  various, 
the  effects  of  various  causes,  I  will  attempt  to  describe  the  one  here  alluded  to.  To  a  person 
situated  in  a  high  position,  the  sea  presents  itself  in  alternate  streaks  or  patches,  extending  wi  ^h. 
irregular  and  broken  outlines  in  a  northeastern  and  southwestern  direction,'  distinguished  by  the 
exceedingly  ruffled  surface  of  the  one  and  the  singularly  glossy  smoothness  of  the  other.  Besides 
this  distinction  there  is  another,  though  less  marked  in  its  features.  Independent  of  the  above 
mentioned  distinction,  there  is  a  general  undulating  motion  to  the  sea  from  northeast  to  south- 
west, which,  in  the  former  of  the  above  mentioned  stripes  or  streaks,  undulates  with  a  remarkable 
regularity  under  a  foaming  and  extremely  agitated  surface;  while  in  the  latter  the  motion  is  very 
irregular,  yet  the  surface  remains  as  unruffled  as  a  sea  of  oil.  The  extent  of  these  streaks  trans- 
versely, is  as  various  as  their  outlines  are  broken  and  irregular,  varying  from  a  hundred  yards 
to  a  mile  and  upwards  ;  longitudinally,  they  extend  from  horizon  to  horizon,  often  converging, 
however,  and  uniting  two  in  one.  This  is  the  sort  of  tide  rip  usually  met  with  in  the  vicinity  of 
shallow  and  uneven  soundings  ;  the  cause  I  attribute  to  the  momentary  derangement  in  the  level 
of  the  waters  of  the  sea,  by  a  stratum  of  water,  whether  upper  or  under,  passing  over  an  uneven 
bed,  and  the  phenomenon  is  the  result  of  the  mobile  waters  seeking  to  regain  their  level* 
Perhaps  this  also  may  be  effected  by  two  undercurrents  meeting  from  different  sources. 
Another  sort  of  tide  rip  may  often  be  seen  extending  across  the  entrance  of  some  river,  bay, 
or  sound,  where  there  is  considerable  rise  or  fall  to  the  tides,  and  not  unfrequently  met  with 
far  out  to  sea  during  light  winds.  Its  appearance  is  somcAvhat  unique — a  sort  of  incessant 
sloping  up  of  water  over  a  considerable  extent  of  the  sea,  without  any  perceptible  horizontal 
motion.  This  I  take  to  be  the  effect  of  a  sudden  obstruction  to,  or  derangement  in,  a  vibratory 
motion  that  is  going  on  at  a  considerable  depth  below  the  surface,  though  it  may,  perhaps,  be 
imperceptible  to  the  eye  from  above.  Admitting  this  conjecture  to  be  a  correct  one,  I  think 
the  equatorial  tide  rips,  so  called,  may  be  thus  accounted  for,  by  supposing  two  waves  having 
received  their  impulse  remote  from  each  other  under  the  northeast  and  southeast  trade  winds, 
and  meeting  in  opposite  directions  in  the  calm  regions  about  the  equator.  That  there  is  a 
vibrating  movement  in  connexion  with  the  waves  of  the  sea,  at  a  considerable  depth  below  the 
surface,  I  think  there  is  no  question;  and  that  this  vibrating  motion,  meeting  with  some  sudden 
impediment  in  its  progress,  should  set  in  motion  a  multitude  of  minute  vibrations  in  an  upward 
direction,  and  thus  produce  this  peculiar  agitation  of  water  at  the  surface,  is  a  conjecture  not, 
I  think,  without  some  appearance  of  plausibility. 

' '  I  may  add,  in  conclusion,  that  I  concur  with  Captain  William  L.  Phinney  in  the  feeling 
that,  aside  from  any  pecuniary  profit  to  myself  from  your  labors,  you  have  done  nie  good  as  a 
man  by  eliciting  my  attention  to  a  truly  interesting  and  instructive  source  of  useful  knowledge, 
and  by  showing  me  how  to  dispose  of  much  of  my  unoccupied  time  in  a  way  that  may  be  of 
advantage  to  myself  and  perhaps  useful  to  others." 

In  the  eye  of  commerce  and  navigation  the  north  and  south  Atlantic  present  themselves  in 
very  different  aspects.  The  waters  of  the  former  are  ploughed  by  almost  every  ship  in  the 
world  ;  the  great  thoroughfares  in  it  lie  crosswise  ;  they  run  from  side  to  side,  as  between 
Europe  and  America  ;  and  the  argosies  of  commerce  ply  back  and  forth  on  the  business  of 
trade,  in  this  sea,  like  a  weaver's  shuttle. 

On  the  other  hand,  Africa  is  wild,  South  America  is  without  ships,  and  there  is  very  little 
business  between  them,  and  consequently  less  coming  and  going  between  the  opposite  shores 


574  THE  WIND  AND  CUKRENT  CHARTS. 

of  the  south  than  of  the  north  Atlantic.     The  thoroughfares  on  it  are  not  crosswise,  but  rather 
lengthwise  in  this  sea. 

Now,  the  best  place  of  entering  this  sea  is  the  same  for  all  vessels,  whether  from  Europe  or 
the  United  States,  and  whether  they  be  bound  to  south  America  or  around  either  of  the  great 
southern  capes. 

If  a  chain  were  stretched  along  the  equator  so  that  no  vessel  could  pass  between  the  meridian 
of  20°  W.  and  Africa,  navigation,  at  least  as  far  as  India  and  China,  Australia,  California, 
Brazil,  and  Pacific  traders  are  concerned,  would  not  be  incommoded  in  the  least,  either  on  the 
outward  or  the  inward  voyage. 

It  is  to  the  west  of  25°  W.  that  vessels  from  Europe  have  been  advised  to  cross  the  line. 
This  brings  the  great  route  for  trans-equatorial  voyages  both  from  Europe  and  America  into 
one  through  the  south  Atlantic ;  consequently,  the  sailing  directions  from  the  line  to  Cape 
Horn  are  the  same,  whether  the  vessel  be  from  Europe  or  America  ;  and  so,  also,  are  they  the 
same  from  the  line  as  far  as  the  offings  of  Good  Hope  for  all  vessels,  whether  from  Europe  or 
America,  that  are  bound  anywhere  between  Australia  and  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

Therefore,  before  discussing  any  other  route  through  the  south  Atlantic,  it  will  be  well  to 
take  a  general  view  of  routes  through  that  ocean,  especially  for  the  benefit  of  those  navigators 
who  are  bound  to  or  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Navigators  coming  from  Europe  think  it  out  of  the  way  when  they  are  advised  to  cross  the 
line  on  the  American  side.  They  say,  admit  that  on  account  of  the  winds  you  can  from  the 
Lizard  reach  the  line  in  30°  W.  as  soon  as  you  can  in  20°  W.,  yet  from  20°  W.  on  the  line  to 
the  fair  way  of  Good  Hope  the  distance  is  400  miles  less  than  it  is  from  30°  W.  on  the  line. 

The  distance  from  the  Lizard  via  lat.  0°,  long.  30°  W.,  to  the  fair  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  is  6,600  miles  ;  whereas,  along  the  usual  route  via  lat.  0°,  and  20°  W.,  it  is  only  6,000 
miles.  This  difference,  many  maintain,  cannot  be  made  up  by  the  winds.  Let  us  see.  The 
tables  of  time  and  crossings  from  the  Lizard  to  the  line  show  that  the  western  route  and  a 
crossing  on  the  American  side,  as  west  of  26°  may  be  called,  do  give  the  shortest  passages  to 
the  line. 

In  another  part  of  this  work  will  be  found  a  table  of  crossing  "from  latitude  0°  to 
longitude  0°,"  which  table  serves  as  a  guide  that  far  for  all  vessels  bound  to  or  beyond  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  that  table  the  vessels  that  cross  the  equator  east  of  26°  are  separated 
from  those  that  cross  it  west  of  that  meridian,  and  it  appears  that  those  which  cross  the  equator 
on  the  American  side,  i.  e.,  west  of  26°,  do,  notwithstanding  the  increased  distance,  actually 
make  on  the  average  shorter  passages  to  the  fair  way  of  Good  Hope  than  those  do  which  cross 
east  of  26°  W.— (See  page  575.) 

Our  co-operators  in  Holland  have  published  from  their  institute  the  time  and  crossings  of 
455  Dutch  ships,  from  the  Lizard  to  the  line,  and  of  424  from  the  line  to  the  prime  meridian 
off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  crossings  and  time  to  the  line  are  given  separately  for  those 
that  passed  inside  of  the  Cape  Verde  islands;  also,  for  those  that  passed  outside.  One  hundred 
and  fourteen  passed  to  the  eastward  of  those  islands.  Their  average  crossings  of  the  line  is 
in  22°  2'  W.,  with  a  passage  of  34.1  days  from  the  English  channel  ;  341  passed  west  of  the 
Cape  Verdes  :  they  crossed  the  line  in  22°  6',  after  a  passage  of  32.7  days  from  the  channel. 
Thus  indicating  what  the  pilot  and  trade  wind  charts  had  already  suggested,  viz :  that  time 
may  be  saved,  on  the  passage  from  Europe  to  the  line,  by  keeping  further  off  from  the  coast  of 


THE    SOUTH   ATLANTIC. 


575 


Africa  than  the  old  beaten  track  lies,  and  by  crossing  the  equator  nearer  the  American  coast 
than  is  the  wont  with  European  vessels. 

From  the  line  down  through  the  southeast  trades  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  prime  meridian,  these 
tables  of  Utrecht  give  the  time  and  crossings  of  424  Dutch  vessels.  Of  these,  55  crossed  the 
equator  to  the  west  of  its  point  of  intersection  with  the  meridian  of  26°  W. ;  and  the  rest, 
(369,)  to  the  east  of  that  meridian.  To  the  lino  the  average  time  of  crossing  appears,  by  the 
Dutch  logs,  to  be  :  east  of  26°,  33.4  days  in  22°  15',  and  west  of  26°,  32.3  days  in  29°  34'. 
Again  confirming  what  the  charts  have  suggested  in  favor  of  a  more  westwardly  crossing. 

From  these  tables  and  the  Dutch  we  derive  the  following  statement  as  to  the  average 
passage  from  lat.  0°  to  long.  0°,  on  the  route  to  India,  of  those  vessels  that  cross  the  equator 
west,  and  of  those  vessels  that  cross  it  east  of  its  intersection  with  the  meridian  of  26°  W. 

From  latitude  0°  to  longitude  0°,  along  the  route  through  the  trades  of  South  Atlantic  to  Cape  of  Oood  Hope  and  ports  beyond. 


Date. 


January  .... 
February.. ., 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September, . 
October  . . 
November  .. 
December  ., 

Mean 


Crossings  B.  of  26"  on  the  equator. 


Dutch  vessels. 


Lat.  0° 


Long. 
22».7W, 

21° 

21°. 7 

23°.  7 

2.3°.  7 

24°.  2 

21°. 7 

20°.  5 

21°. 7 

25°. 7 

23°.  7 

23°.  7 


Long.  0°. 


Lat. 
37°.2S 

37° 

37° 

36°.  2 

36°. 2 

36° 

36°.  5 

36°.  2 

36°.  5 

37° 

37°.  5 

37° 


36°.  8 


25.5 
25.7 
27.4 
25.4 
26.3 
24.8 
25.0 
21.5 
24.0 
21.8 
22.8 
23.8 


24.8 


American. 


Days. 


23.8 
25.8 
28.0 
26.7 
27.2 
25.0 
22.2 
24.2 
22.1 
25.1 
23.4 
23.0 


24.7 


Lat.  0°. 


23°. 9  W. 

21°.8 
22°. 6 
21°. 2 
21°. 2 
22°. 5 
23°.  6 
22°.  4 
22°.  3 
21°. 7 
23°.  7 
24°.  5 


22°.  6 


Long.O'. 


36°.4S 
37°.  4 
38°. 1 
36°.  5 
35°.  7 
35°, 
35°.  G 
35°.  8 
37°.  5 
39°.  6 
37°. 2 
39°.  5 


Crossings  W.  of  26°  on  the  equator. 


American. 


Days. 


24.7 
25.3 

25.4 
24.6 
37.2 
25.5 
23.7 
25.8 
23.6 
22.3 
22.2 
24.5 


Lat.  0° 


29°.7W, 
28°.  3 
27°.  7 
28°.  1 
28°.  9 
28°.  7 
28°.  7 
28°.  3 
28°.  9 
29°.  4 
31°. 4 
29°.  3 


29°.  0 


Long.  0°. 


38°. 88 
37°.  3 
38°.  7 
36°. 7 
37°.  7 
36°. 4 
37°.  2 
4i°.3 
38°.  4 
39°. 2 
39°.  3 
37°.  9 


Dutch. 


Days. 


Lat.  0° 


29°.  9 


Long.  0° 


36°.  9 


These  times  and  crossings  are  derived  from  the  means  of  310  American  and  424  Dutch  ships. 
The  agreement  between  them,  as  to  time,  is  remarkable.  The  mean  crossings  of  each 
fleet  east  of  26°  are  so  nearly  at  the  same  place  that  they  enable  us  to  judge  as  to  the  average 
sailing  qualities  of  the  Dutch  and  American  vessels  on  their  outward  voyage  around  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  From  the  place  of  their  eastern  crossing  of  latitude  0°  to  their  crossing  of 
longitude  0°  in  the  South  Atlantic  the  distance  in  round  numbers  is  2,500  miles,  and  the  time 
24.6  days  by  the  American  and  24.7  by  the  Dutch — a  difference  so  small  that  it  may  be  con- 
sidered merely  accidental,  and  not  as  owing  to  any  difference,  as  to  sailing  qualities,  between 
thetwo  classes  of  ships.  The  tracks  therefore  may  be  considered  as  identical,  both  as  to  route, 
time,  and  distance.  The  average  distance  '■'■made  good"  along  this  part  of  the  main  eastern 
track  is  about  105  miles  a  day  both  by  Dutchmen  and  Americans. 

It  is  of  great  consequence  to  know  the  relative  sailing  qualities  of  the  vessels  that,  under 
different  flags,  are  co-operating  with  us;  especially  of  those  whose  logs,  like  the  Dutch,  English, 
and  French,  may  be  subjected  to  a  separate  and  independent  discussion. 

From  the  western  crossing  the  difference  of  time  is  a  little  more  marked — the  distance  from 
th©  crossing  on  the  equator  to  the  prime  meridian  being  by  the  Dutch  track  about  2,700  miles, 
by  the  American  175  further — the  Americans  making  the  run  in  about  seven  hours  less  time. 


576 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


If  the  average  rate  of  sailing — viz.,  105  mil«s  good  per  day — from  the  eastern  crossing  be 
assumed  as  the  average  rate  for  the  vessels  that  cross  west  also,  we  may  rightly  infer  that  from 
the  western  crossing  the  American  vessels  really  gain  during  the  run  to  the  prime  meridian 
about  two  days'  sail — viz.,  they  go  175  miles  further  in  less  time  than  the  Dutch — and  at  the 
end  of  that  time  they  are  really  in  a  better  position  for  continuing  the  voyage,  for  the  further 
south  you  cross  the  jprime  meridian  the  better — i.  e.,  the  parallel  of  38°  S.  intersects  it  at  a  better 
crossing  place  than  the  parallel  of  37°  doesj  and  for  all  vessels  bound  to  Australia,  China,  or 
India,  the  best  crossing  of  longitude  0°  is  about  40°  S.,  and  rather  to  the  south  than  to  the 
north  of  that  parallel. 

,  Seeing,  then,  that  we  cannot  ascribe  this  difference  of  two  days  to  the  sailing  qualities  of  the 
vessels — Dutch  and  American  on  the  outward  voyage — to  what  shall  we  ascribe  it?  Clearly  we 
may  set  it  down  as  being  due  to  difference  of  winds.  Owing  to  the  winds,  the  distance  actu- 
ally sailed  from  the  eastern  crossing  to  the  prime  meridian  is  quite  as  great  if  not  greater  than 
that  from  the  western  crossings.  This  will  appear  obvious  by  the  inspection  either  of  the  track 
charts  of  the  South  Atlantic  or  of  the  time  tables  from  latitude  0°  to  longitude  0°. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  outward  tracks  of  those  India  bound  vessels  which  cross  the  line 
about  25°  make,  through  the  SE.  trades,  a  sort  of  curve,  of  which  the  centre  is  situated  some- 
where on  the  continent  of  Africa,  thus  indicating  that  the  SE.  trades  have  more  southing  in 
them  on  the  eastern  than  on  the  western  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

The  mean  crossing  on  the  equator  by  the  vessels  that  go  east  of  26°  is  in  22°  40'  W.,  and  of 
those  that  go  west  it  is  in  longitude  29°.  28'.  The  mean  crossing  of  20°  S.  by  the  former  is  in 
29°,  or  6°  20'  to  the  west  of  their  crossing  at  the  equator,  while  for  the  latter  it  is  only  2°  14'. 
Consequently  a  vessel  that  crosses  the  equator  at  the  mean  place  E.  of  26°  has  to  make  thence 
to  20°  S.  a  course  of  south  17°  W.,  whereas  one  that  crosses  the  equator  at  the  mean  crossing 
west  has  to  make  to  20°  S.  a  course  of  south  7°  W.  only,  as  per  following  table : 

Crossings. 


East,  between  long.  26°  and  20*  on  the  equator. 

West  of  26°  on  the  equator 

Dutch  vessels. 

American  vessels. 

American    vessels. 

Dutch  vessels. 

Equator. 

20»  S. 

Longitude. 

Equator. 

20°  S. 

Longitude. 

Equator. 

20*  S. 

Longitude. 

Equator. 

20°  S. 

Longitude. 

23|W 

23J 

22J: 

22A 

23J 

24i 

23J 

24i 

23i 

24i 

25J 

24i 

SOiW. 

30i 

29J 

30i 

31i 

32i 

32i 

30f 

29 

29 

29 

28J 

6|W. 

n 

8 

6i 

5* 
4h 
3y 
H 

•>    1 
23  56  W. 
21  48 
23  38 
21  i;) 

21  11 

22  29 

23  34 
22  26 

22  16 
21  41 

23  46 

24  32 

28  47W. 

29  50 

28  29 
27  20 

29  00 
29  38 

29  27 

30  07 
29  52 

27  31 

28  12 
28  04 

o      / 

4  51 W. 
8  02 

5  51 

6  07 

7  49 
7  09 
5  53 
7  41 
7  36 
5  50 
4  26 
3  32 

0           1 

29  40  W. 
28  20 

27  42 

28  09 
28  56 
28  42 

28  42 

29  17 

28  59 

29  24 
31  23 
29  18 

o          / 

30  59  W. 
30  59 

30  06 
33  07 
33  14 

33  55 

34  00 
33  20 

31  53 
30  57 
27  55 
30  02 

»    / 

1  19 

2  39 
2  24 
4  58 

4  18 

5  13 
5  18 
4  03 

2  54 
1  33 

3  28 
0  44 

o       1 

0         / 

0      / 

May 

July 

August 

September 

December 

29  54 

32  24 

2  30 

23  50 

30  16 

6  2G 

^  38 

28  51 

6  14 

29  03 

31  42 

2  39 

29  54 

32  24 

M  30 

THE   SOUTH   ATLANTIC.  577 

"We  have  still  further  evidence  going  to  show  that  the  winds  on  the  Brazil  side  have  more 
easting  in  them  than  those  on  the  African  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Attention  was  called  to  this 
fact  in  the  earlier  editions  of  this  work.  It  has  an  important  bearing  in  favor  of  the  western 
crossing. 

The  Dutch  crossings  are  in  their  sailing  directions  arranged  in  two  divisions;  one  group 
giving  the  tracks  of  all  that  crossed  the  line  west  of  20°,  and  the  other  all  those  that  crossed 
it  east  of  20°.  We  have  still  further  divided  those  of  the  first  group  into  crossings  east  and 
crossings  west  of  26°,  as  per  foregoing  table.  Let  us  now  see  what  is  the  average  course  which 
vessels  make  to  reach  20°  S.  after  crossing  the  equator  east  of  20°;  what  after  crossing  the 
equator  between  20°  and  26°;  and  what  after  crossing  it  west  of  26°;  and  also  what  is  the  pre- 
vailing course  of  the  SE.  trades  along  the  route  from  these  several  crossings  of  the  line  to  20°  S. 

The  Dutch  tables  contain  the  means  of  75  vessels  that  crossed  east  of  20°.  Their  mean 
place  of  crossing  was  for  the  equator,  in  longitude  18°  3'  W. ;  and  for  20°  S.  in  longitude  26°  40'. 
Consequently,  from  the  equator  to  20°  S.  the  vessels  that  take  this  route  make  "good"  no  better 
than  a  course  of  S.  23°  W.  Treating  the  other  crossings  in  the  same  way,  it  appears  that  the 
mean  direction  of  the  SE.  trade  wind  between  latitude  0°  and  20°  S.  is,  for  those  vessels  that 
cross  in  18°  W.,  SE. ;  for  those  that  cross  it  in  22°  SE.  ^  E. ;  and  for  those  that  cross  in  30° 
SE.  by  E.  i  E. 

This  is  a  curious  but  well  established  fact  about  the  trades  of  the  South  Atlantic.  It 
shows  conclusively  that  an  India  bound  vessel  is  in  a  better  position  when  she  is  crossing  the 
line  in  30°  W.  than  she  is  when  crossing  it  in  20°,  and  that  she  can  reach  her  port  about  two 
days  sooner  from  the  western  than  she  can  from  the  eastern  crossing.  I  shall  refer  to  this 
subject  again,  for  it  is  an  important  one  and  one  which  is  well  worth  the  attention  of  navigators. 

There  is  in  the  South  Atlantic  a  streak  of  SE.  winds  that  is  very  singular  and  quite  well 
marked.  It  has  an  important  influence  both  upon  the  outward  and  homeward  voyages  of  all 
Indiamen.     It  will  be  further  treated  of  in  the  homeward  route  from  the  straits  of  Sunda,  &c. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  this  streak  of  winds  by  Captain  Jansen,  of  the  Dutch 
navy,  my  counsellor  and  friend.  He  is  a  very  accomplished  navigator  and  a  most  excellent 
thinker.  I  am  indebted  to  him  for  much  valuable  assistance  and  many  fine  thoughts.  He  it 
was  who  first  called  my  attention  to  this  remarkable  peculiarity  of  the  winds  in  the  South 
Atlantic.  It  is  one  which  bears  directly  upon  the  passage  both  ways  between  the  Cape  and 
the  line  for  all  vessels  from  the  United  States  as  well  as  from  Europe. 

"I  have  remarked,"  says  he,  "that,  in  February,  nearly  all  the  ships  coming  round  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  find  SB.  winds  in  the  Atlantic;  they  lose  them  only  when  they  turn  too 
sharp  round  the  cape  and  cross  30°  S.  east  of  10°  E.,  and  25°  S.  east  of  5°  E.,  probably 
through  the  influence  of  the  land,  by  which  the  SE.  is  turned  to  SW.  and  W.,  according  to  the 
position  of  the  ship  in  regard  to  the  land. 

' '  We  can  say  in  general,  ships  coming  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  find  the  SE.  trade 
wind  in  the  South  Atlantic  in  February,  after  rounding  the  cape,  in  34°  S.  But  ships  going 
from  the  equator  to  the  cape  generally  lose  the  SE.  trade  wind  in  February,  on  the  meridian 
of  30°  W.,  near  23°  S. ;  on  the  meridian  of  25°  W.,  near  27°  S.;  on  the  meridian  of  20°  W., 
near  30°  S. ;  on  the  meridian  of  15°  W.,  near  33°  S.  And  when  I  say  lose  the  SE.  trade,  I 
mean  that  the  wind  comes  north  of  east.  The  SE.  trade  blows  easterly  in  10°  S.  when  west 
of  28°  W.  Further  eastward  we  find  the  SE.  trade  more  southerly.  From  the  equator,  in 
VOL.  II 73 


578 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 


the  track  of  the  outward  bound  ships  in  February,  the  wind  at  first  SE.  by  S.  (true)  becomes 
soon  SE.  and  E.SE.,  when  west  of  28°  W.,  and  slower  to  the  eastward.  When  the  wind  is 
east  it  goes  generally  north  of  east  when  ships  stand  to  the  south,  and  then  from  north  to 
northwest.  But  when  ships,  with  the  wind  from  north,  go  too  far  east,  then  the  wind  turns 
from  NW.  quickly  to  SW.  and  SE.,  and  they  are  obliged  to  tack  and  run  out  of  the  SE.; 
wherefore  its  limits  invariably  commence  to  be  E.SE.  and  E,,  and  NE.  and  N.  to  NW. — (See 
the  arrows  on  the  diagram.) 


"  Of  course,  ships  must  try  to  avoid  running  again  in  the  SE.  trade  after  losing  it.  Ships 
bound  to  the  East  Indies  have  thus  no  advantage  in  crossing  the  equator  so  far  to  the  east; 
they  are  compelled,  by  the  wind,  to  run  out  of  the  SE.,  and  because  the  SE.  is  more  easterly 
west  of  25°  W.,  and  more  southerly  east,  of  it.  I  think  this  is  the  best  illustration  why  they 
should  cross  the  equator  west  of  25°  W.  with  great  advantage,  and  why  ships  bound  to 
Australia  do  better  to  avoid  the  proximity  of  the  limit  of  the  SE.  trade-wind,  and  steer  clear 
of  those  turning  winds  generally  accompanied  with  calms. 

"In  another  letter  Til  give  you  the  SE.  in  August,  with  the  demonstration  that  the  SW. 
monsoon  is  not  the  NE.  trade,  as  was  supposed,  but  a  continuation  of  the  SE.  trade." 


THE    SOUTH   ATLANTIC.  579 

Anotlier  fact  in  illustration  of  the  advantages  of  not  crossing  the  line,  on  the  route  from 
Europe,  as  far  east  as  24°  W. ,  is  afforded  by  the  following  statement : 

"January  23,  1854.     Lat.  30°  05';  long.  41°  37' 

"Moderate  and  fine  throughout.  1  p.  m.  spoke  British  ship  Lord  Dufferin,  68  days  from 
Cardiff,  'for  San  Francisco.  Reports  crossing  the  line  in  longitude  24°,  and  being  becalmed 
there  twenty-one  days,  in  company  with  many  vessels.  His  longitude  is  40°  20',  which  cannot 
be  correct,*  being  thirty  miles  to  the  west  of  ours,  and  if  right  we  should  have  passed  close  to 
shore  in  clearing  St.  Augustine,  although  he  says  he  compared  with  several  on  the  line.  Many 
birds  about." — f  Abstract  log,  ship  John  Haven,  Bicker,  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco. ) 

The  arrows  of  the  diagram  are  Jansen's;  the  wind-vanes  or  brushes  have  been  added,  at 
my  request,  by  Professor  Flye.  The  data  for  them  are  afforded  by  the  Pilot  Charts  of  the 
South  Atlantic.  These  brushes  are  only  for  February,  and  they  merely  indicate  the  direction 
of  the  prevalent  winds,  the  heaviest  shading  denoting  the  most  prevalent  quarter.  February 
is  the  southern  summer;  and  how  beautifully  does  this  little  diagram  unmask  the  effects  of  the 
pampas  of  Buenos  Ayres  on  one  hand  and  the  deserts  of  Africa  on  the  other  upon  the  winds  at 
sea!  The  calm  belt  of  Capricorn  here  at  this  season,  instead  of  being  between  parallels, 
stretches  off  in  the  direction  from  Rio  towards  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  so  that,  in  this  month 
especially,  vessels  bound  towards  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  so  far  from  gaining,  actually  lose — 
as  suggested  by  Jansen  and  proved  by  Captain  Ricker — by  crossing  the  line  east  of  25°  W. 

We  have  here  also  revealed  to  us  the  cause  of  the  difficulty  with  homeward  bound  vessels 
from  Rio  frequently  find  in  getting  an  offing.  It  is  because  this  calm  belt  is  there,  and  it  is 
placed  there  by  the  conflict  in  the  air  between  the  plains  of  South  America  and  South  Africa; 
one  drawing  the  trade-wind  east,  the  other  west  from  its  regular  course. 

Then  on  the  polar  side  of  the  region  of  the  SE.  trades  there  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  neutral 
ground,  which  is  shaded  on  the  diagram,  in  which  neither  Africa  nor  America  has  anything  to 
do  with  the  winds.  There  appears  to  be  here  a  sort  of  reflection  or  mould  in  the  air  of  that 
tongue  of  cold  water  from  the  antarctic  regions. — (See  Thermal  Charts.) 

Now,  besides  this  new  and  very  singular  feature  in  the  summer  {our  winter)  winds  of  the 
South  Atlantic,  the  first  thing  that  will  probably  strike  the  navigator  who  has  not  been 
accustomed  to  measure  on  a  terrestrial  globe  the  distance  between  places,  will  be  the  fact  that 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  instead  of  being  a  sort  of  half-way  station  on  the  road-side  between 
Europe  or  the  United  States  and  New  Holland,  is  some  thousand  miles  or  more  to  the  north- 
ward of  the  shortest  and  best  route. 

And  the  next  thing  will  be,  that  the  best  crossing  on  the  equator  for  Australian  bound 
vessels  from  the  United  States  is  not  to  the  eastward,  but  it  is  on  the  same  meridian  which 
affords  the  best  crossing  for  the  Rio  or  Cape  Horn  bound  vessels. 

All  vessels  whose  route  lies  anywhere  between  Van  Dieman's  Land  and  the  Straits  of 
Sunda  should,  after  crossing  the  equator,  follow  the  same  route  at  least  as  far  as  the  meridian  of 
30°  E.  south  of  45  "q  Indeed,  the  route  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  can  hardly  be  said  to  diverge 
from  the  Cape  Horn  route  until  after  you  clear  the  calms  of  Capricorn.  Nor  should  any  vessel 
bound  on  any  voyage  that  leads  between  Yan  Dieman's  Land  and  Sumatra  attempt  to  shape 
her  course  according  to  a  great  circle  until  she  has  crossed  the  parallel  of  30°  or  35°  S.  in 
about  25°  W.     The  route  thence  to  the  Straits  of  Sunda  is  the  same  as  the  route  to  Australia 

«  On  making  the  land  we  proved  to  be  correct,  and  his  longitude  thirty  miles  wrong. 


580 


THE  WIND  AND  CUKEENT  CHARTS. 


until  you  cross  the  meridian  of  50°  or  60°  E.     Here  they  diverge.     Consequently,  the  tables  of 
crossings  to  Australia,  &c.,  and  also  for  the  route  to  Java  Head,  as  far  as  50°  or  60°  E.* 

Special  directions  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Bombay  and  ports  W. ;  for  Ceylon  and 
ports  N.,  will  be  given  in  the  proper  place;  in  the  mean  time,  the  following  ice  table  has  been 
prepared,  with  the  assistance  of  Lieutenant  Yon  Gough,  of  the  Dutch  Meteorological  Institute : 


ICE  ON  THE  ROUTE  TO  INDIA  AND  AUSTRALIA. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Date. 


Latitude. 


Longitude 


Remarks. 


Authority. 


Resolution 

Do 

Do , 

Do 

Aronture 

Do 

Do....... 

Resolution 

Do , 

Thetis 

Guardian 

Harmonie 

Oonstancia , 

Eliza 

Farquharson 

Sara  Lydia 

Orestes 

Do 

Do 

Seringapatam 

General  Baron  V.  Geen< 

Herald 

Ida 

Earl  of  Durham 

Do 

Jnssica  Logan . . . 

Do 

De  Zeeurr 

Maidstone 

Royal  George 

Brigtmanns 

Thomas  Grenville 

Constant 

Urgent 

Rajasthan 


Dec.  8,1772 


10,1772 
13,1772 
14,1772 

Feb.  28, 1774 

Mar.  3,1774 

7,1774 

Feb.  24,1775 
25, 1775 

,1789 

Dec.  24, 1789 

April  7,1828 

7,1828 

28, 1828 

,1829 

May    1,1839 
Nov.  9,1839 

10,1839 
11,1839 

Aug.6,8, 1840 
16,1840 
16,1840 

Sept.  8,1840 
18,1840 
18, 1840 

Aug.  22, 1840 
23,1840 
25,1840 

Oct.  1, 1840 
3, 1840 

Nov.  8,1840 
Dec.  18,1840 

Sept.  13, 1844 

12,184.4 
—,1844 


49  46  S. 


50  40 
54  00 
54  55 

53  54 

53  17 
48  30 

54  26 
52  52 

37  30 

44  30 

35  50 

35  50 
37  31 

39  30 

39  30 
44  30 

44  44 
44  44 

38*  9° 

37  32 

36  10 

40  20 

38  47 

37  30 

41  30 
40  25 

36  38 

37  55 

36  57 

39  50 

40  24 

38  10 

39  4 

37  8 


19  58 E. 


20  00 

20  52 

21  44 

6  35 

11  53 
14  26 

24  21 
26  31 

44  00 

44  30 

18  05 
18  05 

18  17 

49  00 

16  11 
87  34 

94  48 
100  00 

0  01 
14  10 

13  41 
26  00 
36  19 
36  19 

14  10 

19  00 
13  15 

12  00 

13  47 

33  40 
29  00 


25  50 
24  00 


On  the  route  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  the  polar 
regions;  saw  kelp  and  penguins;  are  near  the 
edge  of  ice  fields. 

One  ice  island,  50  feet  high,  J  mile  in  circumference. 

Icebergs  and  ice  fields 

do 


Many  ice  islands 

do 

Two  large  ice  islands.    From  here,  further  to  the 
north,  no  more  ice  is  seen. 

Ice  islands 

The  last  iceberg.    On  the  further  route  to  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  saw  no  more  ice. 

See  General  Chart  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  by  Hobbs, 

1850;  additions,  1854. 
Two  icebergs 

Many  icebergs,  some  100  feet  high 

do do 

Five  icebergs,  250  feet  high 

See  General  Chart  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  by  Hobbs, 
1850-'54. 


Iceberg,  250  feet  high 

Many  icebergs,  the  largest  a  mile  in  length,  of  a  square 
form. 

A  sunken  piece  of  ice 

One  iceburg 

Many  icebergs  and  fields 

Iceberg,  about  1 ,000  feet  high. , 

No  particularities 

One  iceberg,  100  feet  high,  and  four  smaller 

No  particularities 

do 

One  iceberg  1,000  feet  long,  400  feet  high 

One  iceberg  400  feet  long,  300  feet  high 

Two  ice  islands 

No  particularities 

Two  large  icebergs  ;  temperature  observed  at  15  and 
9  miles  distance. 

Iceberg  120  feet  high 

One  iceberg ;  temperature  observed  at  18  miles  distance. 

Many  large  icebergs  on  a  surface  of  180  miles  in  a  di- 
rection SE.,  NW. 

Many  icebergs 

Four  icebergs  100  to  200  feet  high ;  temperature  ob- 
served when  the  vessel  was  on  the  leeside  of  the  ice . 


Captain  Cook's  voyage. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Published  in  London,  by 

Wilson. 
Horsburgh's  Directory. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Published  in  London,  by 
Wilson. 

Dutch  Log-book. 
Nautical  Magazine,  1840. 

Do. 
Do. 

Nautical  Magazine,  1841. 
Dutch  Log-book. 
Nautical  Magazine,  1841. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dutch  Log-book. 
Nautical  Magazine,  1841 . 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Nautical  Magazine,  1845. 

Do. 
Do. 


<»  Indian  Ocean.— Ship  "Lady  Arabella,"  January  1,  1853,  between  long.  73°  25'  and  75°  18'  E.,  and  lat.  44°  50'  S., 
was  in  green  water  ;  saw  several  pieces  of  kelp,  and  numerous  fin-back  whales.  No  shoal  laid  down  upon  the  chart  in  that 
vicinity  Sjjo  north  and  4P  east  of  KerguUen  Land.  Took  no  soundings.  Navigators  should  keep  a  look  out  from  this 
place,  taking  care  to  sound,  and  note  both  temperature  and  specific  gravity. 


ICE   ON   THE   ROUTE   TO   INDIA   AND   AUSTRALIA. 
Ice  table — Continued. 


581 


Name  of  vessel. 


English  Ship 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Lucipara'i 

Great  Britain  . . . . 
Auckland 

Do 

Oriental 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Swedish  brig  John 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do.... 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Agneta 

Malay 

Gertrude  ......... 

Do , 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Flying  Dutchman 
Marion 

Do 

Earl  of  Egliton  .. 

Do 

Do , 

Do 

Do , 

Do , 

Tan  and  Hoorn  . . . 

Do 

Do....  .   ..., 

Do 

Do , 

Do 

Do 

Do , 

Do 

Ringleader', , 

Sabine , 


Date. 


Feb.  28, 1849 
Mar.  1,1849 
2, 1849 
3,1849 
4,1849 
19, 1849 

Jan.    4,1850 

Sept.28,1853 
Oct.  25, 1853 
26,1853 
Nov.  4,1853 
11,1853 
13, 1853 
14,1853 
15,1853 
25,1853 
28,1853 
2,1853 

7,1851 


Dec. 
Jan. 


8,1851 
9,1851 
10,1851 
11,1851 
13,1851 
19, 1851 


20,1851 
28,1851 

Dec.  6,1853 
21,1853 

Sep.  13,1854 
14,1854 
15, 1854 
26, 1854 
26, 1854 

Nov.  12, 1854 
16, 1854 
19,1854 
25,1854 

26,29,1854 

Dec.    1,1854 

4,1854 

9,1854 

9,1854 

Nov.  24, 1854 


Dec. 


2,1854 

3,1854 

4,1854 

5,1854 

6,1854 

7,1854 

8,1854 

10,1854 

10,1854 

20,1854 


Latitude. 


49  10! 

49  54 

50  44 


52  15 
52  18 

34  50 


51  27 

51  53 

52  32 

52  50 

53  10 
53  30 
56  48 


56  35 
55  34 

49  01 

48  45 

46  00 

47  30 

49  34 

48  15 


43  .38 
50  10 

50  39 

51  -2 

52  -3 
52  53 
52  30 


52  20 
44  24 

50  00 

51  17 

52  06 
52  29 
52  05 
50  26 
49  26 
49  50 
47  33 
46  00 


Longitude 


30  15E 

35  15 

39  28 


45  11 
110    9 

18  30 


52  10 

37  7 

53  12 

21  23 

51  10 

26  20 

44  41 

3  51W. 

52  26 

19  42  E 

52  20 

27  47 

51  3 

32  21 

51  20 

37  6 

53  26 

74  19 

53  51 

86  40 

52  57 

95  20 

26  37 

31  47 

37  7 
43  3 
46  46 
54  45 
83  16 


88  42 
103  11 

28  37 
35  24 

12  00 W. 
10  35 
1  39 
45  00  E. 


8  15 
29  26 
46  10 
32  00 

32°  a  45° 
73  50 
88  00 


Remarks. 


102  10 
22  OOW 

2  30  E. 

6  03 

9  52 
15  23 
15  25 
19  13 
22  24 
34  08 
18  10 
41  00 


One  large  iceberg < 

Many  icebergs  and  kelp 

Iceberg 

Large  iceberg 

No  ice 

Iceberg  very  high 

A  piece  of  ice,  very  flat,  30  feet  long,  100  feet  thick, 
(in  sight  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.) 

Two  large  icebergs 

Three  icebergs  and  field-ice 

One  iceberg  and  field-ice 

Supposed  ice  in  the  neighborhood  ;  water  44° 

One  large  iceberg "      31  

Three  large  icebergs "      30  

Four  large  icebergs "      32  

One  large  iceberg "      24  

Seenland "      34  

Two  icebergs "      33 

One  large  iceberg 

Ice  island  much  decayed,  and  large  fields  of  ice  to 
southward. 

Much  ice.... 

....do 


.do. 
.do. 


Large  tabular  shaped  ice  island 

Much  broken  ice;  great  number  of  tabular  ice  islands, 

all  high  and  large,  and  all  fresh  fi-om  the  barrier ; 

immense  fields  of  ice  to  southward. 

uch  ice  in  large  fields 

Many,  and  several  large,  ice  islands 

One  iceberg,  flat  top ;  temperature  in  the  cabin. 

One  iceberg  well  worn 

One  large  iceberg;  water .32° 

Two  small  icebergs.. do.. 32   

Three  icebergs do. .34 

One  iceberg do. .32    

Think  we  passed  near  an  iceberg ;  suddenly  very  cold . 

Four  large  iceb^gs 

One  large  iceberg 

One  large  iceberg  breaking  up 

Three  ice  islands 


About  30  icebergs 

Saw  land.— (See  Oriental,  November  25, 1853) 

Ten  ice  islands,  and  a  bank  of  ice  and  snow  line  'it|he 

horizon ;  water  41°. 

Three  or  four  ice  islands  were  in  sight  every  day 

The  last  ice  seen 

One  small  iceberg ;  at  sunset,  two  others ;  water 

52°. 

Two  icebergs,  one  300  feet  high  ;  water  34° 

Four  large  icebergs    do . .  36  

Nine  icebergs ....do.. 32  

Four  icebergs do. .31   

do do. .30 

One  iceberg do. .35   

do do. .38 

do do,. 35  

Two  icebergs.— (See  Track  Chart,  series  A,  No.  35.) . . 
No  particularities do do do 


Authority. 


Nautical  Magazine,  1855. 
Do, 
Do, 
Do, 
Do. 
Do, 

Dutch  Log-book, 

Lieut.  Maury. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 

Dutch  Log-book. 
Lieut.  Maury. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Mercantile  Marine  Maga- 
zine, 1855. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do, 
Do. 
Dutch  Abstract  Log. 

Do. 
Do, 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Lieut.  Maury. 
Do. 


582 


THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHART3. 

Ice  table — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Osiris. 


Do 

White  Swallow 

Do 

Malay 

Do 

No.  123,  English  ship. 


No.  300,  English  ship. 

Do 

Agneta 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Generaal  de  Steurs... 

Do 

Do 


Do. 
Do. 


Do 

No.  290,  English  ship. 


Do 

Do , 

Egmund  en  Hoorne . 


Barend  Willem , 

No.  115,  English  ship. 


Do 

No.  213,  English  ship. 
Lucipara's 

Do 

Do 

No.  257,  English  ship. 


No.  296,  English  ship. 

Do 

Do 


Date. 


Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Jan.    9,1855 

10,1855 
17,1855 
20,1855 
18,1855 
19,1855 
Feb.  27, 1855 


Mar.    3,1855 

4,1855 

16, 1855 

18, 1855 

19,20,1855 

21,1855 

23,1855 

24,1855 

25,1855 

April  5,1855 

6,1855 

9,1855 

9,1855 

10,1855 

14,1855 
3,1855 


11,1855 

12,1855 

May  1,1855 

26,1855 
26,1855 


28,1855 

Sept.  8, 1855 

Oct.  30,1855 

31,1855 

31,1855 

Nov.  3,1855 


27, 1855 
28, 1855 
29,1855 

30,1855 
Dec.  2,1855 

3, 1855 
4,1855 

7, 1855 

8,1855 
9,1855 
11,1855 


Longitude. 


47  15  S. 

47  20 

44  02 

45  33 
43  40 
42  18 
47  13 


42  35 

42  46 

43  19 
49  37 
52  16 

52  39 

53  14 
53  14 
53  00 
48  06 
48  46 
48  44 


46  00 
43  08 


48  57 

49  59 
Near 

ward's 

do 
48  00 


47  48 

48  15 
47  47 

47  51 

48  00 

49  00 


47  10 

48  04 

49  35 

49  50 
49  36 

49  20 
48  51 

48  40 

48  48 

49  09 
49  30 


38  14  E. 

41  10 
2  47  W. 

15  33 E. 

16  52W. 
12  08 
20  00 E. 


16  DOW. 
16  01 
14  17 

6  54 
0  27 

5  e4E. 
14  41 
20  44 
28  00 
12  46W, 

7  47 

6  43  E. 


11  45 


27  07 
12  42W. 


22  30  fi. 

24  55 
Prince  Ed- 
Island, 
do 

18  00E. 


28  28 
41  54 
22  OOW. 
21  09 
18  37 
39  00  E. 


16  IIW, 
14  20 
9  57 

7  57 

1  55 

2  30  E. 
9  26 

26  17 

31  40 
37  14 
49  05 


One  iceberg,  200  feet  high,  near  Prince  Edward's 
island ;  water  47'. 

Many  jce  fields  ;  water  44° 

Fragments  of  an  iceberg , 

Three  icebergs,  one  100  feet  long,  150  feet  high , 

26  icebergs,  ot  all  sizes 

34 do , 

Several  icebergs , 


Icebergs  in  great  quantities ;  water  52* 

do do.. 53 

One  piece  of  ice 

One  piece  of  ice  and  two  icebergs;  water  34° 

Many  ice  islands do. .33  , 

do do.. 33  

Many  ice  islands ;  one  iceberg  960  feet  high ;  water  34° , 

Nearly  beset  in  the  ice do.. 33  , 

Few  pieces  of  ice ;  saw  the  last  piece  of  ice 

Supposed  ice  in  the  neighborhood ;  water  42° 

Three  large  icebergs do . .  39  

One  ice  island,  500  feet  high ;  and  many  fields ;  water 

40°. 
In  the  evening  large  quantities  of  icebergs  and  pieces ; 

water  38° . 
One  large  iceberg,  400  feet  high ;  and  much  broken 

ice :  water  42° . 

Ice  pieces ;  several  very  large ;  water  48° , 

Icebergs  ;  large  and  in  great  quantities 


Several  large  icebergs 

Large  icebergs , 

No  ice ;  but  supposed  it  in  the  neighborhood ;  water 

36°. 

One  large  ice  island;  water  42° 

Several  icebergs,  one  covered  with  snow ;  and  broken 

ice ;  water  41°. 


Small  pieces  of  ice;  water  42° 

Iceberg  

Supposed  ice  in  the  neighborhood 

Many  icebergs,  some  very  large 

Two  large  icebergs 

One  large  iceberg  and  three  very  small  ones,  and  a 
large  flat  piece  of  ice. 


Numerous  icebergs 

Six  icebergs  passed  during  the  day 

Large  iceberg ;  temperature  of  air  and  water  noted 

when  about  200  yards  distance. 

Large  icebergs 

Two  very  large  icebergs,  about  two  miles  long ;  thick 

fog  during  the  day. 

Several  icebergs ." 

About  80  icebergs,  with  much  drift  ice,  passed  during 

the  24  hours. 
Two  large  icebergs  ;  temperature  noted  when  about 

a  mile  distance  from  one. 

Large  iceberg 

Two  icebergs,  distant  about  two  miles 

Two  small  icebergs 


Authority. 


Dutch  Abstract  Log. 

Do. 
Lieutenant  Maury. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Data   received   from   the 
Board  of  Trade,  Meteor- 
ological Department  in 
England. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dutch  Abstract  Log. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Data   received    from    the 
Board  of  Trade,  Meteor- 
ological Department. 
Do. 
Do. 
Dutch  Abstract  Log 

Do. 
Data   received    from    the 
Board  of  Trade,  Meteor- 
ological Department. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dutch  Abstract  Log. 

Do. 

Do. 
Data   received    from    the 
Board  of  Trade,  Meteor- 
ological Department. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


ICE   ON   THE   ROUTE   TO   INDIA   AND   AUSTRALIA. 
Ice  table. — Continued. 


583 


Name  of  vessel. 


No.  296,  English  ship 


No.  294,  English  ship. 
No.  292,  English  ship . 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Caduceus 


Do 

Do 

Do 

Malay 

Royal  Charter  , 


Do 

Beverly  , 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Panama 

Kandangbauer. 

Hellevoetsluls  . 
Hendrina 


Do 

Genrtje  en  Maria  , 
Friendentrourr. ... 

Do 

Do 


Hugo  Grotius. 


Dec.  13, 1855 


2,1855 
14,1855 
15,1K>5 
20,1855 
21, 1855 
23,1855 

27. 1855 
31,1855 

Jan.    2,1856 

8,1856 

21,1856 

21,1856 

Mar.  31, 1856 

Apr.    1,1856 
17,1856 

18. 1856 
19,1856 
20, 1856 
22, 1856 
23,1856 
24,1856 
20,1856 
26,1856 


June 
Oct, 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


27, lb56 
Nov.   4,1856 

4,1856 

4,1856 

21,1856 

22, 1856 

24, 1856 

Mar.  16, 1857 


50  30  8. 


44  40 

47  22 

48  06 
48  11 
48  21 

48  22 
47  40 

49  30 

47  15 

45  30 

50  15 

45  25 
47  20 

47  55 
49  32 

48  35 

47  15 

46  50 

47  30 

48  08 

48  44 
45  10 
41  47 

41  00 
41  08 

40  51 
37  43 

41  46 
41  23 

41  03 

42  30 


60  OOW. 


45  00 
6  06 

13  21 
37  43 
43  31 
54  41 
74  22 

6  00 

14  00 
45  30 

113  00 


58  30 
8  30 
11  00 
16  33 
20  23 
29  25 
37  45 
43  00 
48  43 
36  21 

42  00 

42  08 

43  27 
13  30V\' 

44  04  E. 
46  28 
52  48 

66  OU 


Remarks. 


Large  iceberg,  distant  four  miles. 


Passed  an  iceberg 

Two  icebergs,  one  large 

Iceberg  and  several  small  pieces 

Large  iceberg  and  several  small  pieces. 

Two  icebergs 

Large  iceberg,  about  200  feet  high 

Small  piece  of  ice 

Several  icebergs  and  very  large 

Icebergs 

Several  icebergs 

do 

One  iceberg 

Three  icebergs,  about  100  feet  high  .... 


Authorities. 


One  iceberg,  small 

Field  ice  and  icebergs , 

40  icebergs 

30  icebergs 

Two  icebergs 

One  iceberg 

do 

do 

Two  large  icebergs 

One  iceberg  200  feet  high,  and  one  ice  island  400  feet 

high. 

One  iceberg  about  70  feet  high 

Three  large  icebergs  ;  direction  E.NE.  and  W.SW., 

on  a  surface  of  100  miles  ;  500  feet  high. 

Four  large  icebergs , 

A  piece  of  ice  ;  much  kelp , 

One  iceberg ;  distance  about  5  miles ;  172  feet  high. . 

One  ice  island  ;  distance  about  9  miles 

One  iceberg 


Two  pieces  of  ice,  very  large,  on  a  considerable  dis- 
tance. 


Data  received  from  the 
Board  of  Trade,  Meteor- 
ological Department. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Nautical  Mag.,  1856. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Lieut.  Maury. 
Lieut.  Jansen,  Dutch  royal 
navy. 

Do. 
Lieut.  Maury. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dutch  Abstract  Log. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 


The  barometer,  especially  in  high  southern  latitudes,  is  very  puzzling,  particularly  to  those 
navigators  who  have  been  cruising  mostly  in  the  north  Atlantic.  There  are  many  rules,  in 
truth  almost  as  many  rules  as  there  are  generalizers,  for  telling  by  the  mercury  how  the  wind 
and  weather  are  to  be  oflF  Cape  Horn,  and  how  they  are  to  be  in  the  long  stretch  for  easting 
both  on  the  outward  and  homeward  route  from  and  to  Australia.  I  am  free  to  confess  that  I  have 
never  yet  been  able  to  discover  the  actual  relation  between  barometric  pressure  and  the  weather 
off  Cape  Horn  and  in  those  high  southern  latitudes;  nor  have  I  been  able  to  give  any  rule  by 
which  the  mariner  might  certainly  fortell  the  approaching  storm  in  those  seas.  With  the  hope 
of  discovering  some  rule  of  practical  importance  in  this  matter,  blanks  from  the  daily  barometric 
range  at  sea  have  been  prepared  to  accompany  the  abstract  log. — (See  plate  XIX,  vol.  1.) 

The  use  of  these  diagrams  will,  I  have  no  doubt,  prove  valuable  and  important,  especially 
to  those  in  the  Australia  and  California  trade.  In  the  mean  time,  and  in  addition  to  what  has 
been  said  at  pp.  446  et  seq.,  I  add  the  remarks  of  Captain  George  W.  Brown,  of  the  "Kitty 
Simpson,"  who  is  a  very  close  observer  and  clever  navigator.  They  are  taken  from  his  abstract 
log: 


584  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

"July  3,  185T.  Lat.  48°  09'  S.,  long.  87°  54'  E.  Barometer,  28.86.  Wind:  NW. 
First  part,  moderate  breezes,  thick  and  rainy;  middle,  light  winds,  with  foul  looking  weather, 
and  squalls  with  rain.  5  a.  m.,  wind  suddenly  from  SW.,  with  squalls  and  rain.  9  a.  m.,  hard 
squalls;  reefed  the  mainsail  and  took  in  the  jib;  ends  wind  on  the  increase;  passed  much  kelp; 
numerous  petrels  and  other  birds  about.  I  fully  expected  a  gale  from  the  N.  or  NE.,  with  such 
a  low  glass,  (28.70  in.)  I  find  by  experience  a  low  barometer  does  not  but  rarely  indicate  them' 
unless  it  falls  during  the  time  it  is  blowing  from  these  quarters.  In  this,  as  in  the  south 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  a  low  glass  with  baffling  winds  and  unsettled  weather  (I  mean  in 
high  latitudes)  is  almost  a  sure  precursor  of  a  SW.  gale,  hauling  suddenly  to  that  quarter  a  few 
hours  after  the  column  has  fallen  to  28.70,  or  perhaps  a  tenth  or  two  lower;,  and  also  if  the 
barometer  falls  with  a  northerly  gale  and  continues  to  fall  after  the  gale  ceases,  or  remains 
steady  at  29.00,  or  less,  then  look  out  for  a  sudden  shift  from  S.  or  SW.,  after  which  the  silver 
will  rise  fast  or  not,  according  to  the  force  of  wind.  In  the  heaviest  gales  from  W.  or  NW., 
the  glass  seldom  falls  below  29.30,  (that  is  my  own  experience.)  I  may  here  remark  that  a 
low  barometer  does  not  always  indicate  wind  from  any  particular  quarter,  for  on  the  13th  and 
14th  of  June,  with  the  glass  at  29  inches  on  the  average,  I  had  south  and  easterly  winds,  with 
various  kinds  of  weather,  calms,  &c. ;  but  such  cases,  I  think,  seldom  transpire ;  indeed,  I  am  at 
a  loss  to  know  what  influenced  the  mercury  to  act  so  contrary  to  the  general  rule,  for  a  high 
glass  is  always  experienced  with  SE.  winds. 

"July  7.  Lat.  46°  39'  S.,  long.  103°  28'  E.  Barometer,  28.80.  Winds:  W.  First  part, 
calm  and  cloudy;  middle  part,  fresh  breezes,  and  thick  rainy  weather;  latter,  light  breezes, 
with  cloudy  weather  and  rain  till  7  a.  m.  Saw  plenty  of  kelp,  some  of  which  I  caught;  it  appeared 
to  have  been  in  the  water  a  long  time,  being  covered  with  barnacles.  Numerous  albatross  and 
other  sea  fowl  about.  I  was  much  surprised  to  see  a  large  black  land  bird,  something  like  a 
ganney, hovering  overhead  for  more  than  an  hour,  seeing  there  is  no  land  that  is  known  hundreds  of 
miles  from  us ;  yet  it  is  my  opinion  there  are  islands  in  this  vicinity.  The  color  of  the  water,  the 
peculiar  weather,  the  various  birds,  the  abundance  of  kelp,  and  the  indescribable  feeling  of  the 
air,  denote  it.  The  barometer  fell  to  28.60  with  a  southerly  wind  again,  which  lasted  but  a  few 
hours,  when  it  hauled  to  west,  the  glass  rising  a  couple  of  tenths,  the  wind  gradually  increasing. 
Now  what  is  the  meaning  of  the  mercury  being  so  low  with  southerly  winds  and  calms  ?  This 
is  the  second  time  it  has  shown  me  that  the  silver  does  not  fall  always  for  wind,  or  in  fact  any 
particular  kind  of  weather,  except,  indeed,  it  be  for  a  SE.  wind,  which  I  have  always  found 
the  barometer  to  rise  for  heretofore.'' 


ROUTES  FROM  EUROPE  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  AUSTRALIA. 

The  gold  ports  of  Australia,  whether  the  distance  be  measured  via  Cape  Horn  or  by  the 
way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  are  between  12,000  and  13,000  miles  from  the  Atlantic  ports 
of  the  United  States  or  Europe.  The  best  way  for  vessels  in  the  Australian  trade,  from  Europe 
or  the  Atlantic  ports  of  America,  to  go  is  by  doubling  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  and  the  best 
way  to  come  is  via  Cape  Horn ;  and  for  this  reason,  viz  :  The  prevailing  winds  in  the 
extra-tropical  regions  of  the  southern  hemisphere  are  from  the  NW.,  which  of  course  makes 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  585 

fair  winds  for  the  outward  bound  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  fair  winds  for  the  home- 
ward bound  around  Cape  Horn.  Here  all  is  plain  sailing  ;  vessels  homeward  bound  should 
steer  by  the  shortest  cut  for  Cape  Horn,  and  the  outward  bound,  after  clearing  the  calms  of 
Capricorn  in  the  Atlantic,  should  shape  their  course  as  direct  for  the  port  of  destination  as  the 
land  and  ice  and  the  winds  will  permit  them. 

Returning  by  the  way  of  Cape  Horn  homeward,  the  best  route  is  to  get  south  of  the 
parallel  of  45°  or  50°  S.  as  soon  as  you  can  by  a  SE.  course.  Do  not  hesitate,  if  the  winds 
favor,  to  pass  south  of  New  Zealand.  But  whether  you  pass  south  of  these  islands  or  not,  as 
soon  as  you  get  clear  of  them  let  the  course  be  shaped  direct  for  Cape  Horn,  recollecting  that 
the  further  you  keep  south  of  the  middle  of  the  straight  line  on  your  chart  from  Yan  Dieman's 
Land  to  Cape  Horn,  the  nearer  you  are  to  the  great  circle  route,  and  the  shorter  the  distance ; 
the  difference  by  the  great  circle,  and  by  the  straight  course  on  the  charts,  being  upwards  of 
1,000  miles. 

The  United  States  and  Australia  are  nearly  antipodal.  A  diameter  of  the  earth  having 
one  end  in  the  Atlantic  upon  the  parallel  of  38°  N.,  at  its  intersection  with  the  meridian  of 
35°  W.,  would  have  the  other  near  Port  Philip,  New  South  Wales.  It  will  therefore  be 
perceived  how  that  the  meridians  of  many  places  in  America,  being  followed  to  the  south  pole 
and  thence  onward,  w^ould  guide  one  to  various  places  in  New  Holland.  Thus,  the  same 
meridian  line  which  passes  through  Eastport,  in  Maine,  being  continued  on  the  other  side  of 
the  world,  will  be  found  to  pass  near  the  Swan  River  settlement  of  the  great  Gold  Continent. 
This  meridian  is  a  great  circle  ;  and  the  intercepted  arc  of  it,  therefore,  represents  the  shortest 
distance  between  any  two  places  that  are  situated  upon  it. 

Hence  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  great  circle  from  New  York  to  Australia  passes  very 
nearly  through  the  axis  of  South  America,  thence  south  through  the  antarctic  regions,  and  so  on 
northwardly  again  till  it  reaches  this  modern  Ophir.  But  this  route  is  impracticable  to  the 
navigator,  and  it  is  therefore  useless  to  give  sailing  directions  for  it. 

Let  us,  however,  look  for  one  which,  being  practicable,  will  be  found  to  deviate  as  little 
as  possible  from  the  great  circle,  and  which,  moreover,  all  things  being  considered,  offers  to 
vessels  in  the  Australian  trade  from  Europe,  as  well  as  from  the  United  States,  the  fairest 
prospect  of  the  most  speedy  passages.  Having  found  such  a  route,  I  propose  to  give  those 
navigators,  whether  American  or  European,  who  are  co-operating  with  me  in  collecting  data 
for  my  researches,  the  benefit  of  the  experience  derived  from  the  logs  of  all  the  vessels  that 
have  followed  the  sailing  directions  that  have  been  given  in  previous  editions  of  this  work  for 
the  new  route  to  Australia. 

Yessels  that  are  bound  southeastwardly,  after  crossing  the  line  in  30°  W. ,  can  generally 
reach,  without  being  pinched  by  the  way,  30°  S.  between  30°  and  20°  W.  The  great  circle 
distance  thence  to  Port  Philip  is,  if  it  could  he  followed^  about  6,700  miles ;  but  it  crosses  the 
barriers  of  perpetual  ice  which  forbid  the  passage  through  the  antarctic  regions.  But  if  a 
vessel  do  not  go  south  of  55°,  she  cannot  accomplish  the  distance  to  Port  Philip  from  the 
parallel  and  meridian  of  30°  in  less  than  7,300  miles. 

The  majority  of  vessels  bound  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  cross  the  meridian  of  20° 

W.  between  the  parallels  of  30°  and  35°  S.     Here  they  generally  aim  to  make  a  course  a  little 

to  the  south  of  east.     But  the  great  circle  route  to  Australia  would,  were  it  practicable,  require 

them  to  pass  the  parallel  of  70°  S.  before  crossing  this  meridian  of  20°  W.     That  route  is  the 

VOL.  II 74 


586  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

nearest  which,  being  practicable,  deviates  the  least  from  the  great  circle.  Mr.  Towson,  of 
Liverpool,  has  designated  it  the  "composite"  route.  Therefore,  the  course  of  the  Australian- 
bound  vessel,  when  she  clears  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn,  between  the  meridians  of  20°  and 
30°  W.,  which  we  will  suppose  she  generally  does  by  the  time  she  reaches  the  parallel  of  30° 
S.,  is  tangential  to  the  parallel  of  the  highest  degree  of  latitude  that  she  intends  to  reach. 
The  distance  via  "composite"  routes  for  the  parallels  as  "vertices,"  of  45°,  50°,  and  55°  S. 
from  30°  S.,  and  from  the  meridians  of  30°  and  of  20°  W.,  are  as  follows  : 

From  30°  S.  and  30°  W.  to  45°  S.  in  20°  E.,  thence  E.  to  120°  E.,  and  thence  by  tangent 
to  Port  Philip,  8,000  miles. 

Ditto  by  tangent  to  50°  S.  in  30°  E.,  then  to  100°  E.,  and  thence  to  Port  Philip,  7,700. 

From  30°  S.  and  20°  W.,  by  tangent  to  45°  S.  in  30°  B.,  and  thence,  as  upon  the  parallel 
of  45°  from  30°  W.,  to  Port  Philip,  7,600. 

From  ditto  to  50°  S.,  long.  40°  E.,  and  thence  to  Port  Philip,  as  before,  from  30°  W.,  7,300. 

From  30°  S.,  long,  25°  W.,  by  tangent  to  the  parallel  of  55°  in  long.  40°  E.,  and  thence 
along  this  parallel  to  90°  E.,  and  thence  by  tangent  to  Port  Philip,  the  distance  is  7,300  miles. 

These  tangential  curves  are  arcs  of  great  circles;  and  the  navigator  who  will  not  take  the 
trouble  to  get  out  these  curves,  so  that  he  may  follow  them  to  and  from  the  parallel  or 
"vertex"  upon  which  he  proposes  to  "  run  down  his  longitude, "  but  prefers  the  rhumb -line 
course,  must  make  up  his  mind  to  the  loss  to  be  incurred,  for  even  in  the  cases  quoted  above,  he 
will  lose  by  the  rhumb-line  course  from  a  few  hours'  to  a  day's  sail,  according  to  circumstances*. 

At  any  rate,  when  he  comes  to  view  the  route  to  Australia  as  here  described,  he  will 
perceive  that  the  route  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  Red  Sea,  and  India,  as  at  present 
followed,  turns  off  from  it  about  the  parallel  of  30°  S.,  and  that  therefore  Australian-bound 
vessels  do  not  care  to  make  so  much  easting  in  the  trades  as  is  the  wont  of  those  vessels 
that  desire  either  to  touch  at  or  double  close  around  the  cape;  consequently  it  is  no  object 
with  them  to  hug  the  trades  as  close  as  the  cape -bound  vessels  do;  and  they  hug  it  too  close. 

Here,  then,  as  you  clear  the  belt  of  SE.  trade-winds  there  is  a  fork  in  the  road — the 
vessel  bound  by  the  beaten  track  to  the  Cape  and  Calcutta  going  to  the  east;  but  she  whose 
destination  is  for  the  gold  fields  of  Yictoria,  or  for  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  should  stand  on  to  the 
southward,  not  thinking  of  hauling  up  to  the  eastward  until  she  clears  the  calms  of  Capricorn 
and  finds  herself  well  within  the  region  of  the  trade-like  westerly  winds  of  the  southern 
hemisphere.  She  may  then  begin  to  edge  away  and  to  haul  up  gradually  to  the  eastward, 
crossing  10^  "W.  between  the  parallels  of  40°  and  50°,  according  to  the  season,  and  reaching 

^In  1847  Mr.  J.  T.  Towson,  of  Liverpool,  computed  a  set  of  tables  to  "facilitate  the  practice  of  great  circle  sailing, 
■which  are  published  by  the  Admiralty.  By  these  tables  Mr.  Towson  has  won  the  credit  of  having  systemized  and  intro- 
duced regularly  into  the  art  or  science  of  practical  navigation  a  new  branch,  which  is  now  known  as  "composite  sailing" — 
that  is,  when  a  navigator  makes  up  his  mind  to  "run  down  his  longitude"  upon  a  certain  parallel,  the  nearest  way  for  him 
to  get  on  that  parallel  is  by  arc  of  great  circle,  which,  passing  through  the  place  of  his  ship,  is  tangent  to  that  parallel. 
Likewise,  in  quitting  that  parallel  called  the  "vertex,"  the  nearest  way  is  again  by  arc  of  tangential  great  circle  which  passes 
through  his  place  of  destination.  Mr.  Towson' s  tables  afford  the  navigator  simple  rules  and  methods  for  finding  his  courses 
and  distance  by  such  arcs. 

More  recently  Professor  Chauvenet,  of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  has  invented  a  "great  circle  protractor,"  by 
which  the  navigator  can  lay  off  exactly,  and  with  great  facility,  the  arc  of  a  great  circle,  however  short,  which  he  wishes  to 
follow.  In  finding  the  arc,  the  protractor  shows  also  the  courses  and  distance.  The  contrivance  is  exceedingly  simple  and 
beautiful,  making  "  composite  sailing  "  very  easy. 

And  still  more  recently  Captain  Geerken,  a  Dutch  ship  master,  has  proposed  a  plan  by  which  the  great  circle  may  in 
most  cases  be  projected  with  a  pair  of  dividers  on  an  ordinary  Mercator's  chart,  and  generally  with  sufficient  accuracy  for 
ordinary  purposes. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  587 

her  extreme  southern  parallel  in  our  winter  months  near  the  meridian  of  20°  E.  Upon  this 
parallel  (say  from  45*  to  52°  S.)  she  should  run  along  her  "vertex"  till  she  crosses  the  meridian 
of  100°  or  120°  east,  when  she  may  begin  gradually  to  edge  up  for  her  port,  but  still  keeping  to 
the  right  of  the  rhumb-line  on  her  chart,  that  leads  to  it.  Hence,  it  will  be  perceived  that 
Australian-bound  vessels  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Neither  they  nor 
the  outward-bound  for  the  Straits  of  Sunda  should  wish  to  go  within  six  hundred  or  eight  hun- 
dred miles  of  it. 

The  best  crossing  place  of  25°  or  30°  S.  that  the  SE.  trades  will  generally  allow  for 
the  Australian  route  is  about  30°  W.,  a  few  degrees  more  or  less.  Here,  the  winds  being  fair, 
the  great  circle  from  this  crossing  to  Port  Philip  will  give  the  navigator  a  very  correct  idea 
as  to  the  best  course  for  him  to  pursue  after  reaching  25°  or  30°  S.,  at  the  crossing  above 
mentioned. 

The  distance  from  it  to  Port  Philip  is  about  6,500  miles,  the  arc  of  the  great  circle  crossing 
the  prime  meridian  between  the  parallels  of  70°  and  75°  S.,  the  meridian  of  55°  E.  between 
the  parallels  of  80°  and  82°  S.  Here  it  reaches  its  greatest  southern  declination,  and  begins 
then  to  incline  northwardly.  Ships  cannot  follow  this  circle;  it  is  described  only  for  the 
purpose  of  reminding  navigators  of  how  far  south  the  shortest  route  lies,  were  it  possible  to 
follow  it.  But  since  they  cannot  do  it,  Australian-bound  vessels  are  advised,  after  crossing  the 
equator  near  the  meridian  of  30°  W.,  say  between  27°  and  32°,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  run 
down  through  the  SE.  trades,  with  topmast  studding-sails  set,  if  they  have  sea  room,  aiming  to 
cross  25°  or  30°  S.,  as  the  winds  will  allow,  which  will  be  generally  somewhere  about  28°  or 
30°  "W.,  and  so  on,  shaping  their  course,  after  they  get  the  winds  steadily  from  the  westward, 
more  and  more  to  the  eastward,  until  they  cross  the  meridian  of  20°  E.,  or  reach  the  parallels 
about  which  they  intend  to  "  run  down  their  easting." 

Of  the  seventy-odd  ships  that  have  returned  me  their  abstracts,  after  having  taken  these 
"Wind  and  Current  Charts"  for  their  guide  to  Australia,  one-fifth  have  made  the  run  from 
the  offings  of  St.  Roque  to  port  in  48  days  or  less,  their  average  being  44  days,  the  best 
among  them  being  35  days.  The  mean  crossing  place  of  the  prime  meridian  by  these  14 
vessels  is  in  latitude  41°  30',  though  48°  would  not  be  too  far  south;  and  the  parallels  between 
which  they  "rundown  their  easting"  maybe  stated,  in  a  general  way,  to  be  45°  and  48°. 
This  is  the  great  lane  for  quick  runs  to  that  new  land  of  Ophir.  No  vessel,  with  free  winds, 
and  of  choice,  should  think  of  running  down  her  easting,  at  any  season,  on  the  equatorial 
side  of  45°. 

Suppose  an  Australian-bound  vessel  to  be  on  the  parallel  of  30°  S.  in  30°  W. ;  from  this 
point  it  will  be  as  near  for  her,  within  15  miles — say  one  hour's  sail — to  reach  the  prime 
meridian  at  its  intersection  with  40°  S.  as  at  its  intersection  with  30°  S.  Navigators  should 
keep  in  mind  the  difference  of  course  and  distance  by  Mercator  and  by  great  circle,  and,  after 
clearing  the  calms  of  Capricorn,  be  not  loth,  through  fear  of  increasing  their  distance,  to  bear 
south,  in  order  to  reach  the  desired  parallel  for  running  down  longitude :  and,  as  a  rule,  this 
desired  parallel  should  be  reached  before  crossing  the  prime  meridian,  and  it  should  not  be 
abandoned  before  crossing  the  meridian  of  120°  E. 

Such  is  the  best  route  to  Australia,  the  highest  degree  of  south  latitude  (and,  as  as  a  rule, 
the  further  you  go  south  the  shorter  the  distance)  which  it  may  be  prudent  to  touch,  depending 
mainly  on  the  season  of  the  year,  the  ice,  and  the  winds,  the  state  of  the  ship,  and  the  well- 
being  of  the  passengers  and  crew.     If  the  winds  are  not  good  and  strong,  bear  south  to  look 


588  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

for  them.  In  our  summer,  one  Avill  not  have  to  go  so  far  south  to  look  for  these  winds  as  he 
will  in  our  winter.  The  shortest  passages,  therefore,  will  probably  be  made  in  the  southern 
spring  and  early  summer,  when  daylight,  the  winds,  the  state  of  the  weather,  and  all  except 
ice,  are  most  favorable  for  reaching  high  southern  latitudes.  The  Pilot  Charts  for  the  South 
Pacific  indicate  that  there  is  a  belt  of  westerly  winds  between  45°  and  50°  S.,  which  are  most 
constant  and  steady.  If,  with  more  ample  materials  and  thorough  discussion,  this  should  prove 
to  be  so,  the  discovery  will  be  of  great  importance. 

Vessels,  therefore,  bound  to  Australia  from  the  United  States  or  Europe  should  take  the 
Rio  route  as  far  as  the  equator.  Indeed,  it  may  be  remarked,  for  the  tenth  time:  the  route 
around  Cape  Horn  to  Australia,  to  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  and  to  India,  may  be  considered  as 
one  and  the  same  until  the  belt  of  SE.  trades  in  the  Atlantic  be  passed.  Vessels  bound  from 
Europe  should  aim  to  cross  the  equator  between  27°  and  30°  "W.  Further  east  would  take 
them  where  the  equatorial  doldrums  will  prove  troublesome,  and  where  the  SE.  trades  will  be 
more  difficult  to  find;  further  west  will  take  them  too  far  out  of  the  way. — (See  p.  577.) 

Having  crossed  the  equator,  with  sea  room  and  a  good  offing  from  the  shores  of  Brazil,  the 
best  course  for  all,  whether  European  or  American,  is,  as  before  stated,  to  crack  on  through 
the  SE.  trades  with  topmast  studding-sails  set,  or  at  any  rate  with  a  clean  rap-full.  When 
these  winds  fail,  as  they  will  do,  from  25°  S.  in  our  summer  and  fall,  to  35°  or  even  40°  in  our 
winter  and  spring — especially  on  the  African  side — and  the  Australian  trader  finds  himself  in 
the  horse  latitudes  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  his  course  is  then  nearly  due  south  until  he 
gets  beyond  them,  and  well  into  the  strong  westerly  winds  of  that  region.  These  "brave  west 
winds"  will  be  found  on  the  American  side,  or  W.  of  20°  W.,  between  35°  and  40°  S. ;  but  in  east 
longitude  they  will  be  found  between  the  parallels  of  45°  and  55°,  according  to  the  season  of  the 
year;  they  prevail  with  great  regularity  and  force;  moreover,  they  are  accompanied  by  that 
long  rolling  swell  which  will  of  itself  help  a  vessel  along  many  miles  a  day. 

All  the  abstracts  which  I  have  as  yet  received  from  Australian-bound  traders  go  to  con- 
firm and  illustrate,  in  the  most  beautiful  manner,  everything  that  I  have  previously  said  with 
regard  to  the  westerly  trades  of  the  extra  tropical  south,  and  the  advantages  of  the  southern 
route  to  Australia.  I  have  endeavored  to  impress  navigators  with  a  sense  of  the  mistake  they 
commit  in  considering  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  as  on  the  way-side  of  their  best  route  to  Australia. 
It  is  not  only  a  long  way  out  of  the  best  and  most  direct  track  for  them,  but  the  winds  also,  to 
the  north  of  the  fortieth  parallel  of  south  latitude,  are  much  less  favorable  for  Australia  than 
they  are  to  the  south  of  this  parallel.  Sailing  Directions*  issued  by  the  British  Admiralty,  I 
am  aware,  recommend  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  route,  and  the  parallel  of  39°  S.,  as  the  best 
upon  which  to  run  down  easting  for  Australia. 
I  quote  from  those  Sailing  Directions : 

"After  rounding  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  vessels  bound  to  the  south  coast  of  Australia  may 
safely  run  down  their  longitude,  or  limit  the  southern  curve  of  their  great  circle  to  the  parallel 
of  39°  S.,  where  the  wind  blows  almost  constantly  from  some  western  point,  and  seldom  with 
more  strength  than  will  admit  of  carrying  sail.  In  a  higher  latitude  the  weather  is  frequently 
boisterous  and  stormy,  and  sudden  changes  of  wind,  with  squally,  wet  weather,  are  to  be 
expected,  especially  in  the  winter  season,  after  passing  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  Amster- 
dam.    Islands  of  ice  have  also   been  encountered  in  those  regions,    as  was  almost  fatally 

e  1853. 


TO   AUSTKALIA.  589 

proved  by  H.  M.  ship   Guardian  striking  against  one  in  46°  or  47°  S.,  in  the  beginning  of 
summer,  and  nearly  foundering."  * 

It  is  in  the  fall  and  winter  months,  when  the  sea  is  most  free  from  icebergs — not  in  the 
summer,  for  every  one  knows  that  icebergs  are  often  seen  in  the  North  Atlantic  in  June,  and 
not  unfrequently  in  July.  From  November  to  April  is  the  worst  time  for  ice  along  the  Australian 
route. — (See  ice  table,  p.  580.)  By  May,  well  nigh  all  that  the  summer  heat  could  set  adrift  has 
been  borne  north  and  melted;  the  southern  winter  is  the  time  when  the  icebergs  are  held  fast, 
for  then  they  are  forming  for  the  heat  of  the  next  spring  and  summer  to  break  out  and  set  adrift. 

The  maximum  latitude,  or  the  "vertex,"  to  be  used,  must,  as  before  said,  depend  upon 
the  season  of  the  year;  and  what  that  "vertex"  is  to  be  for  any  season  is  one  of  the  objects 
of  present  inquiry  and  of  these  investigations  touching  the  Australian  route.  It  will  depend 
upon  winds,  weather,  ice,  &c. 

I  hope  the  abstract  logs  from  vessels  in  that  trade  will,  ere  long,  enable  me  to  make  a 
satisfactory  and  proper  decision  upon  this  point.  For,  by  ascertaining  that  point,  I  expect  to 
be  able  to  fix  definitely  upon  a  route  which  shall  bring  Australia  permanently  on  the  average 
some  thirty  days  or  more  nearer  to  the  United  States  and  Europe  than  by  the  Admiralty  route, 
along  the  parallel  of  39°,  that  colony  ever  has  been  or  can  be. 

In  recommending  this  new  route,  and  a  route  which  difiers  so  widelj  from  the  favorite 
route  of  the  Admiralty,  I  should  remark  that  I  do  it,  not  because  it  is  an  approach  to  the  great 
circle  route,  nor  because  it  has  anything  to  do  with  the  composite  track,  but  because  the 
winds,  and  the  sea,  and  the  distance,  are  all  such  as  to  make  this  route  the  quickest.  I  say 
the  sea,  because  I  suppose  there  is  no  more  danger  from  icebergs,  if  a  proper  lookout  be  kept, 
than  there  is  on  the  voyage  between  New  York  and  Liverpool. 

Under  these  circumstances,  and  until  co-operators  will  furnish  a  sufiicient  number  of  journals, 
we  cannot  advise  navigators  exactly  how  far  south  to  go  without  incurring  risks  from  icebergs. 
They  certainly  may  venture  further  to  the  southward  in  some  months  than  in  others;  but  how 
far  in  each  month,  and  with  what  profit,  remains  for  future  investigations,  based  on  more  ample 
materials  than  have  yet  come  to  my  hands  to  determine. 

I  do  not  venture  lightly  or  without  reflection  to  differ  with  the  Hydrographic  Office  of 
England  in  matters  of  this  sort.  That  is  high  authority  I  am  aware.  I  knew  the  late 
distinguished  officer  who  presided  over  it  with  such  signal  ability  for  so  many  years.  Navigation 
owes  him  much,  and  I  had  the  highest  admiration  and  respect  for  him,  both  as  an  officer  and  a  man. 
I  therefore  allude  to  the  work  of  his  office,  upon  which  he  has  conferred  well-earned  renown, 
and  to  the  opinions  uttered  by  it  under  his  worthy  successor,  with  the  utmost  respect.  The 
object  that  I,  and  those  who  co-operate  with  me,  have  in  view  is  the  object  for  which  the  great 
Hydrographic  Office  of  the  world — that  of  the  British  Admiralty — was  established  and  is 
maintained,  viz:  the  improvement  of  navigation,  the  benefit  of  commerce,  and  the  good  of  the 
seafaring  community. 

Our  objects  being  the  same,  therefore,  when  my  investigations,  which  have  so  far  been 
carried  on  through  a  separate  and  independent  system  of  observations,  lead  me  to  results 
which  diff'er  from  conclusions  by  others,  I  may  surely  be  permitted  to  announce  these  results; 
and  if  they  differ  from  Admiralty  authorities,  I  may  also  be  permitted,  without  off"ence,  to  allude 
to  that  difference,  and  to  show,  by  facts  and  observations,  not  which  side  is  entirely  right — for 
that  is  not  always  the  case  with  either — but  which  is  the  less  wrong. 

^  The  Australia  Directory,  vol,  1.  Edited  by  John  Burdwood,  Master,  R.  N.  Fifth  edition,  printed  for  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty,  1855.     Chapter  I,  page  1. 


690  THE  WIND  AND  CUKKENT  CHAKTS. 

The  following  is  directly  to  the  point: 

"Before  sailing,"  Captain  Albert  Bowen,  in  the  abstract  log  of  the  barque  Gem  of  the 
Sea,  from  New  York  to  Australia,  in  1853,  says:  "I  obtained  an  English  Directory  for  the 
Indian  Ocean  and  Australia,  published  in  1843,  which  recommended  crossing  in  the  latitude  of 
39°  south,  which  I  followed,  and  which  I  think  greatly  prolonged  my  passage.  I  would  advise 
going  as  far  south  as  48°,  where  they  will  get  a  strong,  steady  wind  from  the  westward.  By 
crossing  in  39°  I  very  unexpectedly  got  a  great  deal  of  northerly  and  easterly  wind,  with  more 
calms  and  light  winds  than  I  ever  experienced  before.  I  have  crossed  tlie  Indian  Ocean  both 
in  summer  and  winter,  but  never  experienced  half  so  much  easterly  winds  in  all  before." 

In  further  proof  that  the  route  recommended  in  the  Sailing  Directions  of  the  Admiralty  is 
too  far  to  the  north,  and  as  an  illustration  of  the  advantages  of  the  route  which  I  advise,  I  can 
quote  the  results  of  actual  experience.  I  have  the  abstract  logs  of  104  vessels,  viz:  of  30  that 
tried  the  Admiralty  route:  their  average  from  the  offings  of  St.  Roque  to  Australia  is  72.5 
days;  of  32,  between  the  Admiralty  route  and  45°,  with  a  like  average  of  63.4  days;  of  42, 
south  of  45°,  with  an  average  of  55  days.  Thus  is  confirmed  the  remark  in  the  7th  edition, 
page  745:  "So  far  as  the  facts  before  us  go,  they  justify  the  assertion  that,  for  every  degree 
you  go  south  of  the  Admiralty  route,  you  gain  three  days  on  the  average,  until  you  reach  the 
parallel  of  45°-6°,  for  the  averages  of  the  table  are  not  below  this  parallel;  and  I  believe  it 
will  turn  out  (and  it  has)  that  the  best  streak  of  wind,  on  the  long  run,  is  to  be  found  between 
45°  and  50°  S.,  (probably  48°  and  52°.)  It  seems  to  be  almost  as  steady  between  these 
parallels,  from  the  westward,  as  it  is  anywhere  from  the  east  between  the  trade-wind  parallels 
of  15°  and  20°." 

There  is  still  room  for  improvement;  and  that  those  interested  in  ships,  commerce,  and 
navigation,  may  conceive  how  rich  with  good  results,  and  with  the  promise  of  more,  this  field 
is,  they  should  not  forget  what  has  been  done  for  that  part  of  the  route  which  lies  in  the 
North  Atlantic.  To  give  this  route  to  Australia  a  fair  trial,  vessels  should  not  only  take  the 
Wind  and  Current  Charts  for  their  guide  along  that  part  of  the  route  which  lies  between  the 
meridians  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Melbourne,  but  they  should  take  them  for  their  guide 
all  the  way.  I  make  this  caution  because  all  the  vessels  of  the  table  did  not  do  this.  They 
either  did  not  take  the  new  route  to  the  equator,  and  thence  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque;  or, 
having  followed  it  thus  far,  they  did  not  continue  to  follow  it  for  the  rest  of  the  voyage.  The 
abstract  logs  of  vessels,  taken  at  random,  that  have  followed  the  new  route  through  the  North 
Atlantic  to  the  fair  way  of  St.  Roque,  have  been  discussed,  pp.  143-364.  The  mean  gives  34 
days  as  the  average  passage  from  the  United  States  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque.  The  present 
average  from  the  channel  and  the  western  coast  of  England  to  the  same  parallel  has  been 
reduced  from  about  42  also  to  about  34  days — (see  pp.  369  et  seq;)  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  this  may  be  reduced  still  further.  This  reduction,  if  it  takes  place,  will  aipply  directly  to 
the  Australia  route  from  Europe,  for  that  part  of  it  which  lies  north  of  the  parallel  of  St. 
Roque  is  common  alike  to  all  vessels,  whether  bound  to  Australia,  India,  Rio,  or  California. 

I  refer  co-operators  to  what  was  said  in  the  previous  editions  of  this  work  on  the  subject  of 
the  route  to  Australia.  We  can  now  test  the  accuracy  of  many  of  these  remarks  by  comparing 
them  with  the  results  of  actual  experience.  It  was  there  said:  "Judging  from  the  results  so 
far,  we  are  entitled  to  say  that,  when  the  prevailing  winds  and  currents  to  be  encountered  on 
the  voyage  from  England  or  the  English  Channel  to  Australia  shall  come  to  be  understood,  and 
when  the  routes  recommended  according  to  such  knowledge  shall  be  properly  followed  all  the 
way,  the  average  duration  of  the  voyage,  so  far  from  being  124   days,  as  it  now  appears  to  be 


TO    AUSTRALIA.  591 

by  the  Admiralty  route,*  or  98  days,  as  it  now  appears  to  be  by  the  vessels  that  have  the  Wind 
and  Current  Charts  on  board,  will  probably  be  less  than  95  days  from  America,  and  not  more 
than  91  or  92  from  England  or  the  Channel." 

The  table  at  p.  597,  showing  the  time  of  seventy-four  vessels  by  the  new  route  from  the  offings 
of  St.  Roque,  give  the  average  passage  from  America  at  95  days.  All  of  those  vessels  did  not 
follow  the  new  route  to  Rio  as  far  as  the  offings  of  St.  Roque.  The  average  passage  that  far 
jS  34  days,  and  thence  to  Australia  it  is  58  days;  so  that  really  the  passage  from  the  United 
States  to  Australia  has  been  actually  reduced  in  consequence  of  this  admirable  system  of 
nautical  co-operation  for  physical  research  from  127  to  92  days;  and  from  England,  (say  the 
Lizard,)  when  the  new  or  western  route  thence  to  the  line  shall  be  followed,  the  average  time 
under  canvas  to  Australia  should  not  be  over  90  days. 

In  the  7th  edition  it  was  remarked: 

"  I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that  vessels  going  by  the  Charts  will  never  have  long  passages — I 
do  not  pretend  to  say  that  any  more  than  I  do  that  vessels  going  by  this  or  that  old  route  will 
invariably  have  long  passages;  by  no  means.  It  should  be  recollected  that  in  laying  down 
rules  of  conduct  in  Sailing  Directions,  the  rules  laid  down  are  intended  to  suit  the  majority  of 
cases.  The  exceptions  may  be  many,  but  when  compared  with  the  whole,  they  will  be  neither 
numerous  nor  glaring  enough  to  alter  the  rule. 

"When  I  was  in  England,  two  years  ago,  i.  e.,  in  1853, 1  expressed,  before  the  merchants 
of  Liverpool  and  London,  the  opinion  that  the  average  passage  under  canvas  to  Australia 
might  be  so  shortened  for  ships  from  all  North  Atlantic  ports  as  to  make  it  a  month  less  than 
the  average  by  the  old  or  Admiralty  route.  Some  of  the  ships  in  this  trade,  and  especially 
some  that  sailed  out  of  Liverpool,  had  already,  under  the  advice  of  Mr.  Towson,  of  that  port, 
commenced  to  leave  the  Admiralty  route,  and  to  go  further  south  in  search  of  a  shorter  one; 
but  what  I  proposed  was  to  find  a  route  which,  taking  winds  and  distance  both  into  the  account, 
would  give  the  shortest  attainable  average;  and  I  urged  that  all  that  was  necessary  for  such  an 
achievement  was  a  better  knowledge  of  the  winds  and  currents  by  the  way.  And  as  for  the 
passage  home,  that  admitted  of  a  still  greater  reduction  on  the  average  upon  the  Admiralty 
route,  which  recommends  vessels  homeward  bound  to  return  via  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
instead  of  Cape  Horn.  The  homeward  route  of  the  Admiralty  [via  Cape  of  Good  Hope)  may 
now  be  considered  to  be  practically  abandoned,  for  I  have  not  received  the  log-book  of  a  single 
American  vessel  that  has  attempted  it;  they  all  come  by  the  way  of  Cape  Horn.  And  in 
former  editions  of  this  work  the  prediction  was  ventured  that  that  part  of  the  route,  viz:  from 
Australia  to  the  meridian  of  the  Cape  would,  when  it  came  to  be  rightly  understood  and 
properly  followed,  be  made  under  canvas  within  25  days.  It  has,  during  the  last  year,  been 
accomplished  in  less  time. 

"I  asked  the  merchants,  ship  owners  and  masters  of  England,  for  their  co-operation  to 
aid  in  the  collection  of  the  information  requisite  to  the  fulfilment  of  this  promise;  for  their 
ships,  as  they  pass  to  and  fro,  might  '  as  well  as  not '  make  the  preliminary  observations  by 
which  we  hope  to  be  enabled  to  lift  up,  as  it  were,  that  land  of  gold  and  set  it  down,  for  all  the 
purposes  of  commerce,  one  month  nearer  to  the  cities  and  marts  of  the  realm  than  it  had  been." 
[England  has  given  a  generous  and  hearty  co-operation,  and  the  promise  has  been  redeemed.] 

' '  Navigators  have  not  yet  made  themselves  fully  acquainted  with  the  new  route,  nor  has 

*It  now  (1859)  appears  to  be  111  days. — (See  p.  696.) 


592  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

there  been  time  yet  for  them  to  do  so,  or  for  it  to  be  generally  adopted;  but  even  by  a  partial 
adoption  only,  the  promise  has  been  well  nigh  fulfilled.  I  have  before  me  a  list  of  vessels  that 
arrived  at  Port  Philip,  from  European  and  North  American  ports,  between  December  31,  1853, 
and  July  7,  1854.  This  list  was  sent  me  by  Captain  A.  D.  Wood,  of  the  Avondale,  who, 
speaking  of  the  vessels  therein  mentioned,  says :  '  They  were  taken  from  a  file  of  papers  in 
which  some  numbers  were  deficient;  but,  of  the  362  vessels  arrived  up  to  the  7th  July, 
inclusive,  we  have — 

"40  vessels,  or  11  per  cent.,  who  have  made  the  passage  in  90  days  and  less."  [25  per 
cent,  now  make  it  in  less.      Vide  table,  p.  597.] 

"80  vessels,  or  22  per  cent.,  including  the  40  above,  who  have  made  the  passage  in  100 
days  and  less. 

"Average  passage  of  the  whole  362,  124  days  (nearly.) 

"63  vessels,  or  17.4  per  cent.,  have  taken  150  days  and  over."  [Only  1  per  cent,  now 
exceeds  150  days,  p.  597.] 

"8  vessels,  or  2.2  per  cent.,  have  taken  200  days  and  over. 

"This  is  but  a  sorry  picture  of  the  state  of  navigation,  and  in  many  instances,  I  believe, 
the  passages  are  understated.  With  proper  attention  to  the  Charts  and  Directions  and  Great 
Circle  Sailing,  the  longest  passage  of  the  dullest  sailer  ought  to  be  less  than  150  days  ;  while 
such  ships  as  the  Red  Jacket,  Guiding  Star,  &c.,  which  profess  to  sail  17  to  18  knots,  should 
now  and  then  make  it  in  60. days."  "A.   D.   W." 

"  Of  these  vessels,  236  were  English,  41  American,  29  Dutch,  and  8  French.  About  10  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  are  known  to  have  had  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts  on  board.  But  as  it  is 
not  known  that  all  of  them  took  the  new  route,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  separate  their 
passages  from  the  rest.  Were  they  to  be  separated,  the  average  for  the  old  or  admiralty  route 
would  probably  be  a  day  or  two  greater  than  it  is  by  this  showing  ;  but,  taking  them  all,  their 
average  is,  in  even  numbers,  124  days." — (7th  ed.,  pp.  792-4.) 

Now,  referring  to  the  table  (page  597)  for  those  vessels  that  have  taken  the  new  route 
from  the  fair  way  of  St.  Roque,  and  taking  their  average  passages,  we  find  it  95  days,  or  29 
days  less  than  the  other ;  thus  fulfilling  the  conditions  both  of  promise  and  prediction. 

"  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  British  Association — I  again  quote  from  7th  edition — it  was 
stated  by  a  distinguished  gentleman  from  Bombay  that,  where  he  came  from,  it  was  estimated 
that  a  set  of  charts  and  sailing  directions  for  the  Eastern  Seas,  based  upon  the  principles  of 
these,  would  produce  an  annual  saving  to  British  commerce  that  would  be  equivalent  to  a  gain 
of  $1,000,000  to  $2,000,000,  (X250,000  to  £500,000.) 

' '  At  first  I  thought  this  an  over-estimate  as  to  the  saving  they  would  efiect,  even  for  the 
whole  world,  in  all  parts  of  the  ocean.  I  thought  this,  because  I  had  never  computed  the  rate 
per  ton  per  day  that  shippers  usually  pay  for  freight  across  the  high  seas. 

' '  Between  Europe  and  the  United  States  the  average  time  both  ways,  from  all  ports,  is  about 
40  days  ;  and  the  average  freight  about  $5  the  ton,  or  12^  cents  per  ton. per  day. 

' '  From  the  United  States  to  Rio  the  average  time  is  about  45  days,  at  an  average  freight  $8 
the  ton,  which  is  at  the  rate  of  17.7  cents  the  ton  per  day. 

' '  From  the  United  States  and  Europe  to  Australia  the  average  passage  without  the  charts  is 
124  days,  and  the  average  freight  about  $25,  or  20  cents  the  ton  per  day.  With  the  charts  it  is 
(now*)  92  days.     To  California  the  freight  ranges  from  $25  to  $30   the  ton, 'with  an  average 

<'' January,  1859 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  593 

passage  of  128  days.*    This  also  gives  an  average  rate  of  freight  of  from  18  to  22  cents  per 
ton  per  day. 

"To  be  within  the  mark,  let  us  assume  the  average  rate  of  freight  per  ton  per  day,  under 
canvas,  on  these  distant  voyages,  to  be  15  cents,  and  the  average  size  of  the  vessels  in  that 
trade  to  be  only  500  tons  (it  is  really  about  700.) 

"The  saving  to  be  effected  thereby  to  vessels  co-operating  in  this  system  of  research,  at  15 
cents  per  ton  per  day  for  10  days,  will  be  on  the  average  at  the  rate  of  $750  for  each  vessel 
of  500  tons,  whose  passage  these  charts  may  shorten. 

"Supposing,  therefore,  that  150  vessels  only  per  month,  or  1,800  per  year,  of  all  flags,  go 
from  the  ports  of  the  north  Atlantic  ocean  to  Australia,  it  appears  that  the  amount  to  be  saved 
here  is  even  greater  than  the  estimated  amount  for  the  Indian  ocean. 

' '  The  United  States  alone,  therefore,  are  not  the  only  nation  that  is  interested  in  the  results 
of  these  investigations.     All  who  use  the  sea  are  interested  in  them  alike. 

"But  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Dobbin,  has,  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States,  with  the  view  of  enlisting  the  most  extensive  co-operation  in  this  common  plan  for  the 
common  good,  authorized  all  shipmasters  that  navigate  the  sea  under  friendly  flags,  to  be  placed 
upon  the  same  footiug  with  regard  to  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts  which  American  ship- 
masters occupy.  That  is,,any  merchant  captain,  whatever  be  the  flag  he  sails  under,  who  will 
agree  to  keep  and  furnish  an  abstract  log,  of  every  voyage^  according  to  the  form  prescribed 
and  on  the  terms  set  forth  before  the  Brussels  conference,  will  be  furnished  therefor  with  a 
copy  of  these  Sailing  Directions,  and  of  such  sheets  of  the  charts  as  relate  to  his  cruising 
ground. 

* '  Therefore,  before  applying  for  the  charts,  each  master  should  furnish  himself  with  at  hast 
one  good  chronometer,  one  good  sextant,  two  good  steering  compasses,  a  marine  barometer, 
and  three  air  and  water  thermometers,  which  barometers  and  which  thermometers  have  been 
compared  with  recognized  standards. 

' '  I  say  at  least,  because  this  is  the  smallest  outfit  of  instruments  that  can  enable  the  navigator 
properly  to  perform  his  part  of  the  agreement. 

"The  several  foreign  governments  invited  to  co-operate  in  this  system  of  research,  have 
been  requested  to  appoint  each  some  person  to  receive  these  charts,  and  distribute  them  to  the 
shipmasters  under  the  flag  of  his  country  who  are  properly  qualified  and  prepared  to  furnish, 
in  the  required  form,  the  observations  required. 

' '  It  thus  appears  that  navigators  who  are  invited  to  co-operate  in  this  system,  are  not  invited 

to  labor  for  naught.     There  is  a  prospect  of  direct  pecuniary  benefit  to  inure  to  every  ship, 

the  result  of  whose  observations  shall  contribute  to  the  shortening  of  the  passage  a  single  day; 

and  that  benefit  is  in  saving  at  the  rate  of  |75  per  day  for  every  day,  on  every  voyage,  that  the 

passage  of  a  vessel  carrying  500  tons  merchandise  may  be  shortened," — (7th  Ed.,  pp.  792-5.) 

The  amount  of  tonnage  under  all  flags  that  are  co-operating  with  us  is  stated  at  15,000,000 

tons.     Let  us  suppose  that  one-third  of  this,  or  5,000,000  tons,  are  engaged  on  voyages  to 

which  this  system  of  research  applies  ;  and  that  of  these  five  millions  one-fifth  is  always  in  port, 

the  rest  at  sea. 

Now,  if  we  convert  this  4,000,000  of  tonnage  that  is  always  at  sea,  into  cargoes  of  500 

tons  each,  we  should  see  that  the  world  afibrds  constant  occupation  at  sea  for  8, 000  ships  of 

500  tons  each. 

o 1859. 

VOL.  II 75 


594  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Let  us  see,  in  order  to  estimate  the  value  of  the  results  obtained,  how  much  the  voyages 
upon  which  these  vessels  are  engaged  have  been  shortened  by  the  joint  labors  of  all  concerned 
in  these  investigations.  The  voyage  from  the  United  States  to  Rio  has  been  reduced  from  41 
to  34  days,  or  17  per  cent.;  the  voyage  to  California  from  180  to  128  days,  say  25  per  cent.;  to 
Australia,  from  127  to  95,  also  25  per  cent.  The  Dutch,  by  their  investigations  of  the  route 
to  India,  have  shortened  the  length  of  that  voyage  quite  10  per  cent.  -  Let  us  suppose  that 
the  saving  already  effected  by  the  Dutch,  English,  and  American  publications  amounts  to  the 
general  average  of  10  per  cent,  upon  all  voyages.  Such  a  saving  of  time  would  enable  these 
8,000  ships  of  500  tons  each,  in  consequence  of  the  knowledge  which  they  have  derived  from 
the  results  of  our  labors  concerning  the  winds  and  currents  of  the  sea,  to  do  as  much  fetching 
and  carrying  in  329  days,  as,  without  that  knowledge,  they  could  have  done  in  365  days  or  one 
year.  Here  is  an  average  annual  saving  then  of  36  days  every  year  to  each  one  of  these 
8,000  ships  of  the  world  ;  and  this  saving  is  computed  to  be  worth  |75  a  day,  for  36  days  in 
the  year,  to  each  of  the  8, 000 ! 

Without  vanity,  but  with  the  virtuous  glow  of  honest  pride  I  may,  I  hope,  be  permitted 
to  ask  merchants,  ship  owners,  and  masters  if  the  promises  made  to  induce  them  and  their 
governments  to  enter  into  this  system  of  co-operation,  have  not  been  pretty  fairly  redeemed  ? 

Other  expectations  have  been  realized.  They  are  now  matters  of  history,  and  I  refer  to 
them  now  as  such,  and  as  they  were  uttered  and  reported  in  previous  editions  of  this  work. 

"A  clipper  ship,  well  handled,  and  with  a  good  streak  of  luck  in  making  the  run  from  the 
United  States  into  the  variables  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  will  be  able,  now  and  then,  to 
make  the  passage  to  Australia  by  this  route  in  60  days,  if  not  in  less  time;  but  in  60  days  it 
can  be  accomplished  under  canvas  alone.     It  used  to  be  a  ten  months'  voyage. 

"In  that  trade,  clipper  ships  will  be  able  to  set  up  a  strong  opposition  to  steamers;  for  if 
we  take  into  account  the  increased  distance  that  steamers,  touching  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
and  one  or  two  other  places  for  coal,  will  have  to  go,  together  with  the  delays  incident  thereto, 
we  shall  see  that  our  clipper  ships  have  not  much  cause  to  fear  that  steamers  will  ever  run 
them  off  the  water  in  the  Australian  trade.  Ships  with  steam,  as  an  auxiliary  only,  may,  if 
they  go  direct,  drive  clipper  ships  from  that  track. 

"As  it  has  been  already  remarked,  Australia  and  the  United  States  are  antipodal;  they 
are  12,000  or  13,000  geographical  miles  apart,  and  it  is  about  as  near  to  come  via  Cape  Horn, 
as  it  is  to  go  via  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  steamers,  therefore,  on  their  return  via  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  have  head  winds  to  contend  with  for  that  much  of  the  way;  whereas,  the 
canvas  trader,  returning  by  Cape  Horn,  has  fair  winds  to  go  and  fair  winds  to  come,  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  all  the  way  west,  even  to  Cape  Horn. 

' '  The  passage  from   Cape  Horn  to  the  United  States  is  sometimes  made  in  from  forty  to 

forty-five  days;  and  Cape  Horn  may  be  reached  under  canvas  from  Port  Philip,  with  these 

westerly  winds  and  long  swells,  and  by  keeping  well  to  the  south,  in  twenty  or  twenty-five  days. 

"I  have  great  confidence  in  the  existence,  regularity,  and  force  of  these  NW.  trades  in 

the  great  Southern  Ocean,  especially  on  the  polar  side  of  45°  S. 

"The  opinion  may  be  rash,  or  the  expression  of  it  may  seem  like  a  boast;  but,  be  what  it 
may,  I  here  repeat  the  prediction  which  I  ventured  some  years  ago,  that  the  round  voyage 
from  the  United  States  or  England  to  Port  Philip  and  home  again  can  be  made,  and  will  be 
made,  under  canvas,  by  the  route  which  these  investigations  will  discover  for  us,  in  130  or  135 
days,  or  less. 


TO    AUSTEALIA  595 

"Nay,  I  went  further — for  so  great  is  the  conJSdence  I  had  in  the  richness  of  this  field  and 
in  the  propelling  power  of  these  westwardly  trades  of  the  extra-tropical  south — and  ventured 
the  opinion  that  a  voyage  of  circumnavigation  could  be  accomplished  by  this  route  in  less  time 
than  the  passage  has  ever  yet  been  made  by  clipper  ships  from  New  York  or  Boston  to  San 
Francisco." — (Vide  page  795,  7th  edition  of  this  work.) 

One  of  the  most  wearisome  tasks  that  one  has  to  encounter  in  this  undertaking  to  improve 
the  sea  routes  of  the  world  is  to  clear  away  the  rubbish,  so  to  speak,  that  blocks  the  way,  e.  g. , 
by  actual  observation  it  is  shown,  we  will  suppose,  that  the  route  between  any  two  given  ports 
is  longer  than  it  need  be,  that  by  departing  from  it  and  taking  a  new  one,  we  discover  that 
dangers  will  be  lessened  and  voyages  shortened.  Now,  it  involves  quite  as  much  time,  trouble, 
and  labor  to  convince  navigators  that  the  old  route  is  bad,  as  it  takes  to  satisfy  them  that  the 
new  route  is  good. 

The  Admiralty  route  to  and  from  Australia  is  one  of  these  tedious  old  routes,  but  very 
difficult  to  break  up,  because  of  the  weight  and  authority  which  every  thing  with  the  imprint 
of  that  ancient  and  renowned  board  upon  it  has  with  navigators.  In  former  editions  of  these 
sailing  directions,  attention  was  called  to  that  route  and  its  faults,  with  the  hope  of  inducing 
the  compiler  of  the  Australian  Directory  to  examine  the  subject  with  the  new  lights  which  the 
discovery  of  gold  there  has,  by  increasing  the  number  of  vessels  in  that  trade,  shed  upon  it. 

But  the  compiler  sticks  to  the  old  route,  as  we  have  seen  by  the  extract  just  quoted,  p.  588. 

Ere  long,  there  no  doubt  will  be  abstract  logs  enough  in  Admiral  Fitz  Roy's  office,  to  enable 
that  distinguished  navigator,  independent  of  what  has  been  already  published  from  Washington, 
to  satisfy  any  one  upon  this  point.  The  observations,  however,  are  already  so  ample  that  they 
leave  no  room  to  doubt  as  to  the  advantages  of  running  down  easting  to  Australia  on  the  north 
or  the  south  side  of  39°  S.,  the  Admiralty  parallel. 

As  far  as  the  parallel  of  St.  Eoque,  in  Brazil,  the  path  is  the  same  for  all  vessels,  whether 
they  be  bound  by  the  new  or  the  old  route  to  Australia.  I  give  in  the  subjoined  tables  the 
crossings  of  upwards  of  one  hundred  vessels  from  the  Fair  Way  off  St.  Roque  to  Australia. 
The  average  passage  of  those  that  took  the  admiralty  route  was  72.5  days;  the  route  between 
45°  S.  was  63.4  days;  the  route  south  of  45°  was  55  days.  What  more  would  navigators  have 
to  convince  them  of  the  advantages  of  the  pew  route  ? 


596 


THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT   CHARTS- 


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TO   AUSTRALIA.  599 

These  tables  ought,  it  appears  to  me,  to  be  conclusive  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  the 
route  north  of  39°,  as  per  Admiralty,  when  compared  with  those  of  the  route  south  of  45°,  as 
per  the  results  of  actual  observations  and  experience. 

The  matter  is  one  of  consequence;  it  is  important  to  satisfy  the  nautical  mind  with  regard 
to  it,  and  therefore  I  adduce  other  evidence. 

In  February,  1856,  the  excellent  Jansen,  of  the  Dutch  navy,  sailed  from  England  in  the 
Royal  Charter — auxiliary  steamer — for  Australia,  from  Melbourne.     He  writes: 

' '  In  my  report  I  have  given  a  plain  demonstration  that  your  route  to  Australia  is  excellent. 
For  this  demonstration  I  had  the  logs  of  three  ships  that  sailed  the  same  day  from  the  soundings 
before  the  English  channel — that  of  the  Kent,  of  the  Joseph  Tarret,  and  the  Royal  Charter. 

"  The  Kent,  a  London  clipper,  under  command  of  an  old  hand  in  the  Australian  trade — one  of 
those  clever  sailors  who  have  so  much  experience  that  they  trust  nothing  else  than  their  own 
judgment.  He  had  your  charts  on  board,  but  did  not  look  in  them  at  all.  He  had  written  an 
article  formerly,  in  one  of  the  Australian  papers,  that  he  was  able  to  make  as  quick  a  passage 
along  the  Admiralty  route  (38°  south)  as  anyone  else  along  a  more  southern  route;  and  he 
took  a  wager  with  his  passengers  that  he  should  beat  the  Royal  Charter  by  ten  days,  at  least. 
Away  he  went  at  7  a.  m.  of  the  same  day  on  which  we  sailed  at  2  p.  m. 

"Joseph  Tarret,  a  Liverpool  clipper,  of  the  Black  Ball  line,  under  command  of  a  very 
clever  man,  who  had  never  made  a  voyage  to  Australia.  He  had  your  charts  and  sailing 
directions  on  board,  to  guide  him  along  this  first  voyage.  He  had  been  disappointed  by  the 
weather  in  the  Irish  channel,  but  the  day  of  our  departure  he  was  off  Cork,  and  thus  in  a 
better  position  than  the  two  other  ships  that  sailed  from  Plymouth. 

"The  Royal  Charter,  a  new  ship,  on  her  first  great  experimental  trip,  of  2,700  tons, 
with  a  very  small  auxiliary  power  of  two  hundred  horses,  was  under  command  of  one  of  those 
clever  sailors  and  navigators  who  form  their  judgment  by  comparing  their  own  experience  with 
that  of  others,  and  who  have  found  that  this  comparison  has  strengthened  their  self-reliance, 
because  they  found  that  their  conclusions  made  from  their  own  few  observations  were  in 
accordance  with  the  conclusions  made  from  a  great  number  of  observations  by  other  sailors. 

"Joseph  Tarret  followed  your  directions  to  the  line.  Kent  went  the  old  route,  between 
the  Cape  de  Verde  islands  and  the  coast  of  Africa;  and  the  Royal  Charter,  trusting  on  her 
engines  to  go  through  the  calms,  followed  in  her  wake,  expecting  to  gain  upon  her  competitor 
by  steam,  and  with  the  intention  to  enter  the  SE.  trade  in  25°  W.  and  to  go  then  with*  flowing 
sheets  to  the  SW.  in  search  for  easterly  and  northerly  winds,  and  to  steer  then  south  and 
S.SE.,  to  prevent  running  again  in  the  SE.  trade.  The  Royal  Charter  crossed  the  line  in  23° 
"W.,  eighteen  days  out;  the  Kent  in  the  same  spot,  twenty  days  out;  and  the  Joseph  Tarret  in 
29°  W.,  twenty  days  out.  The  position  of  Tarret  was  as  good  if  not  better  than  the  other 
crossing  of  the  line.  Kent,  after  crossing  the  line,  kept  to  the  eastward,  and  lost  in  running 
through  the  SE.  trade  two  days,  and  was  thus  three  days  becalmed  in  sight  of  Tristan  d' Acunha. 

"Joseph  Tarret  followed,  with  Royal  Charter,  your  directions;  and  Tarret  was  able  to  keep 
not  only  pace  with  the  big  ship,  but,  being  more  to  the  westward,  actually  gained  upon  her, 
in  spite  of  steam  and  greater  sailing  power.  (See  abstract  route  Tarret,  March  19,  p.  601.)  After 
crossing  30°  and  35°  south,  the  diagram  of  my  investigations,  showing  the  limits  of  the  SE. 
trade  in  February,  encouraged  both  ships  to  go  to  the  eastward  before  they  were  fairly  in  the 
westerly  winds,  against  your  directions.     Both  ships  arrived  in  the  calms  of  Capricorn;  but 


600  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

by  going  to  the  southward  again  they  found  the  northerly  winds.  Your  directions  are  excellent 
in  prescribing  not  to  go  more  to  the  eastward  than  S.SE.  till  you  are  fairly  in  the  brave  westerly 
winds.     We  have  lost  two,  the  Tarret  one  day  by  neglecting  your  good  advice. 

"The  Royal  Charter  made  a  passage  to  Melbourne  in  fifty-nine,  Kent  and  Joseph  Tarret 
in  seventy  days — the  last  named  ship  from  off  Cork. 

"We  ran  our  longitude  in  48°  south  in  a  succession  of  fair  gales;  but  the  Tarret, 
following  a  few  days  later  the  same  track,  found  more  moderate  winds.  The  Kent,  in  38°, 
moderate  and  variable  winds.  Still,  here  the  Kent  gained  upon  Tarret -what  she  had  lost  in 
the  SE.  trade.  But  if  Royal  Charter  should  have  found  moderate  winds  in  48°  south,  I  am 
convinced  that  her  captain  should  have  gone  further  to  the  southward  in  search  for  better 
winds.  His  intention  was  to  go  as  far  south  as  51°,  expecting  to  find  there  the  winds  which 
he  found  in  48°  47'. 

"About  the  icebergs  and  the  warm  water  I  have  written  in  a  former  letter  to  you:  It 
appears  to  me  that  the  warm  current  from  the  Indian  Ocean  crosses  the  parallel  of  45°  S.,  east 
of  Kerguelen  land  in  March,  because  I  found  the  weather  and  the  climate  on  the  same  parallel 
(47°)  west  of  Kerguelen  land  similar  to  a  winter  season  and  east  of  it  similar  to  a  spring  season, 
except  the  hail,  which,  with  southerly  winds,  is  a  true  companion  along  this  route,  without 
any  electrical  phenomena. 


TO   AUSTRALIA. 


601 


Abstracts  of  three  ships  compared. 


Date. 

Cosmopolite. 

Date. 

Royal  Charter. 

Tarret. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

o     / 

•   / 

o    ; 

•   1 

•   / 

0       / 

February  17 

February  17 

18 

48  20  N. 
45  18 

6  41  W. 

8  27 

49  02  N. 
47  02 

10  15  W. 

18 

49  24  N. 

5  28  W. 

12  01 

47  32 

9  12 

19 

45  19 

8  58 

45  18 

13  18 

43  58 

14  06 

20 

42  20 

10  28 

41  54 

14  40 

40  24 

15  05 

21 

39  14 

12  34 

38  44 

16  33 

38  44 

15  58 

22 

37  15 

14  42 

37  10 

17  00 

36  00 

16  39 

23 

34  22 

15  41 

34  10 

18  40 

32  28 

19  07 

24 

30  46 

17  10 

31  14 

19  20 

29  32 

20  13 

25 

28  02 

19  21 

28  45 

21  35 

26  49 

21  23 

96 

25  29 

19  38 

26  23 

22  32 

23  39 

22  41 

27 

22  07 

20  05 

23  35 

24  30 

20  46 

24  22 

28 

19  01 

20  31 

20  48 

25  15 

18  11 

25  43 

29 

16  00 

20  30 

18  43 

25  50 

15  52 

25  59 

March   1 

12  58 

20  26 

16  27 

26  45 

13  27 

26  24 

2 

9  55 

20  46 

14  25 

27  10 

10  54 

25  26 

3 

6  55 

21  09 

11  49 

27  11 

8  41 

25  24 

4 

4  00 

21  21 

9  16 

27  10 

6  04 

25  16 

5 

1  25 

22  C2 

6  29 

27  20 

3  03 

25  22 

6 

1  16  S. 

23  42 

3  40 

27  24 

0  25 

26  23 

7 

4  01 

24  20 

1  03 

27  58 

2  52  S. 

28  30 

8 

5  56 

26  18 

1  36  S. 

29  24 

6  43 

30  07 

9 

9  52 

28  22 

5  03 

30  54 

9  54 

31  19 

10 

12  44 

29  44 

7  55 

31  55 

13  12 

32  49 

11 

16  00 

30  30 

10  42 

32  32 

16  31 

32  27 

12 

19  SO 

30  38 

13  29 

33  16 

20  33 

31  03 

13 

23  30 

30  19 

16  57 

32  34 

24  34 

28  57 

14 

28  10 

29  26 

21  02 

31  50 

28  32 

26  05 

15 

32  09 

27  38 

25  14 

31  15 

30  58 

23  09 

16 

35  03 

24  57 

29  09 

30  00 

32  25 

21  17 

17 

36  05 

22  10 

^  40 

27  25 

34  23 

19  33 

18 

38  43 

19  22 

35  16 

23  20 

19 

41  01 

13  57 

37  22 

19  19 

20 

42  09 

8  49 

38  40 

16  00 

21 

41  22 

4  10 

41  05 

15  20 

22 

42  16 

0  41 

42  00 

13  20 

23 

42  11 

4  25  E. 

24 

43  16 

9  35 

25 

43  52 

15  37 

26 

44  51 

20  22 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

April    1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

44  54 

45  37 

46  13 

46  27 

47  00 

48  08 
47  18 
47  31 
47  31 
47  23 
47  10 
47  02 
46  51 
45  40 
44  39 

28  31 
33  52 
39  29 
45  13 
52  43 
59  28 
66  24 
72  28 
78  48 
86  42 
93  02 
100  09 
107  25 
112  57 
116  09 

VOL.  II- 


-76 


602  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

"  I  cannot  find  the  log  of  the  Kent.  Perhaps  you  will  receive  some  logs  to  compare  with  those. 
The  Sardinian  and  Greenock  sailed  the  same  time — the  first  to  Melbourne;  the  last  to  Sidney. 
Instead  of  the  log  of  the  Kent  I  have  extracted  the  log  of  the  Cosmopolite,  a  Dutch  vessel, 
built  after  a  clipper  model  which  I  brought  home  from  New  York.  Her  captain  is  a  very 
clever  man  and  one  of  our  best  co-operators.  The  Cosmopolite  was  bound  to  Java,  and  per- 
formed the  passage  from  Helvoetsluis  to  Batavia  in  76  days.  By  running,  in  March,  more 
round  the  SE.  trade,  and  in  more  southern  latitudes,  she  should  have  made  a  quicker  passage." 

Captain  Geo.  S.  Paine,  of  the  ship  '■'■Robert  Patten,^ ^  December  1,  1857,  says: 

' '  In  regard  to  your  great  work.  Charts,  Sailing  Directions,  &c. ,  and  the  benefit  derived  there- 
from, I  would  say  that  I  look  upon  it  not  alone  as  a  useful  and  beneficial  work  to  the  commer- 
cial world — the  most  so,  in  my  opinion,  that  has  ever  been  given  to  the  navigator — but  also  as  a 
scientific  and  philosophic  work;  a  work  which  tends  to  open  our  eyes  and  awaken  our  ideas 
to  the  great  and  beautiful  works  of  nature;  and  I  think  there  can  no  longer  remain  a  doubt  on 
the  minds  of  any  who  have  used  them,  as  to  their  correctness. 

"I  have  endeavored  during  the  past  voyage  to  follow  your  directions  as  near  as  practicable, 
and  believe  I  have  done  so.  You  will  see  by  the  journal  that  we  fell  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque 
some  thirty  miles,  and  had  no  difficulty  in  beating  round,  and  that  too  in  a  very  dull  ship. 
Thence  to  Australia  I  followed  Maury's  directions  until  I  found  wind  enough,  as  much  as  I 
desired  to  run  across  with,  which  I  did  between  the  parallels  of  45°  and  48°,  with  a  regular 
sea,  no  ice,  and  no  bad  weather;  in  short,  the  finest  sailing  I  have  ever  met  with.  On  my 
arrival  at  Port  Adelaide  I  found  that  ours  was  among  the  best  passages  for  the  season,  notwith- 
standing the  very  dull  sailing  qualities  of  the  ship. 

"The  passages  on  the  Admiralty  route  ranged  from  115  to  160  days,  and  the  quickest 
were  those  who  ran  between  the  parallels  of  45°  and  50°. 

' '  In  regard  to  the  route  from  Australia  to  Manilla,  I  had  no  practical  knowledge  and  but 
little  information,  but  was  advised  by  all  with  whom  I  had  any  talk  upon  the  subject  to  go  to 
the  eastward,  but,  having  a  different  opinion  myself,  I  took  the  western  route,  and  found,  on 
my  arrival  at  Manilla,  that  my  passage  was  much  shorter  than  those  who  went  to  the  eastward. 
I  should,  I  think,  recommend  the  western  route  during  the  Australian  summer  months,  but 
during  the  winter  months  perhaps  it  would  be  advisable  to  take  the  eastern  route." 

Letter  from  Captain  Griffith  of  the  Tarolinta. 

"  Sailing  from  Rio,  my  purpose  was  to  reach  50°  S.  as  speedily  as  possible,  without  inclining 
much  to  the  eastward,  leaving  it  a  question  for  future  determination  whether  to  go  south  of 
that  parallel  or  not;  but  meeting  with  heavy  weather  and  deep  trying  seas  soon  after  leaving 
port,  my  ship  began  to  complain  a  great  deal,  many  of  her  fastenings  working  more  than  was 
pleasant  with  so  long  a  run  before  her;  and  what  was  most  vexatious,  the  bolting  of  the  rudder 
as  far  down  as  could  be  seen  was  gone,  the  pieces  forming  it  apparently  but  slightly  held 
together,  and  playing  from  side  to  side  as  every  swell  touched  it;  besides  having  a  wounded 
bowsprit,  I  was  deterred  from  going  far  south,  lest  I  should  involve  the  ship  in  pack  ice. 

"It  was  no  fair  weather  track  we  sailed  along — a  clear  stretch  of  7,000  miles,  with  heavy 
gales  and  topping  seas  urging  us  on.  But  it  would  be  a  glorious  one  for  a  1,500  ton  racer  to 
spread  her  canvas  on.  It  is  the  water  for  making  great  day's  runs — for  Yankee  clippers  to 
astonish  the  commercial  world  with  reports  of  extraordinary  speed.  I  have  never  sailed  in 
any  part  of  the  ocean  where  the  winds  were  so  constantly  strong  and  fair  for  running  east. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  603 

"I  found  that  the  gales  in  this  Southern  Ocean  are  similar  to  those  of  the  North  Atlantic 
in  their  changes,  with  reference  to  the  equator,  and  are  attended  with  like  changes  in  the 
barometric  column.  A  gale  beginning  at  NE.  is  attended  by  mist}''  or  drizzling  weather,  and  a 
falling  barometer;  veering  to  NW.,  the  weather  improves,  the  barometer  becoming  nearly- 
stationary;  reaching  W.,  the  wind  falls  light,  with  a  clearing  sky,  the  barometer  rising  slowly. 
Soon  after  this  it  settles  in  the  SW.,  blowing  a  steady  gale,  the  barometer  now  rising  faster 
than  it  fell  in  the  beginning.  I  can  but  give,  in  general  terms,  the  results  of  my  observations 
upon  that  very  useful  instrument,  the  marine  barometer,  in  connexion  with  winds  and  weather, 
lest  I  carry  my  report  to  too  great  a  length. 

' '  With  southerly  gales  attended  with  drizzle,  the  barometer  rises  slowly  until  it  reaches  a 
height  somewhere  about  30.25;  then  the  wind  may  be  expected  to  haul  to  the  NB.  Never  but 
once,  up  to  the  present  time,  have  I  known  a  wind  springing  up  in  the  SE.  to  back  into  the  SW. 

"AtNE.  the  gale  continues  with  the  same  force  and  weather,  barometer  falling  in  the 
same  ratio  that  it  rose  until  it  reaches  29.75,  or  near  it;  then  the  wind  passes  the  north  point, 
blowing  heaviest  at  N.NW.  (the  barometer  stationary,)  a  sort  of  last  effort,  continuing  only  an 
hour  or  two.  After  this,  hauls  to  W.,  barometer  rising  slowly;  soon  getting  south  of  W.,  it 
becomes  heavy,  barometer  rising  rapidly. 

"South  of  the  40th  degree  of  latitude,  with  the  barometer  stationary  at  about  30.00,  and 
the  wind  freshening  in  the  NW.  with  drizzling  weather,  a  strong  gale  from  the  north  will 
almost  invariably  come  up  in  a  few  hours,  accompanied  by  thick  weather  and  heavy  squalls,  the 
barometer  falling  rapidly. 

"It  will  probably  last  until  the  barometer  reaches  29.00,  or  J^  lower,  when  it  will  haul, 
moderating  suddenly  to  W.NW.,  with  clearing  weather.  After  the  lapse  of  a  few  hours  it 
will  haul  into  the  SW.  and  blow  up  heavy,  the  barometer  rising  faster  than  it  fell,  with  fine 
weather,  except  an  occasional  snow  or  hail  squall.  I  find  that  generally  after  the  barometer 
has  attained  a  height  of  29.75,  the  SW.  wind  becomes  light  .and  backs  into  the  NW.,  freshens 
up,  and  repeats. 

"But  if  the  wind  holds  in  the  NW.  moderate  and  pleasant,  the  barometer  falling  slowly, 
it  may  continue  for  several  days;  after  which  it  hauls  to  the  SW.,  and  blows  a  fresh  and  steady 
breeze,  with  clear  weather,  the  barometer  slowly  rising.  If  the  barometer  does  not  rise  when 
the  wind  has  passed  south  of  west,  or  perhaps,  continues  to  fall  a  little,  the  wind  also  becoming 
light  and  unsteady,  look  out  for  a  heavy  squall  from  the  south. 

' '  These  southerly  squalls  approach  so  suddenly,  that  at  the  same  time  you  feel  the  south- 
westerly air,  you  see  the  water  foaming  under  the  squall' s  advancing  front  not  more  than  a  few 
hundred  yards  distant.  Their  violence,  short  of  a  tornado,  cannot  be  overrated;  they  are 
charged  with  snow  and  hail,  and  reduce  the  temperature  to  22°;  the  barometer  rising.  After 
a  few  hours  the  weather  moderates  and  clears,  the  wind  backing  into  NW.  If,  however,  the 
shift  does  not  take  place  in  a  squall,  but  begins  blowing  up  at  S.SW.,  a  heavy  gale  will  follow 
from  S.  or  S.SB.,  with  thick  weather,  lasting  from  8  to  50  hours,  then  backing  as  before. 

' '  I  found  a  falling  barometer  to  be  invariably  attended  with  drizzling  weather,  and  a  rising 
one  with  clear  weather;  and  its  greatest  fall  occurred  when  the  wind  was  a  little  east  of  north. 
Its  greatest  rise  is  always  with  the  wind  SW. 

"The  sea  rises  and  falls,  operated  upon  by  the  various  winds,  with  great  rapidity;  also 
showing  a  facility  in  accommodating  itself  to  any  new  direction  that  is  remarkable.  In  the  log 
I  send  you,  you  will  find  the  results  of  some  estimates  I  made  upon  the  height  of  waves,  their 


o04  ■  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

velocity,  and  the  distance  between  their  crests.     I  took  observations  upon  the  largest  only, 
repeating  them  often  enough  to  give  a  good  approximate  idea. 

"From  longitude  66°  E.  to  104°  E.,  on  or  about  the  47th  parallel,  the  water  had  a  dirty, 
shoal  appearance,  like  that  on  soundings  inside  of  the  Gulf  Stream  along  our  own  coast.  The 
swell  ran  in  parallel  lines  somewhat  like  the  beginning  of  a  breaker.  The  dense  fog  that 
prevailed  most  of  the  time,  I  thought  went  far  to  account  for  so  strange  an  appearance;  but, 
as  the  same  was  observed  when  the  atmosphere  was  clear,  I  was  at  a  loss  to  reconcile  it  without 
the  existence  of  a  bank  of  soundings.  I  did  not  have  the  lead  cast  more  than  once,  because 
the  wind  was  strong  and  fair,  rendering  it  difficult  to  do  so  to  any  purpose  without  much  loss  of 
time.  And  then,  though  the  ship  was  luffed  to,  no  satisfactory  result  was  obtained,  her  drift 
being  too  great.  After  arriving  in  Port  Philip,  I  learned  from  several  captains  that  they  had 
observed  a  similar  discoloration.  Comparing  the  information  thus  received,  I  found  it  extended 
over  a  surface  of  ocean  lying  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  say  from  lat.  41°  S.,  long.  40°  E.  to 
lat.  54°,  long.  120°  E. ;  the  direction  of  a  current  you  will  find  in  the  log. 

"I  consider  the  display  of  lightning  on  the  20th  October  last  so  remarkable,  that  I  make 
the  following  lengthy  extract  from  my  journal : 

"  'First  patt,  light  airs  from  N.NW.  and  calms;  weather  cloudy;  barometer  falling  slowly; 
middle  part,  light  variable  airs  and  clear;  barometer  still  falling;  latter  part,  variable  airs  and 
calms;  weather  in  the  NW.  dark  and  threatening,  with  an  occasional  flash  of  lightning,  until 
8  p.  m.,  wjhien  the  breeze  settled  in  that  quarter;  barometer  falling  fast;  furled  topgallant  sails, 
jib,  and  spanker.  At  9,  calm;  lightning  more  vivid,  with  loud  claps  of  thunder;  hauled  up  the 
courses  and  double-reefed  the  topsails,  expecting  a  heavy  burst.  Large  ship  in  sight  heading 
SE.,  with  her  topsail-yards  on  the  cap.  At  10  p.  m.  a  breeze  springing  up  in  the  NW.,  accom- 
panied by  heavy  rain,  thunder,  and  lightning;  the  ship  enveloped  in  pitchy  darkness,  illumi- 
nated by  bright  flashes  every  few  seconds;  after  each  flash  the  atmosphere  filled  with  cones  of 
light,  darting  about  in  every  direction  along  the  yards  and  rigging,  frequently  passing  within 
arm's  length,  much  to  the  astonishment  of  the  men  on  deck.  Corposants  on  the  mast-heads 
and  yard-arms.  The  lightning  preceding  the  severest  claps  of  thunder  seeming  to  pass  between 
the  masts,  close  to  the  deck,  in  a  horizontal  direction;  barometer  now  at  a  stand;  temperature 
of  the  atmosphere  2°  higher;  no  change  in  that  of  the'water.  Midnight,  light  breezes  from 
the  NW.  and  overcast;  ship  under  all  plain  sail. 

' '  The  entrance  into  Port  Philip  is  exceedingly  narrow,  being  only  one  and  a  half  miles 
wide;  its  bottom  is  composed  of  a  ridge  of  angular  rocks,  giving  very  irregular  soundings; 
directly  within  or  without  the  depth  increases,  over  mud  or  sand. 

"It  may  readily  be  imagined  with  what  velocity  the  tide  must  run  through  such  an 
entrance  to  elevate  or  depress  the  surface  of  so  large  a  bay  three  feet.  This  rapid  tide, 
riiounting  up  and  seeking  its  way  across  the  rocky  bottom  of  the  entrance,  produces,  in  the 
smoothest  weather,  a  whirling  and  boiling  at  the  surface;  and,  when  opposed  by  a  stiff  breeze, 
heavy  breakers  arise  and  extend  across  the  entrance,  creating  so  much  noise  and  confusion  as 
might  easily  alarm  a  stranger,  if  he  came  without  a  proper  knowledge  of  it. 

"My  ship,  when  between  the  Heads  with  a  stiff  breeze,  became  for  a  few  minutes  totally 
unmanageable,  slewing  round  against  both  helm  and  sails.  The  limits  of  the  reefs  extending 
from  the  Heads  cannot  be  distinguished  by  any  difference  in  the  appearance  of  the  breakers. 

"A  rock  with  only  11  feet  of  water  over  it  has  lately  been  discovered,  by  several  vessels 


^  TO    AUSTRALIA.  605 

being  wrecked  upon  it,  dangerously  situated  near  the  extremity  of  the  reef  off  Point  Nepean. 
Pilots  paid  by  government  begin  to  show  themselves  outside  the  Heads. 

"However,  a  stranger  need  have  no  fear  of  the  entrance,  provided  the  breeze  is  com- 
manding and  fair,  and  he  steers  in  according  to  the  directions  of  the  Admiralty's  Charts. 

' '  Good  anchorage  is  found  all  about  the  bay  in  from  ten  to  fifteen  fathoms,  on  a  bottom 
of  blue  mud,  so  tenacious  that  ships  frequently  break  their  windlasses  in  attempts  to  purchase 
their  anchors." 

Captain  W.  H.  West  to  Lieutenant  M.  F.  Maury. 

July,  1856. 

' '  I  herewith  enclose  abstract  log  of  ship  '  Sirocco, '  from  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco, 
thence  to  Hong  Kong,  China,  and  back  to  San -Francisco. 

"Relative  to  the  passage  from  Philadelphia  to  Cape  St.  Roque,  1  followed  your  directions 
for  July  as  nearly  as  the  winds  would  permit.  At  the  same  time  I  will  be  candid,  and  own 
that  I  did  not  at  that  time  look  upon  your  Wind  and  Current  Charts  in  the  same  light  that  I 
do  now.     I  think  they  are  invaluable. 

"In  October,  1852,  I  left  Liverpool  for  Port  Adelaide,  Australia,  with  800  emigrants.  At 
that  time  I  had  never  seen  your  Charts,  I  am  sorry  to  say.  I  went  by  the  Admiralty  Sailing 
Directions,  and  also  the  advice  of  several  masters  having  some  experience  (as  I  supposed)  in 
the  South  Atlantic.  They  made  me  quite  nervous  when  they  spoke  of  the  current  off  Cape 
St.  Roque.  I  worked  to  the  eastward  5°  N.,  whereas  I  might  have  crossed  four  days  before. 
I  believe  that  if  the  Admiralty  Charts  had  been  overboard,  and  yours  substituted,  my  passage 
would  have  been  shortened  fifteen  or  twenty  days." 

Captain   Bichard  Matthews,    of   the  Ringleader,    to   Lieutenant  Maury. 

"Accompanying  this  I  hand  you  my  abstract  log  of  ship  Ringleader,  of  Boston,  from 
Boston,  October  17,  for  Melbourne,  Australia.  As  you"  are  rather  short  of  abstracts  on  this 
route,  and  the  Ringleader's  were  rather  out  of  the  common  course,  at  least  as  far  as  the 
equator,  (I  will  write  you  a  few  lines,  as  I  was  rather  sparing  in  my  remarks,)  which  goes  to 
substantiate  your  theory  in  your  Sailing  Directions.  Ten  days  after  leaving  Boston  I  was  in 
latitude  32°,  longitude  47°,  in  good  position  for  a  new  track,  but  the  wind  being  from  E.  to 
E.SB.,  I  of  course  stood  to  the  south  on  port  tack,  thinking  the  wind  would  favor  some  when 
I  got  within  the  region  of  the  NE.  trades,  but  they  failed  all  together;  E.SE.  wind  continued. 

"  On  the  5th  of  November,  I  was  in  latitude  14°,  longitude  42°.  Being  so  far  to  the  west 
caused  some  anxiety,  and  my  only  hope  was  then  to  make  my  easting  in  the  doldrums,  as  in 
times  past  I  have  always  had  an  opportunity.     SW.  squalls  at  last;  but  those  failed. 

' '  On  the  7th  of  November,  latitude  9°,  longitude  39°  30',  I  got  in  the  doldrums.  Calms 
and  squalls  from  E.  to  SE.,  which  lasted  two  days. 

"On  the  9th  of  November,  latitude  7°,  longitude  36°  30',  took  the  SE.  trades  brisk.  I 
was  compelled  to  stand  on  the  port  tack,  braced  as  sharp  as  possible,  and  trust  to  something  I 
could  hardly  expect;  but  fortune  rather  began  to  favor  me,  as  I  was  able  to  cross  the  equator 
the  14th  of  November,  in  longitude  36°  40',  in  27  days  16  hours  from  Boston.  After  crossing 
the  wind  remained  pretty  steady  at  SE.  by  E.,  strong,  making  now  and  then  aboard  to  the  east 
to  keep  to  the  east  of  a  line  drawn  from  St.  Roque  to  longitude  37°  on  the  equator. 


606  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS.       .  , 

"On  the  17th  stood  in  near  Cape  St.  Roque,  tacked  off  a  few  hours  when  the  wind  hauled 
to  E.NE. ;  tacked  ship  and  went  past;  free  winds. 

"On  the  morning  of  the  19th  stopped  at  Pernambuco  to  land  my  mate  with  a  broken  arm. 

"We  worked  up  from  longitude  36°  40',  crossing  to  St.  Roque  in  three  days,  which  was 
wonderful. 

"The  bugbear  of  NW.  current  is  all  a  humbug,  for  I  found  no  current  in  the  least*,  nor 
did  I  last  year  when  bound  to  San  Francisco,  (an  abstract  was  forwarded  to  you,)  when  I 
crossed  in  longitude  34°,  and  fell  to  leeward  of  St.  Roque,  wind  SE.,  and  cleared  Cape  St* 
Augustine  in  three  days.  If  I  had  undertaken  either  time  to  make  my  easting  to  the  north  of 
the  equator,  I  might  have  spent  ten  days  and  then  been  in  a  worse  situation  than  from  where 
I  started.  Your  very  valuable  Sailing  Directions  and  Charts  I  have  great  faith  in,  and  was 
determined  on  leaving  Boston  to  follow  them  to  a  letter,  but  I  had  an  unusual  hard  run  of 
winds  which  caused  my  track  to  be  an  extreme  case;  winds  compelled  me  to  take  this  route  or 
abandon  your  instructions.  I  was  sometimes  almost  in  despair;  but  having  a  good  clipper  ship 
under  foot  I  would  not  abandon  your  guide,  and  by  doing  so  I  believe  I  shortened  my  passage 
to  Cape  St.  Roque  by  at  least  ten  days,  which  I  owe  to  your  very  valuable  work.  [The 
Sancho  Panza,  p.  —  proves  by  her  course  the  correctness  of  this  opinion.  Please  refer  to 
Hildreth's  remarks,  p.  — ,  in  connexion  with  this  letter.]  It  cannot  be  too  highly  valued,  and 
every  shipmaster  that  navigates  the  wide  waters  ought  to  be  in  possession  of  it. 

' '  The  SE.  trades  were  strong  and  favorable,  which  run  me  to  latitude  30°  S. ,  when  I  had 
a  few  round  turns  and  variable  winds  to  continue  till  I  got  in  about  latitude  47°  S.  when 
westerly  winds  commenced,  and  I  shaped  my  course  to  make  the  circle  as  you  recommend 
But  in  latitude  48°  S.,  longitude  19i°  W.,  I  fell  in  with  large  icebergs  and  heavy  gales  of  wind 
from  the  west,  which  obliged  me  to  stick  her  away  to  the  east  before  the  sea,  which  lasted  till 
I  got  abreast  of  Kerguelen  Land,  in  latitude  52°;  from  thence  the  weather  became  better,  but 
the  water  changed  to  appearance  of  soundings,  which  continued  so  till  we  got  in  longitude  110° 
E.,  when  it  became  of  dark  deep  sea  appearance  again.  Passed  bunches  of  kelp  daily  from 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Australia.  Saw  but  few  birds,  and  no  lightning  or  thunder.  Since  I 
arrived  at  this  port  I  have  been  informed  that  a  ship  arrived  here  recently  who  reports  falling 
in  with  land  in  latitude  53°  S.,  longitude  75°  E.,  near  where  I  had  light  water;  island  about 
50  miles  long.  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  existence,  as  every  appearance  indicated  the  approach 
of  land.  I  only  regret  I  had  not  sounded,  for  since  I  read  this  report  I  believe  there  could  not 
have  been  more  than  30  fathoms  of  water  for  some  distance  we  run  over.  I  am  bound  to 
Calcutta  and  Boston. 

"P.  S.  The  newly  discovered  islands  named  above  I  have  made  particular  inquiries  about, 
which  lie  in  latitude  53°  S.,  longitude  73°  E.;  two  or  three  of  20  or  30  miles  long,  &c."  [They 
are  Heard's  Islands. — See  Track  Chart.] 

Captain  0.  E.  Sonnenstein,  of   the  Norma  of    Gottenhurg,  to  Lieutenant  Maury. 

July,  1856. 

"Having,  in  the  sixth  edition  of  your  valuable  book  of  Sailing  Directions,  read  some 
remarks  relative  to  the  ice  that  may  be  met  with  on  a  voyage  to  Australia,  I  think  I  may  offer 

"^See  what  Captain  Hildreth,  of  the  Sancho  Panza,  says  p.  328. 


^  TO   AUSTRALIA ADMIRALTY  ROUTE JANUARY.  607 

you  an  abstract  log  from  such  a  voyage,  (kept  by  me  Avhile  mate  of  the  John  of  Gottenburg,) 
and  inclose  the  same  hefewith. 

"I  regret  much  that  the  John  was  not  found  in  the  requisite  instruments  for  making  the 
many  interesting  observations  whereto  the  voyage  afforded  opportunity. 

"Returning  to  Europe  this  vessel  took  the  admiralty  route  and  had  124  days  to  England; 
and  an  English  vessel  that  sailed  before  the  John  had  30  days  longer  passage,  same  route." 

I  conjecture  that  in  that  wide  expanse  of  water  which  stretches  entirely  around  the  coast, 
and  over  which  the  "brave  west  winds"  of  the  extra-tropical  south  prevail,  there  is  a  general 
current  from  west  to  east  that  belts  the  coast.  The  bottle  picked  up  at  sea  by  Captain 
Williams  bears  testimony  in  favor  of  this  conjecture. 

Bottle  paper. — Ship  Ocean  Chief,  from  Melbourne  to  Liverpool,  January  1,  1857;  latitude 

42°  40'  south,  longitude  42°  32'  west. 

All  well.     Thirty  days  out. 

T.  J.  TOBIN,   Commander. 

If  this  is  picked  up,  please  publish  it.  T.   J.  T. 

Picked  up  at  sea  by  Captain  Williams,  of  the  whale  ship  Gideon  Howland,  December  16, 

1857;  lat.  39°  50'  S.,  long.  36°  35'  E.     Say  3,600  miles  in  350  days,  =  10'  per  day. 

June  19,  1855. 
Bottle  paper. — Dear  Sir:  The  ship  this  day  is  in  latitude  22°  26'  south,  longitude  169° 
east.     Thick  weather.     Winds  fresh — baffling — from  NE.  to  N. 

SAM.  C.  H.  CUSHMAN,  Master  of  Ship  TusJcinaw. 
N.  B.  I  am  bound  to  Hong  Kong. 
M.  F.  Maury,  Esq. 

Found  February  15,  1858,  in  Port  Fitz  Roy  harbor,  New  Zealand,  in  lat.  36°  12'  S.,  long. 
175°  22'  E.     Forwarded  by  G.  R.  West,  esq.,  U.  S.  consul  for  Bay  of  Islands. 

As  further  testimony  in  favor  of  the  southern  route,  I  add  the  abstract  logs  themselves 
kept  by  some  of  the  vessels  that  took  the  Admiralty  route,  that  they  may  be  compared  with  like 
by  the  new  route.  The  seventh  edition  contains  also  much  interesting  matter  of  this  sort 
which,  having  been  once  published,  it  is  thought  not  worth  while  to  reproduce  here.  The 
abstracts  that  were  tljen  published,  together  with  those  that  are  continued  in  this  volume, 
are  sufficient  to  illustrate  these  routes.     The  navigator  is  referred  to  that  edition. 

Admiralty  route. 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  ^ ^Albany,''  (L,  B.  Gorham,  captain,)  from  New  York  to  Port 
Philip;  45  days  out. 

"January '3,  1854.  Lat.  7°  35'  S.;  long.  29°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  83°;  water, 
79°.     Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE.     Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather. 

January  4.  Lat.  10°06'S.;  long.  20°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  81°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  SE.     Moderate  and  fine. 

January  5.  Lat.  12°  30' S. ;  long.  29°  45' W.  Barometer,  30.35;  air,  79°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  E.     Moderate,  with  fresh  squalls. 

January  6.  Lat.  15°  29' S. ;  long.  29°  30' W.  Barometer,  30.33;  air,  81°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  E,     Moderate  and  fresh  breezes,  and  clear. 


608  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS.   ^ 

January  7.     Lat.  18°  26' S. ;    long.  28°  30' W.     Barometer,  30.33 j    air,  81°;    water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.     Moderate  and  fresh  squalls,  and  clear. 

Januarys.     Lat.  20°  18' S.;  long.  27°  52' W.      Barometer,  30.43;    air,  79°;    water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.     Moderate  and  fresh;  ends  light  and  fine  weather. 

January  9.     Lat.  21°  25'  S. ;    long.  27°  09'  W.     Barometer,  30.34;    air,  75°;    water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.  to  NE.  and  NW.     Light  and  variable,  with  fresh  squalls  and  light  rain. 

January  10.     Lat.  23°  26'  S.;   long.  25°  14'  W.     Barometer,  30.33;  air,  76°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  N.  to  E.NE.     Light,  moderate,  and  fresh,  with  lightning. 

January  11.     Lat.  25°  32'  S.;    long.  23°  03'  W.     Barometer,  30.41;  air,  78°;  water,  79°. 
Winds  :j^NE.     Moderate  and  squalls. 

January  12.     Lat.  27°  55'  S.;  long.  20°  38'  W.     Barometer,  30.39;    air,  77°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Fine  and  clear. 

January  13.     Lat.  29°  48' S.;   long.  18°  39'  W.     Barometer,  30.50;    air,  75°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  clear. 

January  14.     Lat.  30°  40'  S.;  long.  16°  54'  W.     Barometer,  30.51;    air,  74°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  and  light. 

January  15.     Lat.  30°  55'  S.;   long.  16°  25'  W.     Barometer,  30.56;  air,  76°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  NW.     Light,  variable,  and  clear. 

January  16.     Lat.  31°  20'  S. ;  long.  15°  45'  W.     Barometer,  30.54;  air,  75°;  water,  73°. 
Winds :  NE.  to  NW.     Light  variable  airs  and  fine  weather. 

January  17.     Lat.  32°  00'  S. ;  long.  14°  12'  W.     Barometer,  30.50;   air,  75°;  water,  73°. 
Winds :  NW.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

January  18.     Lat.  32°  28'  S. ;  long.  12°  09'  W.     Barometer,  30.41;    air,  68°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  S.SE.     Moderate  and  clear. 

January  19.     Lat.  32°  56'  S. ;  long.  11°  08'  W.     Barometer,  30.40;   air,  69°;  Avater,  71°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  E.SE.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

,  January  20.     Lat.  33°  17'  S. ;    long.  9°  57'  W.     Barometer,   30.43;    air,  73°;  water,  71°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.NW.     Moderate,  with  light  rain. 

January  21.     Lat.  34°  27'  S. ;    long.  8°  26'  W.     Barometer,  30.46;    air,  80°;   water,  82°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.NE. 

January  22.     Lat.  35°  35'  S. ;    long.  6°  13'  W.      Barometer,  30.45;  air,  76°;   water,  67°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  foggy. 

January  23.     Lat.  35°  13'  S. ;    long.  3°  30'  W.-    Barometer,  30.51;    air,  67°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  N.  to  S.  by  E.     Light,  variable,  and  cloudy. 

January  24.     Lat.  35°  51'  S. ;    long.  3°  09'  W.     Barometer,  30.61;    air,  66°;   water,  66°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE.     Moderate  and  light;  weather  cloudy. 

January  25.     Lat.  36°  26'  S.;    long.  2°  44'  W.     Barometer,  30.65;    air,  68°;    water,  67°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  NE.     Light  and  calm. 

January  26.     Lat.  37°  11' S. ;   long.  0°  30' W.     Barometer,  30.54;    air,  67°;    water,  65°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  clear. 

January  27.  .  Lat.  39°  00'  S.;    long.  3°  18'  E.     Barometer,  30.15;    air,  64°;    water,  65°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.  by  E.     Moderate  and  cloudy;  end,  strong  breezes  and  rainy. 

January  28.     Lat.  39°  48'  S. ;   long.  6°  57' E.     Barometer,  30.10;    air,  61°;    water,  60°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NW.     Strong,  with  heavy  rain. 


TO  AUSTRALIA ADMIRALTY  ROUTE.  609 

January  29.     Lat.  39°  45' S. ;   long.  10°  35' E.     Barometer,  30.38;    air,  59°;   water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.  to  W.NW.     Fresh  and  passing  squalls;  discolored  water. 

January  30.     Lat.  39°  46' S. ;  long.  13°  48' E.     Barometer,  30.52;    air,  57°;    water,  62°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  S.     Fresh  and  moderate;  discolored  water. 

January  31.     Lat.  38°  58' S.;    long.  17°  23' E.     Barometer,  30.40;    air,  56°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  S.  to  S.SW.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 

February  1.     Lat.  39°  05'  S. ;    long.  20°  20'  E.     Barometer,  30.31;    air,  65°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  S.SW.     Strong  and  cloudy,  with  passing  squalls. 

February  2.     Lat.  39°  04'  S.;   long.  22°  07'  E.     Barometer,  30.15;    air,  67°;   water,  68°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.     Strong  breezes  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm. 

February  3.     Lat.  39°  26' S.;    long.  26°  03' E.     Barometer,  30.10;    air,  65°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.SW.     Moderate  and  squally. 

February  4.     Lat.  39°  28' S. ;    long.  29°  10' E.     Barometer,  30.32;    air,  56°;    water,  62°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  S.  by  W.     Moderate  and  cloudy;  squally  weather. 

February  5.     Lat.  39°  15'  S.;  long.  29°  52'  E.     Barometer,  30.30;  air,  57°;  water,  61°. 
Winds :  S.  to  SE.     Light  and  variable. 

February  6.     Lat.  40°  37' S.;  long.  29°  57' E.     Barometer,  30.33;  air,   57°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  SE.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

February  7.     Lat.  41°  17' S.;  long.  29°  53' E.     Barometer,  30.34;  air,  56°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  S.  by  E.     Fresh  and  cloudy;  squally  weather. 

February  8.     Lat.  41°  07'  S.;  long.  30°  40' E.     Barometer,  30.40;  air,    60°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  S.  and  calm.     Cloudy  weather. 

February  9.     Lat.  41°  30'  S. ;  long.  33°  40'  B.     Barometer,  30.16;  air,  60°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  variable. 

February  10.     Lat.  40°  48'  S.;  long.  36°  34'  E.     Barometer,  30.35;  air,  58°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  S.SE.     Moderate  and  misty,  with  rain. 

February  11.     Lat.  40°  18'  S.;  long.  38°  52'  E.     Barometer,  30.40;  air,  64°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  E.NE.     Light  and  strong;  cloudy  weather. 

February  12.     Lat.  41°  44'  S.;  long.  42°  50'  E.     Barometer,  30.32;  air,  56°;  water,  57°. 
Winds :  NE.     Strong,  and  foggy  weather. 

February  13.     Lat.  41°  40'  S. ;  long.  47°  18'  E.     Barometer,  30.06;  air,  63°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.     Strong,  with  hard  squalls  and  heavy  rain. 

February  14.     Lat.  41°  26'  S.;  long.  51°  49'  E.     Barometer,  30.38;  air,  48°;  water,  57°. 
Winds :  N.  N W.  to  W.  S W.     Strong  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

February  15.     Lat.  41°  25'  S.;  long.  55°  51'  E.     Barometer,  30.49;  air,  49°; "water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Strong  and  cloudy. 

February  16.     Lat.  41°  28'  S.;  long.  59°  26'  E.     Barometer,  30.80;  air,  57°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.     Moderate,  variable,  and  cloudy. 

February  17.     Lat.  40°  58'  S.;  long.  62°  18'  E.     Barometer,  30.82;  air,  59°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.NW.     Moderate,  light,  and  cloudy. 

February  18.     Lat.  40°  55'  S. ;  long.  63°  57'  E.     Barometer,  30.73;  air,  63°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  S.SW.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  cloudy. 

February  19.     Lat.  40°  01'  S. ;  long.  67°  05'  E.     Barometer,  30.51;  air,  59°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Moderate  and  pleasant.  • 

YOL.  II. 77 


610  ■  TTIE   WIND   AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 

February  20.     Lat.  39°  23'  S.;  long.  70"  20'  E.     Barometer,  30.54;  air,  63°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.     Moderate  and  clear;  light  rain  sliowers. 

February  21.     Lat.  39°  05'  S. ;  long.  72°  50'  E.     Barometer,  30.60;  air,  61°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  clear. 

February  22.     Lat.  39°  01'  S. ;  long.  76°  05'  E.     Barometer,  30.54;  air,  64°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.  by  E.     Light  and  moderate;  clear  weather. 

February  23.  Lat.  38°  49'  S. ;  long.  78°  38'  E.  Barometer,  30.52;  air,  65°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  N.  to  NW.     Moderate  and  light  airs;  large  patches  of  kelp. 

February  24.  Lat.  39°  00'  S.;  long.  80°  18'  E.  Barometer,  30.48;  air,  65°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NE.     Light,  variable  air  and  calm;  clear  weather. 

February  25.  Lat.  39°  15'  S. ;  long.  83°  34'  E.  Barometer,  30.41;  air,  64";  water,  63°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 

February  26.  Lat.  39°  38'  S.;  long.  87°  28'  E.  Barometer,  30.32;  air,  59°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  N.  to  W.SW.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  misty  weather. 

February  27.  Lat.  40°  13'  S. ;  long.  91°  28'  E.  Barometer,  30.52;  air,  57°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.     Fine  and  cloudy;  ends,  light  breezes  and  clear.   . 

February  28.  Lat.  40°  22'  S. ;  long.  95°  00'  E.  Barometer,  30.42;  air,  58;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Moderate  and  dark,  cloudy  weather. 

March  1.  Lat.  40°  29'  S. ;  long.  94°  22'  E.  Barometer,  30.32;  air,  60°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.  Fine  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  rain.  I  have  observed  much  colored 
water  the  whole  of  this  route,  from  the  cape  up  to  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  generally  of  a  light 
green  color  in  clear  weather;  in  dark,  cloudy  weather  it  has  the  appearance  of  the  water  on 
our  coast  inside  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

March  2.  Lat.  40°  35'  S.;  long.  102°  40'  E.  Barometer,  30.31;  air,  54°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  S.  by  W.     Fresh,  with  constant  rain. 

March  3.  Lat.  39°  32'  S. ;  long.  103°  56'  E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  S.  by  W.     Fresh  gales,  with  continued  rain;  ends,  calm  and  cloudy. 

March  4.  Lat.  40°  00'  S.;  long.  106°  38'  E.  Barometer,  30.31;  air,  56°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW.     Moderate  and  calm,  with  rain. 

March  5.  Lat.  40°  38'  S. ;  long.  110°  47'  E.  Barometer,  30.08;  air,  52°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.     Fresh  and  squalls. 

March  6.  Lat.  40°  33'  S.;  long.  114°  33'  E.  Barometer,  30.11;  air,  58°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  SW.     Fresh  and  squally. 

March  7.  Lat.  40°  14'  S.;  long.  117°  38'  E.  Barometer,  30.07;  air,  62°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.     Moderate  and  j5ne. 

March  8.  Lat.  40°  04'  S.;  long.  121°  56'  E.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  NW.     Fine  breeze;  ends,  hard  gales. 

March  9.  Lat.  39°  58'  S.;  long.  125°  17'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  60°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.SW.  Heavy  gales  and  thick  weather.  Hove  to  for  three  hours;  ends, 
fresh  gales  and  cloudy. 

March  10.  Lat.  40°  05'  S. ;  long.  129°  04'  E.  Barometer,  30.06;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.NW.     Brisk  gales  and  passing  squalls. 

March  11.  Lat.  40°  20'  S.;  long.  132°  52' E.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  64°;  water,  60°. 
Winds :  W.     Brisk  gales  and  passing  squalls. 


TO   AUSTEALIA — ADMIRALTY    ROUTE. FEBRUARY. 


611 


March  12.  Lat.  40°  00'  S. ;  long.  136°  24'  E.  Barometer,  29.99;  air,  58°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  NW.     Moderate  and  variable. 

March  13.  Lat.  39°  54'  S.;  long.  140°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.91;  air,  55°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.     Moderate,  and  fresh  gales  and  squalls. 

March  14.  Lat.  30°  07'  S. ;  long.  143°  22'  E.  Barometer,  30.31;  air,  62°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  Moderate,  with  fresh  squalls.  At  10  a.  m.  made  the  land,  bearing  NE. ; 
distant  10  leagues. 

March  15.     Lat. ;  long. .     Moderate  and  variable  wind.    At  4  p.  m.  Cape  Otway 

distant  3  leagues.     At  noon  took  a  pilot  on  board;  stood  in  and  anchored  off  Port  Philip." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Brig  ^^ Betriever,"  (George  Grey,  captain,)  from  St.  John's,  New 
Brunswick,  to  Port  Philip.     1854.     54  days  out. 

"February  1.     Lat.  6°  53'  S.;  long.  25°  30'  W. 

Lat.  8°  00'  S. ;  long.  25°  23'  W. 

Lat.  10°  00'  S.;  long.  25°  15'  W. 

Lat.  11°  28'  S.;  long.  25°  12'  W. 

Lat.  13°  24'  S. ;  long.  25°  30'  W. 

Lat.  15°  04'  S. ;  long.  25°  19'  W. 

Lat.  16°  41'  S.;  long.  24°  56'  W. 

Lat.  18°  20'  S.;  long.  25°  00'  W. 

Lat.  19°  44'  S.;  long.  25°  04'  W. 

Lat.  20°  28'  S. ;  long.  25°  16'  W. 

Lat.  20°  47'  S. ;  long.  25°  50'  W. 

Lat  21°  31'  S.;  long.  26°  11'  W. 

Lat.  22°  21'  S. ;  long.  26°  57'  W. 

Lat.  23°  44'  S. ;  long.  27°  38'.  W. 

Lat.  24°  45'  S. ;  long.  27°  54'  W. 

Lat.  25°  18'  S.;  long.  28°  16'  W. 

Lat.  25°  16'  S.;  long.  28°  11'  W.     Winds  :  South  and  calm. 

Lat.  25°  38'  S. ;  long.  28°  09'  W.    Winds  :  S.  S.  S.    Nearly  calm  throughout. 

Lat.  26°  38'  S. ;  long.  27°  04'  W.     Winds  :  NE.  by  E.     Moderate  and  clear. 

Lat.  28°  03'  S. ;  long.  25°  52'  W.     Winds  :  E.NE.     Moderate  and  clear. 

Lat.  29°  01'  S.;  long.   25°  32'  W. 


February  2. 

February  3. 

February  4. 

February  5. 

February  6. 

February  7. 

February  8. 

February  9. 

February  10. 

February  11. 

February  12. 

February  13. 

February  14. 

Februar}^  15. 

February  16. 

February  17. 

February  18. 

February  19. 

February  20. 

February  21. 
clear. 

February  22. 

February  23. 

February  24. 
clear ;  freshening. 

February  25. 

February  26. 

February  27. 
clear. 

February  28. 
and  clear. 


Winds  :  SE.  to  E.SE.    Light. 
Winds  :  E.SE.    Light. 

SE.  by  E.    Light. 
SE.    Light. 
SE.  by  S.    Light. 
SE.  to  E.    Light. 
E.SE.    Light. 
E.SE.  to  SE.     Light. 
SE.     Light  and  cloudy. 
:  SE.     Light  and  clear. 
:  SE.  by  E.    Light  and  clear. 
SE.     Light  and  clear. 
•  S.SE.    Light  and  clear. 
:  S.SE.     Light  and  clear. 

SE.  by  S.     Light  and  clear. 
SE.  by  S.  to  S.    Light  and  clear. 


Winds  : 
Winds 
Winds 
Winds 
Winds  : 
Winds : 
Winds  : 
Winds 
Winds 
Winds : 
Winds , 
Winds 
Winds : 
Winds  : 


Winds  :  E.  to  E.SE.     Very  light  and 


Lat.  19°  54'  S.;  long.  25°  18'  W. 
Lat.  30°  32'  S. ;  long.  24°  54'  W. 
Lat.  31°  19'  S.;  long.   28°  10'  W. 


Winds:  E.SE. 

Winds  :  East. 

Winds  :  NE. 


Very  light  and  clear. 
Very  light  and  clear, 
by  E.     Very  light  and 


Lat.  31°  43'  S. 


Lat. 
Lat. 


31°  55'  S. 
32°  18'  S. 


long.  19°  36'  W. 
long.   18°  02'  W. 


Winds  :  N.NE.  to  N.     Fresh  and  clear. 
Winds  :   North.      Moderate  and  clear, 
lono:.    16°  16'  W.      Winds  :  N.   to  N.NE.     Moderate  and 


Lat.    32°  41'  S.;  long.   13°  34'  W.     Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.NW.     Moderate 


612 


THE  WIND  AND  CUKEENT  CHARTS. 


March  1.     Lat.  32°  50'  S.;  long.  11°  59'  W.     Winds  :  N.NW.     Moderate  and  clear. 

March  2.     Lat.  33°  24'  S. ;  long.  9°  05'  W.     Winds  :  NW.     Fresh,  with  rain,  and  foggy. 

March  3.     Lat.  33°  55'  S. ;  long.  7°  00'  W.     Winds  :  NW.  to  W.  Fresh  gales  and  squalls. 

March  4.  Lat.   34°  08'  S. ;   long.   5°  20'  W.     Winds:   S.SW.    to    S.     Hard   gales;  ends 
moderate. 

March  5.     Lat.  33°  40'  S.;  long.  4°  00' W.     Winds:  SE.  to  S.     Light  airs  and  cloudy;  a 
heavy  SW.  swell. 
■       March  6.     Lat.  34°  35'  S. ;  long.  4°  09'  W.     Winds  :  E.  to  NE.     Light  airs  and  clear. 

March  7.     Lat.  35°  20'  S.;  long.  2°  07'  West.     Winds :  N.NE.     Light  airs  and  clear. 

March  8.     Lat.  36°  21'  S.;  long.  — .     Winds :  N.  to  N.NW.     Light  airs  and  clear. 

March  9.     Lat.  36°  49'  S.;  long   3°  16'  E.     Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.  by  E.     Light  airs  and 
clear. 

March  10.     Lat.  36°  29'  S.;  long.  7°  33'  E.     Winds  :  North.     Light  airs  and  clear. 

March  11.     Lat.   36°  43'  S.;  long.   10°  24' E.     Winds:  NW.   to  S.SW.     Light  airs  and 
cloudy;  ends,  fresh  gales  and  rain  squalls. 

March  12.     Lat.  37°  12'  S. ;  long.    14°  30'  E.     Winds:  S.SW.     Fresh  gales  and  rains; 
ends  clear. 

March  13. 
weather. 

March  14. 
and  clear. 

March  15. 

March  16. 

March  17. 
squalls. 

March  18. 

March  19. 

March  20. 


Moderate  and  calm  ;  clear 


Lat.  37°  37'  S.;  long.  15°  54'  E.     Winds  :  S.SW 

Lat.  36°  40'  S. ;  long.  17°  40'  E.     Winds  :  S.  by  W.   to  S.  by  E.     Moderate 


Lat.  36°  17'  S. ;  long.  18°  00'  E. 
Lat.  37°46'S.;  long.  17°  43' E. 


Winds  :  S.  to  SE.     Fresh  and  hazy. 
Winds  :  S.SE  to  SE.     Fresh  and  hazy. 


Lat.  38°  17'  S.;  long.  17°  39'  E.     Winds  :  S.SE.  to  E.SE.     Cloudy,  with  rain 


Lat.  39°  57'  S.;  long.  18°  54'  E.     Winds  :  E.  to  E.SE.     Moderate  and  clear. 
Lat.  40    10'  S. ;  long.  20°  21' E.     Winds  :  E.NE.     Light  airs  ;  calms  and  fogs. 
Lat.  40°  03'  S. ;  long.   22°  40'  E.     Winds  :  NE.  to  SE.     Light  and  foggyj 
ends,  strong  gales. 

March  21.     Lat.   40°  25'  S.;  long.   24°  00'  E. 


moderating. 

March  22. 

March  23. 

March  24. 

March  25. 
clear. 

March  26. 

March  27. 
-     March  28. 

March  29. 

March  30. 

March  31. 


Winds  :  SE.    to  S.     Heavy  gales ;    ends 


Lat.  40°  08'  S.;  long.  26°  40'  E.  Winds  :  S.SW.  to  N.     Fresh  and  clear. 

Lat.  40°  13'  S.;  long.  28°  51'  E.  Winds  :  W.NW.     Moderate  and  clear. 

Lat.  40°  12'  S. ;  long.  30°  57'  E.  Winds  :  NW.  to  S.SE.     Moderate  and  clear. 

Lat.  40°  25'  S. ;  long.  32°  43'  E.  Winds  :  SE.  to  NE.  by  E.     Light  airs  and 

Lat.  40°  20'  S. ;  long.  34°  21'  E.  Winds  :  NE.  to  S.     Light  and  rainy. 

Lat.  39°  35'  S.;  long.  35°  11'  E.  Winds  :  SE.  to  E.SE.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

Lat.  40°  16'  S.;  long.  36°  49'  E.  Winds  :  E.  to  N.     Light,  rain  and  haze. 

Lat.  40°  04'  S. ;  long.  38°  50'  E.  Winds  :  NW.  to  S.  by  E.     Light  and  hazy. 

Lat.  40°  24'  S.;  long.  41°  25'  E.  Winds  :  S.SW.     Fresh,  and  dark  weather. 

Lat.  40°  18'  S. ;  long.  42°  19'  E.  Winds  :  S.  by  W.  to  S.SE.     Light  and  clear. 


April  1.     Lat.  39°  36'  S. ;  long.  43°  13'  E.     Winds  :  S.  by  W.  to  E.SE.     Light  winds  and 


clear. 


TO   AUSTRALIA— ADMIRALTY   ROUTE. APRIL.  613 

April  2.     Lat.   39°  00'  S. ;  long.  43°  33'  E.     Winds  :  E.SE.  to  E.NE.     Light  Avinds  and 
clear. 

April  3.     Lat.  40°  46'  S. ;  long.  40°  40'  E.     Winds :  SE.  to  NW.     Light  winds  and  clear. 

April  4.     Lat.  40°  38'  S. ;  long.  47°  54'  E.     Winds  :  N.NW.     Light  winds  and  clear. 

April  5.     Lat.  40°  19'  S.;  long.  50°  2T  E.     Winds  :  N.NE.     Light  and  clear  ;  latter  part 
rain. 

April  6.     Lat.  39°  51'  S.;  long.  53°  29'  E.     Winds  :  N.NE.     Fresh  and  rainy. 

April  7.     Lat.  38°  59'  S. ;  long.  57°  14'  E.     Winds :  N.  by  E.     Strong  gales,   with  rain 
and  fog. 

April  8.     Lat.  39°  59'  S. ;  long.  58°  25'  E.     Winds :  West.     Light  airs,  with  rain. 

April  9.     Lat.  39°  48'  S. ;  long.  59°  40'  E.     Winds :  SW.  to  NE.     Light  and  clear. 

April  10.     Lat.   39°  16'  S.;  long.  64°  01'  E.     Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.      Fresh   gales   and 
squally. 

April  11.     Lat.  38°  48'  S.;  long.  68°  02'  E.     Winds:  North.     Fresh  gales,  with  heavy 
rain  and  haze. 

April  12.     Lat.  38°  47'  S. ;  long.  70°  48'  E.     Winds:  S.SW.     Moderating;  ends  clear. 

April  13.     Lat.  38°  55'  S. ;  long.  72°  57'  E.     Winds  :  S.SW.  to  SW.     Clear  and  fine. 

April  14.     Lat.  38°  51'  S. ;  long.  74°  38'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  S.  by  E.      Clear  and  fine. 

April  15.     Lat.  38°  50'  S. ;  long.  76°  05'  E.     Winds  :  N.  by  E.  to  NW.      Clear  and  pleasant ; 
made  St.  Paul's  island. 

April  16.     Lat.  38°  29'  S. ;  long.  78°  57'  E.     Winds  :  NW.   to  S.SW.     Strong  gales  and 
clear. 

April  17.     Lat.  38°  20'  S.;  long.  82°  13'  E.     Winds  :  S.SW.     Strong  gales  and  squally. 

April  18.     Lat.  38°  02'  S.  j  long.  86°  03'  E.     Winds  :  SW.     Strong  gales  and  squally. 

April  19.     Lat.  38°  22'  S.;  long.  88°  23'  E.     Winds  :  SW.  to  W.     Strong  and  clear. 

April  20.     Lat.[38°  38'  S. ;  long.  91°  47'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  N.     Strong  and  clear. 

April  21.     Lat.  38°  24'  S.;  long.  94°  47'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  NW.     Light  and  cloudy. 

April  22.     Lat.  38°  54'  S.;  long.  98°  22'  E.     Winds  :  NW.  to  N.NW.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

April  23.     Lat.  38°  41'  S. ;  long.  100°  20'  E.     Winds  :  N.  by  E.  to  W.  by  N.     Fresh  and 
cloudy. 

April  24.     Lat.  39°  02'  S. ;  long.  102°  57'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  W.  by  S.     Fresh,  with  rain. 

April  25.     Lat.  39°  25'  S.;  long.  106°  41'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  NW.     Light  and  clear. 

April  26.     Lat.  39°  41'  S. ;  long.  109°  45'  E.     Winds  :  NW.  to  N.     Light  and  clear. 

April  27.     Lat.  39°  40'  S.;  long.  112°  58'  E.     Winds  :  N.  to  W.SW.     Fresh  and  squally, 
with  rain. 

April  28.     Lat.  39°  14'  S.;  long.  114°  21'  E.     Winds  :  S.SW."  to  SW.     Light  and  clear. 

April  29.     Lat.  39°  00'  S.;  long.  117°  33'  E.     Winds  :  SW.     Light  and  clear. 

April  30.     Lat.  38°  55'  S.;  long.   120°  45'  E.     Winds:  W.SW.     Light  and  clear;  ends 
squally,  with  rain. 

May  1.     Lat.  38°  54'  S. ;  long.  125°  38'  E.     Winds  :  W.SW  to  S.SW.     Strong  and  clear. 

May  2.     Lat.  39°  03'  S.;  long.  127°  53'  E.     Winds  :  S.SW.     Strong  and  clear. 

May  3.     Lat.  39°  02'  S. ;  long.  128°  53'  E.     Winds  :  W.  to  W.NW.     Light. 

May  4.     Lat.  38°  56'  S.;  long.  130°  52'  E.     Winds  :  W.NW.  to  N.  by  E.     Light. 

May  5.     Lat.  39°  20'  S. ;  long.  132°  51'  E.     Winds  :  NW.  to  SE.     Light  airs. 
May  6.     Lat.  38°  49'  S.;  long.  133°  20'  E.     Winds  :  E.SE.  to  E.NE.     Light  airs. 


614  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 

May  7.     Lat.  38°  56'  S.;  long.  135°  56'  E.     Winds  :  N.NE  to  N.  by  W.     Light  airs. 

May  8.     Lat.  39°  17'  S. ;  long.  139°  46'  E.     Winds  :  N.NW.  to  S.SW.    Strong  and  squally. 

May  9.  Lat.  39°  17'  S.;  long.  140°  38'  E.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  S.  Strong  breeze  and 
squally,  with  hail  and  rain  during  the  first  and  middle  parts.  At  1  (p.  m.)  made  King's  island, 
and  at  11.30  a.  m.  Flinder's  Point,  bore  west;  distant  6  miles.     Arrived  at  Port  Philip." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  "  Candace,"  (James  Arguit,  captain,)  from  New  York  to  Australia; 
26  days  out. 

"March  11.  Lat.  7°  18'  S. ;  long.  32°  18'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  82°;  water,  82°. 
Winds :  SE.  by  S.     Brisk  and  clear,  pleasant  weather. 

March  12.  Lat.  8°  53'  S. ;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  83°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.     Calm  and  baffling. 

March  13.  Lat.  11°  50'  S.;  long.  33°  23'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  76°;  water,  81°^ 
Winds:  SE.  to  SE.  by  S.     Brisk;  ends,  light  and  squalls. 

March  14.  Lat.  14°  46'  S. ;  long.  34°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  82°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.  and  SE.     Brisk;  heavy  rain  squalls. 

March  15.  Lat.  17°  32'  S. ;  long.  35°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  air,  84°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  SE.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

March  16.  Lat.  20°  19'  S.,  long.  35°  37' W.  -Barometer,  30.10;  air,  83°;  Avater,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.     Strong  and  fine  weather. 

March  17.  Lat.  22°  42'  S. ;  long.  35°  15' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  84°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

March  18.  Lat.  24°  16'  S.;  long.  34°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  82°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  E.NE.     Light  winds  and  clear  weather. 

March  19.  Lat.  24°  16'  S.;  long.  34°  11' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  82°;  water,  80°. 
Winds!  Calm;  weather  clear. 

March  20.  Lat.  24°  03'  S. ;  long.  32°  44'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  80°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  Calm,  and  SE. ;  calm  until  4  p.  m.,  at  which  time  a  very  large  water  spout  formed 
from  a  heavy  black  globular  looking  cloud,  half  a  mile  SE.  from  us;  at  4.30  p.  m.  a  good  breeze 
from  the  SE. ;  kept  the  ship  off  to  clear  the  water  spout,  which  agitated  the  water  for  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  in  circumference.  In  the  middle,  the  water  appeared  to  shoot  up  in  many  conical-shaped 
columns;  on  the  outer  part  of  the  circle  the  water  appeared  to  bubble  up  like  in  a  boiling 
cauldron.  The  lower  end  of  the  column  was  inclined  some  20°  to  the  NE.  of  the  upper  part, 
and  the  whole  in  motion  to  the  eastward.  After  the  spout  broke  up  the  cloud  increased  very 
much  in  magnitude,  from  which  we  had  much  rain.     During  the  night  heavy  rain  squalls. 

March -21.  Lat.  25°  08'  S. ;  long.  34°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.09;  air.  76°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  S.SE.     Strong  gales,  with  heavy  rain. 

March  22.  Lat.  26°  26'  S.;  long.  35°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  74°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  S.SE.     Moderate  and  clear,  with  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SE. 

March  23.  Lat.  .27°  29'  S.;  long.  36°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  74°;  water,  73°. 
Winds :  SE.     Moderate  and  clear,  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SE. 

March  24.  Lat.  28°  59'  S.;  long.  35°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  air,  73°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  NE.     Light  and  clear;  ei'ds,  brisk  and  cloudy. 

March  25.  Lat.  30°  32'  S. ;  long.  32°  50' W.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  75°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  NW.     Brisk,  and  a  heavy  swell;  latter  part,  a  heavy  squall. 


TO   AUSTRALIA — ADMIRALTY   ROUTE. — MARCH.  615 

March  26.  Lat.  31°  56'  S. ;  long.  30°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  71°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  SW.      Moderate  and  fine  weather. 

March  27.  Lat.  31°  57'  S. ;  long.  29°  13'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  air,  70°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  First  part,  calm;  ends,  light  SW.  winds  and  clear. 

March  28.  Lat.  32°  13'  S.;  long.  26°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  69°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  S.  by  W.     Light  and  clear,  a  heavy  SW.  SAvell. 

March  29.  Lat.  32°  24'  S. ;  long.  23°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  69°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  S.  to  S.SW.     Moderate  and  clear,  a  heavy  SW.  swell. 

March  30.  Lat.  32°  00'  S. ;  long.  21°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.22;  air,  69°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE.     Brisk  and  clear. 

March  31.  Lat.  32°  45'  S. ;  long.  21°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  69°;  water,  69°. 
Winds:  SE.     Very  light  and  clear. 

April  1.  Lat.  33°  42'  S.;  long.  20°  25'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  71°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  B.  by  N.     Yery  light  and  clear  weather;  sea  smooth. 

April  2.  Lat.  34°  11'  S.;  long.  18°  36'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  72°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Light  and  clear. 

April  3.  Lat.  35°  22'' S.;  long.  15°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  72°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  NE.     Light;  ends,  brisk  winds  and  clear  weather. 

April  4.  Lat.  36°  35'  S.;  long.  11°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.19;  air,  68°;  water,  65°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.  Moderate  and  clear;  at  8  a.  m.  discovered  the  island  of  Tristan  de 
Cunha;  bearing  SW.,  distant  thirty  or  thirty-five  miles;  water  discolored. 

April  5.  Lat.  36°  30'  S.;  long.  7°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  air,  68°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Brisk  and  clear. 

April  6.  Lat.  36°  36'  S. ;  long.  4°  08'  W.  Barometer,  30.19;  air,  68°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  passing  clouds,  with  fine  rain. 

April  7.  Lat.  37°  00'  S. ;  long.  1°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.16;  air,  68°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  NE.     Light  and  cloudy,  damp,  misty  weather;  smooth  sea. 

April  8.  Lat.  37°  18'  S. ;  long.  2°  37'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  67°;  water,  64°. 
Winds  :  NE.     Brisk  winds,  and  damp,  misty  weather. 

April  9.  Lat.  37°  43'  S.;  long.  6°  38'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  66°;  water,  62°. 
Winds  :  NE.     Moderate  and  clear  ;  sea  smooth. 

April  10.  Lat.  37°  39'  S.;  long.  9°  34'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  63°;  water,  62°. 
Winds  :  N.NE.  to  to  NW.     Light  and  clear. 

April  11.  Lat.  37°  51'  S. ;  long.  13°  55'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  57°;  water,  57°. 
Winds  :  SW,     Brisk  and  squally. 

April  12.  Lat.  37o  20'  S.;  long.  16°  22'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  62°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  S.SW.  to  E.SE.     Strong  gales  and  clear. 

April  13.  Lat.  38°  00' S.;  long.  16°  42'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  64°;  water,  62°. 
Winds  :  E.SE.  to  E.NE.     Heavy  gales  and  a  heavy,  confused  sea. 

April  14.  .  Lat.  38°  12'  S. ;  long.  20°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  69°;  water,  73°. 
Winds  :  NE.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  calm  ;  a  heavy  sea  running. 

April  15.  Lat.  38°  06'  S. ;  long.  25°  12'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  67°;  water,  69°. 
Winds  :  N.NW.     Heavy  gales  and  rain  squalls  ;  a  heavy  sea. 

April  16.  Lat.  37°  01'  S.;  long.  26°  27'  B.  Barometer,  29.58;  air,  61°;  water,  64°. 
Winds  :  N.NW.  to  N.NE.     Strong  gales  and  thick  weather  ;  ends,  light  and  baffling. 


616 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


April  17.     Lat.  SC^  49'  S.;   long.   30°  29'  E.     Barometer,  29.70;   air, 
Winds  :  NW.  to  SW.     Brisk  gales  and  passing  rain  squalls. 

April  18.     Lat.   36°  50'  S.;  long.   32°  57'  E.     Barometer,   29.80;  air, 
Winds  :  S.SW.     Strong  gales  with  heavy  rain  squalls. 

April  19.     Lat.   35°  52' S.;  long.   34°  44'  E.     Barometer,  30.10;    air. 
Winds  :  S.SW.  to  S.     Strong  gales  and  continued  rain  squalls. 

April  20.     Lat.   35°  46'  S. ;   long.   36°  18'  E.     Barometer,   30.27;  air, 
Winds:  S.SW.     Calm  and  baffling. 

April  21.     Lat.    36°  43'  S. ;   long.    39°  12'  E. 
Winds  :  NW.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  clear. 

April  22.     Lat.  37°  20'  S. ;  long.   43°  18'  E 
Winds  :  N.NW.     Brisk  winds  and  clear. 

April  23.     Lat.   37°  11'  S. ;  long.   47°  02'  E 
Winds  :  N.NW.     Moderate  and  clear. 

April  24.     Lat.  37°  05'  S.;  long.  49°  57'  E, 
Winds  :  N.NW  to  NW.     Light  and  clear  ;  mild  weather. 

April  25.     Lat.   37°  26'  S.;  long.   52°  04'  E.     Barometer,   30.28;  air, 
Winds  :  NW.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  pleasant. 

April  26.     Lat.   37°  41'  S.;  long.   55°  51'  E. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  and  clear. 

April  27.     Lat.    38°  10'  S. ;  long.    60°  35'  E. 
Winds  :  N.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  and  clear. 

April  28.     Lat.   38°  19'  S. ;   long.   63°  30'  E. 
Winds  :  N. ;  brisk  and  thick  weather  ;  ends,  a  strong  gale  from  SW. 
scud  under  bare  poles.     Barometer,  28.80. 

April  29.     Lat.  37°  32'  S.;  long.   67°  12'  E.     Barometer,   29.34;   air, 
Winds  :  SW.  by  W.  to  NW.  by  W.     Fresh  gales  and  hard  squalls. 

April  30.     Lat.   37°  58'  S.;  long.   70°  57'  E.     Barometer,    29.80;a   ir. 
Winds  :  NW.  to  SW.     Moderate  gales  and  strong  hail  squalls. 

May  1.     Lat.   38°  23'  S. ;   long.    74°  17'  E.     Barometer,    30.25;    air. 
Winds  :  SW.  and  calm;  commences  brisk  winds  and  clear,  and  ends  calm. 

May  2.     Lat.   38°  46'  S. ;  long.   76°  30'   E.     Barometer,    30.25;   air. 
Winds  :  light  and  baffling;  ends,  brisk  winds  from  the  E.NE.  and  cloudy. 

May  3.     Lat.   39°   13'  S. ;   long.   80°  21'   E.     Barometer,    30.00;    air, 
Winds  :  NE.    Brisk  and  cloudy  ;"  ends,  strong  gale  and  clear.     At  4  p.  m.  the 
east,  20  miles  distant. 

May  4.     Lat.   39°  27'  S.;  long.   83°    20'   E.     Barometer,    29.72;   air. 
Winds  :  E.NE.     Moderate  and  baffling,  with  rainy  weather. 

May  5.     Lat.   38°  58'  S. ;   long.    86°  54'  E.     Barometer,    29.75;    air, 
■  Winds  :  W.SW.     Brisk  winds  and  squalls  ;  ends,  baffling  and  unsteady. 


Barometer,    30.20;    air, 

Barometer,   30.20;  air. 

Barometer,   30.25;    air. 

Barometer,   30.30;   air, 
her. 
Barometer,   30.28;  air. 

Barometer,   30.00;   air. 

Barometer,   29.55;  air, 

Barometer,   28.85;  air, 
Put 


66°;  water,  68° 

63°;  water,  70°. 

62°;   water,  67°. 

63°;  water,  68°. 

67°;   water,  66°. 

68°;    water,  67°. 

68°;    water,  66°. 

68°;   water,  67°. 

68°;   water,  66°. 

66°;  water,  66°. 

66°;  water,  64°. 

66°;  water,   67°. 
her  before  it  and 

56°;  water,  62°. 

58°;  water,  60°. 

56°;   water,  60°. 

58°;   water,  59°. 

58°;   water,    58°. 
island  of  St.  Paul, 

60°;   water,    58°. 

58°;    water,    58°. 


May  6.     Lat.    38°   54'  S.;   long.    91°  20'  E.     Barometer,    29.87;    air,    58°;    water,  56°. 

55°;    water,   54°. 


Winds  :  W.  to  W.NW.     Brisk  and  thick,  disagreeable  weather. 

May  7.     Lat.   38°.   50'  S.;  long.   95°    09'  E.     Barometer,   30.20;    air. 
Winds  :  W.SW  to  SW.     Brisk  and  squally. 


TO  AUSTRALIA ADMIRALTY  ROUTE MAY.  617 

May  8.  Lat.  38°  58'  S. ;  long.  98°  30'  E.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  55°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.SW  to  W.NW.     Light  and  clear  throughout. 

May  9.  Lat.  39°  03'  S. ;  long.  102°  42'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  56°;  water,  55°. 
"Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.SW.     Brisk  winds  and  clear;  latter  part,  squally. 

May  10.  Lat.  39°  07' S. ;  long.  106°  42'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  54°;  water,  54°. 
Winds :  W.  by  N.     Brisk  winds  and  thick  foggy  weather. 

May  11.  Lat.  39°  12' S.;  long.  109°  42'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  54°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.,  brisk;  ends,  light  and  damp  weather. 

May  12.  Lat.  39°21'S.;  long.  114°  50'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  51°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  SW.     Strong  winds,  clear  cold  weather. 

May  13.  Lat.  39°  17'  S.;  long.  119°  25'  E.  Barometer,  30.15;  air,  52°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.     Brisk  and  passing  squall. 

May  14.  Lat.  39°  21'  S. ;  long.  122°  51'  E.  Barometer,  30.28;  air,  51°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.     Brisk;  ends,  light,  with  rain  squalls. 

May  15.  Lat.  39°  18'  S.;  long.  125°  30'  E.  Barometer,  30.28;  air,  53°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NE.     Light  and  changeable  weather. 

May  16.  Lat.  39°  29'  S. ;  long.  128°  43'  E.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  53°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.     Light  and  misty  weather. 

May  17.  Lat.  39°  33'  S. ;  long.  131°  58'  E.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  55°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  clear. 

May  18.  Lat.  39°  29' S.;  long.  136°  40'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  56°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  N.  by  E.  to  N.     Brisk  and  clear. 

May  19.  Lat.  39°  15' S.;  long.  141°  21'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  56°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Brisk  and  pleasant  weather. 

May  20.  Lat.  39°  14' S.;  long.  146°  01'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  57°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NW.  Brisk  gales;  at  2  p.  m.  Cape  Otway  light,  bearing  N.,  distant  8  miles; 
at  3  Rodando  Lsland,  E.  |  S.,  distant  15  miles. 

May  21.  Lat.  37°  43' S. ;  long.  149°  26' E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  57°;  water,  58^. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.     Brisk  winds  and  squally. 

May  22.  Lat.  36°  19'  S. ;  long.  150°  30'  E.  Barometer,  30.50;  air,  59°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  SW.     First  part,  light;  end,  calm;  at  noon,  Montagua  Island,  W.  by  N.,  10  miles. 

May  23.  Lat.  35°  13'  S.;  long.  151°  18'  E.  Barometer,  30.48;  air,  62°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.NW.     Light  winds  and  very  clear. 

May  24.  Lat.  34°  46'  S.;  long.  151°  20'  E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  66°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.NE.     Brisk  wind  and  clear;  a  strong  southerly  current. 

May  25.  Lat.  — °;  long.  — °.  Winds:  N.  to  SW.  Brisk  and  clear,  with  a  strong  south- 
erly current;  at  9  a.  m.  passed  between  Sydney  head;  at  10  anchored  in  the  harbor." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  ^ ^ Vandalia,' '  (P.  T.  Marshall,  captain,)  from  Baltimore  to  Port 
Philip,  1853;  41  days  out. 

"April  28.  Lat.  7°  52'  S.;  long.  28°  30' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  83°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  S.SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

April  29.  Lat.  9°  20'  S. ;  long.  28°  41' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  83°;  Avater,  78°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE.     Strong  and  pleasant. 

VOL.  n 78 


618  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS 

April  30.  Lat.  11°  IT'S.;  long.  29°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  84°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE.     Brisk  and  pleasant;  ends,  light. 

May  1.  Lat.  12°  44' S.;  long.  29°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  81°;  Winds:  E.SE. 
Light  and  clear. 

May  2.  Lat.  15°  08'  S. ;  long.  28°  59'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  82°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Brisk  and  pleasant;  ends,  light. 

May  3.  Lat.  16°  46'  S. ;  long.  28°  37' W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  83°;  water,  79°.  Winds: 
E.SE.  to  E.     Light  and  fine  weather. 

May  4.  Lat.  17°  44'  S. ;  long.  28°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  79°;  water,  79°.  Winds: 
E.SE.  to  E.NE.     Light  and  cloudy. 

May  5.  Lat.  18°  51'  S. ;  long.  26°  23' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  76°.  Winds:  NE. 
Moderate  and  squally,  with  rain;  a  very  heavy  sea  from  the  SE. 

May  6.  Lat.  19°  50'  S.;  long.  25°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  80°.  Winds:  N.NW. 
to  NE.     Light,  with  rain;  ends,  strong  breeze  and  squally;  Cape  pigeons  about. 

May  7.  Lat.  20°  40'  S. ;  long.  24°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  76°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
NE.,  S.SW.,  and  NE.     Strong  and  squally. 

May  8.  Lat.  22°  16'  S. ;  long.  21°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  79°;  water,  — °.  Winds: 
NE.     Strong  and  dark  cloudy  weather. 

May  9.  Lat.  23°  29'  S.;  long.  19©  42' W.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  76°.  Winds:  NE.  to 
E.NE.     Moderate;  dark  gloomy  weather. 

May  10.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  76°;  water,  77°.  Winds:  N.  to  W. 
Strong  and  squally. 

May  11.  Lat.  25°  00'  S.;  long.  16°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  —  °.  Winds:  W.  to 
S.     Strong,  with  rain;  ends,  heavy  gales. 

May  12.  Lat.  24°  36'  S. ;  long.  15°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  70°;  water,  76°.  Winds: 
S.  to  S.SE.     Strong  gales,  with  heavy  squalls. 

May  13.  Lat.  25°30'S.;  long.  15°  53'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  71°.  Winds:  S.  to 
S.SE.     Strong  breezes  and  passing  squalls;  ends,  light  and  pleasant;  Cape  pigeons  about. 

May  14.  Lat.  25°  54'  S.;  long.  16°  29'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  73°.  Winds:  S.  and 
calm.     First  part,  moderate;  ends,  calm. 

May  15.  Lat.  28°  18'  S.;  long.  15°  35'  W.  Barometer,  30.00-;  air,  73°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  pleasant;  ends,  strong  and  squally. 

May  16.  Lat.  30°  08' S.;  long.  14°  57'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  71°.  Winds:  N. 
to  W.     Strong  gales,  with  heavy  rain;  ends,  moderate  gales  and  fine  weather. 

May  17.  Lat.  31°  35'  S.;  long.  12°  52'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  68°;  water,  — °. 
Winds :  W.  to  SW.     Strong  and  squally. 

May  18.  Lat.  31°  44'  S. ;  long.  10°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  66°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  S.     Strong  and  squally;  a  turbulent  sea. 

May  19.  Lat.  31°  49'  S.;  long.  9°  43'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  air,  64°.  Winds:  S.SW. 
to  S.SE.     Strong  and  squally,  with  rain. 

May  20.  Lat.  32°  57'  S. ;  long.  10°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  air,  62°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  S.     Light  and  baffling;  dark  gloomy  weather. 

May  21.  Lat.  34°  22' S. ;  long.  9°  29' W.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  63°.  Winds:  NE.  to 
N.NW.     Light  and  cloudy;  ends,  pleasant  gales  and  passing  squalls. 


TO  AUSTRALIA — ADMIRALTY  ROUTE MAY.  619 

May  22.     Lat.   35°  20'  S. ;  long.  7°  00'  W.      Barometer,    29.90;  air,    56°;  water,    62°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  S.SW.     Strong  and  cloudy;  ends,  light. 

May  23.     Lat.    36°  36'  S.;   long.    4°  38'  W.      Barometer,    29.55;  air,    55°;  water,    61°, 
Winds:  SW.  to  NW.     Light  and  baffling;  ends,  strong  gales  and  squalls. 

May  24.     Lat.   37°  01'  S.;  long.    1°  51'  W.      Barometer,    29.40;  air,    52°;  water,    60°. 
Winds:  W.  to  SW.     Strong  and  squally. 

May  25.     Lat.   37°  *48'  S.;   long.    1°  34'  E.     Barometer,    29.80;   air,    53°;  water,    59°. 
Winds :  SW.  to  W.     Strong  gales  and  cloudy. 

May  26.      Lat.    38°  06'  S.;  long.   5°  16'  E.      Barometer,   29.80;  air,   54°;  water,  — °. 
Winds:  NW.     Moderate  gales  and  squalls. 

May  27.      Lat.   38°  02'  S. ;  long.    8°  04'  E.      Barometer,    30.01;  air,    54°;  water,   53°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.     Moderate  gales  and  cloudy,  hazy  weather. 

May  2S.      Lat.  38°  25'  S. ;  long.    12°   17'  E.      Barometer,   30.01;    air,   56°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW. ;  pleasant  gales  and  cloudy,  hazy  weather. 

May  29.      Lat.   38°  34'  S. ;   long.   13°  55'  E.     Barometer,   30.03;   air,   56°;   water,   61°. 
Winds:  S.,  N.NE.,  and  N.     Light  and  baffling;  ends,  brisk  and  cloudy. 

May  30.     Lat.  39°  10'  S. ;  long.  17°  00'  E.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  60°.     Winds:  N.NW. 
Strong  and  squally;  rainy  weather. 

May  31.     Lat.  39°  08'  S.;   long.  21°  22'  E.      Barometer,   29.90;   air,   61°;  water,   70°. 
Winds:  N.     Strong,  with  rain;  ends,  heavy  gales,  with  squalls. 

June   1.     Lat.  39°   13'  S.;  long.    25°  36'  E.      Barometer,   30.00;  air,    62°;  water,    75°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.NW.     Strong  gales  and  cloudy. 

June  2.     Lat.  39°  36'  S. ;  long.  — .     Barometer,  30.01;  air,  63°.     Winds:  SW.  to  W.NW. 
Light,  with  rain;  ends,  fresh  gales  and  passing  squalls. 

June  3.     Lat.  39°  48'  S.;  long.  29°  04'  E.      Barometer,  30.00;  air,  67°.     Winds:  NW. 
Pleasant  gales  and  fair  weather. 

June  4.     Lat.   39°  52'  S.;  long.  30°  00'  E.      Barometer,    30.00;    air,   54°;  water,   54°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  S.SW.     Light  and  calm;  dark  cloudy  weather. 

June   5.     Lat.   39°  25'  S.;   long.   32°  01'  E.     Barometer,   30.03;  air,    50°;    water,   — °. 
Winds:  SW.  to  S.SE.     Light,  with  rain;  ends,  strong  gales  and  squalls. 

June  6.     Lat. — ;  long.  — .     Barometer,  29.70;  air,  — .     Winds:  E.NE.  to  SW.     Strong 
gales,  with  cloudy,  rainy  weather. 

June  7.     Lat.   40°  55'  S.;   long.  35°  43'  E.      Barometer,    29.80;  air,   52°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  E.NE.     Light  airs  and  calms. 

June   8.     Lat.  40°   59'  S. ;   long.  35°  43'  E.      Barometer,   29.80;  air,   52°;  water,   53°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  E.NE.     Light  and  rainy,  misty  weather. 

June  9.     Lat.  41°  03'  S.;   long.  39°  50'  E.     Barometer,  29.90;  air,  48°.     Winds:  NE.  to 
NW.     Strong  gales  and  squalls. 

June  10.     Lat.  41°  04'  S. ;  long.  42°  08'  E.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  46°.     Winds:  W.SW. 
Heavy  gales  and  hard  squalls,  with  a  heavy  sea. 

June  11.     Lat.   40°  25' S.;  long.  — .     Barometer,    30.00;  air,  44°;  water,  56°.     Winds: 
SW.  to  S.SW.     Heavy  gales  and  hard  squalls,  with  a  turbulent  sea. 

June  12.     Lat.  — ;  long.  — .     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  48°.     Winds:  S.SW.     Heavy  gales 
and  clear ;  latter  part  misty,  with  much  rain. 


620  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  13.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  50°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  SW.  to 
W.SW.     Heavy  gales,  with  thick  weather. 

June  14.  Lat.  40°  08'  S.;  long.  52°  19'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  52°.  Winds:  SW.  to 
NW.     Heavy  gales  and  thick  weather;  ends,  more  moderate. 

June  15.  Lat.  41°  17' S.;  long.  56°  10' E.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  48°.  Winds:  NW. 
to  SW.     Strong  gales  and  rainy  weather;  ends,  light  and  baffling  winds  and  passing  clouds. 

June  16.  Lat.  41°  37'  S. ;  long.  58°  59'  E.  Barometer,  29.94;  air,  52°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  N.     Light,  variable,  and  cloudy;  ends,  strong  gales  and  squally  weather. 

June  17.  Lat.  41°  44'  S. ;  long.  62°  03'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  50°.  Winds:  Strong 
breeze,  with  hard  squalls,  rain  and  lightning;  ends,  light  variable  winds,  and  cloudy. 

June  18.  Lat.  41°  50'  S. ;  long.  63°  28'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  54°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  NE.     Light  baffling  airs  and  calms;  ends,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

June  19.  Lat.  42°  05'  S. ;  long.  67°  23'  E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  54°.  Winds:  NE.  to 
N.NW.  Heavy  gales,  with  thick,  rainy  weather;  barometer  very  low  and  falling.  I  expect 
a  heavy  gale,  and  have  made  the  ship  snug  for  it. 

June  20.  Lat.  42°  35'  S.;  long.  70°  52'  E.  Barometer,  28.00;  air,  55°.  Winds:  N.  to 
W.  Hard  gales,  veering  from  north  to  west,  blowing  at  times  a  perfect  hurricane;  sharp 
lightning  and  heavy  thunder.     Six  hours  under  bare  poles. 

June  21.  Lat.  41°  50'  S.;  long.  75°  40'  E.  Barometer,  28.01;  air,  55°;  water,  55°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.  Gale  increasing,  with  violent  squalls  of  hail;  ship  making  such  bad 
weather  that  I  am  obliged  to  lighten  her  by  heaving  overboard  cargo;  sea  running  very  high; 
got  a  drag  over  the  stern  of  forty  fathom  line,  attached  to  a  studding-sail  yard;  found  great 
relief  from  it.  This  has  been  the  most  severe  hurricane  I  have  ever  experienced.  Threw 
overboard  four  hundred  barrels  of  flour. 

June  22.  Lat.  40°  56'  S.;  long.  78°  49'  E.  Barometer,  28.40;  air,  — .  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
W.SW.  Gale  still  raging  with  great  fury;  sea  making  clean  breaches  over  the  stern,  carrying 
away  the  bulwarks  fore  and  aft;  barometer  as  low  as  28.00:  under  bare  poles  for  eighteen  hours; 
decks  swept  fore  and  aft. 

June  23.  Lat.  40°  30'  S.;  long.  82°  24'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  49°.  Winds:  W.NW. 
to  W.SW.     Strong  gales  and  squally:  a  turbulent  cross  sea;  ship  under  close  reefs. 

June  24.  Lat.  40°54'S.;  long.  86°  10' E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  52°.  Winds:  NW. 
to  W.NW.     Strong  gales,  with  cloudy,  misty  weather. 

June  25.  Lat.  41°  17' S.;  long.  89°  40' E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  54°.  Winds:  NW. 
Pleasant  gales  and  fine  weather;  a  high  sea. 

June  26.  Lat.  41°  15'  S. ;  long.  93°  22'  E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  52°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Moderate  gales,  with  dark,  misty  weather. 

June  27.  Lat.  41°  10'  S.:  long.  97°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  — .  Winds:  W.NW. 
to  NW.     Strong  and  cloudy;  ends,  hard  gales  and  rainy. 

June  28.  Lat.  41°  24' S. ;  long.  101°  04' E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  50°.  Winds:  W.NW. 
to  W.     Strong  gales  and  squally. 

June  29.  Lat.  40°  44'  S.;  long.  104°  51'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  — .  Winds:  W.  to 
W.NW.     Strong  gales,  with  rainy  weather;  a  rough  sea. 

June  30.  Lat.  40°  39'  S. ;  long.  109°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  — .  Winds:  W.NW. 
to  N.     Strong  gales,  with  squalls. 


10   AUSTRALIA — ADMIRALTY   ROUTE MAY.  621 

July  1.     Lat.  40°  28'  S. ;  long.  112°  28'  E.     Barometer,  29.30;  air,  — .     Winds:  N.NW. 
to  W.     Hard  gales,  with  squally,  rainy  weather;  barometer  falling;  ship  snug  for  a  hard  gale. 

July  2.  Lat.  40°  37' S. ;  long.  115°  50' E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air  54°.  Winds:  W.  to 
W.NW.     Moderate  gales,  with  squally  weather. 

July  3.  Lat.  40°11'S.;  long.  119°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.10;  air,  — .  Winds:  N.  to 
NW.     Hard  gales  and  severe  squalls;  rain  and  lightning. 

July  4.  Lat.  39°  34'  S. ;  long.  123°  16'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  52°.  Winds:  N.NW. 
to  AV.NW.     Hard  gales,  with  heavy  squalls,  rain,  thunder  and  lightning;  ends  more  moderate. 

July  5.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  28.90;  air,  — ;  water,  50°.  Winds:  NW.  Very 
hard  gales,  with  rainy,  squally  weather. 

July  6.  Lat.  39° 37' S. ;  long.  129°  19'  E.  Barometer,  29.10;  air,  52°;  water,  46°.  Winds: 
NW.  to  W.  Hard  gales,  with  heavy  squalls  of  hail,  thunder,  and  lightning;  ship  hove  to  for 
five  hours. 

July  7.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  28.80;  air,  52°.  Winds:  W.  to  NW.  Heavy 
gales  and  squally;  ship  hove  to. 

July  8.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  46°;  water,  53°.  Winds:  NW.  to 
SW.     Strong  gales  and  hail  squalls. 

July  9.  Lut.  39°  21' S.;  long.  135°  53'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  46°;  Winds:  S.  to 
SE.     Strong  breezes  and  rainy  weather. 

July  10.  Lat.  39°  25'  S. ;  long.  135°  33' E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  48°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  SE.     Strong  and  cloudy. 

July  11.  Lat.  39°  22'  S.;  long.  135°  44' E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  — .  Winds:  SE. 
Light  and  cloudy;  a  high  sea  from  the  SW. 

July  12.  Lat.  39°  23'  S.;  long.  136°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  51°;  Winds:  SE. 
to  SW.     Light,  baffling  airs  and  cloudy  weather. 

July  13.  Lat.  39°25'S.;  long.  137"  37' E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  50°.  Winds:  SW. 
Light  airs  and  calm;  ends,  fresh  gales  and  cloudy. 

July  14.  Lat.  39°  30' S.;  long.  139°  30' E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  52°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
SW.  to  NW.     Light  and  baffling,  with  occasional  squalls. 

July  15.  Lat.  39°  20'  S.;  long.  142°  30' E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  56°.  Winds:  NW.  to 
W.     Moderate,  with  passing  clouds;  passed  large  patches  of  kelp. 

July  16.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  — .  Winds:  W.  to  NW.  First  part,  moderate 
and  squally;  at  1  p.  m.  made  Cape  Otway,  N.NE.  by  compass,  distant  39  miles;  at  7  a.  m. 
made  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  of  Port  Philip,  N.NE.,  distant  12  miles. 

July  17.  Strong  gales,  with  thick,  rainy  weather:  at  4  p.  m.  pxjssed  between  the  heads; 
took  a  pilot  on  board;  at  7  a.  m.  anchored  in  Port  Philip.     81  days  from  Cape  St.  Roque." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Barque  "  Yarmouth,"  (E.  Sampson,  captain,)  from  New  York  to  Aus- 
tralia; 42  days  out. 

"May  8,  1853.  Lat.  6°  11' S.;  long.  33°  37' W.  Barometer,  — ;  air,  79°;  water,  75°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  SE.  Well  clear  of  Cape  St.  Roque  in  43  days  out,  with  a  dull  sailing  ship; 
her  best  running  has  not  been  known  to  exceed  eight  knots,  and  on  a  wind  never  over  four  or 
five.  Had  I  crossed  much  to  the  eastward  of  32°,  I  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  I  should 
have  made  a  much  longer  passage  to  St.  Roque. 

May  9.  Lat.  7°  18'  S.;  long.  34°  30'  W.;  air,  78°;  water,  78°.  Winds:  SE.  to  S.SE. 
Squally,  cloudy  weather. 


622  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

May  10.     Lat.  7°  50'  S. ;  long.  34°  04'  W.    Air,  78°;  water,  78°.    Winds:  SE.  to  S.    Light 
baffling  and  squally,  with  rain. 

May  11.     Lat.  7°  39'  S.;  long.  34°  26' W.     Air,  78°;  water,  78°.     Winds:  S.  to  E.SE. 
Fresh  and  squally. 

May  12.     Lat.  8°  53'  S. ;  long.  34°  28'  W.     Air,   80°;  water,  78°.     Winds:  E.  to  E.SE. 
Light  trades,  and  pleasant. 

May  13.     Lat.  10°  28'  S.;  long.  34°  36'  W.     Air,  80°;  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.SE.     Mode- 
rate and  pleasant. 

May  14.     Lat.  11°  30'  S. ;  long.  34°  16'  W.     Air,  80°;  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.SE.  to  E. 
Light  winds,  with  heavy  rain  showers. 

May  15.     Lat.  12°  46'  S.;  long.  34°  55'  W.     Air,  79°;  water,  79°.    Winds:  E.SE.    Light, 
and  overcast. 

May  16.     Lat.  13°  18'  S.;  long.  35°  10'  W.     Air,  79°;  water,  79°.     Winds:  E.SE.  to  SE. 
Light  and  baffling,  with  rain  showers. 

May  17.     Lat.  13°  55'  S.;  long.  36°  15'  W.     Air,  80°;  water,  79°.     Winds:  S.SE.     Very 
moderate  and  pleasant. 

May  18.     Lat.  14°  18'  S.;  long.  36°  15'  W.     Air,  79°;  water,  78°.     Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE. 
Moderate  and  pleasant. 

May  19.     Lat.  16°  00'  S.;  long.  35°  30'  W.     Air,  79°;  water,  78°.     Winds:  SE.  to  E.SE. 
Moderate  and  passing  clouds;  ends,  strong  trades  and  pleasant. 

May  20.     Lat.  17°  30'  S.;  long.  34°  15'  W.     Air,  78°;  water,  78°.     Winds:  E.  to  E.NE. 
Strong  trades  and  pleasant. 

May  21.     Lat.  20°  05'  S.;  long.  33°  34'  W.     Air,  76°;  water,  78©.     Winds:  E.NE.  to  NE. 
Fine  and  cloudy. 

May  22.     Lat.  21°  12'  S.;  long.  32°  10'  W.     Air,  76°;  water,  77°.     Winds:  NE.  to  SW. 
Baffling  and  calm,  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

May  23.     Lat.  22°  29'  S.;  long.  30°  42'  W.     Air,  75°;  water,  77°.     Winds:  N.  to  N.NW. 
Variable  winds,  with  rain  showers . 

May  24.     Lat.  24°  09'  S.;  long.  28°  29'  W.     Air,  75°;  water,  74°.     Winds:  NE.     Fresh 
and  cloudy. 

May  25.     Lat.  25°  55'  S. ;  long.  26°  32'  W.    Air,  74°;  water,  73°.    Winds:  NE.  to  N.NW. 
Moderate  and  hazy,  with  rain  showers. 

May  26.     Lat.  26°  20'  S.;  long.  25°  50'  W.     Air,  74°;  water,   73°.     Winds:  NE.  to  N. 
Moderate;  heavy  rain. 

May  27.     Lat.  28°  18'  S.;  long.  23°  43'  W.     Air,   73°;  water,  72°.     Winds:  N.     Fresh 
and  cloudy;  continued  heavy  rain. 

May  28.     Lat.  28°  43'  S.;  long.  22°  55'  W.     Air,   73°;  water,   72°.     Winds:  N.  to  W. 
Moderate  and  squally;  frequent  rain  showers. 

May  29.     Lat.  28°  39'  S. ;  long.  22°  00'  W.     Air,  72°;  water,  70°.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  SE. 
Very  light  and  baffling. 

May  30.     Lat.  29°  35'  S.;  long.  21°  20'  W.     Air,  70°;  water,  70°.     Winds:  E.SE.  to  N. 
Moderate,  with  occasional  rain  squalls. 

May  31.     Lat.  30°  30'  S.;  long.  20°  28'  W.     Air,  69°;  water,  70°.     Winds:  N.  to  NW. 
Light  and  calm,  and  cloudy  weather. 


TO   AUSTEALIA — AtMIRALTY  ROUTE — MAY.  623 

June  1.  Lat.  31°  33'  S.;  long.  18°  58'  W.  Air,  66°;  water,  68°.  AVinds:  NW.  to  SW. 
Fresh  breezes  and  rainy;  ends,  calm. 

June  2.  Lat.  32°  00' S. ;  long.  15°  20' W.  Air,  66°;  water,  65°.  Winds:  W.  to  S.  Fresh 
breezes  and  squally. 

June  3.  Lat.  31°  50'  S. ;  long.  14°  10'  W.  Air,  68°;  water,  66°.  Winds:  SE.  to  NE. 
Moderate  and  pleasant. 

June  4.  Lat.  32°  24' S. ;  long.  13°  00' W.  Air,  68°;  water,  65°.  Winds:  NE.  Moderate 
and  calm. 

June  5.  Lat.  32°  58'  S.;  long.  10°  40'  W.  Air,  65°;  water,  63°.  Winds:  N.  to  SW. 
Fresh  and  pleasant. 

June  6.  Lat.  32°  Sr  S. ;  long.  8°  26' W.  Air,  62°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  S.SW.  Moderate 
and  cloudy;  a  heavy  SW.  swell;  ends,  calm. 

June  7.  Lat.  33°  34'  S.;  long.  6°  50'  W.  Air,  62°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  SW. 
Light  and  calm,  with  occasional  squalls. 

June  8.  Lat.  38°51'S.;  long.  4°  26'  W.  Air,  62°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  SW.  Moderate, 
with  occasional  rain  showers. 

June  9.  Lat.  35°  05'  S.;  long.  3°  16'  W.  Air,  62°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  W.  to  N.NW. 
Light  and  pleasant;  ends,  strong  gales  and  cloudy. 

June  10.  Lat.  36°  17'  S.;  long.  00°  16'  E.  Air,  61°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  N.  to  N.NW. 
Fresh  and  pleasant;  ends,  squally,  with  rain. 

June  11.  Lat.  36°  18'  S.;  long.  2°  00'  E.  Air,  56°;  water,  58°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  W. 
Moderate  and  squally,  with  rain. 

June  12.  Lat.  37°  40'  S.;  long.  4°  30'  E.  Air,  54°;  water,  56°.  Winds:  NW.  to  SW. 
Moderate,  with  passing  clouds. 

June  13.  Lat.  37°  00'  S.;  long.  7°  10'  B.  Air,  50°;  water,  52°.  Winds:  NW.  to  SW. 
Moderate  and  squally,  with  light  rain,  hail,  and  snow. 

June  14.  Lat.  37°  31'  S. ;  long.  10°  30'  E.  Air,  50°;  water,  50°.  Winds:  SW.  to  NW. 
Squally;  ends,  moderate  and  clear. 

June  15.  Lat.  37°  40'  S.;  long.  12°  20'  E.  Air,  50°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.  Moderate, 
with  occasional  rain. 

June  16.  Lat.  38°  28'  S.;  long.  14°  23' E.  Air,  52°;  water,  50°.  Winds:  W.  to  W.NW. 
Fresh  and  hazy. 

June  17.  Lat.  38°  06'  S.;  long.  15°  25'  E.  Air,  54°;  water,  58°.  Winds:  W.NW.  Fresh 
gales  and  cloudy;  ends,  light  and  calm;  strong  current  against  us  of  2|  knots  per  hour. 

June  18.  Lat.  38°  34' S.;  long.  19°  25'  E.  Air,  56°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
NW.     Commences  light  and  calm;  ends,  moderate  and  fair  weather. 

June  19.  Lat.  39°  00'  S.;  long.  22°  20'  E.  Air,  62°;  water,  64°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  W. 
Fresh  and  fair;  ends,  light  and  hazy. 

June  20.  Lat.  39°35'S.;  long.  25°  49' E.  Air,  60°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
NE.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

June  21.  Lat.  39°  50' S.;  long.  26°  20' E.  Air,  62°;  water,  62°.  Winds:  NE.  to  N. 
Moderate  and  hazy. 

June  22.  Lat.  39°50'S.;  long.  29°  00' E.  Air,  62°;  water,  58°.  Winds:  N.  to  NW. 
Fresh  and  cloudy. 


624  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  23.  Lat.  39°  55'  S. ;  long.  30°  15'  E.  Air,  54°;  water,  54°.  Winds:  NW.  to  NE. 
Moderate  and  calm,  with  rain  squalls. 

June  24.  Lat.  39°  40'  S.;  long.  33°  50'  E.  Air,  52°;  water,  56°.  Winds:  N.  to  NW. 
Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

June  25.  Lat.  39°  29'  S.;  long.  34°  00'  E.  Air,  48°;  water,  60°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  S. 
Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

June  26.  Lat.  39°  12'  S.;  long.  38°  15'  E.  Air,  45°;  water,  60°.  Winds:  S.  to  S.SW. 
Fresh  gales,  with  rain;  ends,  moderate  and  cloudy. 

June  27.  Lat.  39°  23'  S.;  long.  41°  20'  E.  Air,  55°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.  to  NW. 
Moderate  and  pleasant;  ends,  cloudy,  with  rain. 

June  28.  Lat.  39°  29'  S.;  long.  44°  37'  E.  Air,  58°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  NW.  to  N. 
Fresh  and  squally;  ends,  light  and  pleasant. 

June  29.  Lat.  39°  42'  S. ;  long.  45°  32'  E.  Air,  58°;  water,  59°.  Winds:  NW.  to  N. 
Light  and  pleasant. 

June  30.  Lat.  40°  13'  S.;  long.  49°  35'  E.  Air,  59°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  N. 
Fine  breezes  and  pleasant;  a  smooth  sea. 

July  1.  Lat.  40°  16'  S.;  long.  53°  00'  E.  Air,  57°;  water,  60°.  Winds:  N.  to  NE. 
Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy;  smooth  sea  and  strong  tide  rips. 

July  2.  Lat.  40°  20'  S. ;  long.  56°  00'  E.  Air,  60°;  water,  60°.  Winds:  NE.  to  N. 
Fresh  tnd  squally;  ends,  a  heavy  gale,  with  rain. 

July  3.  Lat.  40°  36'  S.;  long.  58^  58'  E.  Air,  60°;  water,  59°.  Winds:  N.  to  N.NW. 
Moderate,  with  rain. 

July  4.  Lat.  40°  14'  S.;  long.  63°  47'  E.  Air,  60°;  water,  56°.  Winds:  N.NW.  to  NW. 
Strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

July  5.  Lat.  40°  06'  S.;  long.  66°  14'  E.  Air,  56°;  water,  60°.  Winds:  W.NW.  Strong 
gales;  obliged  to  carry  all  the  canvas  the  ship  could  bear  to  keep  her  clear  of  the  sea. 

July  6.  Lat.  39°  43'  S.;  long.  69°  27'  E.  Air,  57°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW. 
Begins,  strong  gales;  ends,  moderating. 

July  7.  Lat.  39°  20'  S.;  long.  73°  00'  E.  Air,  67°;  water,  57°.  Winds:  NW.  Heavy 
gales  with  passing  clouds. 

July  8.  Lat.  38°  53'  S. ;  long.  75°  38'  E.  Air,  52°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  N.NW.  Heavy 
gales  and  squalls,  with  rain. 

July  9.  Lat.  38°  56'  S.;  long.  78°  25'  E.  Air,  50°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to  W. 
Squally  and  hazy. 

July  12.  Lat.  36°  51'  S. ;  long.  82°  33'  E.  Air,  50°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.  Since  the 
9th  instant  I  have  experienced  very  heavy  weather;  blew  away  my  topsail,  foresail,  and  fore 
topmast  stay-sail,  in  a  heavy  thunder  squall.  Ship  broached  to  and  we  were  unable  to  get  her 
off  until  every  sail  was  split;  then  hove  to  under  a  main  spencer.  Struck  by  a  heavy  sea, 
which  carried  away  the  jib-boom,  the  houses  on  deck,  stove  in  the  bulwarks,  and  carried  away 
two  boats.  I  am  scudding  under  a  lower  studding-sail  set  under  the  fore-yard,  as  I  am  unable 
to  open  the  hatches  to  get  out  a  new  suit  of  sails. 

July  13.  Lat.  36°  46'  S. ;  long.  83°  30'  E.  Air,  50°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.  by  N.  to 
W.     Strong  gales  with  heavy  squalls;  bent  and  set  the  foresail. 

July  14.  Lat.  36°  37'  S. ;  long.  86°  30'  E.  Air,  47°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  W.  Continuous 
heavy  gales;  bent  a  main  topsail  and  main  topmast  stay-gail;  set  a  reefed  mainsail. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  625 

July  15.     Lat.  36°  54'  S.;  long.  88^  33'  E.     Air,  50°;  water,  55°.     Winds:  W.     Gale 
moderating,  with  occasional  squalls;  bent  and  set  a  close  reefed  fore-topsail. 

July  16.     Lat.  36°  37'  S.;  long.  90°  43'  E.     Air,  50°;  water,   54°.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  S. 
Moderate  and  fine  weather;  carrying  top-gallantsail  on"  single  reef;  tacked  to  the  SW. 

July  17.     Lat.  37°  05'  S.;  long.   89°  46'  E.     Air,  48°;  water,  52°.     Winds:  S.  to  E.SE. 
Very  light  and  baffling. 

July  18.     Lat.  37°  46'  S.;  long.  90°  10'  E.     Air,  49°;  water,.52°.     Winds:  E.SE.  to  NE. 
Very  moderate  and  hazy. 

July  19.     Lat.  38°  00'  S.;  long.  93°  53'  E.     Air,  52;  water,  52°.     Winds:  N.NE.     Fine 
and  pleasant;  rigged  out  a  jib-boom. 

July  20.     Lat.  38°  17'  "S.;  long.  96°  51'  E.     Air,  52°;  water,  52°.     Winds:  E.NE.  to  NW. 
Fine  and  pleasant. 

July  21.     Lat.  38°  38'  S.;  long.  100°  08'  E.     Air,  52°;  water,   52.     Winds:  NW.  to  W. 
Fresh  and  fair;  ends,  squalls,  with  rain. 

July  22.     Lat.  38°  52' S. ;  long.  103°  00' E.     Air,   52°;  Avater,  52°.     Winds:  W.     Brisk 
breeze  and  fair  weather. 

July  23.     Lat.  39°  00'  S.;  long.  106°  20'  E.     Air,  48°  water,  50.     Winds:  W.  to  W.SW. 
Brisk,  with  rain  squalls. 

July  24.     Lat.  39°  00' S.;  long.   109°  12' E.     Air,   50°;  water,  50°.     Winds:  W.SW.  to 
NW.     Fresh  and  moderate. 

July  25.     Lat.  39°  40'   S.;  long.    112°  00'  E.      Air,    52°;    water,   50°.     Winds:   NW. 
Moderate;  ends,  heavy  gales. 

July  26.    Lat.  40°  30'  S. ;  long.  115°  09'  E.    Air,  48°;  water,  49°.    Winds:  NW.    Moderate, 
with  heavy  squalls. 

July  27.     Lat.  40°  26'  S.;  long.  117°  53'  E.     Air,  48°;  water,  48°.     Winds:  NW.  to  W. 
Strong  and  moderate,  cloudy  weather. 

July  28.     Lat.  40°  18'  S. ;  long.  120°  53'  E.     Air,  50°;  water,  45°.     Winds:  W.  to  W.NW. 
Moderate  and  hazy.- 

July  29.     Lat.  40°  13'  S. ;  long.  124°  15'  E.     Air,   52°;  water,  50°.     Winds:  N.     Fresh 
and  pleasant. 

July  30.     Lat.  40°  26'  S. ;  long.   127°  12'  E.     Air,  53°;  water,   5lo.     Winds:  N.     Fresh 
and  moderate,  and  cloudy. 

July  31.     Lat.  40°  00' S. ;  long.   130°  28' E.     Air,   53°;  water,  51°.     Winds:  N.     Light, 
and  fine  weather,  with  occasional  light  rain. 

August  1.     Lat.  39°  51'  S. ;  long.  133°  12'  E.     Air,  53°;  water  51°.     Winds:  N.NE.  to  W. 
Light  and  baffling;  ends,  steady  wind,  and  rain  showers. 

August  2.     Lat.  39°  37'  S.;  long.  135°  54'  E.     Air,  53°;  water,  51°.     Winds:  NW.  to  W. 
Moderate,  fair,  and  squally. 

August  3.     Lat.    39°  23'  S.;  long.    138°  44'  E.     Air,  52°;  water,   54.     Winds:  NW.  to 
W.SW.     Light,  with  occasional  light  rain. 

August  4.     Lat.   39°  03' S. ;  long.  141°  40' E.     Air,  52°;  water,   54°.     Winds:  W.  to  N. 
Moderate,  thick,  and  hazy  weather;  ends,  strong  winds  and  clear  weather;  at  midnight  made 
the  light  on  Cape  Otway.     At  daylight  saw  the  land,  eight  miles  distant;  shaped  a  course  for 
the  entrance  of  the  harbor  and  ancJiored. ' ' 
Vol.  II 79 


626  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  '"Shirletj,"  (Nicholas  T.  Snell,  captain,)  from  New  York  to  Port 
Philip,  1854,  33  days  out. 

"June  7.    Lat.  7°20'S.;  long.  33^  24' W.    Barometer,  29.94.    Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE.  byE. 
Gentle  breeze  and  passing  clouds. 

June  8.     Lat.  9°  26'  S.;  long.  34^  40' W.     Barometer,  29.90.     Winds:  SE.     Light  trade. 

June  9.     Lat.  11°  00'  S. ;  long.    34°  58'  W.     Barometer,   29.90.     Winds:  E.SE.  to  SE. 
Variable,  and  passing  rain  showers. 

June  10.     Lat.  13°  47'  S. ;  long.   35°  37' W.     Barometer,   29.90.     Winds:  E.SE.     Light 
and  cloudy. 

June  11.      Lat.  15°  22'  S.;  long.   35°  47'  W.      Barometer,   30.00.      Winds:  E.  to  SE. 
Variable;  dark,  heavy  clouds  about  the  horizon. 

June  12.     Lat.  17°  00'  S.;  long.  35°  11'  W.     Barometer,  30.00.     Winds:  E.NE.     Light, 
calm  and  variable ;  sharp  lightning  during  the  night. 

June  13.    Lat.  17°  21'  S. ;  long.  35°  00'  W.    Barometer,  30. 10.    Winds :  S.  to  SE.    Variable 
breezes  and  rain  squalls. 

June  14.     Lat.  18°  00'  S.;  long.  35°  57' W.     Barometer,   30.20.     Winds:  S.SE.  to  SE. 
Frequent  heavy  squalls;  a  tumbling  sea. 

June  15.     Lat.  19°  25'  S.;  long.  37°  34'  W.     Barometer,  30.25.     Winds:  E.NE.     Light, 
and  fine  Aveather. 

June  16.     Lat.  21°  34'  S.;  long.  38°  13'  W.     Barometer,  30.20.     Winds:  E.NE.     Light 
and  variable;  fine  weather. 

June  17.     Lat.  23°  02' S.;  long.  37°  53' W.     Barometer,  30.20.     Winds:  E.NE.     Light 
breezes  and  fine  weather. 

June  18.     Lat.  24°  10'  S.;  long.  34°  45'  W.     Barometer,   30.25.     Winds:  N.  to  E.NE. 
Light  and  bafiling;  weather  fine. 

June  19.     Lat.  25°  03'  S.;  long.  36°  28'  W.     Barometer,  30.25.     Winds:  E.     Light  and 
baffling. 

June  20.     Lat.  26°  50' S.;  long.  36°  16'  W.     Barometer,  30.25.     Winds:  SE.  to  E.NE. 

June  21.     Lat.  28°  07'  S.;  long.  35°  43'  W.     Barometer,  30.25.     Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.NE. 
Light,  and  smooth  sea. 

Jiine  22.     Lat.  29°  39' S.;  long.  34°  01' W.     Barometer,  30.18.     Winds:  N.NE.     Gentle; 
light  passing  clouds. 

June  23.     Lat.  31°  13'  S.;  long.  30°  06'  W.     Barometer,   30.00;  air,    65°;  water,    64°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Moderate,  Avith  rain  showers;  saw  the  first  Cape  pigeon  to  day. 

June  24.     Lat.  32°  29'  S.;  long.  26°  03'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,   65°;  water,   62°. 
Winds:  N.  to  NW.     Stiff,  and  cloudy.^ 

June  25.     Lat.  32°  33'  S.;  long.'  21°  27'  W.     Barometer,  30.15;  air,   56^;  water,   62°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  S.SW.     Commences  stiff  breeze;,  ends,  light,  and  squalls. 

June  26.     Lat.   32°  43'  S.;  long.   18°  14'  W.     Barometer,   30.23;  air,   59°;  water,   61°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  N.     Light  and  baflSing. 

June  27.     Lat.  33°  02'  S.;  long.   16°  19'  W.     Barometer,   30.18;  air,   63°;  water,   62°. 
Winds :  N.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  bafSing,  cloudy  weather. 

June  28.     Lat.  33°  18'  S.;  long.   11°  33'  W.     Barometer,   30.12;  air,   62°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  N.     Fine  breeze  and  clear  weather,  a  smooth  sea. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  627 

June  29.  Lat.  33°  40'  S.;  long.  7°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  63°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  N.     Fine  breeze  and  a  smooth  sea;  saw  the  first  kelp. 

June  30.  Lat.  34°  08'  S.;  long.  3°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  61°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  N. 

July  1.  Lat.  34°  55'  S. ;  long.  00°  50'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  59°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  N.NE. 

July  2.  Lat.  35°  59'  S. ;  long.  4°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  61°;  water,  59°.  Winds: 
NE.  by  N.  to  N. 

July  3.  Lat.  36°  52'  S. ;  long.  9°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  55°;  water,  57°.  Winds: 
NW.  to  W.NW. 

July  4.  Lat.  37°  47'  S. ;  long.  13°  56'  E.  Barometer,  29.44;  air,  55°;  water,  57°.  Winds: 
W.SW.  to  SW. 

July  5.  Lat.  37°  56'  S. ;  long.  18°  26'  E.  Barometer,  29. 60;  air,  53°;  water,  60°.  Winds : 
W.SW.  to  S.SW. 

July  6.  Lat.  37°  41'  S. ;  long.  22°  59'  E.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  55°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
S.SW.  to  S.  by  E. 

July.7.  Lat.  37°  25'  S. ;  long.  26°  02'  E.  Barometer,  30. 15 ;  air,  52°;  water,  64°.  Winds : 
S.  by  E.  to  E.     Variable. 

July  8.  Lat.  38°  29'  S. ;  long.  27°  52'  E.  Barometer,  30. 23 ;  air,  56° ;  water,  66°.  Winds : 
E.  to  E.NE.     Variable. 

July  9.  Lat.  40°  44'  S. ;  long.  29°  46'  E.  Barometer,  30.35;  air,  56°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
E.NE.     Light. 

July  10.  Lat.  41°  34'  S. ;  long.  32°  16'  E.  Barometer,  30.45;  air,  55°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
E.  by  N.     Light. 

July  11.  Lat.  42°  39'  S. ;  long.  35°  28'  E.  Barometer,  30.48;  air,  54°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
E.  by  N.     Light. 

July  12.  Lat.  43° 47'  S. ;  long.  39°  20'  E.  Barometer,  30.40;  air,  46°;  water,  45°.  Winds: 
E.NE.     Light.     Saw  small  patches  of  kelp. 

July  13.  Lat.  44°  15'  S. ;  long.  44°  40'  E.  Barometer,  30.18;  air,  45°;  water,  43°.  Winds: 
NE.  to  NB.  by  N.  and  W.NW.     Cloudy. 

July  14.  Lat.  43°  47'  S. ;  long.  48°  41'  E.  Barometer,  30.16 ;  air,  40° ;  water,  40°.  Winds : 
W.  to  S.     Variable,  and  foggy  weather. 

July  15.  Lat.  43°  09' S. ;  long.  50°  43' E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  46°;  water,  41°.  Winds: 
NE.  to  NW.     Variable,  and  foggy. 

July  16.  Lat.  42°  39'  S. ;  long.  55°  23'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  41°;  water,  43°.  Winds: 
NW.  to  SW.     Cloudy. 

July  17.  Lat.  42°  14'  S.;  long.  59°  47'  E.  Barometer,  30.15;  air,  45°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
SW.  to  S.  by  E.     Begins  moderate,  ends  calm. 

July  18.  Lat.  41°  05'  S. ;  long.  63°  05'  E.  Barometer,  30.35;  air,  52°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
N.  to  NW.     Moderate  and  calm. 

July  19.  Lat.  40°  47'  S. ;  long.  65°  54'  E.  Barometer,  30.40;  air,  56°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
N.NW.     Fog  and  rain. 

July  20.  Lat.  40°  38'  S. ;  long.  69°  35'  E.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  55°;  water,  65°.  Winds: 
N.NW.  to  W.NW.     Saw  kelp. 


628  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

July  21.  Lat.  40«'  29'  S.;  long.  74°  03'  E.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  54°;  water,  54°.  Winds: 
NW.  to  SW.     Dark  and  cloudy. 

July  22.  Lat.  39°  52'  S. ;  long.  78°  27'  E.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  42°;  water,  50°.  Winds: 
SW.     Cloudy. 

July  23.  Lat.  39°  39'  S. ;  long.  84°  24'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  46°;  water,  51°.  Winds: 
SW.  by  W.     Moderate  and  calm. 

July  24.  Lat.  39°  29'  S. ;  long.  86°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  45° ;  water,  52°.  Winds : 
W.SW.  to  NW.     Cloudy. 

July  25.  Lat.  39°  21'  S. ;  long.  92°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29. 75 ;  air,  54° ;  water,  52°.  Winds : 
W.NW. 

July  26.  Lat.  39°  30'  S. ;  long.  96°  13'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  54°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
W.NW.  to  N.     Cloudy  and  foggy. 

July  27.  Lat.  39°  31'  S. ;  long.  101°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  54°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
N.  to  NW. 

July  28.  Lat.  39°  55'  S. ;  long.  104°  27'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  52°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
W.NW.  to  SW. 

July  29.  Lat.  39°  40' S. ;  long.  107° 44'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  48°;  water,  52°.  Winds: 
SW.  to  S.  by  E. 

July  30.  Lat.  39°  22'  S. ;  long.  112°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  49°;  water,  51°.  Winds: 
S.  by  E.  toS.SE. 

July  31.  Lat.  39°  02' S.;  long.  116°  07' E.  Barometer,  30.15;  air,  51°;  water,  54°.  Winds: 
SE.  and  S.SE.,  and  calm. 

August  1.  Lat.  38°  38'  S.;  long.  117°  33'  E.  Barometer,  30.25;  air,  51°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  S.,  calm,  S.SW. 

August  2.  Lat.  38°  30'  S.;  long.  118°  16'  E.  Barometer,  30.34;  air,  50°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  south  and  calm. 

August  3.  Lat.  38°  38'  S.;  long.  119°  36'  E.  Barometer,  30.34;  air,  55°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N. 

August  4.  Lat.  39°  06'  S.;  long.  123°  05'  E.  Barometer,  30.18;  air,  54°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  N.  to  W.NW. 

August  5.  Lat.  39°  15'  S.;  long.  128°  02'  E.  Barometer,  29.91;  air,  54°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW. 

August  6.  Lat.  39°  15'  S.;  long.  131°  17'  E.  Barometer,  30.04;  air,  54°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.SW. 

August  7.  Lat.  39°  26'  S.;  long.  136°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  53°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  SW. 

August  8.  Lat.  39°  38'  S.;  long.  139°  58'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  52°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.NW.  At  6  a.  m.  made  Cape  Otway,  bearing  NE.  by  E.  ^  E.;  distant 
nine  leagues. 

August  9.  Lat.  38°  51'  S. ;  long.  143°  43'  E.  Barometer, '30. 10;  air,  50°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  NW.,  calm,  NE.,  strong. 

August  10.  At  8  a.  m.  took  a  pilot.  Cape  Neaphen  bearing  NE.,  distant  two  leagues. 
At  9.30  a.  m.  passed  the  heads." 

Having  satisfactorily  shown  that  the  parallel  of  39°  is  not  the  best  to  run  down  longitude 
upon  to  Australia;  that  the  distance  along  that  parallel  is  greater  than  it  is  along  the  route 


TO    AUSTRALIA. 


629 


somewhat  south  of  45°;  that  the  winds  along  the  latter  route  are  much  more  favorable,  and 
that  the  passages  by  it  are  actually  shorter,  the  next  step  is  to  afford  examples  and  illustrations 
as  to  the  new  route. 

The  calms  of  Capricorn  being  cleared,  the  navigator,  after  looking  at  the  ice  tables, 
after  examining  the  tables  of  crossing,  after  studying  the  Pilot  Charts,  and  then  after  having 
made  up  his  mind  as  to  the  parallel  upon  which  he  will  aim  to  run  down  his  longitude,  will 
find  his  way  so  plain  that  he  cannot  go  wrong.  Heard's  islands  (see  charts)  are  the  only 
dangers  of  uncertain  position  on  the  wayside. 

Tables  of  crossing  from  the  offings  of  St.  Roque  to  the  prime  meridian  have  been  prepared, 
to  illustrate  the  end  of  the  route.  They  serve  equally  well,  so  far,  for  vessels  bound  to  China 
or  through  any  of  the   "passages"    between  Australia  and  Sumatra. 

FEOM  THE  LINE  TO  THE  PRIME  MERIDIAN. 


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I.ONOITUDE  OK  CROSSING  THB  PARALLELS  OP- 

Latitude of  crossing 
the  meridian  of 
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15-8. 

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25°  S. 

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24.7 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  ''Mandarin,"  (Captain  John  W.  C.  Perit,)  from  New  York  to 
Melbourne,  (Australia;)  23  days  out. 

"January  14,  1856.  Lat.  7°  15'  S. ;  long.  33°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.36;  air,  81°; 
water,  80°.     Winds:  S.SE.  to  E.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 


630  THE   WIND  AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 

January  15.  Lat.  10°  29'  S. ;  long.  32°  38'  W.  Barometer,  29.37;  air,  81°;  water,  81° 
"Winds:  E.SE.,  light  and  moderate.     Cloud j  weather. 

January  16.  Lat.  14°  03'  S.;  long.  31°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.39;  air,  81°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

January  17.  Lat.  17°  26'  S. ;  long.  31°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  80°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  SE.     Fresh,' with  passing  clouds. 

January  18.  Lat.  20°  10'  S.;  long.  32°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  79°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Moderate,  and  passing  clouds. 

January  19.  Lat.  23°  13'  S.;  long.  30°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air;  79°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.  and  E.  by  S.     Light  and  hazy. 

January  20.  Lat.  25°  37'  S. ;  long.  30°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  79°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.     Fresh,  with  light  rain  squalls. 

January  21.  Lat.  29°  48'  S.;  long.  29°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.48;  air,  75°;  water,  75°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

January  22.  Lat.  32°  35'  S. ;  long.  26°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.49;  air,  73°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Light  and  moderate,  and  cloudy. 

January  23.  Lat.  35°  15'  S.;  long.  23°  41'  W.  Barometer,  29.49;  air,  71°;  water,  71°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  breezes,  with  passing  clouds. 

January  24.  Lat.  37°  04'  S.;  long.  20°  38'  W.  Barometer.  29.49;  air,  72°;  water,  71°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  NE.     Fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  birds  about. 

January  25.  Lat.  37°  53'  S. ;  long.  17°  43'  W.  Barometer,  29.49;  air,  68°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  overcast. 

January  26.  Lat.  38°  49'  S. ;  long.  15°  06'  W.  Barometer,  49.50;  air,  68°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  foggy  weather. 

January  27.  Lat.  39  °40'  S.;  long.  10°  51'  W.  Barometer,  29.42;  air,  62°;  water,  63°. 
Winds :  N.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  thick  foggy  weather,  and  light  rain. 

January  28.  Lat.  40°  16'  S.;  long.  6°  09' W.  Barometer,  29.37;  air,  53°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W.  to  W.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy  weather. 

January  29.  Lat.  40°  51'  S. ;  long.  1°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  57°;  water,  57°. 
Winds :  SW.  by  W.     Strong  and  squally. 

January  30.  Lat.  40°  10'  S.;  long.  2°  32'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  54°;  water,  55°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 

January  31.  Lat.  40°  58'  S.;  long.  6°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.54;  air,  56°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  SW.     Moderate  and  squally,  with  showers  of  rain. 

February  1.  Lat.  41°  27'  S. ;  long.  11°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.52;  air,  57°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.  to  S.     Variable  and  cloudy,  squally  weather. 

February  2.  Lat.  41°  50'  S. ;  long.  13°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.41;  air,  52°;  water,  53°. 
Winds :  S.  to  W.  and  N.     Baffling  winds  and  misty  weather. 

February  3.  Lat.  42°  24' S.;  long.  16°  41' E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  50»;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  N.  and  NW.     Variable  and  passing  clouds. 

February  4.  Lat.  43°  30' S. ;  long.  21°  22' E.  Barometer,  29.43;  air,  52°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.     Moderate  and  clear  during  first  part;  latter  part,  light  rain. 

February  5.  Lat.  43°  35'  S.;  long.  26°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  56°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  631 

February  6.  Lat.  44°  02'  S.;  long.  29°  14' E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  52°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  SW.     Moderate  and  strong;  weather  cloudy,  with  rain. 

February  7.  Lat.  45°  02'  S. ;  long.  33°  16'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  51°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Strong  breezes,  and  cloudy,  rainy  weather;  a  high  sea  running.    • 

February  8.  Lat.  45°  46'  S.;  long.  38°  33'  E.  Barometer,  29.08;  air,  45°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  NW.     Strong  breezes,  with  hail  and  rain  squalls. 

February  9.  Lat.  46°  45'  S.;  long.  43°  33'  E.  Barometer,  29.32;  air,  48°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Moderate  and  passing  clouds;  large  quantities  of  sea  weed  about. 

February  10.  Lat.  47°  59'  S.;  long.  50°  03'  E.  Barometer,  29.37;  air,  49°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  N.     Strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  numerous  penguins  about. 

February  11.  Lat.  48°  42'  S.;  long.  56°  51'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  48°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  N.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy;  a  heavy  sea  running. 

February  12.  Lat.  49°  12'  S.;  long.  61°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.14;  air,  47°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  NW.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

February  13.  Lat.  49°  42'  S.;  long.  65°  08'  E.  Barometer,  29.42;  air,  43°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  SW.     Moderate  and  overcast. 

February  14.  Lat.  50°  13'  S.;  long.  68°  32'  E.  Barometer,  29.33;  air,  44°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  N.NE.     Light,  with  snow  and  rain. 

February  15.  Lat.  49°  48'  S.;  long.  74°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  41°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.SW.  Strong  breezes  and  cloudy.  At  1  p.  m.  made  Bound  island  to  the 
southward  of  Desolation  island,  bearing  N.  about  15  miles. 

February  16.  Lat.  49°  18'  S.;  long.  79°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.24;  air,  42°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

February  17.  Lat.  49°  36'  S.;  long.  83°  21'  E.  Barometer,  29.28;  air,  42°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  NE.     Moderate  and  overcast;  passed  large  quantities  of  kelp. 

February  18.  Lat.  49°  41'  S.;  long.  89°  30'  E.  Barometer,  28.48;  air,  46°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  W.     Moderate  gales,  with  rain. 

February  19.  Lat.  49°  10'  S.;  long.  95°  23'  E.  Barometer,  29.14;  air,  46°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W.     Strong  and  passing  clouds. 

February  20.  Lat.  48°  02'  S.;  long.  100°  23'  E.  Barometer,  29.24;  air,  48°;  water,  45°. 
Winds :  N W.  by  N.     Strong  and  cloudy. 

February  21.  Lat.  48°  28'  S.;  long.  106°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.42;  air,  — °;  water,  ~°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.NW.     Blowing  a  gale,  fog,  hail,  and  rain. 

•February  22.  Lat.  47°  21'  S.;  long.  111°  33'  E.  Barometer,  29.15;  air,  49°;  water,  50°. 
Winds :  NW.     Squalls,  with  passing  clouds  and  foggy  weather. 

February  23.  Lat.  46°  00'  S. ;  long.  116°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.12;  air,  55°;  water,  47° 
Winds :  NW.     Strong  and  cloudy. 

February  24.  Lat.  44°  34'  S.;  long.  122°  21'  E.  Barometer,  29.25;  air,  54°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  N.     Moderate  and  cloudy;  passed  large  quantities  of  kelp. 

February  25.  Lat.  42°  49'  S.;  long.  125°  08'  E.  Barometer,  29.48;  air,  56°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.     Fresh  and  steady;  weather  pleasant. 

February  26.  Lat.  41°  50'  S.;  long.  128°  18'  E.  Barometer,  29.57;  air,  56°;  water,  56°. 
Winds :  W.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

February  27.  Lat.  41°  21'  S. ;  long.  133°  13'  E.  Barometer,  29.42;  air,  58°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Variable  and  cloudy. 


632  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT  CHARTS. 

February  28.     Lat.    39°  07'  S. ;   long. .     Barometer,  29.06;    air,  58°;    water,  58°. 

Winds :  NE.  to  SW.     Moderate  and  squally,  rainy  weather. 

February  29.  Lat.  39°  07'  S. ;  long.  142°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  55°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  SW.     Strong  and  cloudy;  water  of  a  greenish  tinge,  as  though  we  were  on  soundings. 

March  1.  Fine,  clear  weather.  Wind  SW.  to  NE.  Passed  Cape  Otway;  at  10  a.  m. 
made  Melbourne  head;  noon,  a  pilot  on  board;  stood  into  Holser's  bay,  and  anchored  at 
8  p.  m.;  71  days." 

Ship  ^^  Malay, ^'  (Samuel  Hutchinson,  jr.,)  New  York  to  Melbourne. 

'  'January  16, 1855.  .  Lat.  39°  12'  S. ;  long.  23°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  temperature  of  air, 
61°;  of  water,  60°.  Winds:  N.NE.  and  N.NW.  to  N.  Unsteady,  light  and  strong  breezes 
with  continued  rain  till  9^  a.  m.,  then  misty  and  cloudy  weather;  a  confused  sea  throughout; 
every  appearance  of  current;  many  birds,  but  no  Cape  pigeons;  all  light  sails  set. 

January  17.  Lat.  41°  21'  S. ;  long.  21°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  temperature  of  air, 
51°;  of  water,  53.5.  Winds:  N.  to  W.SW.,  SW.  by  W.  and  SW.  Until  4  p.  m.  light  airs, 
with  thick  fog;  afterwards  moderate  breezes,  with  cloudy  weather;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes; 
at  noon  in  main  royal;  course  S.SE.  ^  E.  computed. 

January  18.  Lat.  43°  42'  S. ;  long.  16°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  temperature  of  air, 
46°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.,  SW.  and  SW.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  SW.  breezes; 
at  night,  misty  weather;  latter  part,  very  light,  with  spells  of  thick  mist;  at  5  a.  m.  passed 
two  icebergs;  one  at  four  miles  distant  appeared  like  three  separate  ones;  the  other  higher  and 
table-topped;  the  air  altered  3°,  the  water  none;  morning,  passed  several,  and  at  noon  there 
were  twenty-five  in  sight,  of  all  sizes  and  shapes;  shall  steer  east  till  out  of  this  vein,  for  with 
a  strong  wind  and  this  weather  should  not  be  able  to  avoid  them;  tide  rips  around. 

January  19.  Lat.  43°  18'  S.;  long.  12°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  temperature  of  air, 
45°;  of  water,  48°.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  S.SW.,  and  SW.  by  S.  First,  light  SW.  breezes; 
keeping  ship  up  and  oif  to  avoid  the  icebergs  and  small  ice,  from  six  to  twenty  feet  above  water, 
of  which  there  were  large  quantities;  in  the  night  saw  but  two  bergs,  the  last  at  4  a.  m. ;  having 
seen  in  all  sixty  bergs,  some  as  high  as  300  feet,  and  very  large,  (at  a  distance  having  the  shape 
of  a  brick,)  others  smaller,  down  to  the  small  ice;  had  it  been  blowing  a  gale,  could  not  have 
avoided  them;  tide  rips  around. 

January  20.  Lat.  43°  00'  S. ;  long.  6°  53'  W.  Barometer,  29.71;  temperature  of  air,  52°; 
of  water,  49°. 5.  Winds:  SW.  ^  W.,  W.,  and  W.NW.  First,  moderate,  with  rain  squalls  and 
cloudy  weather;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  breezes  with  cloudy  weather  and  light  ^ain; 
heavy  westerly  swell  setting  in;  strong  tide  rips;  all  light  sails  set;  have  not,  intentionally, 
made  a  mile  of  northing. 

January  21.  Lat.  43°  13'  S.;  long.  1°  36'  W.  Barometer,  29^.72;  temperature  of  air,  55°; 
of  water,  48°.  Winds:  W.NW.,  to  W.,  W.NW.,  and  NW.  First  and  middle,  moderate, 
cloudy,  drizzly  weather;  latter  part,  fresh  breezes  and  cloudy  weather;  all  light  sails  set;  shall 
keep  between  43°  and  45°  if  these  winds  hold,  for  I  did  no  better  in  49°  last  year.  It  was  my 
intention  this  voyage  to  be  in  lat.  50°,  long.  20°  E.;  thence  to  lat.  52°,  when  off  Desolation; 
but  the  ice  we  met  has  caused  me  to  alter  the  route,  and  shall  now  be  governed  by  the  winds, 
steering  southerly,  should  they  become  light ;  tide  rips. 

January  22.  Lat.  43°  21'  S.;  long.  3°  36'  E.  Barometer,  29.85;  temperature  of  air,  54°; 
of  water,  49.5°.     Winds:  NW.,  NW.,  and  W.NW.     First  and  middle  parts  strong  NW.  winds, 


TO   AUSTRALIA. 


633 


with  cloudy  weather  and  fine  rain;  latter  part,  very  light,  with  fine  weather;  all  sail  set;  tide 
rips. 

January  23.  Lat.  43°  31'  S.;  long.  1°  09'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  temperature  of  air,  51°; 
of  water,  48°.  Winds:  NW.,  N.,  and  N.NE.  to  N.  by  W.  Light  breezes,  freshening,  the 
latter  part  with  fog  and  a  westing  swell;  a  school  of  whales  around  at  noon;  alhlarboard  studding- 
sails  set;  tide  rips  around. 

January  24.  Lat.  43°  51'  S. ;  long.  13°  09'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  temperature  of  air,  54°; 
of  water,  52°.  Winds:  N.  by  W.,  N.,  and  N.  First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  winds,  with  fog; 
latter  part,  strong  winds,  with  light  rain;  at  8|,  in  topmast  studding  sails  and  mizen-royal;  at 
noon,  mizen  top-gallant  sail  and  main-royal;  tide  rips. 

From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


.a 
c  . 

|i 
s 

a 

2  2 

.  <_  a 

II 

3'" 

LONGITDDE  OF  CR0S8INO  THE  PARALLELS  OV  — 

Latitude  of  crossing 
the  meridian   of 
Greenwich. 

5°  S. 

10°  S. 

15°  S. 

20°  S. 

25°  S. 

30°  S. 

35°  8. 

1" 

a 

Feb.  2 

5 

25 

1 

H 

6 

23 

24 

27 

2 

3 

23 

26 

10 

17 

2 

4 

2 

13 

12 

11 

12 

26° 

26  00 

25  10 
23  00 
17  50 

27  00 
21  00 
17  40 
32  50 

28  30 

29  00 

23  10 

28  00 

29  10 

27  30 

30  10 

28  00 

27  30 

29  45 

26  40 
26  20 

28  45 

24  5(1 

29  00 

28  20 
27  00 
22  50 

29  35 
25  00 
21  15 
33  30 
31  20 

30  20 

27  20 

30  30 

31  05 

29  40 
31  50 

28  40 
31  00 
31  00 

29  00 

30  00 

30  50 
29  30 

•   ; 
31  20 

31  00 

29  00 
26  50 

30  00 
26  30 
25  40 
33  10 

32  25 

30  40 

28  35 

29  50 

31  30 

31  20 

32  10 

28  20 

33  00 
32  2.) 

31  00 

32  30 
31  20 

29  00 

0    / 

aj  00 
32  30 
28  40 
28  40 

32  00 

30  00 

27  10 

33  00 

32  15 

31  50 

28  50 

30  10 

32  30 

31  40 

33  00 
28  30 

33  50 

32  00 

31  40 

32  35 
31  30 

33  00 

o    / 

33  20 
31  00 
26  00 
26  00 
33  50 

26  00 

28  50 

36  00 
31  00 

31  40 

29  40 

30  10 

32  00 

31  15 

33  00 

27  50 

37  20 

28  00 
31  30 
31  50 
31  00 
31  50 

34  10 
27  10  • 
23  10 
27  30 
31  20 
25  00 
23  40 
41  40 
27  40 
31  30 
30  30 
30  10 
25  50 
27  20 
,  32  00 
25  30 
38  15 
22  00 
29  10 

29  20 

30  00 

31  10 

o   ; 
34  40 

18  00 

19  40 

26  10 

28  50 

22  30 

23  10 
44  00 
18  30 

27  10 

29  40 
27  00 
25  00 
22  20 
29  50 
15  50 
37  00 
10  45 
29  30 
22  05 

25  00 

26  10 

o    ( 

18  50 

12  00 

15  30 

19  50 

13  40 
17  20 

3  30 
45  00 

7  30 

14  20 
21  00 

16  00 

17  30 

2  50  E. 
27  50  W. 
5  10 

25  20 

4  40 
19  20 
13  30 
16  00 

26  10 

35  05 
38  30 
38  00 
37  00 

37  40 

38  00 

35  50 
38  20 

37  30 

36  10 

38  50 

37  50 
33  00 
32  40 
44  30 

36  10 

37  30 
37  10 

36  50 

37  50 

36  30 

37  30 

22 

25 

30 

31 

26 

Suffolk 

S3 

25 

Euterpe 

28 

Medford 

31 

Josiah  Quincy 

30 
21 

14 

93 

Brothers 

30 

26 

Quickstep 

30 

21 

28 

23 

25 

24 

26 

Means  of  crossings  east  of 

21  48 

25  53 

26  39 

29  50 

28  28 

26  53 

23  37 

16  28 

37  25 

25.8 

Westof26° 

28  20 

30  29 

31  24 

31  53 

30  59 

30  23 

26  9i 

■16  07 

37  19 

25  3 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  '■'•  Australia,^ ^   (Captain  Nathaniel  J.  Kinsman,)  from   New  York 
to  Melbourne,  1856;  24  days  out. 

"February  20.     Lat.  7°  36'  S.;  long.  31°  59'  W.    Barometer,  29.70;  air,  82°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  to  S.SE.     Moderate  and  squally,  with  rain. 

February  21.     Lat  9°  00'  S. ;  long.  32°  14'  W.     Barometer,  29.73;    air,  79°;    water,  82°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  E.  by  S.     Fresh  and  passing  clouds;  squally,  with  lightning  during  the  night. 

February  22.     Lat.  11°  38'  S.;  long.   32°  03'  W.     Barometer,  29.78;  air,  82°;  water,  81°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.SE.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 
VOL.   II 80 


634 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Barometer,  29.82;  air,  82°;  water,  81°. 
Barometer,  29.87;  air,  78°;  water,  80°. 
Barometer,  29.91;  air,  82°;  water,  80°. 
Barometer,  29.90;  air,  83°;  water,  81°. 
Barometer,  29.91;  air,  84°;  water,  79°. 
Barometer,  29.84;  air,  87°;  water,  81°. 


February  23.     Lat.  14°  39'  S.;  long.  32°  51'  W. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Brisk  trades,  and  fine  weather. 

February  24.     Lat.  17°  05'  S. ;  long.  33°  07'  W. 
Winds :  E.  to  SE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 

February  25!     Lat.  19°  38'  S. ;  long.  33°  22'  W. 
Winds:  E.     Moderate  breezes,  and  cloudy. 

February  26.     Lat.  21°  57'  S. ;  long.  32°  45'  W. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.     Moderate,  with  rain  squalls. 

February  27.     Lat.  28°  50'  S.  long.  32°  21'  W. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.NE.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

February  28.     Lat.  24°  36'  S.;  long.  32°  13'  W. 
Winds:  E.     Light  and  pleasant. 

February  29.  Lat.  25°  47'  S. ;  long.  32°  01'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  air,  83°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Light  and  pleasant. 

March  1.  Lat.  27°  34'  S.;  long.  31°  33'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  78°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Light  and  pleasant. 

March  2.  Lat.  29°  34' S. ;  long.  30°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  78°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  lightning. 

March  3.  Lat.  32°  01'  S. ;  long.  29°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  air,  75°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.  by  N.     Moderate,  with  passing  rain  squalls. 

March  4.  Lat.  34°  52' S. ;  long.  27°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.86;  air,  73°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  NE.     Fresh  and  cloudy,  with  rain  squalls;  a  rough  sea. 

March  5.  Lat.  37°  47'  S. ;  long.  25°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.68;  air,  70°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Fresh  and  squally,  with  rain. 

March  6.  Lat.  38°  59'  S.;  long.  23°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.74;  air,  67°;  water,  65°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  W.SW,     Moderate  breezes,  and  thick,  misty  weather. 

March  7.  Lat.  38°44'S.;  long.  21°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  57°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes,  and  thick,  rainy  weather. 

March  8.  Lat.  39°  26' S. ;  long.  18°  23'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  air,  56°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.  Strong  and  squally;  water  of  a  greenish  color;  albatross  and  storm 
"petrels"   in  company,  but  no  cape  pigeon. 

March  9.  Lat.  40°  23'  S.;  long.  15°  29'  W.  Barometer,  29.93;  air,  56°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  W.SW.'   Fresh,  and  passing  clouds;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SW. 

March  10.  Lat.  41°  28'  S. ;  long.  11°  42'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  52°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  S.'SE.     Brisk  breezes,  and  cloudy. 

March  11.  Lat.  41°  25' S. ;  long.  10°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  53°;  water,  55°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  NE.     Moderate,  and  passing  clouds. 

March  12.  Lat.  43°  38' S.;  long.  6°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  52°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  SW.  by  W.     Strong  and  squally,  with  rain. 

March  13.  Lat.  43°  57' S.;  long.  3°  16'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  air,  47°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  W.,  to  N.  by  E.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

March  14.  Lat.  44°  30'  S.;  long.  0°  58'  E.  Barometer,  29.62;  air,  46°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  NW.     Strong,  with  drizzly,  rainy  weather. 

March  15.     Lat.    44°   52'  S.;    long.  5°  04'  E.    Barometer,  29.45;   air,  46°;  water,  43°. 


TO   AUSTKALIA.  635 

Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.NW.     Brisk  and  cloudy;  a  striking    change   in   the   temperature  of  the 
atmosphere. 

March  16.  Lat.  45°  23' S. ;  long.  7°  52'  B.  Barometer,  29.08;  air,  45°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Light  and  drizzly. 

March  17.  Lat.  45°  56'  S.;  long.  11°  28'  E.  Barometer,  29.26;  air, -41°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Moderate  gales  and  hard  squalls. 

March  18.  Lat.  46°  33'  S.;  long.  16°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.53;,  air,  39°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.  by  S.  Moderate  gales,  and  frequent  squalls  of  hail  and  snow;  saAV  a  large  iceberg 
covered  with  snow  at  8;  ice  in  sight  to  the  northward  from  the  royal  yard. 

March  19.  Lat.  46°  56'  S.;  long.  20°  44'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  42°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  SW.  by  W.  Moderate  gales  and  passing  clouds;  at  11  a.  m.  passed  between 
two  icebergs,  one  very  large  and  the  other  small;  sighted  another. 

March  20.  Lat.  47°  02' S. ;  long.  24°  52'  E.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  41°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  W.  to  NW.  by  W.  Fresh  breezes,  and  cloudy;  at  3  and  6  p.  m.  passed  two 
icebergs;  at  10  and  12  passed  two  icebergs. 

March  21.  Lat.  47°  13' S.;  long.  30°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.38;  air,  42°;  water,  38°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

March  22.  Lat.  47°  27'  S.;  long.  33°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.66;  air,  40°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  NW.     Fresh  and  passing  rain  squalls. 

March  23.     Lat.  47°  32'  S. ;    long.  38°  25'    E.     Barometer,  29.69;    air,  42°;    water,  39. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NE.     Fresh  and  cloudy;  passed  a  large  iceberg,  two  small  ones,  and  several 
pieces  of  floating  ice. 

March  24.  Lat.  47°  44' S. ;  long.  40°  48'  E.  Barometer,  29.23;  air,  40°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  thick,  foggy  weather,  with  rain. 

March  25.  Lat.  47°  57'  S. ;  long.  42°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.25;  air,  40°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  W.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  baffling;  thick,   rainy  weather. 

March  26.  Lat.  48°  05' S. ;  long.  46°  36' E.  Barometer,  29.00;  air,  42°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  NW.     Moderate,  and  fresh  gales;  passed  kelp. 

March  27.  Lat.  47°  45' S.;  long.  51°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.00;  air,  42°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  gales  and  pleasant. 

March  28.  Lat.  47°  24'  S.;  long.  56°  06'  E.  Barometer,  29.09;  air,  44°;  water,  46°. 
Winds :  N.  to  NW.     Moderate  gales  and  passing  squalls. 

March  29.  Lat.  47°  03'  S. ;  long.  60°  47'  E.  Barometer,  29.23;  air,  45°;  water,  47°- 
Winds :  NW.  to  N.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  passing  squalls. 

March  30.  Lat.  47°  11' S.;  long.  64°  34'  E.  Barometer,  29.22;  air,  48°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  squalls,  Avith  rain. 

March  31.  Lat.  46°  59'  S.;  long.  68°  47'  E.  Barometer,  29.59;  air,  43°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Strong,  with  occasional  squalls. 

April  1.  Lat.  47°  21'  S.;  long.  73°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.17;  air,  48°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  NB.  to  N.NE.     Strong  breeze  and  cloudy. 

April  2.  Lat.  47°  27' S. ;  long.  77°  48'  E.  Barometer,  29.32;  air,  48°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  NW.     Brisk  breezes  and  pleasant.  .. 

Aprils.  Lat.  47°  09' S.;  long.  82°  24' E.  Barometer,  29.61;  air,  40°;  water,  47°. 
Winds :  N W.  to  W.  by  S.     Fresh  breezes  and  snow  squalls. 


636  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

April  4.  Lat.  47°  18'  S.;  long.  87°  05'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  47°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Fresh  and  squally,  with  hail  and  rain. 

April  5.  Lat.  46°  58' S. ;  long.  92°  06' B.  Barometer,  29.15;  air,  44°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.     Strong  gales  and  passing  clouds;  a  high  sea. 

April  6.  Lat.  47°  10' S.;  long.  96°  20'  E.  Barometer,  28.49;  air,  48°;  water,  41°. 
Winds :  N W.     Hard  gales  and  violent  squalls. 

April  7.  Lat.  46°  34' S.;  long.  97°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.17;  air,  42°;  water,  — . 
Winds :  W.  to  SW.     Hard  gales  and  squalls,  with  snow  and  hail. 

April  8.  Lat.  45°  40' S.;' long.  102°  06'  E.  Barometer,  29.18;  air,  41°;  water,  45°. 
Winds :  SW.     Hard  gales  and  squalls. 

April  9.  Lat.  44°  08'  S. ;  long.  106°  36' E.  Barometer,  29.05;  air,  45°;  water,  49°. 
Winds :  SW.  to  S.SW.     Hard  gales  and  a  rough  sea. 

April  10.  Lat.  43°  17'  S. ;  long.  109°  46'  E.  Barometer,  29.36;  air,  48°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  S.SW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

April  11.  Lat.  43°  00'  S. ;  long.  113°  15'  E.  barometer,  29.57;  air,  44°;  water,  52°- 
Winds:  S.SW.     Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  12.  Lat.  43°  13'  S.;  long.  117°  22'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  51°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.NW.     Fresh,  with  passing  clouds. 

April  13.  Lat.  43°  OS'S.;  long.  121°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.58;  air,  51°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.     Moderate,  with  rain. 

April  14.  Lat.  42°  26'  S.;  long.  124°  52'  E.  Barometer,  29.62;  air,  50°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

April  15.  Lat.  41°  53' S.;  long.  128°  34'  E.  Barometer,  29.73;  air,  50°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  S.SE.     Brisk. 

April  16.  Lat.  41°  07'  S. ;  long.  131°  47'  E.  Barometer,  30.03;  air,  50°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  to  S.SW.     Light  and  pleasant. 

April  17.  Lat.  40°  40'  S.;  long.  134°  01'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  56°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  W.  by  S.  to  SW.  by  W.     Light  and  moderate. 

April  18.  Lat.  40°  13'  S.;  long.  137°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.58;  air,  55°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  S.     Brisk  breezes,  and  passing  showers  of  rain. 

April  19.  Lat.  39°  26^  S.;  long.  140°  46'  E.  Barometer,  29.53;  air,  52°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  SW.  by  S.     Strong  gales  and  passing  squalls. 

April  20.  Lat.  39°  21'  S. ;  long.  143°  28'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  54°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  S.SW.  Strong  gales  and  heavy  rain  squalls;  sounded  in  80  fathoms;  coral 
bottom. 

April  21.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.72;  air,  — ;  water,  — .  Winds:  SW. 
Strong  breezes,  with  squally,  rainy  weather.  At  8  p.  m.  sounded  in  55  fathoms,  fine  sand;  at 
8.20  p.  m.  made  Cape  Otway,  light  bearing  NW.  by  N.,  20  miles  distant;  at  same  time  noticed 
an  eclipse  of  the  moon;  at  3  a.  m.  hauled  by  the  wind  and  stood  off  shore  until  daylight;  at 
6.30  a.  m.  stood  in;  at  11.15  passed  through  the  head,  and,  having  no  pilot,  anchored  in  south 
channel,  in  86  days  and  6  hours  from  Sandy  Hook;  at  noon  pilot  came  on  board,  got  under 
way,  and  anchored  off  Williamstown. 


TO   AUSTRALIA. 


637 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


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Windward 

William  Frothingham. 

21 
25 
22 

17 

29 

29 

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26 

Albert 

26 

Ariel 

30 

30 

22 

26 

21 

38 

27 

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Means  of  crossings  east  of 

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24  15 

25  24 

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27  42 

29  40 

32  02 

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30  06 

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23  43 

11  37 

38  40 

25.4 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  ^^Hoycd  Charter ^^^  (F.  Boyse,  sr.,  commander,)  from  Liverpool  to 
Melbourne;  20  days  out. 

"March  8,  1856.     Lat.   6°  58'  S.;  long.   26°  18'  W.  Barometer,  — .     Moderate  trades 
and  clear,  pleasant  weather. 


Lat.  9°  52'  S. ;  long.  28°  22'  W.     Moderate  trades  and  cloudy. 


Lat.  12°  44'  S. ;  long.  29°  44'  W. 


Light  trades  and  pleasant. 
Light  trades  and  clear  weather. 


March  9. 
March  10 

March  11.     Lat.  16°  00'  S.;  long.  30°  39'  W. 
lowered  the  screw  and  turned  ahead  the  engine. 
March  12.     Lat.  19°  30'  S.;  long.  30°  38'  W. 
stopped  the  engine  and  hoisted  up  the  screw. 

March  13.     Lat.  23°  30'  S. ;  long.  30°  19'  W. 
Lat.  28°  10'  S.;  long.- 29°  26'  W. 
Lat.  32°  09'  S.;  long.  27°  38'  W. 
Lat.  35°  03'  S. ;  long.  24°  57'  W. 
Lat.  36°  05'  S.;  long.  22°  10'  W. 
the  screw.     Midnight,  light  variable  air  and  rain. 
March  18.     Lat.  38°  43'  S.  j  long.  19°  22'  W. 
cloudy.     At  1  a.  m.  stopped  the  engine  and  disconnected  the  screw, 
a  high  sea. 


At  3.30 


March  14. 
March  15. 
March  16. 
March  17. 


Moderate  trades  and  fine  weather.     At  2.30 

Moderate  and  fresh  trades  and  clear. 
Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 
Moderate  winds  and  fine  weather. 
Variable  winds  and  calm.    At  7.30  lowered 

Winds:    E.  to  E.NE.     Light  breezes  and 
Ends,  fresh  breezes  and 


638  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

March  19.     Lat.  41°  01'  S. ;  long.  13°  57'  W.     Winds:  NE.,  NW.,  anJ  S.SE.     Fresh  and 
clear. 

March  20.     Lat.  42°  09'  S.;  long.   8°  49'  W.     Winds:  S.SE.     Commences,  fresh  breeze 
and  cloudy;  ends,  light  breeze  and  hazy.     Got  up  steam  and  lowered  the  screw. 

March  21.     Lat.  41°  22'  S. ;  long.  4°  10'  W.     Winds:  S.SE.  to  SW.     Light  and  cloudy; 
latter  part,  freshening.     Stopped  the  engine  and  disconnected  the  screw. 

March  22.     Lat.  42°  16'  S. ;  long.  0°  41'  W.     Winds:  light'and  variable;  weather  clear. 
At  2  lowered  the  screw  and  steamed  under  fore-and-aft  sails. 

March  23.     Lat.  42°  11'  S.;  long.  4°  25'  E.     Winds:  W.NW.  to  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes 
and  cloudy.     At  midnight  stopped  the  engine  and  disconnected  the  screw. 

March  24.     Lat.  43°  16'  S.;  long.  9°  35'  E.     Winds:    SW.  to  W.NW.     Fresh,   and  fine 
weather. 

March  25.     Lat.  43°  52'  S. ;  long.  15°  37'  E.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.     Moderate  breezes  and 
cloudy,  with  light  rain. 

March  26.     Lat.  44°  51'  S.;  long.  20°  22'  E.     Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW.  by  W.     Moderate 
breezes  and  cloudy. 

March  27.     Lat.  44°  04'  S.;  long.  — .     Winds:   W.NW.  to  W.SW.     Strong  and  squally, 
with  rain;  a  heavy  sea. 

March  28.     Lat.  45°  37'  S. ;  long.  33°  52'  E.     Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Strong,  cloudy,  and 
squally;  a  high  sea  running. 

March  29.     Lat.  46°  13'  S. ;  long.  39°  29'  E.     Winds:    W.  by  N.  to  N.NE.       Moderate 
and  cloudy,  hazy  weather. 

March  30.     Lat.  46°  27'  S. ;  long.  45°  13'  E.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.     Fresh  and  hazy, 
with  light  rain;  latter  part,  clear. 

March  31.     Lat.  47°  06'  S. ;  long.  52°  43'  E.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.     Fresh  breezes 
and  cloudy. 

April  1.     Lat.  48°  08'  S.;  long.  59°  28'  E.     Winds:  NW.     Strong,  with  heavy  hail  squalls. 

April  2.     Lat.  47°  18'  S. ;  long.  66°  24'  E.     Winds:  NW.     Strong  gales  and  hard  squalls, 
with  snow.     Kerguelen  Land  bearing  S.  52°  E.,  distant  134  miles. 

April  3.     Lat.  47°  31'  S. ;  long.  72°  28'  E.     Winds:  W.     Fresh  gales  and  squally. 

April  4.     Lat.  47°  31'  S. ;  long.  78°  48'  E.    Winds :  N.  to  W. NW.    Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  5.     Lat.  47°  23'  S. ;  long.  86°  42'  E.    Winds :  N.  to  W.NW.    Fresh  breezes  and  squally. 

April  6.     Lat.  47°  10'  S.;  long.  93°  02'  E.     Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW.     Fresh  and  cloudy; 
latter  part,  blowing  a  most  terrific  hurricane. 

April  7.     Lat.  47°  02'  S. ;  long.  100°  03'  E.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.     Strong  gales,  with 
hail,  rain,  and  snow  squalls. 

April  8.     Lat.  46°  51'  S. ;  long.  107°  25'  E.     Winds:  W.  to  W.SW.     Strong  breezes  and 
squally,  with  hail,  rain,  and  snow. 

April  9.     Lat.  45°  40'  S.;  long.  112°  57'  E.     Winds:  W.  to  S.SW.     First  part,  strong 
breezes  and  squally;  latter  part,  calm;  lowered  the  screw  and  started  the  engine. 

April  10.     Lat.  44°  39'  S.;  long.  116°  08' E.      Winds:  S.SE.     Strong  breezes  and  squally, 
with  heavy  rain.     Stopped  the  engine  and  hoisted  up  the  screw. 

April  11.     Lat.  44°  24'  S. ;  long.  121°  05'  E.     Winds:  S.  by  W.  to  S.'SW.     Moderate  and 
cloudy.     Cape  Otway  bearing  N.,  72°  E. ;  distant  1,000  miles. 


TO   AUSTRALIA. 


639 


April  12.  Lat.  44°  10'  S. ;  long.  127°  14'  E.  Winds:  W.SW.  Moderate  breezes  and 
cloudy. 

April  13.  Lat.  43°  49'  S. ;  long.  133°  24'  E.  Winds:  NW.  to  W.  Moderate  breezes  and 
fine  weather;  latter  part,  strong  breezes  and  squally. 

April  14.  Lat.  42°  50'  S.;  long.  138°  45'  E.  Winds:  NW.  to  W.SW.  Commences  fresh 
gales  and  squally,  with  rain;  ends,  light  breezes  and  cloudy. 

April  15.  Lat.  41°  00'  §.;  long.  142°  07'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Moderate  and  clear;  latter 
part,  light  air  and  cloudy;  lowered  the  screw  and  started  the  engines. 

April   16.      Lat.  ;  long.  .      Light  breezes  and  pleasant.      At  5.30  a.   m. 

sighted  the  land  on  the  port  bow;  at  8,  Cape  Otway,  bearing  W.,  distant  20  miles;  at  noon 
took  a  pilot  on  board;  passed  the  heads  and  proceeded  to  anchorage." 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


Name. 

a) 
c  . 

1  2 

o  « 
I 

2  s 

II 

LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 

Latitude  of  crossing 
the  meridian   of 
Greenwich. 

5°  8. 

10°  s. 

15°  8. 

20°  8. 

25°  8. 

30°  8. 

35°  8. 

Q 

April  23 

7 

7 

16 

8 

17 

7 

23 

4 

14 

14 

22 

29 

29 

20 

27 

28 

14 

17 

5 

11 

23 

26 

5 

9 

26° 

o    / 

23  40 
21  GO 

20  00 

21  00 
23  00 
23  10 

22  05 
28  05 

27  40 

23  00 

28  50 

27  30 

28  10 
31  20 

24  30 
13  10 

29  20 
26  15 
28  50 

26  50 
28  45 

27  30 
27  00 

19  40 

20  30 

»  / 
25  50 

24  30 

25  00 
20  20 
24  10 

26  00 
24  05 

30  00 

31  10 
24  30 

30  40 

28  30 

31  00 
34  00 

27  00 
17  30 
33  20 

30  30 

31  00 

29  00 
31  00 

30  40 
30  40 
19  10 
24  10 

0           1 

29  00 
26  30 

30  20 
23  20 

25  10 

30  00 

28  00 

32  00 

31  50 

26  10 

33  40 

29  30 

33  20 

34  00 

30  00 
20  00 
34  40 

32  30 

32  50 
30  15 
34  30 

33  40 
32  45 
22  00 
26  45 

30  40 
28  20 

30  00 
24  20 
26  00 
3J  00 

31  00 

33  40 
31  40 
26  20 

34  20 
31  00 

34  50 
33  40 
31  40 
21  20 

35  30 

30  20 
35  10 

31  40 
35  00 
35  50 

32  30 
23  00 
28  30 

0           1 

30  20 
26  30 
29  30 

25  50 

26  00 

29  30 

31  50 
35  00 

30  00 

26  50 
35  40 

29  30 
35  40 

32  05 

31  58 

21  20 
35  55 

27  00 

32  20 
31  50 

35  40 

36  10 

33  50 

22  30 

30  10 

28  00 

24  00 
23  50 
26  30 
26  20 

29  30 

33  20 

32  00 
23  30 

26  00 

34  50 

27  40 
23  40 
29  20 
29  30 
20  30 
34  20 

28  30 
23  20 
26  45 
36  30 

33  45 

25  00 
22  00 
31  50 

0     / 

24  10 

24  40 

19  10 
22  30 

20  00 

25  00 

34  20 

21  40 

19  30 
18  00 
33  20 

22  50 

25  30 

26  30 
10  30 

7  30 
25  20 

21  50 

20  10 

23  20 

35  00 
29  50 
15  40 

22  20 
32  00 

•  1 

6  10 
17  30 

16  10 

7  10 
7  10 

17  00 

26  40 
12  00 

7  25 
12  30 
25  00 

6  00 

18  40 
11  00 

0  50  E. 

1  40 

7  30 

8  00 

6  00  W. 
3  00  E. 

27  20  W. 
24  20 

2  20 

16  50 

17  40 

0     / 

36  20 
39  40 

36  30 

37  00 
36  00 
36  30 
36  40 
39  00 

35  30 

38  40 

39  40 

36  00 
35  40 
39  00 
34  40 

34  40 

35  40 
32  15 

36  15 
34  30 
42  30 

36  40 
34  40 

37  10 
36  00 

19 

41 

25 

31 

Eliza 

21 

Clifford  Wayne 

27 

29 

16 

24 

29 

20 

20 

30 

26 

21 

19 

28 

30 

27 

25 

28 

E.  F.  Willets 

26 
20 

£gsex 

33 

26 

Means  of  crossings  east  of 

21  13 

23  31 

26  26 

26  21 

27  32 

26  46 

21  40 

13  19 

36  29 

26.7 

West  of  26° 

28  09 

30  53 

^43 

34  41 

33  07 

29  10 

24  39 

9  21 

36  43 

24.6 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  "  Whirlwind.''  (John  N.  Giet,  captain,)  from  New  York  to 
Melbourne,  Australia,  1855. 

"April  25.  Lat.  6°  00' S. ;  long.  31°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  83°.  Winds:  SE. 
Fine  SE.  trades  and- passing  squalls. 

April  26.  Lat.  10°  00' S.;  long.  31°  56' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  82°.  Winds:  SE. 
Fine  trades  and  fair  weather. 


640  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

April  27.     Lat.   13°20'S.;  long.  33°  00' W.     Barometer,  30.10;  air,  81°.     Winds:  SE. 
Fine  breezes  and  fair  weather. 

April  28.     Lat.   16°  25'  S.;  long.   34°  15'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  81°.     Winds:  SE. 
Moderate  and  passing  squalls. 

April  29.      Lat.  19°  42' S. ;  long.  35°  10' W.     Barometer,  30.20;  air,  80°.     Winds:   SE. 
Light  winds  and  fine  weather. 

April  30.     Lat.  23°  03'  S. ;  long.  34°  05' W.     Barometer,  30.40;  air,  80°.     Winds:  E.SE. 
Fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

May  1.     Lat.  26°  00' S. ;  long.  30°  50' W.     Barometer,  30.10;  air,  79°.     Winds:  E.NE. 
Fine  breezes. 

May  2.     Lat.   28°  25'  S.;  long.   27°  00'  W.     Barometer,   30.20;  air,   78°.     Winds:  NE. 
Moderate;  saw  a  total  eclipse  of  the  moon  at  1.30  a.  m. 

May  3.     Lat.  29°  52'  S. ;  long.  23°  42'  W.     Barometer,  30.26;  air,  77°.     Winds:  N.NE. 
Light  and  fair. 

May  4.    Lat.  30°  44'  S.;  long.  21°  30'  W.    Barometer,  30.40;  air,  72°.    Winds:  N.   Light, 
and  fine  weather. 

May  5.    Lat.  32°  23'  S. ;  long.  18°  28'  W.    Barometer,  29.95;  air,  71°.     Winds:  variable. 
Strong  and  cloudy. 

May  6.     Lat.  34°  12'  S.;  long.  14°  00'  W.     Barometer,  29.80;  air,  69°.     Winds:  N.NW. 
Strong  and  cloudy. 

May  7.     Lat.  35°  56'  S.;  long.  9°  40'  W.     Barometer,  29.80;  air,  69°.     Winds:  N.NW. 
Strong  and  squally;  carried  away  the  crossjack  yard. 

May  8.     Lat.  37°  37'  S. ;  long.  5°  10'  W.      Barometer,   29.50;  air,   66°.     Winds:  NE. 
Strong  gales  and  a  high  sea. 

May  9.      Lat.  38°  39'  S. ;  long.   1°  40'  W.      Barometer,  29.65;  air,  65°      Winds:  NW, 
Strong  gales  and  a  high  sea. 

May  10.     Lat.  40°  02'  S. ;   long.  3°  21'  E.     Barometer,   29.80;  air,   64°.     Winds:  NE. 
and  NW.     Strong  and  hazy. 

May  11.     Lat.  40°  02'  S.;  long.  5°  06'  E.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  58°.    Winds:  W.  and 
E.     Commences  brisk;  ends,  light  airs  and  calm.  „^ 

May  12.     Lat.  41°  15'  S.;  long.  6°  38'  E.    Barometer,  30.00;  air,  56°.     Winds:  E.    Light 
airs;  latter  part,  strong  winds  and  thick  weather. 

May  13.     Lat.  43°  10'  S. ;  long.   6°  40'  E.    Barometer,  29.90;  air,  54°.    Winds:  E.,  E.SE. 
Brisk,  with  thick  weather.     Lost  overboard  Frank  Robinson,  seaman,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

May  14.     Lat.  44°  30' S.;  long.  8°  35' E.    Barometer,  29.75;  air,  64°.    Winds:  E.    Strong, 
clear  weather. 

May  15.     Lat.  44°   30' S.;   long.   10°  47'  E.     Barometer,   29.50;   air,   53.     Winds:    NE. 
Moderate  and  rainy. 

May  16.     Lat.  44°  34'  S.;  long.  16°  06'  E.     Barometer,  29.80;  air,  50.     Winds:   W.SW. 
Strong  gales,  with  heavy  hail  squalls. 

May  17.     Lat.  44°  50'  S.;  long.  21=  40'  E.     Barometer,  30.50;  air,  50.     Winds:   W.SW. 
Strong  gales  and  violent  hail  and  snow  squalls. 

^  May  18.     Lat.  45°  20'  S.;  long.  27°  52'  E.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  55°.     Winds:    W.  to 
NW.     Moderate  and  hazy. 


TO   AUSTRALIA.  641 

May  19.     Lat.  47°  20' S. ;   long.  34°  00' E.     Barometer,  30.10. ;  air,  52°.     Winds:   NW. 
Strong  gales  and  thick  weather. 

May  20.     Lat.  48°  15' S.;   long.  37°  00' E.     Barometer,  29.23;    air,  50°.     Winds:   NW. 
Strong  gales  and  heavy  rain. 

May  21.     Lat.  49°  10'  S. ;  long.  44°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.80;  air,  48°.     Winds:  Westers 
and  strong  gales  and  hazy. 

May  22.     Lat.  49°  23'  S. ;  long.  49°  20'  E.     Barometer,  29.60;  air,  47°.     Winds:  Westers. 
First  part,  strong  winds;  latter  part,  light  and  hazy. 

May  23.     Lat.   50°  12' S.;   long.   51°  58'  E.     Barometer,  29.30;  air,  43°.     Winds:   NE. 
Light;  a  heavy  fall  of  snow. 

May  24.     Lat.  50°  16'  S.;  long.  52°  20'  E.     Barometer,  29.50;  air,  40°.     Winds:  E.NE. 
Strong  gales  and  snow;  ends,  calm. 

May  25.     Lat.  50°  16'  S. ;  long.  53°  10'  E.     Barometer,  29.18;  air,  40°.    Winds:  E.    Light 
variable  winds  and  heavy  snow  squalls. 

May  26.     Lat.   51°  00'  S. ;   long.   57°  40' E.     Barometer,  29.90;  air,  41°.     Winds:   NE. 
Moderate  and  fine  weather. 

May  27.     Lat.   51°  30'  S.;   long.   61°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.90;  air,  41°.     Winds:   NE. 
Moderate;  weather  fine. 

May  28.     Lat.  52°  10'  S. ;  long.  67°  50'  E.    Barometer,  28.65;  air,  45°.    Winds:  N.    Brisk 
and  strong  gales. 

May  29.     Lat.  51°  35'  S.;  long.  74°  15'  E.     Barometer,  28.80;  air,  42°.    Winds:  W.SW. 
Strong  gales  and  a  high  sea. 

May  30.     Lat.  50°  45'  S. ;  long.  79°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.40;  air,  43°.    Winds:  Westers. 
Strong  gales  and  snow. 

May  31.     Lat.  49°  45'  S.;  long.  85°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.50;  air,  46°.    Winds:  Westers. 
Moderate,  and  passing  squalls  of  hail. 

June  1.     Lat.  49°  30' S.;  long.  91°  25' E.     Barometer,  29.45;  air  45°.     Winds:  W.SW. 
Moderate,  with  passing  hail  squalls. 

June  2.     Lat.  48°  45'  S.;  long.  96°  50'  E.     Barometer,  29.50;  air,  45°.     Winds:  W.SW. 
Fine  breezes  and  passing  snow  squalls. 

June  3.     Lat.  48°  20'  S.;   long.  102°  05'  E.     Barometer,  29.50;   air,  45°.     Winds:  W. 
Moderate  and  strong,  with  thick  weather. 

June  4.     Lat.  47°  42'  S.;  long.  108°  00'  E.     Barometer,  29.10;  air,  45°.    Winds:  W.NW. 
Strong  gales  and  thick  rainy  weather. 

June  5.     Lat.  46°  55'  S. ;  long.  114°  20'  E.    Barometer,  29.05;  air,  47°.  Winds:  Westers. 
Strong  gales  and  high  sea. 

June  6.     Lat.  46°  35'  S.;   long.  118°  15' E.     Barometer,  28.46;  air,  47°.     Winds:  NW. 
Moderate,  with  high  sea. 

June  7.     Lat.  46°  05' S. ;  long.  120°  00' E.    Barometer,  28.70;  air,  48°.    Winds:  Variable, 
with  heavy  rain  and  hail  squalls. 

June  8.     Lat.  45°  10'  S. ;  long.  124°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.00;  air,  48°.     Winds:  Same. 
Squally,  with  rain. 

June  9.     Lat.  43°  10'  S.;  long.  130°  00'  E.    Barometer,  29.60;  air,  48°.    Winds:  W.NW. 
Brisk  breeze  and  heavy  rain  squalls. 
VOL.  II 81 


642 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


June  10.  Lat.  41°  30'  S.  j  long.  135°  40'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  50°.  Winds:  NW. 
Strong  gales  and  high  seas. 

June  11.  Lat.  39°  10'  S.;  long.  141°  50' E.  Barometer,  29.94;  air,  52°.  Winds:  W.SW. 
Fine  strong  gales  from  the  W.SW.,  with  heavy  hail  squalls.  Cape  Otway  bearing  this  day 
at  noon  E.  ^  N.,  distant  90  miles." 

From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


Name. 

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£  S 

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2 

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ha 

LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 

Latitude  of  crossing 
the   meridian    of 
Greenwich . 

5°S. 

10°  S. 

15""  S. 

20*  S. 

25°  S. 

30°  S. 

.15°  S. 

May  13 

6 

8 

1 

3 

3 

5 

2 

22 

3 

16 

7 

3 

24 

26 

22 

7 

23 

22 

29 

6 

29 

12 

12 

5 

21 

27 

14 

o        1 

30  00 

17  30 
24  10 

29  50 
32  00 

18  40 
28  30 

20  30 

26  10 

31  00 

30  20 
28  30 

30  20 

27  40 

26  00 

21  40 

28  30 

27  00 
26  30 

32  25 
21  20 
23  45 

31  00 

29  50 
.  25  40 

28  05 
26  20 
17  30 

0     / 

30  40 
20  20 

28  00 

31  00 
34  00 
23  30 

32  30 
25  00 
30  20 
32  40 

32  00 

30  40 

33  00 

29  40 
28  30 
23  00 

31  00 

30  00 
28  CO 

34  00 
23  50 

25  00 

31  40 
31  30 
28  30 
31  20 

26  50 
23  1§ 

32  50 
23  00 

29  10 

33  40 

34  20 

26  15 
34  10 
28  20 
34  30 

33  20 

34  30 
31  10 
33  50 

33  20 
31  10 

25  00 
31  20 

31  20 
28  20 

34  30 

27  00 

30  40 
33  30 
33  40 

32  00 

33  00 
30  20 

26  30 

33  00 
24  00 

29  20 
35  10 

35  40 

27  10 

36  30 

30  40 
36  00 

30  00 

35  40 

31  40 
33  00 

36  20 
33  10 
26  40 

31  40 
33  00 
30  00 
35  15 

28  20 
33  00 
35  20 

33  00 
35  40 

34  40 

32  30 
28  40 

34  40 
S6  20 
27  40 

32  20 

33  30 

27  00 

35  00 

33  10 
37  30 

28  10 
35  30 

30  40 

31  30 

32  30 
31  50 
27  20 

30  40 

34  50 

31  30 

35  40 
26  00 

31  40 

35  50 

36  00 

30  30 

32  15 

33  20 

31  20 

0     / 

33  50 
25  00 
27  00 
31  30 

27  00 

28  00 

29  20 
29  00 
3r  40 
21  30 

33  00 
17  10 
29  50 

27  40 

29  00 

23  20 
17  10 
35  15 

24  20 

30  25 

29  00 

30  20 

34  40 

35  20 

28  40 

29  50 
35  20 
33  10 

o    / 

27  30 
17  00 

24  20 

25  00 

20  40 
SO  00 

26  40 

21  10 
25  50 
14  40 
23  30 

7  20 

28  10 
17  40 
21  00 

12  00 
5  10 

30  30 

13  50 

21  50 

25  40 

26  25 

31  40 

27  20 
19  20 

22  20 

32  20 
31  00 

25  00 

40  40 
35  00 
37  00 

35  50 

36  10 

37  10 

41  00 
37  30 

36  20 

40  10 

39  20 

37  30 
37  40 
34  15 
37  00 
34  00 
37  00 

41  50 
36  10 
36  00 

33  50 

34  05 

40  30 
3G  30 
36  45 

35  50 

35  30 

36  40 

31 

25 

Sophia 

10  00 

2  00 

3  16 

7  30 
17  10 

5  40 

8  20 

9  00 

12  10 
2  00 

10  00 

4  00  E. 

13  00  W. 
4  00  E. 

2  00  W. 
25  00 

8  00 

1  45 

12  00  E. 

3  50 

23  00  W. 

6  00 

11  30 

4  20 

5  20 

12  20 

28 
28 

38 

24 

36 

21 

26 

31 

Orissa 

Surprise 

23 
25 
22 

31 

30 

22 

24 

19 

22 

25 

Earl  of  Clare 

31 

20 

28 

28 

William  Goddard 

40 

28 

22 

24 

Means  of  crossings  east  of  26' ... . 

21  11 

24  28 

27  32 

29  16 

29  00 

28  10 

22  57 

3  01 

35  46 

27.2 

West  of  26' 

28  56 

31  01 

32  46 

33  46 

33  14 

29  27 

21  45 

9  07 

37  41 

27.2 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  '■^  James  Baines,''  (Charles  McDonnell,  commander,)  from  Liverpool 
to  Melbourne;  28  days  out. 

"May  6.  1856.  Lat.  7°  51'  S. ;  long.  33°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  80°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  S.SE.  toE.SE.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes.  Middle  part,  the  same;  latter 
part,  clear  and  pleasant. 

May  7.     Lat.  10°  21'  S. ;  long.  33°  51'  W.    Barometer,  29.80;  air,  79°;  water,  79°.  Winds: 

Note — Distance  sailed  towards  Cape  Otway  14,135  miles;  to  the  heads  14,209  miles.  It  will  be  observed  that  the 
"  Whirlwind"  did  not  average  (as  in  the  case  of  the  "  Flying  Scud")  upwards  of  400  miles  per  day,  (as  published  in  the 
Journal  of  Commerce  of  March  24,  1855,)  still  the  "Whirlwind"  has  performed  the  voyage  in  75  days.  Maury's  course  is 
the  proper  one,  and  with  favorable  chances  a  good  sailing  ship  can  make  the  voyage  in  60  days. 


TO  AUSTRALIA.  643 

E.SE.     First  part,  light  airs;  midnight,    the  same;  experienced  during  the  last  24  hours  a 
current  setting  westerly  ^  a  knot  per  hour.     Noon,  light  airs,  heavy  clouds  coming  from  SE. 

May  8.  Lat.  13°  28' S.;  long.  33°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  79°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
E.  to  NE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  clear,  pleasant  weather.  Midnight,  light  showers  of  rain. 
Noon,  wind  at  NE. ;  gloomy. 

May  9.  Lat.  16°  28' S.;  long.  33°  00' W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  79°;  water,  79°.  Winds: 
NE.  to  N.NE.  Commences  with  light  airs  and  steady.  At  midnight,  heavy  showers  of  rain. 
At  4  a.  m.,  wind  chopped  into  south  and  fell  calm.  At  noon,  heavy  rain  and  squalls;  latter 
part,  the  same. 

May  10.  Lat.  17°  49'  S. ;  long.  32°  31'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  77°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
N.NE.  and  W.NW.  This  day  begins  with  light  airs  and  heavy  rains.  Midnight,  clear  and 
pleasant.  At  4  a.  m.,  wind  at  west,  light.  Noon,  calms  and  sultry.  Current  setting  easterly,  ^ 
a  knot  per  hour. 

May  11.  Lat.  19°  03'  S. ;  long.  32°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  78°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
N.  to  N.NE.  First  part,  almost  calm.  At  midnight,  light  breeze  springing  up  from  N.NE., 
which  continues  during  the  day.      Current  setting  same  as  yesterday;  weather  cloudy. 

May  12.  Lat.  21°  06'  S. ;  long.  30°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.95 ;  air,  76°;  water,  75°.  Winds: 
W.  to  N.NW.  Commences  with  light  airs  from  the  north.  A  heavy  squall  begun  at  north 
and  blew  around  westerly  to  SE.,  then  begun  to  back  into  south,  round  west,  into  north  again. 
Midnight,  light  airs  and  clear  weather.     At  noon,  weather  threatening;  wind  very  light. 

May  13.  Lat.  22°  06'  S. ;  long.  30°  07'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  75°;  water,  74°.  Winds: 
NW.  and  N.NW.  First  part,  light  airs  from  N.NW.  Midnight,  wind  and  weather  same. 
Noon,  calms. 

May  14.  Lat.  23°  51'  S.;  long.  30°  19' W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  74°;  water,  75°. 
Winds:  S.  by  W.  to  W.NW.  First  part,  light  airs  and  clear;  midnight,  the  same,  with  heavy 
dew.     Noon,  breeze  increasing  and  getting  cloudy. 

May  15.  Lat.  26°  52'  S.;  long.  29°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  75°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  N.NE.  Commences  with  light  airs  and  cloudy.  Midnight,  breeze  fresh- 
ening, with  light  rain;  8  a.  m.,  breeze  still  freshening;  noon,  wind  and  weather  same. 

May  16.  Lat.  30°  15'  S. ;  long.  28°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29,85;  air,  73°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  E.SE.  First  part,  heavy  rain  and  squalls.  Ship  taken  aback  and  wind 
chopped  into  south.  Midnight,  squally  and  heavy  rain.  Noon,  clear  breeze,  moderate,  heavy 
sea  from  S.SW. 

May  17.  Lat.  31°  40'  S.;  long.  24°  21'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  62°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  S.  by  E.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  cloudy,  wind  flying  from 
west  to  south.     Noon,  strong  breezes  and  squalls;  heavy  sea  from  S.SE. 

May  18.  Lat.  31°  40'  S.;  long.  17°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  59°;  water,  65°. 
Wind,  south.  Commences  with  strong  gales  and  terrific  squalls  and  heavy  rain;  midnight,  the 
same;  noon,  moderating. 

May  19.  Lat.  32°  58'  S.;  long.  12°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  60°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  SW.  Begins  with  weather  moderating,  a  long  heavy  roll  setting  from  south.  Midnight, 
squalls  and  showers  of  rain.     Noon,  wind  and  weather  the  same. 

May  20.  Lat.  34°  08'  S.;  long.  11°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  57°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.NW.  Begins  with  light  airs  and  drizzling  rain.  Midnight,  squalls  of  rain; 
wind  moderate;  a.  m,  wind  freshening;  weather  clear;  noon,  same. 


644  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

May  21.  Lat.  37°  36'  S.;  long.  8°  05'  W.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  52°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW.  Begins  with  increasing  breeze  and  heavy  squalls,  attended  with  rain. 
8  p.  m.,  squalls  increasing.     Midnight  and  noon,  wind  moderate. 

May  22.  Lat.  38'=>  17'  S.j  long.  5°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  47°;  water,  54°. 
Winds :  W.  to  S.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.  Midnight,  squalls  and  showers 
of  rain.  Wind  hauling  to  the  southward;  a.  m.,  wind  SE.,  tacked  to  the  southward  and  west- 
ward; noon,  strong  breezes,  cloudy. 

May  23.  Lat.  39°  45'  S.;  long.  6°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  47°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  SE.  Commences  with  increasing  breeze,  and  eastern  sky  very  red.  Barometer  rising. 
At  4  p.  m.,  every  sail  off  the  ship  but  foresail,  blowing  a  heavy  gale  and  confused  sea  from  SW. 
Midnight,  wind  and  weather  the  same.  At  8  a.  m.,  wore  ship  to  northward  and  eastward, 
heavy  squalls  and  rain.     Noon,  wind  and  weather  the  same. 

May  24.  Lat.  38°  22'  S.;  long.  3°  14'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  49°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  S.SB.  to  S.SW.  Commences  with  heavy  gales,  with  squalls  of  rain;  midnight,  the 
same;  8  a.  m.,  still  increasing,  weather  thick;  noon,   weather  thick,  and  squalls  very  heavy. 

May  25.  Lat.  37°  40'  S.;  long.  3°  26'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  56°;  water,  59°. 
Winds :  S.SW.  Commences  with  heavy  gales.  I  have  never  before  experienced  so  heavy  a 
gale  with  such  a  high  barometer.     Midnight,  wind  the  same,  with  heavy  sea;  noon,  the  same. 

May  26.     Lat.    38°  38'  S.;  long.   10°  00'  E.     Barometer,    29.70;  air,    52°;  water,    54°. 

Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.   Commences  with  strong  gales,  and  a  heavy  sea  running.  Squalls  of  rain; 

midnight,  gale  decreasing.     4  a.  m.,  still  moderating.     At  noon,  moderate  breezes  and  pleasant 

weather. 

May  27.     Lat.  40°  29'  S.;  long.  17°41'E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  51°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 

W.SW.  to  SW.     First  part,  gentle  breezes  and  clear.     Midnight,  wind  and  weather  the  same. 

At  8.  a.  m.,  breeze  freshening  and  heavy  black  clouds  rising  from  SW.  Noon,  wind  and  weather 

the  same. 

May  2S.  Lat.  42°  44'  S. ;  long.  25°  48'  E.  Barometer,  29.55;  air,  54°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  Commences  with  brisk  gales  and  occasional  heavy  squalls,  accompanied  with 
rain.     Midnight,  wind  increasing;  noon,  the  same. 

May  29.  Lat.  44°  15'  S. ;  long.  30°  51  E.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  53°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  West.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  fine  clear  weather;  heavy  sea.  Midnight,  less 
wind  and  sea;  4  a.  m.,  more  moderate;  noon,  light  breezes,  dark,  gloomy  weather. 

May  30.  Lat.  46°  16'  S.;  long.  36°  56°  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  40°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.SW.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  gloomy;  8  p.  m.,  breeze  increasing, 
weather  clear.  Barometer  falling.  Midnight,  fresh  gales.  At  8  a,  m.,  a  heavy  snow  squall. 
Noon,  fresh  gales  and  clear  weather,  with  snow  showers. 

May  31.  Lat.  46°  51'  S.;  long.  43°  54'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  39°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  WNW.  to  S.SW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  squalls.  At  10  p.  m.,  ran 
through  between  Petit  and  Grand  Princes  islands;  proximity  to  the  islands  caused  a  very  sudden 
fall  of  mercury,  whilst  the  thermometer  was  as  suddenly  acted  upon,  possibly  from  the  large 
amount  of  snow  upon  the  islands.     Midnight,  fresh  with  snow  squalls;  noon,  the  same. 

June  1.  Lat.  47°  08' S.;  long.  46°  00' E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  30°;  water,  36°.  Winds: 
S.SW.  to  W.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squalls,  with  heavy  snow  showers;  wind  decreasing; 
midnight,  still  decreasing;  snow  showers;  noon,  calm,  and  barometer  going  down. 

June  2.      Lat.  47°  46'  S.;  long.  47°  46'  E.      Barometer,   29.10;  air,   31°;  water,   35°. 


TO    AUSTRALIA.  645 

Winds:  N.  and  E.NE.  Commences  with  light  air,  and  variable,  with  heavy  snow  squalls; 
midnight,  weather  and  wind  the  same.  6  a.  m.,  calms,  and  heavy  dark  clouds  coming  up  from 
N.  NW.  Barometer  falling  very  fast.  Noon,  light  breeze  springing  up  from  north.  Barometer 
still  falling;  there  must  be  a  heavy  gale  close  upon  us  from  the  sudden  fall  of  mercury. 

June  3.  Lat.  48°  19'  S.;  long.  52°  35'  E.  Barometer,  28.40;  air,  32°;  water,  37°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  W.  First  part,  Kght  breeze.  Barometer  still  falling;  midnight,  observed 
the  fluctuation  of  barometer  about  ^  an  inch  in  the  tube,  the  wind  coming  in  gusts,  with  a 
howling  noise.  Sea  tumbling  about  in  all  directions.  8  a.  m.,  fine  pleasant  weather;  noon, 
the  same.     Barometer  rising  slowly. 

June  4.  Lat.  48°  13'  S.;  long.  58°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.60;  air,  31°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  W.  Begins  with  moderate  breeze,  and  variable  from  W.N W.  to  W.SW.  Weather 
getting  a  little  settled.  Barometer  rising;  midnight,  squalls  and  snow  showers;  noon,  wind 
and  weather  the  same. 

June  5.  Lat.  48°  56'  S. ;  long.  61°  41'  E.  Barometer,  28.60;  air,  37°;  water,  38°. 
Winds:  W.  to  E.NE.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  snow  squalls;  midnight,  wind 
decreasing,  and  northering;  hard  frost.  4  a.  m.,  almost  calm,  and  wind  E.NE.  Noon,  hght 
breeze  springs  up  from  the  south. 

June  6.  Lat.  47°  55'  S.;  long.  65°  55'  E.  Barometer,  28.90;  air,  35°;  water,  38°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.NW.  First  part,  heavy  snow  and  light  breezes;  wind  very  variable; 
midnight,  strong  breeze  and  heavy  squalls;  noon,  fine  breeze  and  clear. 

June  7.  Lat.  48°  48'  S.;  long.  70°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.20;  air,  35;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  E.SE.  First  part,  light;  midnight,  wind  into  east,  and  light.  At  8  a.  m., 
breeze  increasing  and  thick,  with  heavy  snow  squalls.  Sighted  Kerguelen's  land;  bearing  S.SW. 
June  8.  Lat.  47°  34'  S.;  long.  71°  19'  E.  Barometer,  28.40;  air,  35°;  water,  37°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  S.SW.  Commences  with  moderate  breezes;  midnight,  blowing  a  hard  gale. 
4  a.  m.,  gale  abating;  noon,  less  wind;  heavy  sea  still  running. 

June  9.  Lat.  47°  35'  S.;  long.  76°  20'  E.  Barometer,  28.40;  air,  37°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  S.  to  S.SW.  Commences,  gale  abating;  midnight,  sea  going  down;  noon,  fresh 
breezes  and  thick  foggy  weather,  with  sleet  at  times. 

June  10.  Lat.  47°  00'  S.;  long.  81°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.50;  air,  39°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  NW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  squalls  of  sleet;  midnight,  wind 
and  weather  the  same;  ends  with  gentle  breezes,  wind  variable. 

June  11.  Lat.  47°  45' S. ;  long.  85°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.80;  air,  39°;  water,  42°. 
Wind:  SW.  to'NW.  Commences  with  wind  light,  and  hauling  from  west  to  norths  with  occa- 
sional light  squalls  of  rain;  4  a.  m.,  strong  gale;  8  a.  m.,  light  breezes  and  rain;  at  noon, 
tacked  to  north;  wind  at  SE.;  weather  unsettled. 

June  12.  Lat.  46°  18'  S. ;  long.  89°  31' E.  Barometer,  29.05;  air,  42°;  water,  42°.  Winds: 
S.SE.  to  SW.  Commences  with  light  breezes  with  sleet;  wind  variable  from  SW.  to  N.  At 
1  p.  m.,  wind  SE. ;  tacked  to  NE.  Midnight,  clear,  and  wind  hauling  southerly.  I  have  always 
experienced  as  soon  as  the  wind  (along  here)  gets  into  N.,  that  it  hauls  round  easterly  into 
SW.,  and  blows  from  that  quarter;  when  the  gale  has  reached  its  height,  it  then  begins  to  veer 
northerly  by  west,  and  the  barometer  begins  to  rise  fast,  until  the  wind  gets  into  the  north ; 
it  then  stands  whilst  the  wind  retraces  its  westerly  course  round  into  SE.,  and  then  blows 
again;  latterly  falls  calm,  and  the  wind  again  springs  up  from  NW.  Noon,  light  breezes  and 
wind  westing. 


646  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  13.  Lat.  46°  18'  S.;  long.  92°  12'  E.  Barometer,  29.10;  air,  42°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  S.  to  E.SE.  Commences  with  light  breezes  with  showers  of  sleet.  Midnight,  fine  and 
clear;  noon,  breeze  fresh  and  steady. 

June  14.  Lat.  45°  10'  S. ;  long.  93°  58'  B.  Barometer,  28.80;  air,  42°;  water,  44°.  Winds: 
SE.  to  E.NE.  First  part,  light  breezes  and  variable;  midnight,  breeze  begins  to  freshen,  and 
haul  to  W.     Noon,  wind  increasing. 

June  15.  Lat.  45°50'S.;  long.  96°  00' E.  Barometer,  28.60;  air,  39°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  S.  SW.  Commences  with  fresh  gales,  and  falling  barometer.  At  8  a.  m.,  gale 
abating.     Noon,  gale  fresh,  heavy  sea,  and  showers  of  sleet. 

June  16.  Lat.  43°  39'  S. ;  long.  101°  00' E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  44°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  squalls  of  sleet.  Midnight,  wind 
and  weather  the  same;  8  a.  m,,  more  moderate;  noon,  sighted  a  ship  ahead;  at  1  'p.  m.,  was 
alongside  of  her,  and  at  2  p.  m.  she  was  out  of  sight  astern.  James  Baines  was  going  17  knots 
with  main  sky-sail  set;  the  Libertas,  for  such  was  her  name,  was  under  double  reefed  topsails. 

June  17.  Lat.  43°31'S.;  long.  106°  15' E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  41°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  S.SW.  Commences  with  fresh  breezes  and  squalls  of  sleet;  heavy  sea  running; 
midnight,  almost  calm,  with  heavy  hail  showers;  8  a.  m.,  breeze  increasing;  noon,  clear,  with 
occasional  snow  squalls. 

June  18.  Lat.  42°  47' S. ;  long.  115°  54' E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  40°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.  to  SW.  First  part,  breeze  freshening;  at  6  p.m.,  wind  SW.  and  freshening;  at 
8.30  p.  m.,  in  all  starboard  stunsails;  ship  going  21  knots,  with  main  skysail  set;  midnight, 
fresh  gale  and  fine  clear  night ;  8  a.  m. ,  wind  and  weather  same ;  noon,  less  wind,  attended  with 
snow  squalls. 

June  19.  Lat.  42°  42' S. ;  long.  118°  00' E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  48°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  W.  to  SW.  Commences  with  fresh  gales  and  sleet  squalls.  Midnight,  wind  strong, 
and  hauling  to  northward;  at  4  a.  m.,  wind  N.NE. ;  tacked  to  the  N. ;  8  a.  m.,  wind  SW.,  with 
drizzling  rain;  noon,  fresh  breeze,  and  fine  clear  weather. 

June  20.  Lat.  42°  47'  S. ;  long.  125°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  44°;  water,  47°.  Winds: 
SW.  to  W.  First  part,  fresh  breezes  and  squalls,  with  sleet;  midnight,  heavy  squalls  and  snow; 
8  a.  m.,  strong  and  squally;  noon,  wind  and  weather  the  same. 

June  21.  Lat.  42°  59'  S. ;  long.  132°  16'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  50°;  water,  50°, 
Winds:  W.toN.  by  W.  Commences  with  strong  breezes  and  squally;  midnight,  wind  and  weather 
same;  a.  m.,  wind  hauling  to  northward;  noon,  ends  squally  with  rain,  hail,  and  snow. 

June  22.  Lat.  41°  40'  S;  long.  134°  58'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  50°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.  Commences  with  strong  breezes  and  squalls;  at  5  p.  m.  ship  was  struck 
with  a  most  terrific  squall,  which  lasted  in  full  strength  only  about  three  minutes.  The  ship 
broached  to,  blew  away  all  head  sails,  fore-topsail,  fore-top-gallant-sail,  main  topmast  and  middle 
staysails,  mainsail,  and  main-top -gallant-sail,  mizzen  lower  and  mizzen  topmast  staysails;  carried 
away  main-top-gallant-mast  and  main  yard.  I  never  before  experienced  such  a  terrific  gust  of 
wind.  The  barometer  gave  no  indication,  whatever,  of  the  approach  of  the  squall.  Midnight, 
moderate  breezes  and  fine  clear  weather,  with  frequent  flashes  of  lightning;  8  a.  m.,  fine  and 
clear  ;  noon,  wind  hauling  to  NW. ,  with  light  rain  at  intervals. 

June  23.  Lat.  39°  41'  S.;  long.  139°  46'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  53°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  W.  Begins  with  gentle  breezes  and  occasional  squalls;  midnight,  fine  and 
clear;  at  4  a.  m.,  sighted  land  ahead,  N.NE.,  5  miles;  at  6  a.  m.,  Cape  Otway,  bearing  north. 


TO   AUSTKALIA.  647 

June  24.  Lat.  38°  45'  S.j  long.  144°  18'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  56°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  NW.     Commences  with  light  airs  and  pnfFy;  at  7  p.  m.  came  to  anchor." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  ^ ^ Panama,^ '  (William  P.  Cave,  captain,)  from  New  York  to  Mel- 
bourne, Australia;  28  days  out. 

"May  25,  1856.  Lat.  7°  15'  S.;  long.  30°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  air,  65°;  water,  . 
Winds:  SE.  to  S.SE.     Moderate;  a  heavy  sea. 

May  26.  Lat.  10°  59'  S. ;  long.  31°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30. 11 ;  air,  83°;  water,  81°.  Winds: 
SE.     Fresh  and  squally. 

May  27.  Lat.  14°  13'  S. ;  long.  32°  33'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  80°;  water,  79°.  Winds: 
SE.     Fresh  trades  and  hard  squalls. 

May  28.  Lat.  17°  47'  S. ;  long.  34°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  81°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
SE.  and  S.SE.     Fresh  trades  and  hard  squalls. 

May  29.  Lat.  19°  47'  S. ;  long.  34°  49' W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  81°;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
SE.  Moderate  trades  and  passing  squalls.  Have  never  seen  the  wind  hang  so  much  to  the 
south. 

May  30.  Lat.  22°  32'  S. ;  long.  35°  19'  W.  Barometer,  30. 10 ;  air,  80° ;  water,  78°.  Winds: 
SE.  to  E.SE.     Moderate,  with  passing  squalls.  • 

May  31.  Lat.  25°  15'  S.;  long.  35°  17'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  77°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.NE.  Begins  with  moderate  winds  and  clear;  middle,  quite  moderate; 
latter,  quite  a  fine  breeze,  and  every  appearance  of  a  fresh  N.  wind. 

June  1.  Lat.  28°  15'  S.;  long.  33°  54'  W.  Barometer,  29.98;  air,  71°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  N.  and  NW.  Begins  with  fresh  winds;  middle  and  latter  parts,  baffling,  with  heavy 
rains. 

June  2.  Lat.  29°  44'  S.;  long.  31°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  71°;  water,  69°. 
Winds  :  W.NW.  to  S.  Begins  with  moderate  and  squally;  middle  part  the  same,  with  heavy 
sea;  ends  calm. 

June  3.  Lat.  30°  50'  S.;  long.  30°  30'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  71°;  water,  69°. 
Winds  :  S.SE  and  NE.     Commences  calm;  middle  and  latter  parts  moderate. 

June  4.  Lut.  34°  16'  S.;  long.  28°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  air,  63°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  N.  to  W.SW.  Commences  with  moderate  wind;  middle  and  latter  part,  strong 
gales  and  heavy  sea.  I  am  steering  well  to  the  south,  having  been  deceived  heretofore  by 
hauling  more  to  the  eastward  before  crossing  30°  S. 

June  5.  Lat.  36°  41'  S. ;  long.  23°  43' W.  Barometer,  29.72;  air,  54°;  water,  59°. 
Winds  :  W.NW  to  W.SW.  Commences  with  strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  middle  and  latter 
parts,  the  same,  with  heavy  SW.  swell. 

June  6.  Lat.  38°  01'  S.;  long.  18°  37'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  53°;  water,  58°. 
Winds  :  W.  Begins  fresh  with  heavy  sea  and  squalls;  middle  and  latter  parts,  more  moderate. 
Strong  northerly  current. 

June  7.  Lat.  39°  35'  S.;  long.  15°  44'  W.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  55°;  water,  56°. 
Winds  :  NW.  to  W.SW.  Begins  with  fresh  wind;  middle  part,  light  winds  with  sharp  hail 
squalls;  latter  part,  quite  moderate.     Strong  current  setting  to  the  north. 

June  8.  Lat.  41°  24'  S.;  long.  10°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  51°;  water,  54°. 
Winds  :  W.NW.  Commences  with  moderate  winds;  at  10  p.  m.,  fresh  breezes  with  squalls  of 
hail  and  rain;  latter  part,  blowing  strong. 


648  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

June  9.  Lat.  41°  37'  S.;  long.  5°  37'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  53°;  water,  52°. 
Winds  :  W.  to  W.NW.  Begins  with  moderating  gale;  middle  part,  moderate;  latter  part,  the 
same;  heavy  southwest  rollers. 

June  10.  Lat.  41°  14'  S. ;  long.  2°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  53°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.NW  to  NE.  Begins  with  moderate  ten  knot  breeze;  middle,  light  and  baffling; 
latter  part,  light  airs  and  calms. 

June  11.  Lat.  41°  50'  S.;  long.  00°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  47°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.NW  to  W.SW.  Begins  with  light  airs;  middle  part,  moderate  breeze;  latter  part, 
fresh  gales  and  squally. 

June  12.  Lat.  41°  48'  S.;  long.  6°  48'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  43°;  water,  48°. 
Winds  :  SW.  Begins  with  strong  gales  and  sharp  snow  squalls;  middle  part,  fresh  and  squally; 
latter  part,  moderating. 

June  13.  Lat.  42°  05'  S. ;  long.  12°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  42°;  water,  47°. 
Winds  :  Westers.  Begins  moderate  and  squally;  middle,  strong  gales  with  heavy  squalls;  latter 
part,  wind  increasing. 

June  14.  Lat.  42°  28'  S. ;  long.  17°  02'  E.  Barometer,  29.25;  air,  46°;  water,  44°. 
Winds  :  NW.  Begins  with  strong  gales  and  terrific  squalls;  middle  part,  the  same;  latter  part, 
more  moderate;  confused  sea. 

June  15.  Lat.  42°  35'  S. ;  long.  22°  01'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  44°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.NW.  Begins  with  moderate  wind  ;  middle  part,  strong  gales  and  heavy 
squalls;  latter  part,  strong  gales  and  tremendous  heavy  sea. 

June  16.  Lat.  42°  50'  S.;  long.  27°  46'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air  46°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  Begins  with  strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  middle  and  latter  part,  mode- 
rating. 

June  17.  Lat.  43°  14'  S. ;  long.  32°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  46°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  West.  Begins  quite  moderate,  with  heavy  sea;  middle  part,  fine  breeze;  latter  part, 
moderate  and  fine. 

June  18.  Lat.  44°  02'  S.;  long.  37°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.31;  air,  46°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  NE.  Commences  with  moderate  winds  and  finfe  weather;  middle  part, 
fresh;  ends  blowing  heavy. 

June  19.  Lat.  45°  09'  S. ;  long,  43°  13'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  51°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.NW.  Commences  with  heavy  gales  and  thick  weather;  middle  part,  the 
same;  latter  part,  strong. 

June  20.  Lat.  45°  01'  S. ;  long.  48°  43'  E.  Barometer,  29.38;  air,  45°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  NW.  Begins  with  strong  gales  and  heavy  cross  sea;  middle  part,  blowing  heavy  from 
N.  to  NE.;  latter  part,  the  same.     Passed  between  two  large  icebergs,  each  nearly  500  feet  high. 

June  21.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.51;  air,  45°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NW.  to 
NE.  Commences  with  moderating  gale;  middle  part,  fine  breeze  and  foggy;  latter  part, 
moderate,  with  thick  fog. 

June  22.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  53°;  water,  43°.  Winds:  North 
and  NE.     Commences  with  moderate  breezes  and  thick;  middle  part,  fresh;  ends  the  same. 

June  23.  Lat.  45°  58'  S.;  long.  64°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  50°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  Begins  with  fresh  winds  and  thick  fog;  middle  part,  thunder  squalls  and  sharp 
lightning;  ends  the  same. 

Juno   24.     Lat.   45°   36'   S.;   long.  69°   28'  E.     Barometer,  29.31;   air,  45°;   water,  42°. 


TO   AUSTRALIA. MAY.  649 

Winds:  E.NE.     Begins  with  moderate  -winds;  middle,  strong  gales  and  constant  rains;  latter 
part,  strong  gales  and  thick  scud. 

June  25.  Lat.  45°  02'  S. ;  long.  78°  08'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  46°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Throughout  this  day  strong  gales  and  heavy  sea. 

June  26.  Lat.  44°  18'  S.;  long.  82°  34'  B.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  46°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Begins  with  strong  gales;  middle  and  latter  part,  more  moderate. 

June  27.  Lat.  43°  33'  S.;  long.  88°  25'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  44°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  Begins  with  a  moderating  gale;  sea,  falling;  middle  part,  more  moderate, 
with  mist;  ends  the  same. 

June  28.  Latitude  43°  33'  S.;  long.  94°  08'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  44°;  water,  51°. 
Winds :  S.  SW.     Throughout  these  24  hours  moderate  winds  and  smooth  sea. 

June  29.  Lat.  43°  34'  S.;  long.  99°  47'  E.  Barometer,  29.62;  air,  66°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  Begins  with  moderate  winds;  middle  part,  moderate,  with  light  mist;  latter 
part,  fresh  and  cloudy. 

June  30.  Lat.  43°  04' S.;  long.  104°  00'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  67°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  S.SW.  to  W.  by  N.  Commences  with  fresh  winds  and  cloudy;  wind  canting  gradually 
to  the  south;  middle  part,  wind  light  and  puffy;  latter  part,  gentle  winds  and  smooth  sea. 

July  1.  Lat.  43°  00'  S.;  long.  109°  07'  E.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  67°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Throughout  these  24  hours  moderate  winds  and  smooth  sea. 

July  2.  Lat.  42°  50'  S;  long.  114°  39'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  66°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  NW.  and  W.SW.  Begins  with  moderate  winds;  middle  part,  the  same;  at  5  a.  m. 
wind  shifted  to  W.SW. ;  latter  part,  gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

July  3.  Lat.  42°  16'  S.;  long.  120°  20'  E.  Barometer,  30.90;  air  66°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  West.  Begins  with  moderate  winds  and  pleasant  weather;  middle  part,  the  same; 
latter  part  fresh  and  squally. 

July  4.     Lat.   41°   33'  S.;   long.    126°  01'  E.     Barometer,    30.00;   air,    66°;   water,    50°. 
Winds:  W.  SW.  and  W.     Begins  fresh  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  part  the  same. 

July  5.  Lat.  41°  00'  S.;  long.  131°  57'  E.  Barometer  29.90;  air,  66°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  Begins  with  moderate  winds  and  sharp  squalls;  middle  part,  the  same;  latter 
part,  fresh. 

July  6.  Lat.  39°  22'  S. ;  long.  137°  10'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  66°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Begins  with  moderate  winds  and  squally;  middle  and  latter  parts,  the  same; 

July  7.  Lat.  39°  57'  S.;  long.  142°  10'  E.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  64°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  South.  Begins  with  fresh  winds  and  rough  sea;  middle  part,  more  moderate;  latter 
part,  quite  moderate. 

July  8.  Lat.  39°  13'  S.;  long.  143^  29' E.  Barometer,  30.33;  air,  50°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  SE.     Begins  with  light  winds;  middle  and  latter  part,  light  airs. 

July  9.  Lat.  38°  55'  S.;  long.  144°  10'  E.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  64°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  S.SW.  and  E.NE.  Begins  with  very  light  wind;  saw  the  light  bearing  NW.  by  W. ; 
distant  ten  or  twelve  miles.  ^ 

July  10.     Took  on  board  the  pilot;  made  my  passage  from  Sandy  Hook  in  74  days," 

VOL.  II 82 


650 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


i  2 

Q    a 

!i 

o  cr 

II 

g.s 

LONOITCDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OP- 

Latitude of  crossing 
the    meridian   of 
Greenwich. 

Name. 

S'  S. 

10°  S. 

15'  S. 

20°  S. 

25°  S. 

30°  S. 

35°  S. 

cs 
O 

June  2 
29 
21 

1 
29 

9 
18 
17 
22 

7 
20 

4 
27 

4 
24 
12 

1 
25 
27 
18 
27 
24 

4 
14 
19 
14 

4 
19 
22 
19 

f  26" 

0  ; 
28  30 
31  00 
28  50 
22  30 
15  25 

19  40 
27  00 

26  30 
31  30 
22  30 

27  30 

28  00 

29  15 

24  10 
22  20 

25  20 
22  20 
27  45 

24  45 

26  20 
29  50 
29  20 
29  00 

25  00 
31  40 
31  45 

25  00 

26  15 

27  20 

20  55 

•   / 

29  40 

32  50 

29  40 
21  40 
17  20 
21  00 

28  30 

26  50 

33  00 

27  00 

30  00 

30  40 

31  30 

27  00 
25  30 

29  00 

25  00 

29  30 
24  40 

28  15 

31  10 

32  00 

30  00 

26  00 

33  00 
33  00 

27  30 

29  00 

30  20 
23  10 

•  / 

30  20 

34  20 

31  30 

24  30 
22  10 
S2  00 
33  30 

27  00 

35  00 

31  40 

33  40 
35  00 

34  10 

28  30 

26  30 
aj  00 

27  00 
30  50 

25  25 

28  50 
30  30 

33  35 

32  30 
27  30 

34  20 
34  40 

26  50 
30  40 

33  00 
24  20 

o   / 

32  00 
35  00 

33  20 
28  00 
25  15 
22  30 

35  30 
28  00 

36  20 

34  40 

35  10 
35  40 

34  20 

30  50 

28  20 

35  00 

31  00 

33  00 

25  20 

29  35 

30  00 

34  10 

32  30 
28  20 
34  50 

36  00 

26  50 
32  20 
34  00 

27  00 

0    / 

32  20 
^  10 
^  40 
27  00 

27  40 
20  30 
34  30 

29  10 
37  00 

34  20 
37  20 
37  00 

35  30 
31  00 

30  15 
35  45 

33  40 
33  50 

28  40 
33  00 

30  50 
33  30 

31  00 

29  30 
35  50 
37  50 
29  20 

33  10 

34  00 
28  00 

0    / 

17  00 

28  40 

29  10 

28  00 

25  10 

19  00 

29  30 
29  00 
38  30 

31  00 
35  20 
35  50 
29  30 

28  30 

29  50 

32  30 
34  00 
29  00 

26  55 

29  00 

30  00 

31  30 
26  00 
26  00 
34  00 

31  45 

20  40 

32  00 
30  00 
26  10 

10  00 
24  50 

21  00 
23  00 
14  50 

6  00 
23  00 
13  40 
a3  10 
30  00 
32  00 
26  15 

23  50 
16  10 
26  10 

26  15 
38  40 

22  00 

20  20 

24  10 

27  20 
27  10 
18  00 

21  20 
12  50 
20  40 
10  10 
32  00 

25  20 
12  00 

0   / 

00  00 

20  00 

1  00 

14  00 

4  00 

3  14  E. 
8  OOW. 

7  30  E. 
32  30  W. 

1  47 
18  00 
10  00 

14  15 

5  00 

15  40 
17  20  E. 

13  10 

14  00  W. 
13  00 

5  20 

4  00 
13  00 

4  40 

8  20  E. 

9  OOW. 
9  40 

1  20  E. 
26  50  W. 

2  00 

2  50  E. 

o   / 

35  00 
42  00 

34  40 
38  00 

36  30 
33  00 
33  40 
33  50 
40  20 

35  50 
38  20 
38  40 
38  10 

36  00 

37  15 

33  30 

30  30 
35  25 
42  00 

35  48 

36  00 
40  00 

37  00 
32  55 
37  00 
36  49 

31  30 
28  40 
35  40 

34  00 

29 

29 

25 

22 

26 

Sachem. 

20 
22 

26 

29 

37 

25 

Said  Bin  Sultan 

Panther • ••••■ 

36 
22 

24 

John  Bell •.••.... 

21 

24 

27 

22 

Albert  Edward 

26 
21 

24 

Oneida 

20 
20 

24 

26 

Texas , 

34 

23 

28 

22 

S6 

Means  of  crossings  east  o 

22  29 

24  34 

26  32 

28  35 

29  38 

27  18 

20  24 

0  36W. 

35  00 

35.0 

West  of  26° 

28  42 

30  29 

32  24 

33  25 

33  55 

30  19 

23  44 

10  15 

36  26 

25.5 

Log  of  the  ship  '■'^ Bed  Jacket,^ ^  (Captain  Samuel  Reed)  from  Liverpool  to  Melbourne;  27 
days  out. 

' '  May  31,  1854.     Lat.  7°  12'  S. ;  long.  27°  38'  W.     Winds :  S.SB.     Light  trades,  and  sultry 
weather. 

June  1.     Lat.  10°  12'  S. ;  long.  30°  39'  W.     Winds:  S.SE.     Stiff  and  fair. 

June  2.     Lat.  13°  18'  S. ;  long.  32°  44'  W.   Winds :  S.SE.  Moderate  breeze  and  fair  weather. 

June  3.     Lat.  16°  04'  S.;  long.  33°  24'  W.     Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  variable. 

June  4.     Lat.  18°  34'  S.;  long.  31°  50'  W. 

June  5.     Lat.  19°  16'  S. ;  long,  31°  36'  W. 

June  6.     Lat.  20°  17'  S. ;  long.  31°  36'  W 
swell  from  the  SW. 

June  7.     Lat.  21°  35'  S.;  long.  31°  43'  W. 

June  8.     Lat.  21°  30'  S. ;  long.  30°  15'  W. 

June  9.     Lat,  24°  25'  S. ;  long.  32°  09'  W. 


Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  variable. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  calm. 
Winds:   E.SE.     Calm  and  sultry;    a  heavy 

Winds  variable  and  light. 
Winds  variable  and  light. 
Winds  variable  and  light. 


TO  AUSTRALIA. — JUNE.  651 

June  10.     Lat.  27°  43'  S. ;  long.  29°  39'  W.     Winds:  N.NW.     Moderate  and  stiff. 

June  11.  Lat.  30°  17'  S.;  long.  26°  25' W.  Winds:  NW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes; 
latter  part,  light,  with  rain. 

June  12.     Lat.  32°  13'  S.;  long.  24°  09'  W.     Winds  variable;  weather  fair. 

June  13.     Lat.  32°  46'  S.;  long.  18°  12'  W.     Winds:  S.SW.     StiflF,  and  a  high  cross  sea. 

June  14.  Lat.  32°  45'  S.;  long.  13°  00'  W.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.  First  part,  strong; 
latter  part,  light;  a  high  sea. 

June  15.  Lat.  30°  50'  S.;  long.  10°  14'  W.  Winds:  SW.  by  S.  Light  and  variable;  a 
cross  sea. 

June  16.     Lat.  32°  50'  S. ;  long.  7°  47'  W.     Winds  variable;  a  current  setting  north. 

June  17.  Lat.  34°  29' S.;  long.  1°  55'  W.  Winds:  S.SW.  First  part,  strong;  latter 
part,  light. 

June  18.     Lat.  33°  39'  S.;  long.  2°  00'  E.     Winds,  light. 

June  19.     Lat.  33°  44'  S.;  long.  3°  50'  E.     Winds:  S.     Light. 

June  20.     Lat.  36°  33'  S.;  long.  3°  50'  E.     Winds:  E.     Light,  and  cloudy. 

June  21.     Lat.  39°  51'  S.;  long.  9°  30'  E.     Winds:  E.NE.     Light,  and  cloudy. 

June  22.     Lat.  41°  10'  S. ;  long.  13°  42'  E.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate,  and  fair. 

June  23.     Lat.  43°  32'  S.;  long.  17°  45'  E.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  and  light. 

June  24.     Lat.  44°  56'  S. ;  long.  22°  27'  E.     Winds:  E.NE.     Moderate  and  light. 

June  25.     Lat.  46°  31'  S. ;  long.  29°  20'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  StiflF;  cloudy,  and  drizzling  rain. 

June  26.     Lat.  48°  06'  S.;  long.  34°  44'  E.     Winds  variable  and  stiff;  rain  and  sleet. 

June  27.  Lat.  50°  06'  S.;  long.  42°  19'  E.  Winds:  NW.  Fresh  and  squally,  with  hail; 
very  cold  weather. 

June  28.     Lat.  50°  54'  S.;  long.  49°  16'  E.     Winds:  W.NW.     Squalls  with  hail  showers. 

June  29.  Lat.  50°  30'  S.;  long.  56°  34'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Squalls;  weather  variable; 
entire  fore  part  of  the  ship  covered  with  ice. 

June  30.  Lat.  52°  03'  S.;  long.  63°  50'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Fresh,  with  hail  squalls; 
very  cold;  air,  19°. 

July  1.  Lat.  51°  39'  S.;  long.  71°  21'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Fresh,  with  hail  squalls; 
latter  part,  light;  air  19°. 

July  2.  Lat.  50°  29'  S.;  long.  72°  26'  E.  Winds:  SW.  First  part,  calm;  latter  part, 
heavy  gales  and  heavy  sea. 

July  3.  Lat.  50°  12'  S.;  long.  80°  30'  E.  Winds:  W.SW.  First  part,  heavy  gales;  latter 
part,  fresh  breezes;  high  sea  and  freezing. 

July  4.  Lat.  49°  25'  S.;  long.  88°  30'  E.  Winds  variable.  Fresh  gales  and  heavy  sea; 
freezing,  rain  and  sleet. 

July  5.  Lat.  49°  13'  S.;  long.  95°  00'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  First  part,  light,  with  heavy 
rain;  latter  part,  stiff,  with  squalls. 

July  6.  Lat.  48°  38'  S. ;  long.  104°  15'  E.  Winds:  W.NW.  Strong  gales  and  squalls, 
and  heavy  sea.     Distance  run,  400  miles. 

July  7.  Lat.  47°  25' S.;  long.  112°  44' E.  Winds  variable  in  strength  and  direction. 
Distance  run,  299  miles. 

July  8.  Lat.  46°  38'  S. ;  long.  119°  44'  B.  Winds:  N.NW.  Stiff,  and  squalls  with  rain. 
Distance  run.  350  miles. 


652  ^  THE    WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHARTS. 

July  9.  Lat.  45°  09'  S.;  long.  129°  18'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Strong  and  squally,  with 
rain.     Distance  run,  357  miles. 

July  10.  Lat.  42°  42' S. ;  long.  134°  38'  E.  Winds:  N.NW.  Fine  weather.  Distance 
run,  334  miles. 

July  11.  Lat.  40°  36' S.;  long.  139°  35' E.  Winds:  NW.  Heavy  squalls,  with  rain. 
Distance  run,  245  miles. 

July  12.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Winds:  N.NW.  Fine  weather;  made  King's  Island  at  10.50 
p.  m. ;  crossed  the  bar  at  11.50  p.  m.  Passage  from  Rock  light-house  to  Port  Philip  heads, 
69  days,  11  hours  and  15  minutes;  passage  under  sail,  67  days  and  13  hours.  Total  distance 
run,  13,880  miles." 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  ^ ^ Nightingale' ^  (Captain  Samuel  W.  Marther,)  from  New  York  to 
Melbourne,  Australia;  31  days  out: 

"June  20.  Lat.  7°  06'  S.;  long.  29°  32'  W.  Barometer,  30.01;  air,  76°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  E.  to  SE.     Squally,  rainy  weather;  wind  baffling  during  the  night. 

June  21.  Lat.  10°  48'  S.;  long.  31°  11'  W.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  76°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  S.  to  E.     Brisk  breezes  and  squalls,  with  rain;  ends  fair. 

June  22.  Lat.  14°  12'  S.;  long.  32°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.07;  air,  76°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.     Strong  trades  and  squalls. 

June  23.  Lat.  18°  11'  S.;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.15;  air,  75^;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.  Brisk  trades,  and  pleasant.  Notwithstanding  our  poor  chances  to  the 
equator,  I  hope  to  see  Melbourne  in  80  days. 

June  24.  Lat.  21°  16'  S.;  long.  33°  16'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  72°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.     Light,  with  beautiful  weather.     Getting  further  west  than  I  like. 

June  25.  Lat.  24°  15'  S. ;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  30.03;  air,  73°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.     Light;  weather  pleasant;  sea  smooth. 

June  26.  Lat.  26°  35'  S.;  long.  32°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.23;  air,  71°;  water,  69°. 
Winds:  E.     Light  and  pleasant. 

June  27.  Lat.  28°  42'  S. ;  long.  32°  14'  W.  Barometer,  30.12;  air,  70°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  E.NE.,  N.,  and  NW.     Light  variable  breezes  and  squalls,  with  rain. 

June  28.  Lat.  31°  12'  S. ;  long.  31°  02'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  65°;  Avater,  66°. 
Winds:  SW.  and  S.     Moderate  breezes,  with  rain  squalls. 

June  29.  Lat.  32°  43'  S.;  long.  28°  24'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  58°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  S.SE.     Squalls,  with  rain. 

June  30.  Lat.  32°  31'  S.;  long.  24°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  56°;  water,  63°. 
Winds :  S.  by  E.     Fresh  gales  and  squalls. 

July  1.  Lat.  33°  15'  S. ;  long.  22°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.08;  air,  56°;  water,  62°.  Winds: 
S.SW.     Light,  with  heavy  puffs;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  southward. 

July  2.  Lat.  34°  20'  S. ;  long.  20°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.99;  air,  60°;  water,  60°.  Winds: 
E.,  N.,  and  N.  by  W.     Light  baffling  airs  and  pleasant  light  rain  during  the  night. 

July  3.  Lat.  37°  27'  S. ;  long.  18°  04'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  60°;  water,  56°.  Winds: 
W.NW.  to  N.  by  W.     Light,  with  rain  squalls;  thick  murky  weather. 

July  4.  Lat.  39°  54'  S. ;  long.  13^  48'  W.  Barometer,  29.56;  air,  56°;  water,  53°.  Winds: 
NW.     Fresh,  with  rainy,  damp  weather;  cape  pigeons  in  abundance. 


TO   AUSTEALIA. JUNE. 


653 


Barometer,   29.70;  air,  46^ 


Barometer,   29.80;   air,  46' 


Barometer,   30.01;   air,   48' 


Winds : 
Winds : 
Winds : 
Winds: 
Winds : 

water,   44°. 

water,  49°. 

water,   50°. 

water,  48°. 


July  5.     Lat..41°  43'  S.;  long.  8°  33'  W.    Barometer,  29.35;  air,  45°;  water,  49°. 
NW.  to  W.NW.     Fine  breezes,  with  occasional  squalls. 

July  6.     Lat.  43°  04'  S.;  long.  2°  44'  W.    Barometer,  29.30;  air,  44°;  water,  46°. 
W.NW.     Fresh,  with  squalls  of  rain,  hail,  and  sleet. 

July  7.     Lat.  43°  33'  S.;  long.  2°  41'  E.     Barometer,  29.67;  air,  38°;  water,  44°. 
W.  to  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes,  with  constant  hail,  sleet,  and  snow  squalls. 

July  8.     Lat.  43°  56'  S.;  long.  7°  25'  E.     Barometer,  29.85;  air,  43°;  water,  43°. 
NW.  and  N.     Fine  breezes  and  clear  weather;  sea  smooth. 

July  9.     Lat.  43°  34'  S. ;  long.  14°  01'  E.     Barometer,  29.78;  air,  46°;  water,  44°. 
NE.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  10.      Lat.  44°  53'  S.;  long.   17°  40'  E. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  S.SW.     Light  and  variable. 

July  11.     Lat.  44°  00'  Si;   long.  24°  28'  E. 
Winds:  S.SW.     Light;  a  damp  hazy  atmosphere. 

July  12.     Lat.  43°  49'  S.;   long.   28°  35'  E. 
Winds:  NW.  to  S.SE.     Light  bafSing  air  and  pleasant. 

July  13.     Lat.  43°  57'  S.;   long.  30°  20'  E.     Barometer,   29.85;   air,  47°; 
Winds :  NE.  to  S.     Light  and  variable ;  weather  pleasant. 

July  14.  Lat.  44°  21'  S.;  long.  33°  31'  E.  Barometer,  29.66;  air,  50°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  First  part,  light  air  and  calms;  latter  part,  brisk  breezes.  Passed  kelp  in 
small  quantities. 

July  15.  Lat.  45°  39'  S.;  long.  40°  46'  E.  Barometer,  29.40;  air,  50°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Brisk  breezes  and  hazy,  with  light  rain  squalls. 

July  16.  Lat.  46°  48'  S. ;  long.  45°  42'  E.  Barometer,  29.55;  air,  43°;  water,  38°. 
Winds:  E.  by  N.  to  N.     Yariable,'  with  light  rain;  passed  through  large  fields  of  kelp. 

July  17.  Lat.  48°  16'  S.;  long.  50°  54'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  46°;  water,  36°. 
Winds :  NW.     Brisk,  with  thick  foggy  weather  and  light  rain. 

July  18.  Lat.  49°  32'  S. ;  long.  56°  53'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  44°;  water,  37°. 
Winds:  E.  by  N.  to  NW.     Brisk  breezes,  with  light  rain,  and  thick  misty  weather. 

July  19.  Lat.  50°  34'  S.;  long.  62°  58'  E.  Barometer,  29.15;  air,  42°;  water,  35°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  moderate,  with  dense  fog  and  damp  weather. 

July  20.  Lat.  50°  52'  S.;  long.  69°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.28;  air,  38°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.NW.    Moderate  and  strong,  with  snow  squalls;  pleasant  during  the  intervals. 

July  21.  Lat.  50°  50'  S.;  long.  76°  39'  E.  Barometer,  29.38;  air,  32°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Fresh,  with  occasional  violent  snow  squalls. 

July  22.  Lat.  50°  44'  S.;  long.  82°  53'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  33°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  SW.     Brisk  breezes  and  pleasant,  with  occasional  snow  and  hail  squalls. 

July  23.  Lat.  50°  42'  S.;  long.  87°  39'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  41°;  water,  36°. 
Winds :  NW.  to  NE.     Moderate  and  light,  with  pleasant  weather. 

July  24.     Lat.   50°  42'  S.;   long.  95°  45'  E.     Barometer,   29.25;   air,  42°;   water,   38°. 
Variable  and  cloudy,  with  snow  squalls. 
Lat.  52°  56'  S. ;   long.   99°  25'  E.     Barometer,   29.45;   air,   40°;   water,   36°. 
First  part,  strong  breezes  and  clear;  latter  part,  light  breezes  and  snow  squalls. 


Winds:  E.NB. 

July  25. 
Winds:  E.NE. 

July  26. 
Winds:  E.NE. 


Lat.  54°  32'  S.;  long.   105°  49'  E.     Barometer,   29.52;  air,   38°;  water,  35°. 
Thick  disagreeable  weather,  with  constant  rain  squalls. 


654  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

July  27.  Lat.  55^  28'  S.j  long.  112°  29'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  38°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  NE.  Squally,  rainy  weather;  the  westerly  winds  which  we  were  led  to  expect  in  these 
latitudes  have  sadly  disappointed  us,  this  being  the  fourth  day  the  wind  has  been  to  the 
eastward;  hope  soon  to  have  a  change,  or  we  shall  be  on  a  cruise  to  verify  Lieutenant  Wilkes' 
discoveries  in  the  South  Atlantic  ocean. 

July  28.  Lat.  55°  49' S. ;  long.  118°  45'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  38°;  water,  36°- 
Winds:  N.     Disagreeable  rainy,  foggy  weather. 

July  29.  Lat.  53°  55'  S. ;  long.  123°  49'  E.  Barometer,  29.48;  air,  42°;  water,  37°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Fresh  breezes,  with  thick  foggy  weather,  hard  squalls,  and  a  high  sea. 

July  30.  Lat.  50°24'S.;  long.  131°  52'  E.  Barometer,  29.35;  air,  44°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.  to  SW.     Strong,  steady  breezes  and  cloudy.     Ship  mahing  16  hmts  by  log. 

July  31.  Lat.  46°  48'  S.;  long.  134°  29'  E.  Barometer,  29.74:  air,  46°;  water,  46°. 
Fine  steady  winds;  pleasant  weather. 

■    August  1.     Lat.  43°  09'  S;   long.  137°  38'  E.     Barometer,  29.90;    air,  50°;   water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  and  W.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

August  2.  Lat.  40°  19' S. ;  long.  141°  40' E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  55°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  and  SW.  Light  and  pleasant.  At  1  p.  m.  made  Cape  Otway  light,  bearing 
N.NE.,  twenty  miles  distant;  at  12  m.  took  a  pilot  just  outside  the  head  of  Port  Philip;  at  8 
p.  m.  dropped  anchor  in  Hobson's  bay — 75  days. 


TO   AUSTRALIA — JULY. 


655 


From  the  lAne  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


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25°  S. 

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»  / 

1  40  E. 
22  00  W. 

13  50 

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5  00  E. 

3  50  W. 
11  40 

16  30 

2  40 

7  00  E. 

4  30  W. 
11  54 

3  20 
27  20 
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7  50 
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27  00 

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23 

John  Bertram 

19 

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Navigator 

23 

Escort I 

24 

H.  R.Patell 

27 

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26 

20 

22 

19 

24 

23 

Talbot 

26 
20 

31 

26 

31 

Akbar.... 

18 
23 
30 
30 

Eastof26' 

23  34 

25  19 

27  16 

28  53 

29  27 

27  51 

20  48 

4  06 

35  36 

22.2 

West  of  26° 

28  42 

30  49 

32  03 

33  13 

34  00 

31  25 

25  39 

14  11 

37  10 

23.7 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  "  Terror,^ ^  (R.  H.  Waters,  captain,)  from  Boston  to  Australia,  1855. 

July  3,  1855.  Lat.  7°  09'  S.;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.25.  Winds:  S.SE.  Fair 
weather;  made  aboard  to  the  eastward. 

July  4.  Lat.  7°  12'  S.;  long.  32°  54'  W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Wind:  S.  by  E.  Strong 
and  squally.     Stood  20  hours  to  the  eastward. 

July  5.  Lat.  8°  16' S. ;  long.  33°  20' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Wind:  S.SE.  Fresh  and 
cloudy.     Stood  8  hours  to  the  eastward. 

July  6.  Lat.  10°42'S.;  long.  34°  21' W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Wind:  SE.  Fresh  and 
fair  weather. 

July  7.  Lat.  13°  30'  S. ;  long.  35°  05'  W.  Barometer,  30.30.  Wind:  E.SE.  Moderate 
and  brisk. 

July  8.  Lat.  16°  16'  S.;  long.  34°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  E.SE.  to  S.SE; 
Moderate  and  brisk. 

July  9.  Lat.  17°  29'  S.;  long.  34°  34'  W.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  E.  to  N.  Gentle, 
ending  calm. 


656  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

July  10.     Lat.  18°  47' S.;    long.  33°  58' W.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:   N.,  NW.,  and 
SW.     Light  airs  and  calm. 

July  11.     Lat.  19°  55'  S. ;   long.  32°  12'  W.     Barometer,  30.50.     Winds:    SW.  to  S.SW. 
Gentle  airs;  ends,  brisk  breezes  and  pleasant. 

July  12.     Lat.  21°  53' S.  long.  30°  38' W.    Barometer,  30.50.    Winds:  SW.  by  S.    Brisk 
and  cloudy;  squally  weather. 

July  13.     Lat.   22°08'S.;    long.  27°  55' W.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:    SW.  by  S.  to 
S.SE.     Fresh  squalls  and  a  heavy  head  sea. 

July  14.     Lat.    23°  00'  S.;   long.   27°   14' W.     Barometer,  30.43.     Winds:  S.SE.   to  S. 
Cloudy  and  squally,  with  rain. 

July  15.     Lat.  24°  10'  S.;  long.  28°  43'  W.    Barometer,  30.45.  Winds:  S.  to  SE.    Cloudy 
and  squally,  with  rain. 

July  16.     Lat.  26°  44'  S.;  long.   27°  20'  W-     Barometer,   30.40.     Winds:   E.  by  S.   to 
E.NE.     Freshening  and  cloudy. 

July  17.     Lat.  29°  57'  S.;  long.  24°  50'  W.     Barometer,  30.25.    Winds:  N.NE  to  N.NW. 
Fresh  gales  and  cloudy;  squally  weather,  with  rain. 

July  18.     Lat.  32°  28'  S.;  long.  22°  20'  W.     Barometer,  30.30.     Winds:  W.NW.  to  W. 
Fresh;  ending  light. 

July  19.     Lat.  33°  50'  S.;  long.  21°  18'  W.     Barometer,  30.30.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  NW. 
Light  and  cloudy. 

July  20.     Lat.  36°  14'  S. ;    long.  19°  51' W.     Barometer,  30.25.     Winds:    SW.   by  W. 
Fresh  and  cloudy,  with  rain  squalls. 

July  21.     Lat.  38°  56'  S. ;  long.  16°  51'  W.     Barometer,  30.00.     Winds:  SW.  to  W.SW. 
Moderate  and  fresh  gales;  ends,  squally. 

July  22.     Lat.  40°  16'  S. ;  long.  14°  25'  W.     Barometer,  29.50.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  SW. 
by  W.     Fresh  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  hail  and  rain;  a  bad  sea;  ship  hove  to. 

July  23.     Lat.  41°  41'  S.;  long.  12°  33'  W.     Barometer,  29.85.     Winds:   NW.  to  N.NE. 
Strong  gales  and  a  high  sea;  cloudy,  rainy  weather. 

July  24.     Lat.  42°  23'  S.;  long.  8°  04'  W.     Barometer,   29.40.     Wind:  N.NW.,  blowing 
a  perfect  hurricane.     Hail  and  sleet;  a  high,  confused  sea;  hove  to  under  bare  poles. 

July  25.     Lat.  42°  14'  S.;  long.  5°  44'  W.     Barometer,  29.25.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW. 
and  W.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 

July  26.     Lat.  41°  45'  S.;  long.  3°  37'  W.     Barometer,  30.65.     Winds:  W.,  W.SW.  and 
SW.     Light;  ends,  brisk  and  cloudy. 

July  27.     Lat.  42°  09'  g.;  long.  00°  55'  W.     Barometer,  30.60.     Winds:  W.,  E.NE.,  and 
N.NE.     Weather  the  same. 

July  28.     Lat.  42°  40' S. ;    long.  4°  30' E.     Barometer,  30.65.     Winds:   N.NE.   to  NW. 
Fresh  gales  and  cloudy. 

July  29.     Lat.  43°  09'  S. ;  long.  9°  07'  E.     Barometer,  30.60.     Winds:  NW.     Fresh  gales 
and  cloudy,  unable  to  carry  sail  on  account  of  the  weakness  of  the  spars. 

July  30.     Lat.  43°  38'  S.;  long.  14°  00' E.     Barometer,  30.45.    Winds:  NW.    Fresh  gales 
and  cloudy. 

July  31.     Lat.  43°  39'  S. ;  long.  17°  58'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:  N.  to  NE.    Fresh 
and  cloudy;  ends,  moderate. 


TO    AUSTRALIA JULY.  657 

August  1.     Lat.  44°  29'  S. ;  long.  22°  20'  E.     Barometer,  30. 00.     Winds :  NE.     Fresh  gales 
and  cloudy. 

August  2.     Lat.  44°50'S.;   long.   26°  14'  E.     Barometer,  29.30.     Winds:   NE.     Strong 
gales  and  large  sea,  squally  and  rainy. 

August  3.     Lat.   45°  00' S.;  long.    30°  27' E.     Barometer,  29.55.     Winds:  N.   and  NW. 
Moderate,  with  hail  and  snow  squalls. 

August  4.     Lat.  45°  00'  S. ;  long.  34°  36'  E.     Barometer,  29. 70.     Winds :  N W.  to  W.  by  N. 
Light  and  moderate,  with  snow;  a  large  sea. 

August  5.     Lat.  45°  28'  S. ;  long.  36°  41'  E.     Barometer,  29.00.     Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.NE. 
Hard  puffs,  threatening  weather;  ends,  strong  gales. 

August  6.     Lat.  45°  14'  S. ;  long.  41°  19'  E.     Barometer,  29.65.     Winds:  NW.  by  N.  to  N. 
Fresh  gales  and  thick  squally  weather. 

August  7.     Lat.  45°  17'  S.;  long.  45°  05'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:   N.   to  E.NE. 
Wind  moderating;  ends,  calm. 

Augusts.     Lat.  45°  39'  S.;  long.  48°   29'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:  E.  to  N.NE. 
Calm;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  and  foggy. 

August  9.     Lat.  45°  00'  S.;  long.  53°  30'  E.     Barometer,  30.20.     Winds:  N.NE.   Strong, 
thick,  and  foggy;  saw  kelp. 

August  10.     Lat.  44°  49'  S.;  long.  58°  30'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:  N.NE.  to  SW. 
Fresh  and  cloudy. 

August  11.     Lat.  44°  36'  S. ;  long.  63°  31'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:  SW.  to  NW. 
by  W.     Strong  unsteady  gales,  and  cloudy. 

August  12.     Lat.  44°  23'  S.;  long.  68°  37'  E.     Barometer,  30.50.     Winds:  W.SW.  to  W. 
Fresh  gales  and  passing  clouds. 

August  13.     Lat.  44°  24'  S.;  long.  73°  53'  E.     Barometer,  30.40.     Winds:  W.SW.  Fresh 
gales  and  cloudy,  a  high  sea;  ends,  moderating. 

August  14.     Lat.  44°  18'  S.;  long.  78°  30'  E.     Barometer,  30.00.     Winds:  W.  to  NW.  by 
W.     Fresh  gales,  with  fog,  and  slight  rain. 

August  15.     Lat.  44°  08'  S.;  long.  84°  00'  E.     Barometer,  30.00.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.SW. 
Strong  gales,  heavy  clouds,  and  large  SW.  sea. 

August  16.     Lat.    44°  04'  S.;    long.    86°   03'  E.     Barometer,  30.00.     Winds:  W.SW.  to 
W.NW,     Heavy  gales  and  a  high  sea;  hove  to  in  the  night. 

August  17.     Lat.  43°  59'  S. ;  long.  89°  10'  E.     Barometer,  29.50.     Winds:  NW.  to  W.SW. 
Heavy  gales  and  hard  squalls,  with  hail. 

August  18.     Lat.  43°  33' S. ;  long.  93°  50'  E.     Barometer,  29.80.     Winds:  SW.  to  S.SW. 
The  same. 

August  19.     Lat.  43°  20'  S. ;  long.  97°  15'  E.      Barometer,  30.00.      Winds:  S.SW.      More 
moderate. 

August  20.     Lat.   43°   16'  S.;  long.    100°  30' E.     Barometer,  29.90.     Winds:  W.SW.  to 
W.NW.     Light  and  smooth,  squally,  with  snow. 

August  21.     Lat.    43°    15'  S. ;  long.    104°    50'  E.     Barometer,  29.70.     Winds:  NW.    to 
S.SW.     Strong  gales  and  heavy  rain  and  sleet  squalls. 

August  22.     Lat.  43°  15'   S.;  long.    109°  30'  E.     Barometer,  29.30.     Winds:  W.SW.  to 
W.NW.     The  same  a%  above. 
VOL.   II 83 


658  WIND  AND  CURKENT  CHARTS. 

August  23.  Lat.  42°  50'  S.;  long.  113°  30'  E.  Barometer,  30.30.  AVinds:  S.SW.  to  S. 
More  moderate. 

August  24.  Lat.  42°  46'  S.;  long.  117°  02'  E.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  S.SW.  to  W. 
Moderate,  gentle,  and  passing  clouds. 

August  25.  Lat.  42°  46' S.;  long.  121°  12' E.  Barometer,  30.50.  Winds:  W.  to  W. 
by  N.     Moderate  and  cloudy. 

August  26.  Lat.  42°  20'  S. ;  long.  126°  04' E.  Barometer,  29.90.  Winds:  W.  Fresh 
gales. 

August  27.  Lat.  41°  36'  S.;  long.  130°  00'  E.  Barometer,  30.30.  Winds:  SW.  to  S.SE. 
Moderating. 

August  28.  Lat.  41°  16'  S.;  long.  132°  25'  E.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  SE.  to  N. 
Light  and  calm;  latter  part,  fresh  puffs. 

August  29.  Lat.  40°  31'  S. ;  long.  137°  06' E.  Barometer,  30.40.  Winds:  N.  Fresh 
breezes,  clear  and  smooth. 

August  30.  Lat.  40°  24'  S.;  long.  140°  45'  E.  Barometer,  30.30.  Winds:  N.  Brisk, 
clear,  and  pleasant. 

August  31.  Lat.  39°  40'  S.;  long.  141°  45'  E.  Barometer,  30.10.  Winds:  N.  by  E.  to 
N.NE.     Fresh  gales  and  thick  cloudy  weather. 

September  1.  Lat.  39°  07'  S.;  long.  143°  18'  E.  Barometer,  30.20.  Winds:  N.NE.  to 
N.NW.     Light  airs,  clear;  made  Cape  Otway,  bearing  NE. 

September  2.  Winds:  N.NE.  Light  and  calm;  beating  up  for  the  entrance;  at  11.30 
a.  m.,  received  a  pilot;  entered  the  heads  and  anchored.  I  should  have  made  the  passage 
eight  or  ten  days  sooner,  had  I  not  been  obliged  to  heave  to  on  five  different  occasions. 


4kJ 


TO   AUSTRALIA AUGUST. 


659 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. — August. 


£  i 

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be  £C 

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LONOITDDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF— 

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Days. 

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August  5 
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12  30 
21  50 

30  00 
32  50 
27  00 
37  10 

25  30 
37  20 

27  40 

28  20 

29  20 
28  00 

0     / 

23  00 
21  00 
26  00 

24  50 
23  30 
17  20 

29  30 
35  45 
26  30 

20  15 
26  10 

30  30 

8  20 
10  30 

9  00 

26  20 

27  50 
16  40 
33  20 

21  50 
33  00 
20  45 

23  10 

24  00 

25  10 

2  19 

8  50 

11  40 
10  00 

3  00  E. 
.  6  00 

26  40  W. 
33  10 

6  30 

3  00  E. 

23  50  W. 

24  00 

5  52  E. 
3  00 

3  30 

6  00  W. 
14  30 

9  55 
24  20 

4  40  E. 
3  50  W. 

12  00 
19  00 

13  40 
13  00 

o    / 

35  00 

36  00 

37  30 
36  40 
34  50 

34  30 
49  30 

40  00 

35  20 
33  40 

41  20 
43  30 

32  00 

33  40 
32  25 

36  40 

38  05 

39  00 
38  30 

35  30 

36  00 

36  50 

37  00 

38  50 
36  20 

23 

18 

29 

Sarah 

26 

George 

21 

Do 

21 

Gertrude 

24 

Hamlet „ . 

31 

Gabella 

24 

Tarolinta 

26 

27 

Antelope 

22 

Roland 

19  9 

Panther 

22 

30 

22 

Cato 

29 

Miltiades 

22 

Inca , 

20 

Candace , 

Liverpool  Packet 

24 

28 
33 
25 

18 

31 

Means  of  crossings  east  of  26". . . 

22  26 

25  01 

27  24 

28  55 

30  07 

28  08 

22  26 

5  08 

35  49 

24.2 

Means  of  crossings  west  of  26° . 

29  17 

31  35 

33  18 

34  18 

33  20 

31  08 

26  39 

22  46 

41  20 

25.8 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  ^^  Miltiades,"  (John  Henry,  captain,)  from  Liverpool  to  Melbourne ; 
41  days  out. 

"August  22,  1852.     Lat.  8°  36'  S.;  long.  26°  20'  W.     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  79°;  water, 
64°.     Winds:  S.SE.,  fresh. 

August  23.     Lat.  11°  27'  S.;  long.  28°  15'  W.     Barometer,  29.96;  air,  76°;  water,   64°. 
Winds:  S.SE.,  strong. 

August  24.     Lat.  14°  16' S.;  long.   29°  44'  W.     Barometer,  29.90;  air,  78°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.,  strong  and  very  squally. 

August  25.     Lat.  16°  44'  S.;  long.  31°  00'  W.     Barometer,  29.86;  air,  73°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  very  squally. 

August  26.     Lat.  18°  46' S.;  long.  31°  52    W.     Barometer,    29.80;  air,   70°;  water,   66°- 
Winds:  SE.,  fresh  and  squally. 

August  27.     Lat.  20°  07'  S.;  long.   32°  06'  W.     Barometer,  29.93;  air,  72°;  water,  65°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  and  E.,  light. 

August  28.     Lat.  20°  44'  S.;  long.  31°  56'  W.     Barometer,   29.94;  air,    73°;  water,    64°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  E.,  light. 

August  29.     Lat.  22°  57' S.;  long.  30°  15' W.     Barometer,    29.88;  air,   76°;  water,   63°. 
Winds:  NE.,  light. 


660  WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

August  30.     Lat.  24°49'S.;  long.  28°  18'  W.     Barometer,   29.90;  air,   79°;  water,   62°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  N.NW.;  fresh,  sultry  weather. 

August  31.     Lat.  26°  50'  S. ;  long.  26°  14'  W.     Barometer,   29.88;  air,  78°;  water,   64°. 
Winds:  N.NW.,  steady,  and  clear. 

September  1.  Lat.  29°  03'  S. ;  long.  23°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  air,  76°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  W.NW.,  strong. 

September  2.  Lat.  29°  21'  S. ;  long.  19°  11'  W.  Barometer,  29.92;  air,  72°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  SW.,  strong. 

September  3.  Lat.  29°  45'  S. ;  long.  17°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  71°;  water,  65°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  SW. 

September  4.  Lat.  31°  00'  S. ;  long.  15°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  73°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  W.  to  N.,  light. 

September  5.  Lat.  33°  07'  S.;  long.  12°  39'  W.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  72°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  to  SW.,  strong;  rain  at  intervals. 

September  6.  Lat.  35°  00'  S.;  long.  9°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  air,  68°;  water,  61°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.,  strong. 

September  7.  Lat.  36°  26'  S.;  long.  6°  19'  W.  Barometer,  29.74;  air,  60°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  W.SW.,  strong  with  hail. 

September  8.  Lat.  37°  34'  S. ;  long.  2°  35'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  59°;  water,  59°. 
Winds :  WSW.  to  SW. ;  strong  gales,  hail  at  intervals,  a  heavy  rolling  sea.  Broke  the  marine 
thermometer. 

September  9.     Lat.  38°  59'  S.;  long.  00°  54'  E.     Barometer,  29.74.     Wind:  NW. 

September  10.  Lat.  40°  54'  S.;  long.  4°  30.  E.  Barometer,  29.76.  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
NW.,  fresh;  a  heavy  swell  from  the  SW. 

September  11.     Lat.  42°  05'  S.;  long.  7°  52'  E.     Barometer,  29.74.   Winds:  NW.,  strong. 

September  12.  Lat.  43°  26'  S.;  long.  12°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.78.  Winds:  N.NW., 
moderate,  damp,  cold  weather. 

September  13.  Lat.  43°  24'  S. ;  long.  14°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.74.  Winds:  NW.  to  W. 
Begins  fresh  winds  and  raining,  ends  light;  weather,  cold  and  damp. 

September  14.  Lat.  43°  48'  S.;  long.  18°  20' E.  Barometer,  29.72.  Winds:  SW.  Cold, 
disagreeable  weather. 

September  15.  Lat.  43°  42'  S.;  long.  21°  00'  B.  Barometer,  29.70.  Winds:  SW.,  light, 
and  very  cold. 

September  16.  Lat.  44°  13'  S.;  long.  23°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.68.  Winds:  W.;  very 
cold,  damp  weather. 

September  17.  Lat.  44°  37'  S.;  long.  27°  37'  E.  Barometer,  29.54.  Winds:  W.SW.;  a 
dreadful  heavy  sea  from  the  W.SW. 

September  18.  Lat.  44°  37' S. ;  long.  32°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.54.  Winds:  W.SW., 
strong  gales. 

September  19.  Lat.  44°  28'  S.;  long.  37°  02'  E.  Barometer,  29.50  Winds:  W.  by  N. 
to  W.SW.;  strong  gales  and  passing  showers  of  rain  and  sleet. 

September  20.  Lat.  45°  05'  S.;  long.  41°  27'  E.  Barometer,  29.57.  Winds:  NW., 
strong  and  squally. 

September  21.  Lat.  45°  50' S. ;  long.  46°  06'  E.  Barometer,  29.62.  Winds:  N.NW.; 
strong  gales,  squally,  disagreeable  Weather. 


TO   AUSTRALIA — AUGUST.  661 

September  22.  Lat.  46°  05°.  S. ;  long.  50°  07°  E.  Barometer,  29.47.  Winds:  W.NW. 
to  NW. ;  strong  gales;  cold  weather,  with  snow. 

September  23.  Lat.  46°  38'  S. ;  long.  54°  12°  E.  Barometer,  29.13.  Winds:  N.  by  W. 
and  N. ;  strong  hard  squalls.  At  8  p.  m.,  made  the  Island  of  Crozets,  bearing  NE.  about  three 
miles,  lat.  46°  12'  S. ;  long.  50°  40'  E. 

September  24.  Lat.  46°  32' S.;  long.  57°  00' E.  Barometer,  29.13.  Winds:  NW.  to 
W.SW.     Begins  light,  ends  strong,  with  snow  squalls. 

September  25.  Lat.  46°  05'  S. ;  long.  61°  37'  E.  Barometer,  29.13.  Winds:  W.  to 
W.SW.;  strong  gales,  with  hail;  a  confused,  heavy  sea. 

September  26.  Lat.  45°06'S.;  long.  66°  40' E.  Barometer,  29.10.  Winds:  SW.  Strong 
winds;  bitter  cold;  snow  and  hail. 

September  27.  Lat.  43°  59' S. ;  long.  70°  26' E.  Barometer,  29.20.  Winds:  SW.  Strong 
gales,  with  snow  and  hail. 

September  28.  Lat.  44°  00'  S.;  long.  74°  17'  E.  Barometer,  29.19.  Winds:  W.SW.  to 
NW.     Moderating;  cold,  damp  weather. 

September  29.  Lat.  44°  00' S. ;  long.  78°  51' E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  40°.  Winds: 
NW. ;  light,  and  moderate;  weather  very  disagreeable;  snow  and  hail  at  intervals. 

September  30.  Lat.  44°  27'  S.;  long.  83°  47' E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  39°.  Wind: 
W.NW.     Moderate,  with  rain  at  intervals. 

October  1.  Lat.  43°52'S.;  long.  88°  14' E.  Barometer,  29.18;  air,  ^41°.  Winds:  W. 
NW.  and  NW.     Squally,  with  hail. 

October  2.  Lat.  43° 45' S.;  long.  93°  11' E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  40°.  Winds:  NW. 
Heavy  rolling  sea  from  SW. 

October  3.  Lat.  42°  44'  S. ;  long.  96°  42' E.  Barometer,  29.15;  air,  39°.  Winds:  W.SW. 
Heavy  sea,  with  rain  and  snow. 

October  4.  Lat.  42°  55'  S.;  long.  101°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.17;  air,  39°.  Winds:  W. 
SW.     Strong  gales,  and  hazy. 

October  5.  Lat.  43°  24'  S.;  long.  105°  39'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  41°.  Winds:  W. 
Strong  gales;  with  light  rain. 

October  6.  Lat.  43°  35' S. ;  long.  109°  30' E.  Barometer,  29.54;  air,  44°.  Winds:  W. 
NW.     Heavy  rain  squalls. 

October  7.  Lat.  43°27'S.;  long.  114°  21' E.  Barometer,  29.74;  air,  43°.  Winds:  W.SW. 
to  SW.     Heavy  snow  squalls. 

October  8.  Lat.  43°  22'S.;  long.  118°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  41°.  Winds:  W.SW. 
to  S.SW.     Heavy  snow  and  hail  showers. 

October  9.  Lat.  43°  46'  S. ;  long.  122°  50' E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  43°.  Winds:  SW. 
Strong;  weather  more  mild. 

October  10.  Lat.  43°  5»' S. ;  long.  127°  30' E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  45°.  Winds: 
SW.     Weather  mild. 

October  11.  Lat.  42°  55'  S.;  long.  131°  53'  E.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  46°.  Winds:  S. 
SW.  to  S.     Clear  weather. 

October  12.  Lat.  41°59'S.;  long.  136°  04' E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  48°.  Winds:  S. 
to  W.  byN.     Clear  weather. 

October  13.  Lat.  40°36'S.;  long.  140°  30' E.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  50°.  Winds: 
W.NW.     Strong,  fine  weather;  ends  squally. 


662 


WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


October  14.     Lat.  39°  48' S. ;   long.  143°  52' E.     Barometer,  29.90, •    temperature  of  air, 
49°.     Wind:  NW. ;  strong,  hazy,  and  squally. 

October  15.     At  4  a.   m.  made  King's  island,   Bass'  straits;  Cape  Otway  N.  by  E.;  the 

wind  came  from  the  NE. ;  beat  up  for  the  land.     At  daylight  made  land  north  of  Cape  Otway; 

wind  hauled  to  SW. ;  ran  up  the   coast.     At  2  p.  m.  ran  into  and  passed  the  anchorage  off 

Shortland's  Bluff;  no  pilot  offering,  I  kept  on.     At  5  p.  m.  clear  of  all  danger  and  safely  into 

Port  Philip.     Started   with  308  government  emigrants  on  board;  twelve  children  under  one 

year  of  age  died  during  the  voyage,   thirteen  were  born;  thus  landing  one  more  than  we  took 

on  board." 

JOHN  HENRY. 

From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. 


Hellander 

George 

Vancouver  . ... 

Ann  Maria 

George 

Hanover 

George 

Wizard 

Restitution  . . . . 
Monterey. . .... 

Rapid 

Great  Britain  . . 

Arabella 

Cohota 

Vision 

Alert 

Josiah  Bradlee. 

Elizabeth 

N.  B.  Palmer  . . 

Congress 

Tsar 

Hurricane 

Siri 

Auckland 


Means  of  crossings  east  of  26". 
Means  of  crossings  west  of  26° 


Sept.  14 
20 
12 
16 
14 
19 
10 
7 
2 
19 
10 
4 


•a  S 

■as? 


29  50 
23  15 
23  30 

22  00 

26  00 

23  05 

27  40 

28  40 

21  20 

25  30 

29  00 
23  25 

22  30 

23  40 

26  15 

29  40 
28  15 
21  00 
33  20 
19  20 
28  30 
18  40 
31  00 

30  40 


LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALELLS  OF — 


s-s. 


30  40 

26  00 
26  40 

26  20 

27  00 
30  20 
32  15 
30  00 

26  20 

28  20 

32  50 

27  50 
25  20 

30  00 

29  00 

31  40 

30  00 
24  30 

33  00 
23  00 

28  50 
20  00 

31  50 

32  20 


26  13 


30  47 


33  40 

28  10 

29  00 
29  00 

26  00 
31  40 

34  30 

31  20 

27  40 

29  50 
S2  20 

30  00 
27  00 
33  00 

32  20 

33  40 

31  00 
26  00 

34  00 
25  10 
29  35 
23  20 
33  20 

32  15 


34  50 

29  00 

30  30 

31  00 

28  30 

32  50 
31  40 

33  10 

29  50 

30  00 
37  00 
3B  20 
29  10 

35  40 

33  50 

34  20 

31  40 
28  25 
34  00 

28  20 

29  30 
25  50 

36  10 

30  40 


20°  S. 


33  00 

27  30 

30  30 

33  iJO 

28  00 

31  00 

28  50 

34  00 

29  30 
26  20 
34  10 
31  00 
29  00 
34  20 

33  10 

34  30 

31  20 
29  30 
29  30 
28  20 
28  30 
28  10 

35  00 

32  40 


31  53 


25°  S. 


31  00 

25  30 

28  00 
33  00 

26  00 

30  00 
21  20 

33  30 

27  00 
23  40 
26  10 

31  20 

23  10 

28  00 

29  10 

30  30 
30  50 

29  40 

25  00 

24  30 

26  45 

25  50 

30  40 

34  00 


27  28 


28  44 


29  00 
18  50 
22  00 

28  30 
22  00 

27  00 
18  10 

30  00 
22  00 

20  20 

14  30 

29  30 
17  40 
17  50 
29  00 
26  00 

28  10 
22  00 

21  30 
24  15 
26  30 

15  00 
28  10 
33  30 


25  32 


35°  S. 


4  40 

3  40 
9  50 

24  00 

4  30 
15  00 

3  15 
15  30 

13  00 
3  00 
2  20 

29  40 

14  20 

1  00 

2  00  E. 
11  COW. 

3  00 
6  40 

13  15 

0  40E. 

9  40W. 
10  00 E. 
19  30W. 
28  00 


50 


(\  -^  si 
«  S  I 


37  20 

35  30 

36  50 
40  00 

36  00 

37  10 

36  10 

38  CO 

37  00 
37  10 

37  00 
50  40 

38  00 
36  30 

34  20 

39  00 

36  10 

35  35 

37  30 
34  50 
37  00 
31  40 
39  20 
53  15 


Days. 


27 
19 
16 
25 
22 
23 
26 
16 
27 
25 
19 
18 
24 
23 
28 
23 
22 
23 
20 
25 
24 
18 
24 
33 


23.6 


Abstract  log  of  the  ship  "  Great  Britain^^^  Captain  B.  R.  Mathews,  from  Liverpool  to  Port 
Philip,  Australia;  23  days  out. 

" September  6,  1853.  Lat.  5°  12' S.;  long.  27°  47' W.  Air,  80°;  water,  76°.  Winds: 
fresh  from  S.SE.     Fair  weather;  run  217  miles. 

September  7.  Lat.  8°  19'  S. ;  long.  29°  46' W.  Air,  80°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  S.SE., 
moderate  and  fresh.     Fine  weather;  run  222  miles. 

September  8.  Lat.  11°  23'  S.;  long.  31°  44'  W.  Air,  87°;  water,  72°.  Winds:  S.SE., 
fresh  and  moderate.     Fine  weather;  run  217  miles. 


TO   AUSTEALIA — SEPTEMBER.  663 

September  9.  Lat.  14°  59'  S. ;  long.  32°  21'  W.  Air,  77°;  water,  70°.  Winds:  SB. 
Fresh  and  moderate.     Run  219  miles. 

September  10.  Lat.  18°  13'  S.;  long.  32°  21'  W.  Air,  72°;  water,  72°.  Winds:  E.SE. 
Fresh  and  moderate.     Run  194  miles. 

September  11.  Lat.  21°  07'  S.;  long.  31°  03'  W.  Air,  79°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE. 
Light  and  calm.     Distance  run  189  miles. 

September  12.  Lat.  23°  26'  S. ;  long.  31°  26' W.  Air,  72°;  water,  72°.  Winds:  SE. 
First  part,  light;  latter  part,  strong.     Run  140  miles. 

September  13.  Lat.  26°  45'  S. ;  long.  31°  26'  W.  Air,  68°;  water,  64°.  Winds:  E.  by 
S.     Fresh  and  strong.     Run  199  miles. 

September  14.  Lat.  30°  05' S.;  long.  31°  06' W.  Air,  68°;  water,  64°.  Winds:  E. 
Strong,  fresh,  and  moderate.     Run  201  miles. 

September  15.  Lat.  33°  44'  S.;  long.  29°  26'  W.  Air,  62°;  water,  61°.  Winds:  E.NE. 
Moderate  throughout.     Run  238  miles. 

September  16.  Lat.  37°  26'  S.;  long.  27°  35'  W.  Air,  58°;  water,  56°.  Winds:  NE. 
Fresh  and  strong.     Run  240  miles. 

September  17.  Lat.  41°  16'  S.;  long.  24°  24' W.  Air,  51°;  water,  48°.  Winds:  NE. 
and  E.NE.     Strong  and  squally.     Distance  run,  266  miles. 

September  18.  Lat.  44°  41'  S.;  long.  21°  29'  W.  Air,  49°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  KNE. 
and  N.NW.     Moderate  and  fresh  gales.     Run  249  miles. 

September  19.  Lat.  47°  33'  S. ;  long.  17°  28'  W.  Air,  42°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  W.  and 
N.NW.     Light  and  calm.     Run  241  miles. 

September  20.  Lat.  48°  49' S. ;  long.  13°  38'  W.  Air,  39°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  variable, 
light,  and  calm.     Run  159  miles. 

September  21.  Lat.  49°  45'  S. ;  long.  7°  29'  W.  Air,  39°;  water,  37°.  Winds:  N.NE. 
and  N.NW.     First  part,  light  winds;  latter  part,  moderate  and  fresh  gales.     Run  257  miles. 

September  22.  Lat.  50°  42'  S.;  long.  1°  33' W.  Air,. 36°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  NW. 
Fresh  and  squally;  latter  part,  snow  at  intervals.     Run  236  miles. 

September  23.  Lat.  50°  47'  S. ;  long.  4°  49' E.  Air,  32°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  NW. 
and  W.SW.     Fresh  gales  and  snow  at  intervals.     Run  228  miles. 

September  24.  Lat.  50°  37'  S.;  long.  11°  37'  E.  Air,  32°;  water,  30°.  Winds:  W.SW. 
Fresh  gales  and  squalls  with  snow,  hail,  and  sleet.     Run  272  miles. 

September  25.  Lat.  50°  37'  S.;  long.  18°  39'  E.  Air,  31°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  W.SWw 
Gale  moderating;  snow  showers  at  intervals;  ends,  fine  weather;  sea  going  down.   Run  282  miles. 

September  26.  Lat.  51°  02'  S. ;  long.  25°  07'  E.  Air,  30°;  water,  30°.05.  Winds:  W.  and 
W.NW.  First  part,  moderate;  ends,  fresh  gales  and  squally  with  heavy  snow  showers. 
Run  234  miles. 

September  27.  Lat.  52°  03'  S.;  long.  32°  22'  E.  Air,  31°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  NW.  and 
W.NW.  Fresh  breezes;  weather  frosty,  with  passing  snow  shoAvers;  hazy  at  intervals;  run 
276  miles. 

September  28.  Lat.  52°  01'  S.;  long.  37°  07'  E.  Air,  38°;  water,  32°.  Winds:  NW.  and 
SW.  First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light  winds;  saw  two  ice-bergs  to  the  north- 
ward; run  176  miles. 

September  29.  Lat.  52°  07'  S. ;  long.  44°  04'  E.  Air,  29°;  water,  31°.  Winds:  SW.  and  W. 
First  part,  moderate;  middle  and  latter  parts,  fresh  gales  and  squally,  with  snow;  run  256  miles 


664  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

September  30.  Lat.  53°  46'  S.;  long.  48°  50'  E.  Air,  32°;  water,  30°.  Winds:  W.NW., 
variable,  and  E.SE.  Fresh  and  strong  gales;  very  ugly  weather;  high,  cross,  confused  sea; 
heavy  snow  squalls;  run  199  miles. 

October  1.  Lat.  52°  14'  S.;  long.  52°  01'  E.  Air,  32°;  water,  31°.  Winds:  NE.  and  SW. 
Strong  and  moderate  gales;  high,  cross,  dangerous  sea;  squally,  with  snow;  run  148  miles, 

October  2.  Lat.  50°  48'  S. ;  long.  57°  59'  E.  Air,  33°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  W.  to  E.NE. 
Strong  and  moderate  gales,  and  squally,  with  snow;  sea  very  high,  confused,  and  dangerous; 
distance  run  239  miles. 

October  3.  Lat.  51°  15'  S. ;  long.  63°  36'  E.  Air,  36°;  water  32°.  Winds:  E.  to  W.NW. 
Moderate  gales;  weather  much  improved;  run  214  miles. 

October  4.  Lat.  51°  20'  S.;  long.  70°  25'  E.  Air,  36°;  water,  36°.  Winds:  W.NW.  to 
NE.     Moderate  winds  and  gales;  weather  unsettled;  distance  run  258  miles. 

October  5.  Lat.  51°  09'  S.;  long.  76°  08'  E.  Air,  44°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW.  to 
N.NE.     Strong  breezes  and  unsettled  weather;  distance  run  221  miles. 

October  6.  Lat.  51°  09'  S.;  long.  81°  58'  E.  Air,  39°;  water,  34°.  Winds:  N.NW., 
W.NW.,  and  NE.     Moderate  and  light;  distance  run  215  miles. 

October  7.  Lat.  51°  44'  S.;  long.  90°  05'  E.  Air,  44°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  NE.  and 
N.NE,     Moderate  and  strong;  distance  run  308  miles. 

October  8.  Lat.  51°  40'  S.;  long.  97°  11'  W.  Air,  44°;  water,  45°.  Winds:  N.NE.  to 
NW.     Strong  and  fresh;  distance  run  265  miles. 

October  9.  Lat.  51°  13'  S.;  long.  105°  26' E.  Air,  49°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  N.  and 
NW.     Strong,  fresh,  and  calm;  distance  run  312  miles. 

October  10.  Lat.  50°  15'  S. ;  long.  113°  14'  E.  Air,  39°;  water,  33°.  Winds:  N.  and 
NE.     Fresh,  strong,  and  squally,  with  snow;  distance  run  300  miles. 

October  11.  Lat.  49°  26'  S,;  long.  121°  21'  E.  Air,  46°;  water,  40°.  Winds:  NE.  and 
N.     Strong;  distance  run  318  miles. 

October  12.  Lat.  46°  45'  S.;  long.  127°  31'  E.  Air,  52°;  water,  41°.  Winds:  NW. 
Strong  and  hazy  weather;  distance  run  295  miles. 

October  13.  Lat.  44°  23'  S.;  long.  132°  13'  E.  Air,  58°;  water,  47°.  Winds:  N.NW. 
Moderate  and  light;  distance  run  243  miles. 

October  14.  Lat.  42°  45'  S.;  long.  137°  23'  E.  Air,  48°;  water,  46°.  Winds:  NE. 
Moderate  and  light;  distance  run  245  miles. 

October  15.  Lat.  41°  14'  S.;  long.  141°  27'  E.  Air,  52°;  water,  55°.  Winds:  N.  and 
N.NW.     Moderate  and  fresh,  weather  clear;  distance  run  204  miles. 

October  16.  Lat.  37°  17'  S. ;  long.  144°  39'  E.  Air,  30°;  water,  61°.  Winds:  NW.  to 
SW.     Arrived  at  Port  Philip — 64  days. 


TO    AUSTRALIA — OCTOBER. 


665 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. — October. 


Name. 

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Longitude  of  cros.s- 
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LONGITDDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF— 

Latitude  of  crossing 
the   meridian  of 
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5°  S. 

10°  S. 

15°  S. 

20"  S. 

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37  00 
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19 

Georgian , 

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21 

22 

Gauntlet 

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22 

24 

Annie  Buckman 

24 

Peacock 

18 

17 

19 

26 

Columbia 

29 

George  Lee.. 

26 

Granada 

21 

29 

22 

30 

28 

Means  of  crossings  east  of  26 

21  41 

25  30 

26  55 

27  16 

27  31 

26  86 

23  53 

14  42 

39  36 

25  I 

West  of  26" 

29  24 

31  37 

32  23 

32  46 

30  57 

27  20 

22  57 

14  08 

39  11 

22.3 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  ^^ Flying  Dutchman,"  (A.  Hubbard,  captain,)  from  New  York  to 
Port  Philip,  Australia;  42  days  out. 

"October  28,  1854.     Lat.  9°  39'  S. ;  long.  33°  47'  W.     Barometer,  30.01;  air,  82°;  water, 
80°.     Winds:  E.SE.     Fresh,  weather  fine. 

October  29.     Lat.  14°  03'  S.;  long.  33°  23'  W.     Barometer,  30.01;  air,  82°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.     Fresh  and  puffy. 

October  30.     Lat.  18°  15'  S.;  long.  33°  19'  W.     Barometer,  30.09;  air,  83°;  water,  78°. 
Winds:  B.  by  S.     Moderate  and  variable. 

October  31.     Lat.  22°  33'  S.;  long.  32°  51'  W.     Barometer,  30.07;  air,  81°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Fresh  and  unsteady,  passing  clouds. 

November  1.     Lat.  25°  53'  S.;  long.  30°  39'  W.     Barometer,  30.06;  air,  78°;  water,  72°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  and  N.     Moderate. 

November  2.     Lat.  28°  53'  S.;  long.  30°  39'  W.     Barometer,  29.84;  air,  65°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  N.  to  S.SW.     Strong  breezes,  with  light  rain;  a  heavy  sea  from  the  northward. 

November  3.     Lat.  29°  38'  S.;  long.  28°  32'  W.     Barometer,  29.92;  air,  69°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.     Moderate,  weather  pleasant;  a  long,  high  sea  from  the  SW. 

November  4.     Lat.  30°  53'  S.;  long.  27°  18'  W.     Barometer,  30.02;  air,  72°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  N.  and  N.NE.     Variable. 
VOL.  II 84 


666 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


November  5.     Lat.  34°  29'  S.;  long.  25°  39'  W.     Barometer,  29.77;  air,  65°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Fresh,  with  rain. 

November  6.     Lat.  37°  28'  S.;  long.  23°  10'  W.     Barometer,  29.43;  air,  63°;  water,  59°. 
"Winds:  N.NW.  and  W.     Strong  and  squally,  with  hail  and  rain;  a  high,  irregular  sea. 

November  7.     Lat.  40°  10'  S.;  long.  20°  05'  W.     Barometer,  29.72;  air,  55°;  water,  55|°. 
Winds:  W.     Strong  breezes  and  squally. 

November  8.     Lat.  42°  28'  S.;  long.  15°  29'  W.     Barometer,  29.92;  air,  66°;  water,  52°. 
Winds :  NW.     Fresh  and  clear  weather. 

November  9.     Lat.  44°  21'  S.;  long.  10°  25'  W.     Barometer,  29.93;  air,  51°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  N.NE.     Fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

November  10.  Lat.  45°  46'  S.;  long.  5°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.54;  air,  48°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Strong. 

November  11.  Lat.  46°  49'  S. ;  long.  00°  28'  E.  Barometer,  29.62;  air,  51°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Strong  and  foggy. 

November  12.  Lat.  46°  38'  S. ;  long.  8°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.61;  air,  52°;  water,  44°. 
Winds :  N.NW.  Strong  and  foggy.  At  6  a.  m.  saw  a  small  iceberg  to  the  southward,  another 
to  the  westward,  and  two  to  the  northward.  From  the  appearance  of  these  icebergs,  they 
seem  to  be  fast  melting  away,  indicating,  perhaps,  that  they  might  not  be  found  much  further 
north;  to  avoid  coming  in  contact  with  the  one  ahead,  we  were  obliged  to  alter  our  course. 

November  13.  Lat.  46°  23'  S.;  long.  14°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  49°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  NW.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

November  14.  Lat.  46°  43'  S.;  long.  20°  32'  E.  Barometer,  29.66;  air,  52°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  NW.,  N.NW.,  and  W.SW.     Strong. 

November  15.  Lat.  46°  36'  S. ;  long.  27°  06'  E.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  42°;  water,  42° 
Winds:  W.SW.  and  W.     Fresh  and  unsteady. 

November  16.  Lat.  46°  49'  S.;  long.  33°  06'  E.  Barometer,  29.92;  air,  44°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Moderate. 

November  17.  Lat.  46°  55'  S.;  long.  37°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.79;  air,  50°;  water,  43°. 
Winds :  NW.  by  W.     Moderate  and  cloudy,  with  occasional  light  squalls  of  rain  and  snow. 

November  18.  Lat.  46°  39'  S.;  long.  44°  07'  E.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  39°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  Fresh  and  passing  clouds.  At  meridian  made  Grand  island,  (Prince  Edward's 
group) — passed  to  the  southward  of  it. 

November  19.  Lat.  46°  45'  S.;  long.  49°  58'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  45°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  NW.    Moderate  gales,  with  snow  and  sleet. 

November  20.  Lat.  46°  00'  S.;  long.  56°  36'  E.  Barometer,  29.19;  air,  43°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  NW. 

November  21. 
Winds:  W.NW. 

November  22. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W. 

November  23.  Lat.  45°  04'  S.;  long.  71°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.47;  air,  49°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  N.  to  NW.  by  W.  Light  winds,  and  unsteady,  cloudy  weather;  a  high,  irregular  sea; 
passed  occasional  bunches  of  kelp. 

November  24.  Lat.  45°  30'  S.;  long.  77°  33'  E.  Barometer,  29.29;  air,  49°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W.     Fresh  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 


Lat.  45°  20'  S.;  long.  63°  25'  E.     Barometer,  29.57;  air,  47°;  water,  46°. 
Lat.  45°  00'  S.;  long.  68°  32'  E.     Barometer,  29.97;  air,  44°;  water,  41°. 


TO  AUSTRALIA — OCTOBER.  667 

November  25.     Lat.  45°  22'  S.;  long.  84°  00'  E.     Barometer,  29.48:  air,  54°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  NW.     Moderate  gales  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

November  26.     Lat.  45°  57' S. ;  long.  90°  07'  E.     Barometer,  29.40;  air,  45°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Strong  and  squally. 

November  27.     Lat.  44°  38'  S.;  long.  95°  47'  E.     Barometer,  29.57;  air,  56°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.  and  W.NW.     Fresh  and  pleasant  weather;  passed  kelp. 

November  28.     Lat.  44°  53'  S.;  long.  101°  41' E.     Barometer,  29.76;  air,  52°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.  to  N.     Strong  breezes  and  squally. 

November  29.     Lat.  44°31'S.;  long.  108°  03' E.     Barometer,  29.76;  air,  53°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  NW.     Fresh;  passed  several  bunches  of  kelp. 

November  30.     Lat.  44°  39'  S.;  long  112°  18'  E.     Barometer,  29.70;  air,  59°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Light  and  passing  clouds;  fine  weather;  passing  bunches  of  kelp. 

December  1.     Lat.  W.  30'  S.;  long.  118°   18'  E.     Barometer,  29.46;  air,  50;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  W.SW.     Strong  and  squally. 

December  2.     Lat.  43°  52'  S.;  long.  124°  40'  E.     Barometer,  29.56;  air,  54°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  NW.     Strong  and  squally. 

December  3.     Lat.  42^  45'  S. ;  long.  130°  39'  E.     Barometer,  29.56;  air,  59°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  NW.     Fresh  and  cloudy. 

December  4.     Lat.  41°  56'  S. ;  long.   134°  58' E;     Barometer,  29.73;  air,  60°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Strong  and  squally. 

December  5.     Lat.  39°  30'  S.;  long.  139°  41'  E.     Barometer,  29.73;  air,  64°;  water,  58°. 
Winds :  NW.  to  W.     Strong,  and  fine  weather. 

December  6.     Lat. ;  long. ;     Barometer,  29.98;  air,  64°;  water,  60°.     Winds: 

W.  and  SW.  Moderate  and  unsteady;  at  3  a.  m.  made  the  land;  at  6  a.  m.  made  Cape 
Otway,  bearing  east,  distant  9  miles;  at  3  p.  m.  received  a  pilot  for  port  Philip;  82  days 
from  New  York. 


668 


THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHARTS. 


From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian. — November, 


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LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 

Latitude  of  crossing 
the  meridian  of 
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Name. 

5°  S. 

10°  S. 

15°  S. 

20°  S. 

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15  30 

26  20 
24  00 
20  00 
33  10 

28  00 

18  40 

13  00 

19  00 
27  50 
27  20 

0  30 
16  00 

3  50 

24  30 
10  20 

2  50 

25  10 

10  15 
22  10 

1  45  E. 
9  00  W. 

14  20 

26  30 

11  00 
1  50 

10  20 
10  50 
13  05 
0  10 

4  20 
18  00 

20  00 
8  10 

31  30 
25  00 

0    / 

44  00 
39  20 

37  50 
43  20 
46  00 
36  00 
41  40 
36  10 

38  00 

38  20 

36  50 

39  00 

40  20 

40  00 

34  30 

38  00 
33  50 

41  10 

39  40 

35  40 
39  20 

37  40 
37  25 
35  10 

35  40 

39  00 

40  20 

36  20 

41  30 

42  20 

24 

Suffolk 

24 

18 

27 

25 

21 

26 

25 

21 

28 

20 

34 

S.  H.  Waterman ••« . 

19 

19 

18 

Flying  Dragon  .... 

19 
21 

Raven 

26 

17 

28 

24 

18 

19 

24 

20 

19 

22 

15 

29 

23 

23  46 

26  24 

28  08 

^  28  58 

28  12 

25  59 

19  46 

6  26 

37  10 

23.4 

Westof26° 

31  23 

32  21 

32  23 

30  50 

27  55 

24  55 

22  05 

15  42 

39  20 

22.2 

Abstract  log  of  the  Ship  '■^Robert  Fatten^''''  (George  S.  Paine,  captain,)  from  St.  John's, 
New  Brunswick,  to  Port  Adelaide,  Australia;  46  days  out. 

' '  November  14,  1856.  Lat.  4°  34'  S. ;  long.  34°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29. 84;  air,  88°;  water, 
82°.  Winds :  SE.  by  E.  and  SE.  Fresh  breezes  and  fine  weather.  At  4  a.  m.  tacked  to  the  NE. 
by  E. ;  Point  Natal  bearing  SW.,  distant  10  miles;  stood  on  this  tack  the  remainder  of  the  24 
hours;  gained  65  miles  of  longitude  and  lost  41  miles  of  latitude. 

November  15.  Lat.  6°  08'  S.;  long.  34°  26' W.  Barometer,  29.84;  air,  84°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  E.NE.  Fresh  gales  and  fine  weather;  middle  and  latter  part,  light  breezes  and 
hazy. 

November  16.  Lat.  7°  18'  S.;  long.  34°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  84°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  Light  breezes  and  pleasant  weather.  This  is  the  fourth  day  since  I  made  the 
land  twenty-five  miles  to  leeward  of  Cape  St.  Eoque;  have  found  no  difiiculty  whatever  in 
working  up. 


TO   AUSTRALIA — NOVEMBEE.  669 

November  17.  Lat.  8°  45'  S.;  long.  34°  12'  W.  Barometer,  29.84,-  air,  84°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  E.     Very  light;  more  so  than  I  ever  knew  before. 

November  18.  Lat.  10°  40'  S. ;  long.  33°  28'  W.  Barometer,  29.84;  air,  84°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  E.NE.     Small  breeze  and  fine  weather. 

November  19.  Lat.  12°  22'  S.;  long.  33°  06'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  83°;  water,  83°. 
Winds:  E.  to  E.  by  S.     Very  light,  with  clear  weather;  a  heavy  SW.  swell. 

November  20.  Lat.  14°  22'  S.;  long.  33°  07'  W.  Barometer,  29.94;  air,  83°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.  to  SE.  First  part,  light  airs  and  pleasant;  latter  part,  fresh  trades  and  clear 
weather;  a  very  heavy  SW.  swell. 

November  21.  Lat.  16°  24'  S. ;  long.  32°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  82°;  water,  82°. 
Winds :  E.SE.     Fresh  trades  and  fine  weather. 

November  22.  Lat.  18°  21'  S.;  long.  33°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  79°;  water,  79°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.     Moderate  and  squally. 

November  23.  Lat.  20°  15'  S.;  long.  32°  58'  W.  Barometer,  29.91;  air,  80°;  water,  79°. 
Winds :  E.  by  S.     Light  and  pleasant. 

November  24.  Lat.  22°  08'  S. ;  long.  32°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  79°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.     Light  and  bafiling. 

November  25.  Lat.  23°  50'  S.;  long.  32°  08'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  77°;  water,  74°. 
Winds :  E.     Light  and  calm. 

November  26.  Lat.  25°53'S.;  long.  31°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  78°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  E.  to  N.NE.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. 

November  27.  Lat.  27°  24'  S.;  long.  30°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.81;  air,  77°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  NW.  by  N.  First  part,  moderate  gales,  with  rain  showers;  latter  part,  light 
breezes  and  pleasant. 

November  28.  Lat.  27°  14'  S. ;  long.  28°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  75°;  water,  73°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  S. SB.     Light  and  baffling. 

November  29.  Lat.  28°  08'  S.;  long.  28°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  77®;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  SE.  to  N.NW.     Light  and  pleasant  weather. 

November  30.  Lat.  29°  38'  S.;  long.  26°  56'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  75°;  water,  74°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  cloudy;  a  SW.  swell. 

December  1.  Lat.  31°  40'  S.;  long.  24°  45'  W.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  68°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Fresh  and  cloudy,  with  rain;  albatross  and  whale  about. 

December  2.  Lat.  33°  28'  S.;  long.  22°  00'  W.  Barometer,  29.52;  air,  60°;  water,  64°. 
Winds:  W.     Fresh  gales,  with  rain  squalls. 

December  3.  Lat.  34°  35'  S.;  long.  18°  52'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  60°;  water,  63°. 
Winds:  SW.     Fresh  gales  and  squally;  large  flocks  of  cape  pigeons  and  albatross  about. 

December  4.  Lat.  34°  38'  S.;  long.  16*^  34'  W.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  60°;  water,  62°. 
Winds:  S.     First  part,  fresh  gales  and  passing  clouds;  latter  part,  light  airs  and  calms. 

December  5.  Lat.  35°  45'  S.;  long.  14°  50'  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  NE.  by  E.     First  part,  baffling  and  calm;  latter  part,  fresh,  with  cloudy  weather. 

December  6.  Lat.  37°  30'  S.;  long.  11°  55'  W.  Barometer,  29.88;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  NE.  Fresh  and  cloudy.  At  4  a.  m.  made  the  island  of  Tristan  de  Cunha,  bearing 
E.SE.,  distant  20  miles;  passed  between  it  and  Inaccessible  island;  found  the  wind  very 
flawey,  and  at  times  dead  calm;  would  not  recommend  the  passage  with  a  N.  or  NE.  wind;  saw 
several  whales  in  the  passage,  much  kelp,  and  strong  tide  rips. 


670  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHAETS. 

December  7.  Lat.  39°  04' S. ;  long.  8°  45' W.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  62°;  water,  63°. 
Winds :  NE.     Fresh ;  thick,  rainy  weather. 

December  8.  Lat.  39°  52'  S.;  long.  6°  10'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  56°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  SW.     Fresh  gales,  and  thick,  rainy  weather;  ends,  light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  9.  Lat.  40°  23'  S. ;  long.  2°  54'  W.  Baj-ometer,  30.00;  air,  59°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  S.SW.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant;  strong  tide  rips. 

December  10.  Lat.  40°  40'  S.;  long.  1°  00'  W.  Barometer,  30.06;  air,  57°;  Avater,  56°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  NW.     Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  11.  Lat.  41°  04'  S.;  long.  1°  20'  E.  Barometer,  30.13;  air,  60°;  water,  61°. 
Winds :  NW.     Very  light  winds  and  clear,  pleasant  weather. 

December  12.  Lat.  41°  30'  S.;  long.  4°  14'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  62°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

December  13.  Lat.  41°  56'  S.;  long.  7°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.84;  air,  60°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.  by  W.  to  N.NE.     Small  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  14.  Lat.  42°  30'  S.;  long.  11°  12'  E.  Barometer,  29.64;  air,  57°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  W.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  misty  weather. 

December  15.  Lat.  43°  34'  S.;  long.  15°  20' E.  Barometer,  29.72;  air,  56°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.  to  S.  Strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds.  Passed  through  forty  miles  of  dis- 
colored water. 

December  16.  Lat.  42°  44'  S.;  long.  18°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.12;  air,  56°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  NW.  First  part,  light,  baffling  airs  and  calms;  latter  part,  fresh  gales  and 
cloudy. 

December  17.  Lat.  43°  34'  S. ;  long.  22°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.10;  air,  52°;  water,  53°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  thick  weather,  with  rain.     A  high  sea. 

December  18.  Lat.  44°  02'  S.;  long.  26°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.37;  air,  41°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.NW  to  W.SW.     Fresh  gales  and  hail  squalls. 

December  19.  Lat.  44°  12'  S.;  long.  29°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.74;  air,  48°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Small  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  20.  Lat.  44°  30'  S.;  long.  32°  55'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  52°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light,  baffling  airs  and  pleasant.     Latter  part,  fresh  gales,  with  rain. 

December  21.  Lat.  45°  10'  S.;  long.  36°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.63;  air,  48°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.  to  W.SW.     Moderate  gales  and  misty  weather. 

December  22.  Lat.  45°  30'  S. ;  long.  39°  45'  E.  Barometer,  29.64;  air,  50°;  Avater,  48°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  W.NW.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

December  23.  Lat.  45°  50'  S. ;  long.  43°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.42;  air,  46°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  NW.     Moderate  gales  and  squally,  with  rain. 

December  24.  Lat.  46°  00'  S. ;  long.  48°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  48°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  W.  to  N.NW.     Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

December  25.  Lat.  45°  50'  S.;  long.  52°  04'  E.  Barometer,  29.58;  air,  46°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  Fresh  gales  and  squally.  At  2  a.  m.  made  the  island  Des  Apotres.  bearing 
S.  by  E.,  distant  12  miles.  By  my  observations  (which  were  good)  I  find  the  position  of  this 
island  to  be  18  miles  NW.  by  W.  from  where  it  is  placed  on  the  English  chart.  I  make  the 
latitude  of  the  island  45°  58'  S.,  and  longitude  50°  20'  E. 

At  9  a.  m.  saw  Possession  island,  bearing  south;  distant  about  20  miles.     At  10  a.  m. 


TO   AUSTRALIA NOVEMBER.  671 

was  struck  with  a  hard  squall,  which  carried  away  the  main  top -gallant  mast;  also  the  main 
topmast  head,  close  to  the  hounds. 

December  26.  Lat.  45°  48'  S.;  long.  56°  18'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  45°;  water,  45°. 
Winds :  W.  to  SW.     Moderate  gales  and  cloudy. 

December  27.  Lat.  46°  00'  S.;  long.  59°  45'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  50°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NE.     Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

December  28.  Lat.  46°  32'  S. ;  long.  64°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.35;  air,  52°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  N.  to  NE.     Fresh  gales  and  cloudy. 

December  29.  Lat.  46°  52'  S.;  long.  68°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.10;  air,  54°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  N.  by  E.     Moderate  and  strong,  with  thick  weather. 

December  30.  Lat.  46°  58'  S.;  long.  72°  36'  E.  Barometer,  29.78;  air,  50°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Moderate  gales  and  thick  weather. 

December  31.  Lat.  47°  02'  S.;  long.  76°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.82;  air,  52°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  N.     Moderate  and  pleasant. 

January  1,  1857.  Lat.  47°  10'  S. ;  long.  81°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.35;  air,  44°;  water, 
47°.     Winds:  N.     Moderate  gales  and  thick  weather. 

January  2.  Lat.  46°  58'  S.;  long.  85°  43'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  48°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  N.  to  N.N W.     Fresh,  with  thick  weather;  ends,  clear  and  pleasant.     Kelp  seen. 

January  3.  Lat.  46°  48'  S.;  long.  89°  45'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  48°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Moderate  gales  and  passing  clouds.     Kelp  and  albatros?. 

January  4.  Lat.  46°  36'  S. ;  long.  93°45''E.  Barometer,  29.76;  air,  52°;  water,  49°. 
Winds :  W.  by  N.  to  NW.     Moderate  gales  and  cloudy. 

January  5.  Lat.  46°  50'  S.;  long.  98°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  50°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  N.N W.     Fresh  gales  and  cloudy.     Kelp  seen. 

January  6.  Lat.  46°  25'  S.;  long.  102°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.54;  air,  48°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  W.     Fresh  gales  and  high  squalls. 

January  7.  Lat.  46°  05'  S. ;  long.  105°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.46;  air,  52°;  water,  48°. 
Winds :  W.  by  N.     Light  and  pleasant. 

January  8.  Lat.  45°  50'  S. ;  long.  109°  35'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  48°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  First  part,  light  breezes;  latter  part,  fresh  gales  and  thick  weather.  Carried 
away  the  fore  topmast  at  the  hounds;  enabled  to  carry  the  topsail  with  a  reef  in  it.  No  sail  left 
now  above  the  topsails.      "Well,  less  work  for  Jack." 

January  9.  Lat.  45°  30'  S.;  long.  113°  58'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  54°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  N.NW,  Fresh  gales  and  thick,  drizzling  weather.  Obliged  to  double  reef  the  top- 
sails, owing  to  the  crippled  state  of  the  spars. 

January  10.  Lat.  45°  20'  S.;  long.  120°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  54°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.     Begins,  fresh  gales  and  thick  weather;  ends,  small  breezes  and  cloudy. 

January  11.  Lat.  44°  58'  S. ;  long.  120°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  52°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  SW.     Light  and  cloudy.     Fidded  a  new  fore  topmast. 

January  12.  Lat.  43°  42'  S. ;  long.  122°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.72;  air,  52°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  SW.  Very  light  and  pleasant.  Sent  up  the  fore  top -gallant  mast  and  yard,  and  set 
the  sails.     Kelp  in  sight. 

January  13.  Lat.  42°  05'  S.;  long.  125°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.68;  air,  54°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  W.NW.     Light  and  cloudy.     Ends,  fresh  gales  and  squally. 


672  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

January  14.  Lat.  40°  03'  S.;  long.  128°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.53;  air,  57°;  water,  52°. 
"Winds :  NW.     Fresh  gales  and  rain  squalls. 

January  15.  Lat.  38°  23'  S.;  long.  130°  55' E.  Barometer,  29.25;  air,  55°;  water,  54°. 
Winds :  W.  to  SW.     Begins  with  fresh  gales  and  squally  weather. 

January  16.  Lat.  36°  40'  S.;  long.  133°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  57°;  water,  56°. 
Winds:  Fresh  gales  and  hard  squalls. 

January  17.  Lat.  35°  34'  S.;  long.  136°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  60°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  SW.  Begins  with  fresh  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  latter  part,  light  breezes.  At  9 
a.  m.  made  Neptune  island,  E.NE.,  distant  20  miles. 

January  18.  Lat.  — ;  long.  — .  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  70°;  water,  74°.  Winds:  S. 
Pleasant  breezes  and  fine  weather.  At  1  p.  m.  Kangaroo  island,  bearing  SW.,  distant  20 
miles.  At  4  p.  m.  made  the  light-ship;  at  5  p.  m.  took  a  pilot,  and  at  7  p.  m.  anchored  off 
Port  Adelaide.  Thus  ends  a  pleasant  passage  of  111  days  from  St.  John's.  Whole  distance 
sailed  13,763  miles,  averaging  124  miles  per  day.  Not  bad  for  a  vessel  that  can  neither  be 
coaxed  nor  driven  faster  than  8  knots  per  hour." 

Abstract  log  of  the  Sliip  '■'■  Ringleader ^^^  ("Richard  Mathews,  captain,)  from  Boston  to  Mel- 
bourne, Australia;  33  days  out. 

"November  20.  Lat.  8°54'S.;  long.  32° 40' W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  83°;  water,  80°. 
All  this  day  brisk  breezes.  At  3  p.  m.  sent  my  boat  on  shore  at  Pernambuco  to  leave  my  first 
ofiicer  with  the  United  States  consul.  Standing  off  and  on  through  the  night  two  and  three 
hour  tacks  under  easy  sail;  find  along  shore  1^  knot  southerly  current.  At  6  a.  m.  my  boat 
came  off;  had  made  all  necessary  arrangements  for  my  mate;  made  all  sail,  and  bore  away  on 
my  course  for  the  first  time  since  leaving  Boston. 

November  21.  Lat.  11°  42'  S.;  long.  32°  40'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  83°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.     All  day  strong  trades;  middle  part,  cloudy  and  head  sea. 

November  22.  Lat.  15°  18'  S.;  long.  31°  25'  W.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  80°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.  by  S.     First  and  middle  parts,  fresh  and  cloudy;  latter  part,  light  and  fine  weather. 

November  23.  Lat.  18°  43'  S. ;  long.  30°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  78°;  Avater,  77°. 
Winds :  E.  by  S.     All  day  brisk  trades ;  fine  weather,  with  passing  clouds. 

November  24.  Lat.  21°  42'  S.;  long.  29°  45'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  77°;  water,  75°. 
Winds:  E.     All  day  brisk  trades;  middle  part,  squally  and  some  rain. 

November  25.  Lat.  24°  45'  S.;  long.  27°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  70°;  water,  73°. 
Winds :  E.     All  day  brisk  breezes,  and  clear,  smooth  sea. 

November  26.  Lat.  27°  52'  S.;  long.  25°  40'  W.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  71°;  water,  69°. 
Winds:  NE.     All  day  brisk  and  pleasant;  passed  a  barque  bound  SE. 

November  27.  Lat.  30°  52'  S. ;  long.  23^  40;  W.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  69°;  water,  68°. 
Winds:  E.  NE.  Comes  in  brisk;  middle  part,  brisk  and  light  rain,  sun  out  now  and  then;  all 
day  long  swell  from  SW;  latter  part,  brisk  breezes. 

November  28.  Lat.  32°  30'  S.;  long.  21°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  66°;  water,  67°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  S.SE.  Comes  in  brisk  breezes;  middle  part,  light  and  hazy;  at  6  a.  m.  thick 
fo"-   the  wind  changing  suddenly  to  the  S.  and  cleared  off;  took  in  light  sails. 

November  29.  Lat.  32°  24'  S.;  long.  18°  20'  W.  Barometer,  29.96;  air,  64°;  water,  65°. 
Winds:  S.  by  E.SE.     First  and  middle  parts,  brisk;  latter,  moderate;  all  day  clear. 

November  30.     Lat.  34°  33'  S.;  long.  18°  50'  W.     Barometer,  29.95;  air,  62°;  water,  63°. 


TO   AUSTRALIA — NOVEMBER.  673 

Winds:  SE.  by  S.     First  and  middle  parts,  light;  latter,  strong  and  passing  clouds;  second 
edition  of  the  SE.  trades;  one  albatross  and  a  number  of  sea  hens  around. 

December  1.  Lat.  37°  14'  S.;  long.  18°  15'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  63°;  water,  60°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     All  day  light  and  clear;  fine  weather;  barometer  high. 

December  2.  Lat.  38°  47'  S. ;  long.  16°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  63°;  water,  59°. 
Winds:  E.  to  N.NE.     All  day  clear,  fine  weather;  smooth  sea. 

December  3.  Lat.  40°  45'  S. ;  long.  14°  55'  W.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  58°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  NE.     First  and  middle  parts,  light;  latter,  brisk;  clear  and  smooth  sea. 

December  4.  Lat.  43°  15'  S. ;  long.  10°  30'  W.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  49°;  water,  46°. 
Winds:  N.  and  N.NW.     All  day  brisk,  and  thick  foggy  weather;  some  kelp;  all  sail  set. 

December  5.  Lat.  44°  15'  S. ;  long.  5°  15'  W.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  40°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  S.SE.  Comes  in  fresh,  foggy,  rainy  weather;  middle  part,  heavy  gale;  under 
double  reefs,  and  bad  sea  on;  latter  part,  fresh  and  overcast;  albatross  around. 

December  6.  Lat.  43°  48'  S.;  long.  1°  20'  W.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  42°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  S.  and  NE.      Comes  in  fresh;  middle  and  latter  parts,  light. 

December  7.  Lat.  45°  10'  S.;  long.  1°  40°  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  45°;  water,  45°. 
Winds:  E.  to  N.NW.  First  part,  light.;  at  2  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  S. ;  middle  and  latter  parts, 
brisk;  first  appearance  of  Cape  pigeons. 

December  8.  Lat.  47°  05'  S.;  long.  7°  40'  E.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  46°;  water,  41°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  NW.  Comes  in  brisk;  middle  part,  fresh;  in  light  sails;  latter  part,  strong 
gales  and  foggy;  passed  some  kelp. 

December  9.  Lat.  47°  20'  S.;  long.  12°  40'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  47°;  water,  40°. 
Winds :  W.  to  NW.     All  day  light  and  clear. 

December  10.  Lat.  47°  32'  S. ;  long.  18°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.45;  air,  39°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  W.NW.  Comes  in  brisk  and  hazy  weather.  All  sail  set;  saw  a  large  iceberg 
south  of  us,  supposed  to  be  300  feet  high;  took  in  all  light  sails  and  double  reefed  the  topsails; 
set  a  good  lookout  for  ice  during  the  night;  courses  in  ship  still  going  11  knots;  middle  part, 
heavy  gales,  snow,  and  hail,  squally.  At  10  a.  m.  saw  and  passed  about  five  miles  to  the  north 
of  us  a  number  of  icebergs  smaller  than  the  first;  also  large  bunches  of  kelp,  supposed  to  be 
detached  from  the  icebergs;  under  close  reefs,  with  a  good  lookout.  It  appears  we  are  far 
enough  north ;  I  don' t  think  it  safe  to  go  further  at  present. 

December  11.  Lat.  46°  52'  S.;  long.  23°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  41°;  water,  40*=*. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.  by  W.  Comes  in  violent  gale  and  heavy,  bad  sea,  shipping  much  water. 
At  2  p.  m.  shipped  a  sea  in  the  quarter  boat,  which  broke  the  davits  and  lost  the  quarter  boat; 
snow  squalls;  air  and  water  indicating  ice  near;  scudding  under  close  reefed  fore  and  main 
topsails.  Middle  part,  light;  did  not  make  sail'as  I  feared  the  ice.  At  daylight  made  all  sail. 
Latter  part,  light  and  squally.     No  ice  in  sight. 

December  12.  Lat.  47°  55'  S. ;  long.  28°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  48°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  NW.  to  N.NW.  Comes  in  light  and  clear;  at  10  p.  m.  wind  hauling  to  the  northward; 
middle,  strong  breezes  and  rainy;  at  8  a.  m.,  low  glass  and  wind  increasing;  latter  part,  strong 
breezes  and  rainy. 

December  13.     Lat.  48°  6' S. ;  long.  34°  0'  E.     Barometer,   29.30;  air,  49°j  water,  42°, 
Winds:  W.NW.    Comes  in  heavy  gales,  rain  and  sleet;  under  close  reefs.     Middle  part,  violent 
gales  and  tremendous  sea;  latter  part  moderate;  under  easy  sail.     Passed  some  kelp, 
VOL.  u 85 


674  TPIE    WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

December  14.  Lat.  49°  00'  S.;  long.  40°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  43°;  water,  37°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  Commences  strong  gales,  with  heavy  squalls,  hail  and  snow  until  latter  part 
when  it  settled  down  to  steady  gales  and  passing  clouds. 

December  15.  Lat.  49°  50'  S.;  long.  46°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  42°;  water,  37°. 
"Winds:  NW.  by  W.  Comes  in  brisk  and  hail  squalls;  air  and  water  indicate  ice.  Middle  part, 
fresh  breezes  and  thick  rainy  weather;  latter  part,  the  same.     Glass  falling. 

December  16.  Lat.  50°  30'  S. ;  long.  52°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.05;  air,  42°;  water,  37°. 
Winds :  W.  by  N.     All  day  heavy  gale  and  passing  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

December  17.  Lat.  50°  31'  S.;  long.  58°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.30;  air,  41°;  water,  36°. 
Winds :  W.  First  and  middle  parts,  heavy  gales,  with  snow  and  hail  squalls ;  latter  part  brisk 
and  clear,  with  light  snow  squalls  passing. 

December  18.  Lat.  51°  10'  S.;  long.  64°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.00;  air,  40°;  water,  36°. 
Winds:  W.,  NW.,  and  NE.  by  E.  Comes  in  brisk  breeze  aud  clear;  middle  part,  fresh  breeze 
and  snow;  passed  large  bunches  of  kelp.  Latter  part,  fresh  and  thick  snow  storm.  Glass  low 
indicating  heavy  gale  of  wind. 

December  19.  Lat.  51°  22'  S. ;  long.  67°  15'  E.  Barometer,  28.90;  air,  40°;  water,  36°. 
Winds:  W.  to  NW.  Comes  in  moderate  breezes  and  thick  snow;  barometer  going  down  fast. 
At  4  p.  m.,  barometer  28.50;  at  6,  28.20;  at  8,  28.00.  Midnight,  calm.  At  2  a.  m.,  sprung 
up  gale  from  SW.,  when  the  barometer  immediately  went  up  as  fast  as  it  went  down.  Latter 
part,  brisk  gales  and  bad  sea.     Kelp  and  Cape  pigeons  around. 

December  20.  Lat.  52°  00'  S.;  long.  71°  20'  E.  Barometer,  28.70;  air,  43°;  water,  38°. 
Winds:  NE.  to  W.  Comes  in  brisk,  irregular  bad  sea;  middle  part,  thick  snow  storm  and 
fresh  breeze ;  latter  part,  heavy  gales  and  stormy.     Heading  to  the  south. 

December  21.  Lat.  51°  30'  S.;  long.  77°  00'  E.  Barometer,  28.70;  air,  40°;  water,  36°. 
Winds:  NW.,  NE.  and  W.  All  day  heavy  gales,  snow  squalls,  and  high  sea.  Water  discolored; 
appears  like  soundings. 

December  22.  Lat.  51°  00'  S.;  long.  82°  30'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  44°;  water,  34°. 
Winds:  N.NE.,  N.NW.  First  part,  strong  gales  and  bad  sea;  middle  part,  moderate  and  clear; 
latter  part,  light  clear,  and  fine.     Water  greenish. 

December  23.  Lat.  50°  45'  S.;  long.  86°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.95;  air,  46°;  water,  36°. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W.  Comes  in  light  and  hazy;  wind  inclining  to  the  eastward.  Middle  part, 
light  airs  from  south  and  variable;  latter  part,  brisk  and  rainy.     Water  greenish. 

December  24.  Lat.  49°  44'  S.;  long.  92°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.65;  air,  48°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  All  day  brisk  breezes  and  fine  weather,  with  occasional  squalls  of  hail. 
Water  darker;  little  kelp. 

December  25.     Lat.  48°  57'  S.;  long.  98°  45'  E.     Barometer,  ;  air,  48°;  water,  40°. 

Winds:  W.NW.  Comes  in  brisk  and  clear;  middle  part,  fresh  and  cloudy;  latter,  the  same. 
Water  dark.     Plenty  of  birds  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

December  26.  Lat.  47°  58'  S.;  long.  104°  25'  E.  Barometer,  29.20;  air,  46°;  water,  42°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     All  day  brisk  breeze  and  squalls  of  snow  and  hail. 

December  27.  Lat.  46°  48'  S.;  long.  111°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  46°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.  to  SW.     All  day  strong  brave  winds  and  squally. 

December  28.  Lat.  45°  30'  S.;  long.  117°  20'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  49°;  water,  50°. 
Winds:  SW.  to  SW.  by  S.     All  day  strong  and  squally. 


TO   AUSTRALIA DECEMBER. 


675 


December  29.  Lat.  44°  36'  S. ;  long.  123°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.80;  air,  53°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  SW.     First  and  middle  parts,  brisk;  latter,  light  and  fine  weather. 

December  30.  Lat.  43°  50'  S. ;  long.  126°  40'  E.  Barometer,  29.90;  air,  58°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.SW.  to  NW.     All  day  light  breezes  and  fine;  smooth  sea. 

December  31.  Lat.  42°  55'  S. ;  long.  131°  00'  E.  Barometer,  29.98;  air,  58°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     All  day  light  and  fine  weather;  smooth  sea. 

January  1.  Lat.  41°  32'  S. ;  long.  135°  05'  E.  Barometer,  30.10;  air,  64°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  W.     All  day  light  and  fine  weather,  as  above. 

January  2.  Lat.  41°  02'  S.;  long.  136°  40'  E.  Barometer,  30.20;  air,  64°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  E.NE.  to  N.  by  E.     First  and  middle  parts,  light  and  pleasant;  latter,  calm  and  cloudy. 

January  3.  Lat.  40°  54'  S.;  long.  138°  15'  E.  Barometer,  30.00;  air,  66°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  Comes  in  calm;  middle,  light,  variable,  and  clear;  at  midnight,  tacked  to  the 
eastward;  latter  part,  brisk  breeze  and  smooth  sea. 

January  4.  Lat,  40°  34'  S. ;  long.  141°  50'  E.  Barometer,  29.70;  air,  64°;  water,  58°. 
Winds:  N.NE.  to  W.SW.  Comes  in  brisk  and  clear;  middle  part,  variable  and  puffy;  latter, 
light  and  fine  weather.     Water  changed. 

January  5.  All  day  light;  at  8  a.  m.  made  Cape  Otway;  at  11  a.  ra.  abreast  of  it;  at  5 
p.  m.  took  a  pilot  off  the  heads  and  proceeded  up  towards  Melbourne;  at  9  p.  m.  came  to 
anchor  in  Melbourne  bay;  78  days  from  Boston. 

From  the  line  to  the  prime  meridian. 


Name. 


Albany  

Georgian 

Franklin  

Charlotte 

Alasco 

Argo 

Boston 

Architect 

Zingari 

Sabine  

Granite  State 

Mondcgo 

Horatio 

James  Perkins 

Plymouth 

Cyrus 

Cyrus 

William  Chamberlain. 

Richard  Alsop    

Candace    

Liverpool  packet 

Akbar 

John 

Derby 


Dec.    30 

5 
14 

3 
11 

4 
29 
31 
15 

4 
14 

3 
31 
11 

4 

2y 

17 
28 
10 
19 

8 
25 
19 

1 


Means  of  crossing  east  of  26° 
West  of  26° 


S  5 


26  20 
28  30 
26  30 
26  00 

26  00 

24  20 
32  20 

30  15 

31  50 
34  50 

25  30 
86  35 
a9  50 

27  44 

28  50 
21  40 
31  10 
34  30 
30  50 
30  30 
27  50 

25  10 

26  40 
25  40 


29  18 


t.ONOITDDE  OF  CHOSSINQ  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


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24  40 

32  40 

35  15 

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32  15 

31  00 
38  00 
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27  16 


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15  S. 


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20  S. 


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29  40 

28  00 
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31  50 

29  10 
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26  35 

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27  30 

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28  00 

31  40 
28  05 
35  45 

24  10 


37  28 


16  00 
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14  30 

19  30 

36  10 
28  50 
21  30 
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20  15 

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15  40 
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19  50 

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33  30 
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37  00 

26  30 
19  00 
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21  40 


35  S. 


6  10 

7  00 
11  10 
32  40 

8  40  E. 
11  00  W. 
10  00 

20  00 
25  10 
15  00 
22  30 

8  30 

9  10 
9  30 
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15  19 


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37  00 

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36  30 
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47  00 

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47  00 
35  00 

41  00 

35  45 

36  00 

38  40 
38  15 

37  00 

36  45 

38  40 

37  10 
36  10 
36  35 

38  50 


37  66 


38 
33 
33 
31 
31 
34 
34 
17 
37 
37 
33 
37 
38 
34 
33 
28 
33 
19 
26 
19 
23 
19 
25 
81 


23 


676  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  ^' Malay, '^  (J.  W.  Willcomb,)  from  Boston  to  Melbourne;  31  days  out. 
"December  30,  1855.    Lat.  5°  37'  S. j  long.  34°  11'  W.    Barometer,  30.17;  air,  81°;  water, 
80°.     Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  baffling,  with  light  showers.     I  have  rather  a  hard  chance  to 
clear  the  land  unless  I  get  out  of  this  current,  26  miles,  NW. 

December  31.  Lat.  6°  52'  S. ;  long.  34°  01'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  air,  83°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  baffling;  tacked  several  times;  current  16  miles,  W.SW. 

January  1,  1856.  Lat.  8°  38'  S.;  long.  33°  41'  W.  Barometer,  30.19;  air,  82°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Light  trades  and  fine  weather. 

January  2.  Lat.  11°  33'  S.;  long.  33°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.22;  air,  82°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.  and  E.     Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather. 

January  3.  Lat.  15°  03'  S.;  long.  33°  12'  W.  Barometer,  30.27;  air,  79°;  water,  80°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Fine  trades  and  pleasant  weather. 

January  4.     Lat.  18°  36'  S.;  long.  33°  10'  W.     Barometer,  30.34;  air,  81°;  water,  79°.. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Moderate  trades  and  fine  weather. 

January  5.  Lat.  21°  31'  S.;  long.  33°  24'  W.  Barometer,  30.36;  air,  78°;  water,  77°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Moderate  trades. 

January  6.  Lat.  24°  04'  S.;  long.  33°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.42;  air,  79°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  E.SE.     Light  and  pleasant. 

January  7.  Lat.  25°  50'  S.;  long.  33°  04'  W.  Barometer,  30.39;  air,  81°;  water,  75°. 
Winds:  E.SE.,  E.,  and  N.     Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

January  8.  Lat.  26°  32'  S.;  long.  32°  49'  W.  Barometer,  30.31;  air,  81°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  fine  weather. 

January  9.  Lat.  28°  30'  S.;  long.  31°  50'  W.  Barometer,  30.21;  air,  81°;  water,  76°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  hazy  weather. 

January  10.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.14;  air,  69°;  water,  70°.     Winds: 

N.NW.  and  SW.     First  part,  strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds,  with  light  rain;  latter  part, 
clearing  up,  strong  tide  rips. 

January  11.  Lat.  32°  22'  S.;  long.  27°  56'  W.  Barometer,  30.32;  air,  71°;  water,  70°. 
Winds:  S.,  calm,  and  N.NW.  Light  airs  and  passing  clouds;  heavy  swell  from  the  SW.,  with 
strong  tide  rips. 

January  12.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.20;  air,  70°;  water,  68°.     Winds: 

N.NW.     Light  airs  and  cloudy,  SW.  swell  decreasing. 

January  13.  Lat.  34°  50'  S. ;  long.  26°  09'  W.  Barometer,  30.18;  air,  66°;  water,  66°. 
Winds:  SE.  by  E.  Light  breezes  and  cloudy  weather,  swell  from  the  SW. ;  saw  kelp;  ends, 
fresh  breezes  and  rainy. 

January  14.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.19;  air,  59°;  water,  61°.     Winds: 

SE.  by  S.     Strong  breezes  and  rainy  weather;  saw  kelp;  water  discolored. 

January  15.  Lat.  40°  50'  S. ;  long.  27°  36°  W.  Barometer,  30.57;  air,  60°;  water,  61°. 
Winds :  SE.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather,  water  discolored. 

January  16.     Lat.   43°  24'  S.;   long. .     Barometer,   30.35;    air,   57°;    water,   56°. 

Winds:  E.     Fine  breezes  and  foggy  weather. 

January  17.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.09;  air,  59°;  water,  54°.     Winds: 

N.NE.,  NW.,  and  W.     Light  breezes  and  thick,  foggy  weather. 

January  18.  Lat.  44°  51'  S.;  long.  21°  17'  W.  Barometer,  30.17;  air,  58°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant;  ends,  foggy. 


TO   AUSTRALIA DECEMBEE.  677 

January  19.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.07;  air,  55°;  water,  49°.     Winds: 

N.NW.  Fine  breezes  and  foggy  weather.  We  saw  a  large  number  of  icebergs  in  this 
longitude,  two  degrees  further  north;  hope  I  shall  not  get  among  it  while  this  fog  lasts. 

January  20.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  29.97;  air,  53°;  water,  46°.     Winds: 

NW.     Strong  breezes  and  foggy. 

January  21.     Lat.  45°  25'  S. ;  long. .    Barometer,  29.93;  air,  52°;  water,  47°.     Winds : 

W.  by  N.  Commences  foggy.  At  9  a.  m.  commenced  clearing  up;  at  10  discovered  an 
iceberg,  passed  within  two  miles  of  it.     Ends,  strong  breezes  and  cloudy. 

January  22.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  44°;  water,  43°.     Winds: 

W.     Strong  breezes  and  cloudy;  ends,  light  airs. 

January  23.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  29.68;  air,  50°;  water,  45°.     Winds: 

W.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  ends,  strong  gales. 

January  24.     Lat.  45°  18'  S. ;  long. .    Barometer,  29.60;  air,  44'^;  water,  43°.     Winds: 

W.     Fresh  gales  and  cloudy;  a  heavy  sea. 

January  25.  Lat.  45°  18'  S.;  long.  13°  45'  E.  Barometer,  29.78;  air,  46°;  water,  44°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  to  N.NE.    Commences,  moderate  gales  and  cloudy;  ends,  moderate  and  pleasant. 

January  26.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  29.75;  air,  42°;  water,  47°.     Winds: 

W.  Commences,  light  breezes.  At  2  a.  m.  a  heavy  gale,  ship  running  before  it  under  close 
reefed  top-sail  and  reefed  fore-sail.  Ends,  strong  breezes  and  passing  squalls;  a  heavy, 
confused  sea. 

January  27.  Lat.  44°  24'  S. ;  long.  22°  33'  E.  Barometer,  29.86;  air,  46°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.  by  N.  Strong  breezes  and  passing  hail  squalls.  Ends,  moderate  breezes  and 
passing  clouds. 

January  28.  Lat.  44°  26'  S.;  long.  26°  10'  E.  Barometer,  29.39;  air,  52°;  water,  57°. 
Winds:  N.NW.     Light  and  moderate. 

January  29.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  29.20;  air,  47°;  water,  45°.     Winds: 

N.NW.     Fresh  gales  and  heavy  squalls;  sea  high  and  confused;  latter  part,  moderating. 

January  30.  Lat.  44°  27'  S.;  long.  33°  34'  E.  Barometer,  30.17;  air,  47°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  N.NW.  and  N.  by  E.     Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy;  a  rough  sea. 

January  31.  Lat.  44°  29'  S.;  long.  36°  09'  E.  Barometer,  30.16;  air,  50°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  NE.  by  E.     Light  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

February  1.  Lat.  44°  41'  S.;  long.  39°  47'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  49°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  First  part,  moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  latter  part,  moderate  gales 
and  passing  snow,  hail  and  rain  squalls.  Exchanged  signals  with  the  barque  Louther,  67  days 
from  Liverpool,  bound  to  Melbourne. 

February  2.  Lat.  44°  37'  S.;  long.  45°  39'  E.  Barometer,  29.60;  air,  47°;  water,  43°. 
Winds:  W.NW.  and  SW.  by  S.     Moderate  and  fresh  gales  and  passing  hail  squalls. 

February  3.  Lat.  44°  35'  S.;  long.  50°  03'  E.  Barometer,  30.30;  air,  39°;  water,  39°. 
Winds:  SW.  by  S.  Moderate  gales  and  passing  clouds;  latter  part,  moderate  breezes  and  fine 
weather;  passed  large  quantities  of  kelp. 

February  4.  Lat.  44°  49'  S. ;  long.  54°  22'  E.  Barometer,  30.16;  air,  46°;  water,  40°. 
Winds :  NW.     Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 

February  5.  Lat.  45°  30'  S.;  long.  60°  26'  E.  Barometer,  29.64;  air,  48°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  NW.  by  W.     Fresh  gales  and  rainy. 


678 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


February  6.  Lat.  45°  34'  S.;  long.  65°  03'  E.  Barometer,  29.67;  air,  54°;  water,  47°. 
Winds:  NW.  and  W.  by  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

February  7.  Lat.  45°  29'  S.;  long.  69°  15'  E.  Barometer,  30.02;  air,  49°;  water,  45°. 
Winds :  W. ,  W.  S W. ,  and  SW.     Light  breezes  and  passing  clouds,  with  occasional  smart  puffs. 

February  8.  Lat.  45°  45'  S.;  long.  74°  38'  E.  Barometer,  30.42;  air,  41°;  water,  40°. 
Winds:  SW.     Fine  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 

February  9.  Lat.  46°  12'  S.;  long.  78°  32'  E.  Barometer,  30.53;  air,  52°;  water,  54°. 
Winds:  N.  by  E.,  N.,  and  NE.  by  N.     Moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

February  10.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.38;  air,  52°;  water,  51°.    Winds: 

NE.  by  N.,  N.,  and  N.NW.     Strong  breezes  and  foggy,  with  fine  rain. 

February  11.  Lat.  46°  22'  S.;  long.  90°  44'  E.  Barometer,  30.22;  air,  52°;  water,  51°. 
Winds:  NW.,  NW.  by  W.,  and  W.NW.  Fine  breezes  and  passing  clouds;  have  seen  much 
kelp  during  the  last  two  days. 

February  12.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.17;  air,  51°;  water,  47°.    Winds: 

W.NW.     Moderate  breezes  and  foggy. 

February  13.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  30.00;  air,  52°;  water,  48°.    Winds: 

W.NW.     Fine  breezes  and  foggy. 

February  14.  Lat.  45°  27'  S.;  long.  104°  56'  E.  Barometer,  30.05;  air,  46°;  water,  48°. 
Winds:  SW.  and  S.SW.     Moderate,  and  light  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

February  15.     Lat. ;  long. .     Barometer,  29.73;  air,  50°;  water,  49°.    Winds: 

N.NE.  and  NW.     Fine  breezes,  with  rain. 

February  16.  Lat.  44°  53'  S.;  long.  114°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.87;  air,  54°;  water,  52°. 
Winds:  W.     First  part,  fine  breezes,  with  rain;   latter  part,  passing  clouds. 

February  17.  Lat.  44°  20'  S.;  long.  119°  15'  E.  Barometer,  29.96;  air,  47°;  water,  49°. 
Winds:  W.SW.     Strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 


February  18.  Lat.  43°  28'  S. ;  long.  124°  15'  E.  Barometer,  30.00:  air,  49° 
Winds :  W.     Fresh  breezes,  in  puffs  and  passing  clouds. 

February  19.  Lat.  42°  34'  S.;  long.  130°  02'  E.  Barometer,  29.85;  air,  55° 
Winds :  W.     Fresh  gales  and  passing  clouds. 

February  20.  Lat.  41°  10'  S.;  long.  134°  66'  E.  Barometer,  29.92;  air,  63° 
Winds:  W.SW.     Fine  breezes  and  cloudy. 

February  21.  Lat.  39°  38'  S.;  long.  139°  08'  E.  Barometer,  30.15;  air,  56° 
Winds:  SW.  and  S.     Moderate  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 

February  22.  Lat.  39°  03'  S.;  long.  142°  00'  E.  Barometer,  30.32;  air,  64° 
Winds :  SE.  by  S. ,  bafiiing,  and  SE.     Light  airs  and  fine  weather. 

February  23.     Lat.  38°  45'  S.;  long.  142°  45'  E.     Barometer,  30.42;  air,  63° 


water,  49°. 
water,  55°. 
water,  60°. 
water,  56°. 
water,  59°. 
water,  61°. 


Winds:  SE.     Light  airs  and  passing  clouds. 
Cape  OtAvay. 


At  9  a.  m.  made  the  land  to  the  westward  of 


TO  THE  EAST  INDIES. 

All  vessels  that  are  bound  from  the  North  Atlantic  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  to  any 
port  east  of  the  Cape,  have  to  pursue  the  same  route  through  the  South  Atlantic.  Their 
masters  should  study  the  foregoing  tables  ' '  From  the  Line  to  the  Prime  Meridian, ' '  for  these 


TO    THE   EAST   INDIES.  679 

tables  as  well  as  the  chapter  on  the  South  Atlantic  treat  of  common  ground.  After  crossing  the 
calms  of  Capricorn  and  getting  the  "brave  west  winds"  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  they  begin 
to  diverge  from  the  great  highway  to  Australia:  Now  they  require  special  sailing  directions. 

First,  the  vessels  bound  to  the  Cape  and  the  East  Coast,  as  Natal,  <fec.,  turn  off.  The 
way  for  them  is  plain.  They,  after  having  crossed  the  belt  of  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic  with 
the  foretopmast  studding  sail  set,  have  only  to  make  the  best  of  their  way  into  port;  for  after 
having  cleared  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn  they  are  too  near  their  destination  to  run  around 
adverse  winds,  or  dodge  opposing  currents,  except,  perhaps,  the  Natal  and  Mozambique  bound 
vessels.  The  Mozambique  current,  i.  e.  that  hot  water  current  which,  coming  from  the  Red 
Sea,  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  Arabian  Sea,  runs  down  through  the  Mozambique  channel,  is  another 
gulf  stream;  it  is  said  sometimes  to  attain  a  higher  velocity  than  the  celebrated  Gulf  Stream 
of  the  North  Atlantic;  and  it  is  therefore  well  for  vessels  bound  to  the  ports  of  South  Eastern 
Africa  to  recollect  this  in  order  that  if,  in  doubling  the  Cape,  they  are  forced  to  the  eastward, 
they  may  then  run  up  their  latitude  east  of  this  current  and  so  cross  over. 

The  next  vessels  to  turn  off  from  the  great  golden  track  are  those  that  are  bound  to 
Madagascar  and  ports  North,  to  Mauritius,  the  Red  Sea,  Persian  Gulf,  Bombay  and  the  Malabar 
coast. 

Presently  those  bound  to  Ceylon  or  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  will  turn  off,  and  finally,  this 
great  route  comes  to  its  last  fork.  Here  the  vessels  that  are  bound  for  Java  or  through  the 
Straits  of  Sunda,  or  through  any  of  the  passages  to  the  east,  for  China,  Japan,  or  the  Amoor, 
bear  up  and  steer  to  the  northward. 

Navigators  thus  bound  will,  before  they  come  to  any  of  these  "forks  in  the  road,"  have 
read,  if  they  are  from  Europe,  the  Sailing  Directions  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line;  or  if  from 
America,  they  will  have  studied  the  route  to  ' '  the  '  fair-way '  off  St.  Roque  "  as  well  as  so 
much  of  the  route  thence  as  relates  to  the  South  Atlantic;  and  while  they  are  crossing  the  trades 
of  the  South  Atlantic,  they  may,  not  without  profit  perhaps,  glance  through  this  chapter  with 
the  view  of  deciding  their  course  on  arriving  at  the  turning-off  place. 

Let  us  first  see  what  our  co-operators,  who  are  practical  navigators  and  withal  very  excel- 
lent judges,  have  to  say  upon  the  various  routes  through  the  seas  in  which  we  now  are. 

Captain  R.  B.  Gilkison,  of  the  English  ship  Alma,  has  transmitted  a  paper  on  currents, 
from  which  the  following  is  extracted : 

"The  subject  of  oceanic  currents  is  of  great  interest  to  the  navigator.  Few  who  have 
made  the  homeward  passage  from  India,  will  have  forgotten  the  favorable  current  experienced 
on  the  edge  of  the  Agullas  bank.  We  have  been  set  100  miles  to  windward  in  24  hours  during 
a  gale  of  westerly  wind;  and  on  every  occasion  we  have  made  that  passage  have  felt  its 
favorable  influence  more  or  less. 

"  It  is  more  difficult  to  find  a  reason  for  this  strong  set  against  the  prevailing  winds.  When 
sailing  with  the  trades,  when  steady,  a  current  from  six  to  twenty  miles  per  day  is  often 
experienced,  setting  in  same  direction  as  the  wind  is  going.  The  same  is  often  experienced  in 
running  from  meridian  of  Greenwich  to  Australia,  in  a  high  southern  latitude,  when  wind  is 
steady,  slackening,  or  discontinuing,  when  wind  is  light  or  westerly.  This  is  what  we  might 
expect.  But  the  Cape  current  commences  when  the  trades  cease  and  the  winds  are  variable. 
A  ship  homeward  bound  from  Java  Head  will  generally  find  a  current  from  10  to  24  miles  per 
day  in  her  favor,  when  trades  are  good,  slackening  when  breeze  is  light,  till  after  passing 
Madagascar,  and  in  about  latitude  30°  to   34°  S.,  longitude   32°  E.,  when  a  strong  current 


680  THE  WIND  AND  CUKRENT  CHARTS. 

sweeping  to  S.SW.  is  suddenly  fallen  in  with,  travelling  along  the  coast  at  first,  then  along  the 
edge  of  the  bank,  where  it  is  strongest,  at  a  rate  varying  from  one  to  five  knots  per  hour,  till 
about  latitude  21°  in  22°  E.  when  it  seems  to  split  and  the  strongest  paft  then  sweeps  to 
southward,  where  it  apparently  amalgamates  with  the  current  of  the  Southern  ocean,  already 
mentioned,  at  a  rate  varying  from  one  to  two  knots  per  hour,  as  mentioned  by  Horsburgh,  and 
which  we  have  repeatedly  experienced  in  latitude  37°  to  39°  S.  The  remainder  seems  to  go 
round  the  Cape,  when  the  wind  is  favorable,  a.nd  joins  the  ' '  trade  current, ' '  which  sets  to  the 
northward  in  South  Atlantic."     (I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  this  northwardly  set.     M.) 

"In  the  Northern  Indian  ocean  and  China  sea  I  consider  the  currents  more  like  a  great 
tide  ebbing  and  flowing  once  every  year.  During  the  NE.  monsoon  a  current  sets  southward 
which  at  some  places  is  very  strong,  (around  Ceylon,  or  through  the  Straits  of  Banca  or  Caspar, 
for  example,)  till  it  approaches  the  line,  where,  at  this  season,  the  westerly  monsoon  is  very 
strong,  blowing  steadily  from  Seychelles  to  Papua,  and  causing  a  very  strong  current  from  one 
to  three  knots  per  hour  to  eastward  as  far  as  New  Guinea,  and  how  much  further  I  know  not. 
After  March,  when  westerly  monsoon  slackens,  calms  intervene;  when  the  current  changes 
with  SE.  monsoon  and  sets  to  westward,  but  not  so  strongly  as  during  the  NW.  monsoon." 

"December  21,  1854.     Latitude  37°  28'  S,  and  longitude  15°  25'  E. 

"Unsteady  winds  and  pleasant  weather;  wind  veering  and  hauling  several  points  and 
blowing  in  puffs.  The  sea  has  assumed  a  green  color,  and  rolls  up  in  turbulent  heaps.  Much 
to  my  surprise,  at  12  m.  I  found  that  we  have  had  80  miles  NW.  ^  N.  current,  incredible  as  it 
may  seem,  nevertheless  it  is  true,  for  I  have  been  careful  in  my  observations. 

"Returning  home  from  India,  I  once  had  120  miles  westerly  current  in  24  hours,  near  the 
Cape. 

"Course  and  distance  per  observation. — E.SE.  ^  E.,  126  miles;  by  D.  R.,  SE.  by  E.  |  E., 
201  miles." 

"April  28,  1855.     Latitude  11°  33'  N.;  longitude  88°  30'  E. 

'■'^  High  temperature. — Commences  calm;  first  part,  light  baffling  airs  and  pleasant,  though 

hot;    middle   and   latter   parts,   moderate   breeze;  sea  very  smooth.      In  trying  the 

temperature  of  the  water,  I  sunk  the  bucket  (canvas)  several  feet  below  the  surface  two  or 
three  times  with  the  same  result;  88°  is  the  highest  I  have  ever  known.  Course — SW.  ^  W., 
52  miles." 

Bottle  paper, 

"Tuesday,  February  3,  1857. 

"Ship  Panther,  of  Boston,  from  Calcutta,  bound  to  Boston;  18  days  out;  all  well.    Weather 

clear  and  calm;  strong  current  to  NW.  the  last  24  hours.     Latitude   11°   19'  S. ;  longitude 

84°  21'  E. 

"THOMAS  S.  BISHOP,  Commander." 

' '  Picked  up  on  the  coast  between  Brava  and  Juba  islands.  East  Coast  of  Africa,  about  the 
Ist  of  July,  1857,  and  forwarded  from  Zanzibar  by  W.  Geo.  Webb." 

Barque  "Hollander,"  of  Salem,  At  Sea, 
March  13,  1856;  latitude  9°  0'  >S'.;  longitude  104°  W.;  104  days  out. 

Dear  Sir:  At  the  risk  of  annoying  you,  by  intruding  upon  your  labors,  I  wish  to  have  a 
little  bit  of  a  yarn  with  you.    I  have  had  a  fair  passage  thus  far,  I  think.    I  crossed  in  longitude 


TO    THS    EAST   INDIES.  681 

32°  28  days,  and  had  33  to  St.  Roque,  a  little  over  the  average  for  the  month;  25  days  thence 
to  50°  S.,  just  the  average;  25  days  from  50°  S.,  east  Cape  Horn,  to  50°  S.,  west;  average 
16;  but  I  had  a  hard  chance.  Am  now  21  days  from  latitude  50°  S.,  and  hope  to  cross  in  four 
or  five  days,  in  longitude  110°  to  112°,  which  will  be  average.  But  I  don't  think  your  tables 
of  averages  are  hardly  fair  for  us  slow  coaches,  for  most  of  your  ships  are  out  and  out  clippers. 
Now  I  am  going  to  begin. 

"  On  reading  the  seventh  edition  of  your  Sailing  Directions,  which  you  kmdly  sent  me  in 
November  last,  I  see  an. account  of  the  cruise  of  a  bottle  thrown  overboard  from  ship  "  Medford," 
of  Boston,  in  latitude  14°  15'  S.,  longitude  85°  41'  E.,  and  picked  up  four  months  after,  at 
Brava,  east  coast  of  Africa,  latitude  1°  07'  N.,  longitude  44°  03'  E.  You  say  that  it  had 
probably  been  up  towards  the  mouth  of  the  Red  Sea  and  was  drifting  down  in  the  Mozambique 
current.  Now,  with  all  due  deference  to  you,  I  would  ask  if  that  bottle  had  not  made  a  drift 
west,  a  little  northerly,  through  the  SE.  trades,  (at  that  season  they  would  hardly  extend 
so  far  north;)  however,  drifted,  as  I  said  above,  to  the  north  of  Madagascar  and  the  Comoro 
island  toward  the  African  coast,  and  then  turned  northward  and  landed  at  Brava.  I  made  a 
voyage  out  to  those  parts  last  year,  in  the  ' '  Parodi, ' '  of  which  you  have  the  log.  The  current 
runs  to  the  northward,  by  Zanzibar,  the  whole  year  round.  In  the  southerly  monsoon  it  runs 
at  the  rate  of  two  to  three  knots,  from  latitude  8°  or  9°  south,  up  to  Socotra  and  the  Arabian 
Gulf.  In  the  NE.  monsoon  it  runs  up  to  about  2°  N.,  and  there  meeting  the  northerly  current, 
both,  turn  oif  to  the  eastward  and  lose  themselves  in  mid-ocean.  The  Zanzibar  current  comes 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  Indian  ocean,  sweeping  like  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  latitude  from  7° 
to  10°  S.,  running  westerly  until  it  reaches  about  longitude  45°  E. ;  then  it  forks,  one  part 
running  northward  with  greater  force  the  nearer  the  African  coast  is  approached;  the  other 
part  turns  southerly,  by  Mozambique,  round  the  Cape.  In  the  southerly  monsoon,  if  a  ship 
bound  to  Zanzibar  does  not  forelay  well  and  fetch  to  windward  of  the  south  end  of  the  island, 
she  will  have  a  job,  for  it  is  almost  impossible  to  beat  in  round  either  end  of  the  island.  Some 
vessels  have  been  obliged  to  stand  to  the  eastward  and  work  up  again,  taking  a  week  or  ten 
days.  I  had  60  miles  current  there  in  20  hours,  and  just  saved  myself.  This  current  does  not 
run  inside  of  Zanzibar  island,  but  sweeps  up  outside  of  it  and  both  sides  of  Pemba,  Avhich  lies 
a  little  to  the  northeastward  of  it.  On  coming  out  of  Zanzibar  I  ran  down  to  the  north  end, 
and  hauled  up  on  a  wind  round  it  with  a  four-knot  breeze.  I  soon  me"t  the  current,  and  away 
we  went,  broadside  on,  towards  Pemba.  I  hung  on  until  three  o'clock  p.  m.,  and  found  I 
should  not  get  out;  up  helm  and  run  down  inside  of  Pemba,  with  a  tremendous  current  with 
us,  thus  losing  about  60  miles. 

' '  Some  of  the  above  is  my  own  experience,  but  most  of  it  I  have  obtained  from  our  old 
Salem  captains,  who  are  old  traders  there,  and  from  whalemen,  a  great  many  of  Avhom  cruise 
about  there  for  sperm  whales.  I  hope  that  you  won't  think  I  mean  to  say  it  is  so  and  no  other 
way;  but  knowing  that  you  are  a  comparative  stranger  out  that  way,  I  thought  that  you  might 
find  some  hint  to  work  upon.  In  the  "Parodi"  I  was  in  the  Gulf  of  Aden  in  January, 
February,  April,  and  May,  and  I  found  nothing  like  a  current  from  the  Red  Sea.  I  did  find  it 
a  little  the  calmest  hole  that  I  ever  got  into  though,  and  I  have  been  in  every  hole  and  corner 
of  the  East  Indies.  The  sea  was  alive  with  fish;  I  used  to  catch  two  or  three  hundred  pilot 
fish  in  a  day.     I  also  saw  that  illuminated  water  you  describe.    I  agree  with  Captain  Kingman's, 

VOL.  II 86 


682  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHARTS. 

of  the  "Shooting  Star,"  description  of  it,  word  for  word.  I  noticed  that  it  disappeared  when 
the  moon  rose.     We  saw  it  many  nights. 

"March  18.  Equator;  longitude  110°  30'  W.  On  the  line  26  days  from  50°  S.;  clipper 
passage. 

"April  12.  Anchored  on  the  bar  last  night,  24  days  from  the  line  and  133  from  Boston. 
Have  steered  for  and  placed  myself  on  your  positions  since  leaving  Boston. 

"I  am  bound  to  the  East  Indies  from  California,  and  am  keeping  an  abstract  for  you,  but 
there  is  one  thing — the  form  and  description  of  clouds;  I  can't  come  at  them,  no  how.  With 
many  thanks  for  what  you  have  done  for  us,  I  subscribe  myself, 

"Yours  respectfully, 

"N.  H.  MILLBTT, 

"/S'aZew,  Massachusetts. 
"Lieutenant  Mauey." 

''Ship  Chamberlain,  January  23,  1855.     Lat.  39°  21'  S.;  long.  21°  28'  E 
"During  the  last  24  hours  I  have  been  set  to  the  westward  50  miles.     I  am  convinced  by 
this  that  the  warm  Avater  is  from  the  Indian  ocean,  and  going  to  the  westward  in  a  broad  stream 
some  three  degrees  wide.     While  in  latitude  39°  30',  with  the  temperature  fluctuating  some 
eight  or  ten  degrees,  I  judge  that  I  was  on  the  southern  edge.     In  passing  to  the  westward, 
March,  1852,  I  find,  by  referring  to  my  journal,  that  in  longitude   20°  E.,  latitude  35°  30',  I 
had  the  water  68°,  air  62°,  wind  SW.;  in  longitude  23°,  latitude  36°  30',  I  had  the  water  74°,- 
air  62°,  current  one  knot  west.     These  two  observations  would  give  the  northern  edge  in 
longitude  20°  and  about  36°  latitude,  and  the  southern  limit  in  latitude  39°,  taking  the  course 
of  the  land  east  of  the  cape,  with  a  cold  and  probably  a  counter  current  in  shore.     I  shall  now 
tack  to  the  southward  for  cold  water." — (Log,  ship  Chamberlain,  Isaac  Jennings.) 
Captain  Jennings,  writing  from  Philadelphia,  September  14,  1855,  says: 
"In  comparing  my  passage  out  with- the  ship   'Wisconsin,'  from  New  York,  it  gives  the 
following  results:    The   'Wisconsin'  left  New  York  about  ten  days  before  I  did  Philadelphia, 
worked  hard  to  get  to  the  eastward,  and  crossed  the  line  in  about  30°  longitude  the  same  day 
that  I  did  in  longitude  34°  30'.     She  was  kept  all  she  could  to  the  eastward  through  the  SE. 
trades,  and  passed  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  about  eight  days  after  I  did.     She  did  not  go  quite 
as  far  south  nor  east  as  I  did,  and  arrived  at  the  Sand  Heads  ten  days  after  myself. 

"The  sailing  qualities  of  the  'Wisconsin'  are  about  the  same  as  those  of  the  '  Chamberlain,' 
When  rains,  fogs,  &c.,  have  been  constant  and  steady  for  any  length  of  time  I  have  noted  it, 
but  passing  showers  of  a  few  moments  I  have  not  recorded  in  the  column  of  rains,"  &c. 

Captain  D.  Lynch,  of  the  ship  ''Escort,'''  on  a  voyage  from  Liverpool  to  Calcutta,  1856,  says: 
' '  I  notice  a  remark  in  your  sailing  directions  about  a  spot  in  the  Pacific  where  no  birds  or 
fish,  &c.,  are  ever  seen.  I  crossed  a  part  of  the  Indian  ocean  which  must  resemble  it;  from  25° 
S.  to  the  equator,  I  scarcely  saw  a  living  thing  out  of  the  ship;  no  birds  except  one  tropic  bird, 
and  no  fish  except  half  a  dozen  very  small  flying  fish.  The  water  appeared  to  be  perfectly 
devoid  of  all  animalculae. 

"My  passage  from  the  Channel  to  the  Pilot  Station  was  95  days." 

My  indefatigable  fellow  laborers  at  the  Meteorological  Institute  at  Utrecht  have  gone  into 
an  elaborate  investigation  of  the  Agulhas  current.  To  aid  in  this,  they  constructed  a  series  of 
monthly  thermal  tables  of  that  part  of  the  ocean.    These  tables  show  at  a  glance  where  the  sea 


TO    THE    EAST   INDIES.  683 

is  warm  and  where  not.  They  fully  confirm  the  announcement,  which  had  already  been  made  in 
the  previous  editions  of  this  work,  viz:  that  the  Agulhas  current  does  not  double  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  nor  enter  the  South  Atlantic  as  hydrographers  have  generally  represented  it  to  do. 

"The  thermometrical  method,"  continues  this  fine  paper,  which  may  be  found  at  length 
in  the  "Uitkomsten"  of  1857,  "is  more  worthy  of  confidence  than  the  collection  of  current 
directions  deduced  from  confused  and  guessing  plans;  for  these,  in  fact,  from  the  little  care 
sometimes  given  to  the  guessing,  come  out  very  uncertain;  while  thereby  also  a  second  uncer- 
tainty comes  in,  namely,  the  local  attraction,  whose  determination  is  yet  very  much  behind- 
Jiand.     Whenever  more  care  will  be  exercised  in  this,  satisfactory  results  may  be  obtained. 

"By  this  table  the  suspicion  will  be  remarkably  confirmed,  that  the  Agulhas  current,  which 
flows  by  the  Cape,  moves  southward,  and  does  not,  as  was  formerly  supposed,  turn  around  the 
west  coast  of  Africa  toward  the  north,  and  thence  from  the  warm  waters  along  the  coast  of 
Brazil.  There  is  now  no  longer  the  least  doubt  that  the  former  opinion  was  incorrect;  for  the 
low  temperatures  which  are  met  with  west  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  furnish  an  incontestable 
proof  that  the  warm  waters  from  the  Agulhas  current  do  not  turn  to  the  north  even  in 
February,  (when  they  penetrate  furthest  westward,)  do  not  come  north  of  32°  or  33°  south 
latitude,  but,  on  the  contrary,  are  turned  more  to  the  southward. 

.  ' '  The  warm  water  which,  in  the  southern  summer  months,  flows  in  broad  currents  along  the 
east  and  west  coast  of  Madagascar,  and  afterwards  along  the  southern  point  of  Africa,  is  carried 
much  further  southward  and  westward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  than  in  the  southern  winter 
months. 

' '  Thence  the  warm  stream  increases  sensibly  in  breadth  and  forms  almost  a  small  river, 
which  turns  in  a  more  southerly  direction  to  the  Agulhas  bank.  The  pressure  being  thus  much 
less,  the  cold  polar  current  has  more  opportunity  for  penetrating  further  into  the  warm  stream, 
or  to  turn  aside  its  course. 

"From  this  penetration  arise  the  branchings  which  we  perceive  making  their  appearance  in 
the  special  chart  for  February  and  July.  For  if  we  imagine  a  cold  stream  coming  from  the 
pole,  striking  against  the  Agulhas  bank  in  a  NE.  direction,  we  see  this  stream  speedily  coming 
to  the  surface,  and  we  notice  in  places  a  sudden  change  of  temperature  in  the  sea  water,  while 
the  direction  of  the  current  is  determined  by  the  manner  of  meeting  of  the  warm  equatorial 
with  the  cold  polar  stream. 

' '  Sometimes  ships,  during  half  a  day,  will  meet  a  strong  current  from  SW.  or  W.,  and  during 
the  other  half  a  strong  NE.  or  E.  current;  and  again,  over  the  whole  day  no  current  whatever 
will  be  observed.  We  imagine  these  cold  currents  to  be  like  wedges,  which  penetrate  always 
into  the  warm  Agulhas  current,  whereby  it  is  sometimes  checked  in  its  course  and  sometimes 
turned  entirely  out  of  it.  The  first  seems  to  impart  to  the  water  a  rolling  or  boiling  appear- 
ance, while  from  the  second  appear  to  arise  those  tangling  currents  of  which  so  many  notices 
are  made  in  the  journals;  and  the  green,  muddy,  or  brownish  color  of  the  sea  water  is 
commonly  an  indication  of  the  warm  current. 

' '  From  the  special  chart  of  July  we  see  that  the  main  current,  coming  against  the  Agulhas 
bank,  divides  into  two  branches:  the  one,  which  follows  the  direction  of  the  coast,  splits  up 
very  soon,  by  the  entering  of  the  polar  current,  into  two  parts,  one  of  which  goes  west-north- 
westward and  speedily  mingles  with  the  surrounding  cold  water,  while  the  other  goes  south- 
southwestward,  and  is  first  absorbed  by  the  polar  current  at  the  parallel  of  39°  south  latitude. 


684  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

The  other  main  current,  which  already  goes  south-southwestward  by  Algoa  bay,  and  is 
continually  pressed  by  the  polar  current  to  take  a  more  southerly  direction,  passes  yet  south  of 
39°  south  latitude;  thence  goes  east-southeastward,  and  sometimes  flows  even  as  far  as  the 
parallel  of  41°  south  latitude;  thence  forward  to  lose  itself  in  the  polar  current,  or  rather  to 
follow  its  easterly  course. 

"In  the  southern  summer  months  a  great  amount  of  warm  water  flows  along  the  coast  of 
Madagascar  to  the  S.SW.  in  a  broad  current,  which  then  turns  along  the  Agulhas,  and  has  a 
branch  in  the  direction  of  the  coast,  which  has  so  much  momentum  that  it  can  penetrate  to  12° 
E.  longitude,  thus  going  westward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

"The  main  current  takes  rather  speedily  a  SW.  direction,  growing  more  southerly  all  the 
time,  and  takes  an  E.SE.  direction  at  42°  S.  latitude,  whence  the  polar  current  between  36° 
and  39°  E.  longitude  is  pushed  back  to  the  parallel  of  45°  S.  latitude,  and  even  south  of  it. 

' '  The  warm  current,  mingling  there  with  the  polar  water,  regulates  its  direction,  and  is  soon 
fed  by  another  warm  current  which  comes  south  from  the  east  of  Madagascar.  By  these  the 
polar  current  is  more  and  more  set  back,  and  the  temperature  of  the  water  eastward  of  the 
meridian  of  70°  E.  longitude  is  raised  over  a  great  surface,  so  that  the  atmosphere  becomes 
thereby  sensibly  milder  than  on  the  same  parallel  west  of  this  meridian.  Without  taking  into 
account  the  warm  current,  the  water  east  of  70°  E.  longitude  would  yet  be  nearly  4°  Celcius 
warmer  than  on  the  same  parallel  in  more  westerly  places." 

Lieutenant  Van  Gogh,  writing  from  the  Dutch  Meteorological  Institute  of  Utrecht,  June 
12,  1857,  says: 

"For  preparing  masters  and  mates  for  examination  it  is  now  admitted  that  the  general 
course  of  navigation  extends  to  the  instruction  of  the  meteorological  observations — the  appli- 
cation of  your  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  and  the  requisite  qualifications  for  keeping  the  abstract 
log.  Besides  the  250  Dutch  captains  now  co-operating,  thereby  we  have  more  security  that 
in  a  future  period  the  number  will  increase  still. 

"Your  new  Pilot  Chart,  No.  66-67,  north  Indian  ocean,  is  an  important  improvement. 
Discussing  some  log-books  from  vessels  bound  to  Akyab,  for  January,  I  find  the  NW,  monsoon 
west  of  Sumatra  limited  by  calm  belts,  as  sketched  in  the  enclosed  diagram,  (p.  685.)  This 
monsoon  proves  to  be  the  NE.  monsoon  veering  round  to  NW.  and  W.,  when  it  is  blowing 
towards  the  heated  areas  near  Java. 

"Your  intentions  to  recast  and  improve  all  the  track  charts,  when  you  shall  have  got 
through  with  the  present  series,  in  order  to  make  them  complete  and  general  charts,  will  show 
in  the  mosf  practical  manner  all  the  profit  of  your  noble  task.  The  navigator  will  use  them 
both  as  charts  and  sailing  directions  at  the  same  time. 

"By  the  American  vessel  North  Sea,  I  forwarded  to  your  address,  in  April  last,  a  box 
containing  25  sheets  of  Maury's  Passaatkaart;  25  sheets  of  No.  10,  Series  C,  Dutch  edition;  40 
copies  Uitkomsten  van  W.  en  Erd,  edition  of  1856 ;  50  copies  Uitkomsten  van  W.  en  Erd, 
edition  of  1857. 

' '  In  the  last  you  will  find  a  description  of  the  Agulhas  current  and  its  influence  on  the 
atmosphere,  as  derived  from  the  discussion  of  the  Dutch  log-books,  and  illustrated  with  charts 
and  temperature  table,  by  Lieutenant  Andrau,  who  has  accomplished  the  whole  with  much  tact. 
Also,  he  has  arranged  many  data  concerning  the  winds,  weather,  barometer,  <fec.,  the  appli- 
cation of  which  will  be  of  practical  use  on  the  southerly  tracks.  Gathering  all  about  the 
impediment  of  ice  in  this  volume,  I  hope  its  contents  will  contribute  to  show  our  navigators 


TO   THE   EAST   INDIES. 


685 


that  the  limits  of  this  part  of  the  route  to  Java  and  to  Australia  lies  between  that  belt  of 
westerly  winds  which  have  the  warm  waters  of  the  Indian  ocean  on  the  left  and  the  Polar  ice 
on  the  right. 

"Many  Dutch  vessels  to  Java  of  course  deviate  from  the  old  track,  so  that  the  mean 
lies  between  the  old  and  the  new  route,  giving  a  gain  of  about  eight  days  from  the  line  to  80° 
longitude  east,  and  eleven  days  from  Lizard  to  Java  Head. 

"I  hope  the  crossings  from  Java  to  Lizard,  with  preliminary  sailing  directions,  will  be 
published  this  year.  Imitating  your  beautiful  route  tables,  we  are  now  searching  the  best 
route  for  every  month  for  that  part  of  the  track  from  the  line  to  Lizard,  where  it  is  question- 
able whether  to  go  west  or  east  of  the  Azores."* 


70 


75 


80°         85°  90°         95°  100°       :L05° 


IILO"       US' 


o  This  question  should  be  discussed  with  all  the  additional  lights  that  the  officers  in  England  and  France  can  shed  with 
their  logs. 


686  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

Captain  Libbey,  in  transmitting  from  Boston,  Se^ptember  6,  1855,  the  abstract  log  of  ship 
Sabine,  on  a  voyage  from  New  York  to  Calcutta  and  back  to  Boston,  says:  "My  passage  to 
the  equator  was  quite  long,  but  fully  satisfied  me  that  'one  is  not  hopelessly  to  leeward 
who  is  forced  across  the  line  in  35°  or  36°  W.'  I  was  able  to  clear  all  land  by  80  miles  from 
that  point,  and  in  16  days  crossed  the  latitude  of  40°  S.  I  tried  the  Great  Circle  route  and  did 
very  well  by  it.  I  compared  my  track  with  ships  F.  Dragon  and  Gem  of  the  Ocean,  and  found 
that  I  was  able  to  hold  those  clippers  by  being  far  south,  making  the  passage  from  18°  E.  to 
Calcutta  in  about  the  same  number  of  days.  The  winds  forcing  me  so  far  to  leeward,  (having 
nothing  under  my  lee  except  the  United  States  ship  Yincennes,)  I  found  your  charts  of  much 
more  use  to  me  than  formerly,  although  I  then  made  a  saving  of  10  days  by  their  use,  (June, 
1852.)  My  passage  up  the  Bay  of  Bengal  was  short  for  the  NB.  monsoons,  and  made  by  stand- 
ing on  through  all,  hoping  to  get  a  westerly  wind  along  the  NW.  shore,  which  I  think  may  be 
depended  on  after  the  month  of  January.  Other  ships  that  made  a  long  and  short  lay  up  were 
much  longer." 

Again,  Captain  Libbey,  writing  from  Calcutta,  October  22,  1856,  says:  "I  took  com- 
mand of  ship  'Orion'  in  January  last,  at  Boston,  (the  ship  being  then  new,)  for  a  voyage  from 
Boston  to  New  Orleans,  Liverpool,  and  Calcutta,  and  having  made  a  fair  passage  from  Liverpool 
to  the  line  by  following  the  directions  given  in  the  seventh  edition  of  your  most  valuable  work, 
I  take  pleasure  in  sending  you  the  abstract  log;  my  only  regret  being  that  I  did  not  keep  still 
further  west  when  in  40°  N.  latitude,  so  as  to  have  the  trades  more  on  my  port  side.  We 
crossed  the  line  in  24  days  4  hours,  and  passed  the  Cape  in  54  days,  making  the  passage  to  Sand 
Heads  in  89  days;  ship  loaded  to  21  feet  with  salt,  and  by  no  means  a  clipper.  The  Orion  has 
beaten  the  entire  fleet,  some  ships  that  sailed  three  weeks  before  us  having  not  yet  arrived;  we 
took  pilot  September  21.  By  comparison  with  other  ships,  I  find  we  beat  most  of  them  only  to 
the  line,  they  having  made  nearly  the  same  run  from  the  line  to  Sand  Heads.  The  abstract 
which  I  now  send  will  make  no  difference  in  regard  to  the  general  abstract;  it  will  be  there 
given  again. 

"August  15.  When  53  days  out,  latitude  43°  S.,  longitude  12°  45'  E.,  we  fell  in  with 
James  Bain's  clipper  ship  Saldanha  from  Liverpool,  70  days  out.  By  hard  driving  we  gained 
a  little  on  her,  and  we  parted  by  steering  different  courses;  this  difference  in  our  passages  was, 
no  doubt,  caused  by  her  going  east  and  getting  becalmed  north  of  the  line.  The  S.  was  the 
Australia  mail  ship;  I  ran  down  my  easting  in  42°  43'  S.,  and  had  good  wind;  saw  no  ice. 

"  I  hear  great  complaints  of  shipmasters  being  deceived,  in  running  for  Sand  Heads,  by  the 
directions  on  charts  being  wrong.  They  are  wrong;  not  one  is  right;  no  word  is  given  to  show 
that  the  western  station  only  exists  from  March  15  to  September  15,  which  is  the  case. 
A  ship  coming  up  the  bay  in  the  middle  and  latter  parts  of  September  should  run  direct 
for  the  eastern  light,  and  keep  the  middle  of  the  bay,  as  the  winds  in  the  last  of  the  monsoon 
incline  to  the  eastward  in  the  head  of  the  bay.  And  in  running  for  Salvo  Point  a  ship  will 
have  almost  a  dead  beat  up  to  the  pilot  station.  To  prove  which  I  refer  you  to  ship  Sabine's 
log  in  1852." 

Captain  Osgood,  of  the  Oriental,  speaking  of  the  NE.  monsoons  for  Januar}^  in  Bay  of 
Bengal,  says,  in  a  letter  accompanying  his  log:  "You  will  notice  in  my  outward  passage  up  the 
bay  in  the  month  of  January,  I  stood  across  until  I  made  the  land  on  the  west  side;  although  this 
is  directly  contrary  to  Horsburg's  directions,  I  think  it  is  much  the  best  way,  at  this  season  of 
the  year,  and  should  always  take  this  course  any  time  after  the  middle  of  January;  at  about 


TO   THE   EAST   INDIES.  687 

this  time  the  southerly  current  along  the  west  coast  begins  to  grow  weak,  and  bj^  standing 
well  in  shore  you  will  get  southerly  and  westerly  winds  which  will  soon  take  you  up  to  tlie 
pilot  station.  After  January  you  are  apt  to  get  very  light  winds  and  calms  in  the  middle  of 
the  bay  when  there  is  a  good  SW.  wind  blowing  along  near  the  shore  on  west  side,  of  course 
one  must  get  well  to  the  eastward  in  the  southern  part  of  the  bay  before  getting  the  NE.  winds. 
Southeast  trades  in  South  Atlantic. — "This  passage  from  the  Cape  to  the  equator  I  have 
made  my  track  further  to  the  southward  than  I  ever  have  before,  and  in  fact  much  further||than 
any  of  the  tracks  on  your  charts;  my  idea  was  that  it  would  be  better  to  make  more  westing 
(than  is  usually  made  in  coming  from  the  Cape)  while  the  winds  were  strongest,  and,  as  a 
general  thing,  I  think  that  the  SE.  trades,  from  10°  S.  to  the  equator,  are  much  stronger  near 
the  coast  than  they  are  far  off  towards  St.  Helena.  I  should  like  very  much  to  know  what  you 
think  of  this  course,  as  I  think  the  track  home  from  India  can  be  improved  as  Avell  as  other 
tracks."  [I  think  so  too.]  "I  have  had  more  or  less  southerly  current  nearly  all  through  the 
SE.  trades,  much  more  than  I  had  in  the  Josiah  Quincy  when  I  came  along  a  little  further  to 
the  northward  where  the  current  set  more  westerly.  I  have  been  very  particular  about  the  log. 
(every  two  hours, )  and  all  the  observations  are  taken  with  a  good  sextant,  and  have  been  par- 
ticular about  working  them,  &c.  I  use  for  a  log  chip  a  bag,  the  mouth  of  which  presents  the 
same  surface  as  a  large  old  fashion  log  chip,  besides  holding  a  considerable  quantity  of  water, 
and  instead  of  the  old  style  peg  I  used  one  of  my  own  invention  that  I  have  used  some  three 
years,  and  find  to  be  much  better,  as  it  always  requires  the  same  force  to  draw  it,  and  it  cannot 
draw  until  that  force  is  applied.  I  suppose  any  improvement  in  the  log  will  be  of  service  to 
your  good  cause,  I  annex  a  drawing  of  it." 

Abstract  log  of  the  ship  ' '  Panther, "  (N.  Gr.  Weeks, )  from  Liverpool,  England,  to  Calcutta. 

"August  13,  1854.  Lat.  21°  17'  N. ;  long.  27°  05'  W.  Current,  SW.  by  W.  6'.  Barometer, 
30.04;  temperature  of  air,  77°;  water,  75°.  Winds,  E.NE.,  NE.,  NE.  Throughout  these 
24  hours  brisk,  strong  trades;  hazy,  fine  weather.  Mr.  Maury  recommends  ships  from  Europe 
to  cross  the  equator  in  25°  W. ;  I  am  consequently  running  to  lose  the  trades  in  13°  N.  and  30° 
W.,  and  to  take  the  SW.  monsoon,  which  I  have  always  experienced  in  August,  and  which  I 
expect  will  give  me  a  good  slant  to  cross  the  line  in  25°  W.  The  trades  are  unusually  strong 
and  steady,  so  that  I  expect  to  carry  the.m  to  11°  N.,  on  meridian  of  30°  W. ;  distance  185' 
S.SW.     Barometer  falling  rapidly;  atmosphere  becoming  damp. 

"August  14.  Lat.  18°  27' N.;  long.  28°  23'  W.  Current,  SW.  by  W.  6'.  Barometer, 
30.01;  temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  76°.  Winds:  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E.,  NE.  by  E. 
Throughout  these  24  hours  charming,  strong,  steady  trade-Avinds,  inclining  northwardly;  hazy 
atmosphere;  damp  all  night,  with  very  little  dew.     Distance,  by  observation,  209'  S.SW.  |  W. 

"August  15.  Lat.  15°  06'  N.;  long.  29°  19' W.  Current,  SW.  6',  Barometer,  29.94; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  80°.  Winds:  NE.  by  N.,  NE.  by  NE.  by  N.  First  part, 
strong,  steady  trades,  fine  weather;  no  signs  of  the  trades  giving  up.  Middle  part,  breeze, 
not  so  steady,  clouds  making  up  from  SW. ;  2  a.  m.  to  2^  a.  m.,  calm,  after  which  the  breeze 
commenced  fresh  and  steady  from  same  quarter.  Latter  part,  breeze  moderate  and  fitful, 
flying  about  from  N.  to  E.,  now  fresh  and  then  nearly  calm,  with  other  unmistakable  signs  of 
decay.     Distance,  per  observation,  193'  miles,  south  true. 

"August  16.  Lat.  14°  53' N. ;  long.  29°  21'  W.  Current,  S.  9'.  Barometer,  29.94;  tem- 
perature of  air,   82°;  water,    82°.     Winds:    NE.,    NE.,    W.      Commences  Avith   light  breezes 


688  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

from  N.  by  E.  to  E.NE.;  appearances  of  rain  in  the  SW.  At  midnight,  being  in  lat.  11°  26' 
N.,  long.  29°  15  W.,  this  splendid  old  wind,  which  had  wafted  us  about  3,000  miles  in  17  days, 
ceased  to  breathe. — (She  is  now  in  the  doldrums. — M.) 

"August  23.  Lat.  2°  41'  N. ;  long.  20°  04'  W.  Current,  SE.  by  S.  1'.  Barometer,  29.93; 
temperature  of  air,  79°;  water,  80.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE.,  S.SE.  First  part,  steady  trades  and 
strong;  5  p.  m.  observed  a  change  in  the  color  and  temperature  of  water  and  air — water,  78°; 
air,  77°.  Middle  part,  strong,  steady  breezes,  fine  weather;  the  SW.  monsoon  has  impercep- 
tibly changed  itself  into  the  SE.  trade  wind.  Latter,  strong  trades  and  fine;  at  9.  a.  m.  crossed 
the  equator  in  long.  22°  02'  W.,  being  25  days  21  hours  from  Liverpool,  which,  for  the  month, 
may  be  called  a  remarkable  passage.  Have  tacked  ship  but  once  since  leaving  the  channel; 
have  had  only  three  hours'  calm,  and,  for  the  most  part,  a  5  to  10  knot  breeze.  I  have  doubt- 
less been  the  gainer  by  steering  well  to  the  westivard  of  Cape  Verde  islands,  so  as  to  lose  the 
trades  in  29°  20'  W.,  which  I  should  not  have  done  had  I  not  had  the  benefit  of  Lieutenant 
Maury's  "  Sailing  Directions."  I  was  once  from  August  7  to  September  12  on  the  passage 
from  St.  Ubes  to  the  equator,  when  I  passed  to  the  eastivard  of  Cape  Verde  islands;  find  the 
current  has  changed  to  W.SW.  34'  true.  Distance,  by  observation,  226'  SW.  |  S.  true.  Dis- 
tance, per  log,  Liverpool  to  equator,  4,184  miles. 

"August  24.  Lat.  00°  23'  S.;  long.  22°  14'  W.  Current,  W.SW.  1.4.  Barometer,  29.96; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  75°.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Throughout 
these  24  hours  fresh  trades  and  steady  from  SE.  by  S.  Distance,  per  observation,  220'  S.SW. 
I  W.  true. 

"August  25.  Lat.  3°  39'  S. ;  long.  23°  52'  W.  Current,  N.  by  W.  0.8.  Barometer,  29.99; 
temperature  of  air,  78°;  water,  76.  Winds:  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.,  SE.  by  S.  Throughout 
these  24  hours  strong,  steady  trade-winds,  fine  weather.  Distance,  per  observation,  206' 
miles  S.SW  |  W.  line.  Passed  latitude  of  Cape  St.  Roque  in  27  days  12  hours  from  Liverpool, 
in  the  month  of  August.     [Excellently  well  done. — M.] 

"October  15.  Lat.  23°  11'  S. ;  long.  90°  02'.  Current,  E.  0.5.  Barometer,  30.04;  tem- 
peraturQ  of  air,  65°;  water,  69.  Winds:  S.SE.,  S.SE,,  S.SE.  Commences  with  a  light  trade 
wind  from  S.SE.;  and  middle,  strong  trades  and  cloudy.  Latter,  strong,  steady  trade-wind 
from  SE.  by  S.  It  is  my  opinion  that  ships  have  no  occasion  to  run  so  far  east  as  90°  when 
bound  to  Bengal,  even  in  the  NE.  monsoon.  When  the  winds  of  the  Indian  ocean  and  Bay  of 
Bengal  are  properly  classified,  there  will  be  a  saving  of  600  or  1, 000  miles  distance  to  out- 
ward bound  vessels.  Something  like  the  ' '  Great  Circle' '  course  might  be  steered  from  lat.  40° 
S.  and  the  meridian  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  87°  E.  on  the  equator.  Distance  per  obser- 
vation, this  day,  212  miles  N.  |  W." 

Barque  J.  Godfrey,  (N.  B.  Grant.) 

"October  19,  1856.  Lat.  1°  50' S. ;  long.  164°  12' E.  Barometer,  30.03;  temperature 
of  air,  84°;  of  water,  87°.     Wind:  Calm. 

"Calm  throughout,  with  a  smoky  atmosphere.  Lowered  the  boat  and  tried  the  current. 
Used  the  same  apparatus  as  that  mentioned  in  the  abstract  log  of  ship  'Lady  Arbella,'  viz:  A 
'  deep  sea  line'  with  a  thirty-pound  lead  attached  .to  anchor  with,  and  for  a  log,  light  cotton 
twine  attached  to  an  ordinary  log  chip.  With  the  lead  down  to  50  fathoms  the  log  chip  moved 
off  W.NW.  25  feet  per  minute,  |  mile  per  hour;  at  70  fathoms,  f  of  a  mile  per  hour,  W.  by 
N.,  45  feet  per  minute;  and  at  90  fathoms  the  chip  went  west,  f  of  a  mile  per  hour,  60  feet 


TO  THE   EAST  INDIES. 


689 


per  minute.  It  will  be  Been  that  the  vessel  has  made  6  miles  of  northing  and  18  miles  of 
westing  during  the  24  hours.  Light  catspaws  from  the  southward  during  the  afternoon  are 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  difference  of  latitude,  but  any  other  motion  through  the  water  it 
has  been  impossible  to  detect  or  account  for.  Can  it  be  that  the  whole  volume  of  water  to  the 
depth  of  50  or  60  fathoms  is  moving  to  the  westward,  but  with  an  increased  velocity  near  the 
surface  ?  This  experiment  seems  to  indicate  that  such  is  the  case,  and  if  my  reckoning  is 
correct  it  is  a  further  confirmation  of  the  fact." 

Log  of  the  Ship  ^^Siam,^'  (Charles  H.  Williams  J  from  Boston  to  ChiTia,  1855. 

"Sketch  of  the  '  Catherine  Shoal,'  as  laid  down  in  Horsburgh's  latest  Directory  and  Charts 
in  1°  31'  S.,  and  107°  01'  E.,  showing  breakers  in  one  continuous  line  for  three  miles. 

'  *  My  charts  were  very  correct,  and  a  number  of  good  sights.  I  could  not  have  possibly 
passed  without  seeing  it. 


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"If  the  shoal  exists,  its  position  is  in  error;  and  if  breakers,  as  reported,  we  could  have 
seen  them  three  or  four  mileis;  about  |-ktlot  tide- to  SE.,  and  much  drift  stuff  and  patches  of 
yellow  scum  about.      [The  wood-cut  shows  the  "Siam'e"  track  over  this  myth.] 

^^Penang. — Pulo  Penang,  called  also  Prince  of  Wales'  Island,  is  high,  uneven  land, 
excepting  the  south  and  eastern  side,  where  the  town  is  built,  which  is  low  land,  surrounded 
by  an  extensive  mud  flat,  dry  at  low  water. 

"The  fort  and  town  is  on  the  NE.  end  of  the  island,  having  10  or  11  fathoms,  within  f  of 
a  mile  of  the  fort,  and  extends  across,  within  \  mile  of  the  Queda  shore. 

"A  mast  with  a  yard  across  is  stretched  on  the  fort,  where  all  ships  are  telegraphed.  If 
VOL.  II 87 


690  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

at  the  NW.  and  W.,  a  flag  at  the  north  yardarm;  if  to  the  southward,  a  flag  at  the  south  yardarm; 
and  when  seen  from  the  fort,  an  English  jack  is  hoisted  at  the  masthead.  These  flags  are  first 
made  from  the  Government  Hill,  where  there  is  an  observatory  2, 170  feet,  and  five  and  a 
quarter  miles  east  of  the  fort.  All  ships  are  first  seen  and  telegraphed  from  the  Hill.  Tide 
ebbs  and  flows  six  hours  each  way;  runs  three  knots  on  spring,  two  knots  on  neaps. 

"S.  by  E.  tide  is  flood,  and  makes  high  water;  N.  by  W.  tide,  ebb,  low  water. 

"  Cargo  lighters  are  of  10  tons  each,  and,  owing  to  the  mud  flats,  can  only  be  loaded  at 
high  water. 

' '  A  small  gun-boat  is  stationed  here. 

"Penang  is  a  healthy  and  pretty  place.  Everything  remains  green  the  year  round,  and 
is  well  drained.  Nutmeg  plantations  are  numerous,  and  on  the  hills  coffee  trees  are  planted 
and  hung  with  berries.  Many  of  the  hills  are  owned  by  merchants,  and  all  grow  cofffee;  and 
the  views  from  the  hills  are  beautiful  and  air  delightful;  always  a  fresh  breeze.  At  the  Hill 
the  grounds  are  laid  out  beautifully,  the  walks  lined  with  all  kinds  of  flowers,  but  the  roads 
can  only  be  travelled  on  horses. 

"North  channel  is  best  for  large  ships  to  enter  or  depart,  but  with  a  draught  of  14  or  15 
feet;  pilots  are  procured  for  the  south  channel,  which  is  well  buoyed  out.  Pilots  are  stationed 
at  Pulo  Jerajah  Island.  Malacca  Straits  are  quite  safe,  only  more  tedious  than  difiicult.  Tide 
runs  NW.  by  W.,  and  SE.  by  E.,  to  Tree  Island,  where  the  tide  meets;  and  flood  from  E.NE., 
instead  of  NW.  by  W.,  from  China  sea. 

"  Cape  Rachado,  when  first  seen,  appears  as  an  island,  cape  being  low,  and  has  a  hill  on 
its  end. 

' '  A  floating  light-ship  is  moored  on  the  north  sands,  1  mile  N W.  of  the  buoy,  on  the  2| 
fathom  bank,  showing  a  fixed  light. 

"Pisang  is  high,  and  Cocob  quite  low;  the  trees  on  it  being  of  light  green,  is  easily 
known. 

"Tree  Island  is  a  mere  sand  bank;  has  five  trees  on  it,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  reef. 

"  Coney  Island  is  small,  but  high.  A  light-house  is  in  course  of  erection  on  it,  and  nearly 
completed,  and  will  be  a  great  benefit  to  commerce.  A  ship  should  never  anchor  here,  if 
possible  to  avoid  it.  It  is  all  rocky  bottom,  and  a  five-knot  tide,  and  a  ship  will  be  sure  to 
lose  an  anchor,  as  was  the  case  with  me." 

^^Bemarks  on  Canton,  &c. — Hong  Kong  is  generally  barren  and  mountainous.  The  highest 
peak  is  near  the  NE.  end  of  the  island,  and  has  an  elevation  of  2, 000  feet.  Settlements  are 
on  the  north  side  of  the  island.  Towards  its  east  end,  opposite  Cowloon  bay,  the  anchorage 
is  good  holding  ground,  with  depth  varying  from  5  to  9  fathoms. 

"  Canton  is  one  of  the  great  emporiums  of  the  East  as  a  port  of  trade;  is  situated  in  the 
province  of  Quanton,  in  lat.  23°  07'  10"  N.,  long.  114°  13'  E.  It  stands  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Pekiang  river;  near  its  junction  with  the  sea  it  is  called  Bocca  Tigris.  The  town  is 
surrounded  by  a  thick  wall,  built  partly  of  stone  and  partly  of  brick,  and  is  divided  into  two 
parts  by  another  wall  running  east  and  west.  The  northern  part  is  called  the  old,  and  the 
southern  part  the  new  city. 

"Foreign  factories  extend  some  distance  along  the  bank  of  the  river;  are  walled  in  for 
100  yards,  and  are  called  hongs.  In  front  is  a  beautiful  garden,  with  fine  walks,  and  in  the 
centre  a  well  built  Episcopal  church  is  erected  after  the  European  style.     In  the  garden,  after 


TO   THE   EAST   INDIES. 


691 


5  p.  m.,  congregate  the  merchants;  commanders  of  ships  meet  and  enjoy  the  cool  of  the 
evening.  cStiftt^^ 

"In  front  of  the  American,  English,  and  other  hongs,  flagstaffs  are  erected,  displaying  the 
national  ensign  abreast  of  the  consulates. 

"For  the  space  of  four  or  five  miles  opposite  Canton  the  river  resembles  an  extensive 
floating  city,  and  in  these  boats  the  Chinese  live  with  their  families. 

"The  Hall  shoal,  laid  down  on  Horsburgh's  latest  charts  in  1°  31'  S.,  107°  01'  E.  I  have 
reason  to  doubt  its  existence,  as,  on  my  passage  home,  I  crossed  over  its  position  as  he  gives  it. 
On  the  28th  of  October,  at  noon,  I  was  in  latitude  1°  25'  S.,  longitude  106°  55|'  E.,  and  with 
the  wind  S.  by  W.  ^  W.  I  steered  SE.  |  E.  nine  miles,  crossing  the  shoal  as  laid  down;  I  then 
tacked  and  stood  W.  one  mile,  sounding  all  the  time  18  and  19  fathoms;  this  put  me  directly 
on  the  shoal.  A  lookout  was  kept  from  the  fore  royal  yard,  and  neither  breakers  nor  colored 
water  was  seen;  the  weather  fine. 

"November  4,  in  5°  29'  S.,  106°  17'  E.,  saw  a  water-spout  of  large  dimensions  close  to  us; 
the  weather  was  fine  in  SE.,  E.,  S.,  and  SW.,  but  a  black  squall  rising  in  N.NW.,  and  as  soon 
as  the  squall  reached  our  zenith  the  spout  formed  three  cable  lengths  from  us,  and  moving 


>t^9m  -^^^m 


rapidly  to  S.SE.  My  first  care  was  to  clew  all  up.  The  column  was  apparently  as  large 
around  as  our  mizenmast,  say  24  inches  in  diameter.  It  kept  bending  and  swaying  in  different 
directions,  like  a  snake,  and  the  column  inclined  16°.  It  came  from  a  heavy  black  cloud;  under 
the  column  the  sea  rose  three  or  four  feet,  tearing  up  the  water  and  roaring  like  a  cataract, 
bubbling  up  like  the  boiling  of  a  pot.  The  time  of  its  duration  was  11  minutes;  it  appeared 
to  go  around,  from  right  to  left,  at  a  rapid  rate,     A  moment  before  it  broke  there  was  a 


692  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 

sudden  noise  like  a  gun,  starting  all  hands,  and  followed  immediately  by  a  vivid  flash  of 
lightning  and  heavy  clap  of  thunder;  whether  this  had  any  connexion  with  the  spout  I  am 
unable  to  say.     As  the  tube  was  disappearing  the  bubbling  was  seen  on  the  water  until  the 

"  When  the  other  disappeared  it  was  so  near  the  roar  was  distinctly  heard,  and  had  I  not 
got  sail  in  we  should  have  run  into  it,  as  it  was  crossing  our  bows.  The  tube  was  white  and 
transparent,  and  a  foam  around  the  end  on  the  water. 

^^  Gale  in  the  Indian  ocean. — March  20.  Fine  trades  from  E.NE.,  veering  occasionally 
to  NB.  and  N.NE.,  at  times  squally,  and  then  clear,  sultry  feeling.  All  sail  set.  Barometer 
declining;  watching  it  carefully. 

"March  21.  Wind  at  E.,  strong  and  hazy,  veering  to  N.NE.  to  E.SE.  Barometer 
declining  to  29.65  and  remained  so.     Quite  a  swell  from  the  southward. 

"March  22.  Sharp  squalls  from  SE.  and  a  falling  barometer,  29.60;  lightning  in  the 
northward.  Middle,  squalls  hard  and  rain;  lightning  in  the  nortlnvard  and  SE.  9  a.  m. 
barometer  down  to  29.40;  wind  at  S.SE.  and  baifling  four  points;  prepared  for  a  storm;  got 
the  ship  snug;  all  sail  in;  hove  to  on  the  port  tack. 

"March  23.  A  heavy  gale,  very  severe  squalls;  lightning  all  around,  mostly  at  NE.  and 
eastward;  no  thunder;  steady  rain  in  torrents;  barometer  falling  to  29.20.  11  p.  m.  calm  for 
20  minutes,  then  a  sudden  shift  from  S.SE.  to  E.NE.;  very  heavy  sea  from  S.SE.,  NE.,  and 
northward;  sea  increasing  from  northward;  very  wild  look.  Noon,  barometer  29.15;  no 
abatement;  rained  steadily  all  day;  a  mountainous  sea  and  confused;  no  sail  on  the  ship;  terrific 
squalls,  making  the  ship  tremble,  lying  well  down. 

"  March  24.  At  1  p.  m.,  calm  for  fifteen  minutes;  no  steerage  way,  then  a  shift  to  North 
in  a  gust;  hard,  steady  rain;  terrific  squalls;  a  bad  look.  2  p.  m.,  the  barometer  rose  to  29.30; 
still  no  abatement;  squalls  longer  and  harder,  if  possible;  sea  all  up  in  heaps,  dashing  against 
each  other.  At  6  p.  m.  it  began  to  break  away  in  the  W.  first  and  SW.,  and  cleared  up — the 
clouds  in  a  solid  body  settling  to  eastward — and  was  clear  until  9  p.  m.,  then  moderating  fast; 
shut  over  thick  with  light  rain  squalls;  barometer  hanging  at  29.20  until  noon,  then  29.30. 

"March  25.  Faint  airs  and  calms  all  day,  but  an  ugly  swell  from  E.NE.  and  NW. ;  wind 
N.NW.;  barometer  very  gradually  rising  still;  light  showers,  and,  as  you  will  perceive  by  log, 
we  have  no  trades  after  the  gale,  and  the  seasons  were  changing  and  the  winds  very  light. 
On  my  arrival  I  found  most  all  the  passages  to  Calcutta  were  140  to  160  days,  and  they  must 
have  had  the  same  light  winds  further  west,  and  their  logs  will  tell  if  the  gale  was  felt  further 
to  the  west. 

"  Ow  the  passage  down  the  China  sea. — From  my  own  experience  I  should  say  that  a  ship 
leaving  China  or  Manila  as  early  as  September  or  October  would  shorten  her  passage  to 
Anger  by  coming  to  the  westward  of  the  Anambus  Islands,  instead  of  the  passage  between  the 
Natuna  and  Anamba,  for  there  is  a  great  deal  of  calms  in  the  vicinity  of  the  island,  when  to 
the  westward  you  have  more  wind,  and  the  current  setting  to  the  S.SW.,  until  in  2°  North, 
then  sets  SE.  by  S.  20  and  30  miles  daily.  I  have  tried  both  passages  often,  and  prefer  the 
western  one.  1  spoke  the  American  ship  "Bostonian,"  42  days  from  Manila,  two  Spanish, 
and  one  English  ships;  all  from  Manila,  38  or  40  days  out;  they  took  the  inner  passage  and 
reported  an  abund«jice  of  calms  and  southerly  winds." 

Captain  Doane,  in  transmitting  the  abstract  log  of  ship  Northern  Light,  from  Boston  to 
Manila,  and  back  to  Boston,  in  1857,  sayg:   "I  was  forced  to  cross  the  line  on  my  passage  out 


TO   THE   EAST  INDIES.  693 

well  to  tlie  westward,  but  found  no  diflSculty  in  getting  to  the  southward.  Had  very  baffling 
winds  over  the  southern  route,  (perhaps  I  was  not  far  enough  south.)  Have  made  a  few 
remarks  on  the  route,  but  do  not  pretend  to  say  they  are  correct;  and  suppose  you  expect 
to  find  some  ludicrous  remarks  made  among  so  many  (sailors)  as  are  sending  you  logs;  they 
generally  get  a  little  fractious  if  they  have  baffling  winds  and  long  passages.  I  think  the 
southern  route  is  the  right  one,  and  shall  try  it  again  if  I  have  an  opportunity.  Am  anxious 
to  see  your  opinion  regarding  the  eastern  passages  and  China  Sea  with  the  monsoon  ahead, 
as  I  think  there  is  a  chance  for  improvement;  and  would  call  your  attention  to  some  shoals 
about  the  Java  Sea  and  Straits  of  Macassar  not  laid  down  on  any  charts  but  those  of  the  late 
Dutch  survey,  which  I  think  but  few  American  masters  have.  I  have  been  through  the 
Java  Sea  and  Straits  of  Macassar  twice  without  knowing  they  were  there,  and  had  Horsburgh'  s 
Charts,  together  with  the  latest  Spanish  survey.  The  dangers  most  in  the  way  of  ships  are 
40  45'  S. ;  longitude  115°  50'  E.,  2  fathoms,  and  the  islands  to  the  southward  of  Great  Pulo 
as  follows:  A  shoal  in  latitude  4°  31' S.;  longitude  115°  50' E.,  4  fathoms;  one  in  latitude 
Saut  are  laid  down  too  far  east.  Moresess  Islands  10  miles  too  far  east;  Two  Brothers  16 
miles;  Great  Pulo  Saut  14  miles;  in  the  northern  part  of  Macassar  Strait  a  shoal  in  latitude 
1°  06'  N.;  longitude  120°  15'  E.  I  have  called  your  attention  to  these  dangers,  as  I  think  the 
Dutch  charts  are  not  kept  for  sale  in  the  States,  and  I  consider  them  by  far  the  best  charts  of 
the  Java  Sea  and  eastern  passages.  I  would  take  this  opportunity  to  acknowledge  my  sincere 
thanks  to  you  and  all  employed  for  the  great  benefit  you  have  done  us  sailors  as  a  class,  and  the 
community  generally,  by  your  valuable  Charts  and  Sailing  Directions,  and  shall  bontribute  my 
mite  as  long  as  I  follow  the  sea,  and  endeavor  to  have  the  best  of  instruments  to  observe  with." 

From  the  log  of  the  Northern  Light. 

"March  23,  1857.  Lat.  6°  22'N.;  long.  134°  01'  E.  Barometer,  29.86;  air,  83°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  NW.  Strong  breezes  and  thick  cloudy  weather;  all  sail  set;  at  2  p.  m.  made  Angour 
Island,  (the  southern  island  of  the  Pelew  group,)  bearing  NE.  by  E.  14  miles  distant;  at  5  tacked 
to  the  SW.  and  took  in  the  royals;  at  10  p.  m.  tacked  to  the  N.NW. ;  midnight  gentle  breezes 
and  cloudy;  ends  with  strong  gales  and  a  heavy  head  sea;  took  in  the  topgallant  sails;  ship 
pitching  very  bad. 

"March  24.  Lat.  7°  51' N.;  long.  133°  29'  E.  Barometer,  29.75;  air,  83°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  W.  by  S.  Commences  heavy  gales;  at  1  p.  m.  double-reefed  the  topsails;  a  very  heavy 
confused  sea;  midnight  took  in  the  courses  and  close-reefed  the  topsails;  gale  increasing  with 
very  heavy  rain  squalls  every  15  minutes;  ends,  heavy  gales  and  a  very  heavy  confused  sea, 
with  heavy  rain  squalls. 

"March  25.  Lat.  8°  58'  N. ;  long.  133°  44'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  82°;  water,  82°. 
Winds:  SW.  Commences  heavy  gales,  and  increasing  with  a  heavy  confused  sea;  at  1  p.  m. 
took  in  the  fore  and  mizen  topsails;  at  6  took  in  the  main  topsail;  put  a  tarpaulin  in  the  mizen 
rigging;  from  6  to  12  it  blew  a  perfect  hurricane,  with  heavy  rain  and  sharp  lightning;  in  the 
morning  more  moderate;  set  the  topsails  and  reefed  foresails;  ends,  heavy  gales  and  a  heavy 
confused  sea. 

"March  26.  Lat.  10°  37'  N. ;  long.  132°  51'  E.  Barometer,  29.55;  air,  — °;  water,  — °. 
Winds:  SE.     Strong  gales;  at  2  p.  m.  increasing,  took  in  the  fore  and  mizen  topsails  and  lay 


694  THE  WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

the  ship  to;  midnight  heavy  gales  and  heavy  rain  squalls;  morning  more  moderate;  set  whole 
topsails  and  main  topgallant  sail;  ends  with  brisk  gales  and  cloudy  weather;  ship  rolling 
almost  yardarms  in  the  water. 

"March  27.  Lat.  11°  10'  N. ;  long.  131°  34'  E.  Barometer,  29.70  to  29.40;  air,  — °; 
water,  — °.  Commences  strong  gales  and  rainy  weather;  at  2  p.  m.  increasing,  took  in  the 
main  topgallant  sails  and  double-reefed  the  topsails;  at  4  close-reefed  the  topsails;  at  6  p.  m. 
blowing  very  heavy,  with  a  heavy  sea  running;  took  in  the  topsails  and  brought  the  ship  to 
the  wind;  midnight  blowing  a  hurricane;  ends  the  same,  with  heavy  squalls,  with  rain. 

"March  28.  Lat.  11°  50'  N.;  long.  129°  48'  E.  Barometer,  29.38;  air,  — °;  water,  — °. 
Winds:  E.SE.  and  SE.  Commences  heavy  gales  and  heavy  sea;  ship  under  bare  poles;  middle 
and  latter  parts  the  same;  a  very  bad  sea  and  the  ship  straining  badly. 

"March  29.  Lat.  12°  23'  N. ;  long.  128°  51'  E.  Barometer,  29.20  and  29.10.  Winds:  S. 
by  W.,  S.SW,  and  SW.  Throughout  these  24  hours  a  heavy  typhoon,  with  a  very  bad  sea 
coming  from  most  all  directions;  ship  straining  badly,  and  making  some  water;  at  10  p.  m.  it 
blew  the  main  topgallant  mast  over  the  side;  the  sails  were  all  snugly  furled  and  the  yards 
pointed  to  the  wind;  I  never  saw  it  blow  harder;  at  12,  midnight,  the  barometer  commenced 
rising;  ends  more  moderate,  but  still  blowing  heavy;  barometer,  29.40. 

"March  30.  Lat.  13°  15'  N.;  long.  129°  14'  E.  Barometer,  29.50;  air,  — °;  water,  — °. 
Commences  strong  gales  and  heavy  sea;  at  4  p.m.  wore  ship  to  the  W.NW. ;  at  midnight 
gentle  breezes  and  cloudy,  sea  going  down  very  slowly;  morning  gentle  breezes  and  pleasant 
weather;  ends  the  same;  a  long  heavy  swell  from  the  NW. 

' '  I  hardly  know  what  to  think  of  the  weather  I  have  had  for  the  last  six  days ;  I  have  been 
in  a  number  of  typhoons  in  the  China  Sea  and  off  the  Bashee  Islands,  but  never  saw  one  that 
would  compare  with  this;  I  did  not  expect  it  this  time  of  the  year,  and  think  it  an  uncommon 
occurrence." 

Bottle  paper. 

"June  10,  1853.  Barque  Futta  Sultan,  Lat.  6°  10'  S. ;  Long.  90°  40'  15"  E.,  (W. 
Johnson,)  bound  from  Madras  to  the  Mauritius  with  coolies."  Picked  up  between  May  and 
September,  1856,  at  Brava,  Lat.  1°  7'  S. ;  Long.  44°  3'  E.,  and  forwarded  through  Captain 
Putnam  by  Mr.  Webb,  of  Zanzibar.     The  drift  in  a  straight  line  was  about  3, 000  miles. 


TO   THE   EASi    INDIES — TIME   AND  CROSSINGS. 


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696  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 


TO  CALCUTTA. 


We  have  treated  of  the  passage  south  and  east,  through  the  trade  wind  region  of  the  South 
Atlantic,  as  fully  as  facts  and  data  in  our  possession  justify.  The  Calcutta-bound  navigator 
has,  of  course,  made  himself  familiar  with  the  crossings,  the  winds,  and  the  charts,  from  his 
port  to  the  prime  meridian  in  the  South  Atlantic. 

Before  going  further,  we  present  for  his  consideration  the  annexed  table,  in  which  the 
route  from  the  crossing  of  the  prime  meridian  oflf  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Calcutta  is 
divided  out  into  sections,  and  the  average  miles  "made  good"  per  day  along  each  section  is 
stated. 

The  average  distance  "made  good"  from  the  equator  through  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic 
to  36°  S.  is  109  miles.  The  best  sections  on  the  route  thence  are  from  40°  to  50°  E.,  on  an  east 
course,  and  from  20°  to  10°  S.  on  a  north  course.  On  each  one  of  these  two  sections  the  average 
distance  is  160  miles  a  day.  The  worst  sections  are  the  two  between  10°  S.  and  10°  N.  From 
10°  S.  to  the  Line  the  daily  average  is  86  miles,  and  from  the  Line  to  10°  N.  it  is  98  miles. 

Let  the  navigator  project  the  new  route  for  the  month  on  his  track  chart,  divide  it  off  into 
sections,  and  then  mark  on  each  section  the  average  miles  ' '  made  good' '  per  day.  Now,  if 
he  will  turn  to  the  pilot  charts  for  the  route,  and  study  them,  he  will  be  able  to  "pick  his  way" 
with  decided  advantage;  for  he  will  see  by  the  average  miles  "made  good  per  day"  where 
the  difficult  sections  lie,  and  he  may  find  out  by  the  tables,  the  Pilot  and  the  Track  Charts, 
where  better  winds  may  be  found;  then  he  can  compute  the  detour  to  get  to  them,  and 
calculate  the  time  to  be  gained  or  lost  by  turning  aside  for  them.  The  voyager  for  Mocha, 
Bombay,  and  western  India  may  also  study  this  table  and  the  crossings  to  Calcutta  with  signal 
advantage.  It  gives  the  average  number  of  miles  "made  good"  per  day,  from  the  line  in 
the  Atlantic  to  20°  N.  in  the  Indian  ocean,  on  the  way  to  Calcutta. 


TO   CALCUTTA. 


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698  ^       THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

The  distance  from  the  equator  in  the  Atlantic  to  the  equator  in  the  Indian  ocean  is,  in 
round  numbers,  by  the  mean  route  of  the  above  table,  8,500.  But  to  cross  the  prime  meridian 
in  40*^,  and  to  go  thence  to  the  equator  in  the  Indian  ocean  via  great  circle,  the  distance  is 
8,  TOO  miles;  and  it  probably  may  be  followed  with  profit,  as  will  appear  from  these  reasons  : 
from  30°  on  the  line  in  the  Atlantic  a  vessel  can  reach  the  prime  meridian  in  lat.  40°  S.  sooner 
than  she  can  in  latitude  36°  S. ;  from  long.  0°  and  lat.  40°  S.  to  intersection  of  present  route  in 
lat.  30°,  Indian  ocean,  the  distance  is  about  100  miles  less  than  it  is  by  the  route  proposed. 

For  nearly  4,000  miles  after  crossing  the  prime  meridian,  the  distance  by  the  route  pur- 
sued lies  through  the  very  worst  region  for  winds.  It  is  along  the  old  Admiralty  route  to 
Australia,  (see  pp.  590  and  593.)  The  distance  by  great  circle  from  40°  on  the  prime  meridian 
to  where  present  track  crosses  30°  S.,  is  about  100  miles  nearer,  and  the  route  lies  through  a 
region  of  much  better  winds.  Calcutta  and  Ceylon-bound  vessels  are  recommended,  to  take 
this  route:  that  is,  to  cross  long.  0°  about  lat.  40°;  to  take  the  great  circle  thence,  so  as  to  be 
as  far  south  as  45° — 7°;  when  on  the  meridian  of  40° — 45°  E.,  to  pass  near  the  island  of 
Amsterdam;  recrossing  40°,  between  the  meridian  of  70°  and  75°  E.  By  this  route  several 
days  may  be  gained.  Fully  to  appreciate  the  advantages  of  this  route,  the  Calcutta  or  Ceylon- 
bound  navigator  should  read  the  chapters  (pp.  580  and  584)  on  the  route  to  Australia,  and 
study  the  tables  of  crossings,  (pp.  596-8)  there  given. 

Any  navigator  may  generally  make  runs  to  exceed  the  average  daily  distance  of  the  tables 
now  presented,  who  will  run  down  through  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic,  with  foretopmast 
studding-sail  set;  not  caring  to  cross  the  prime  meridian  to  the  north  of  lat.  40°,  and  then  not 
recrossing  this  parallel  until  he  has  passed  the  meridian  of  70°  or  75°  E. 

By  this  course  he  will  cross  and  recross  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn  nearly  at  right  angles; 
by  this  course  he  will  have  the  ' '  brave  west  winds' '  of  the  extra-tropical  south  following  him 
for  a  clean  sweep  of  3,000  or  4,000  miles;  by  this  course  his  "vertex"  will  be  about  the  parallel 
of  45°  S.,  between  the  meridians  of  35°  and  40°  E. ;  and  by  this  course  he  will  save  time. 

The  most  difficult  sections,  or,  rather,  the  most  uncertain  as  to  the  time  required  to  pass 
them,  are:  from  long.  0°  to  10°  E.;  from  lat.  20°  to  10°  S.;  from  the  line  to  10^  N. ;  and 
thence  to  port.  (Tables,  p.  701  ef  seq.)  At  least,  these  are  the  sections  along  which  the  extremes 
between  the  monthly  averages  of  the  miles  "made  good"  are  the  greatest,  these  extreme  differ- 
ences being  (p.  697)  severally  75,  89,  99,  and  109  miles.  The  sections  that  give  the  most 
uniform  monthly  averages  are  the  three  between  20°  and  50°  E.  and  the  one  between  30°  and 
20°  S. ;  these  extreme  differences  are  severally  43,  46,  49,  and  33  miles. — (p.  697.) 

The  tables  of  crossings  at  p.  701  et  seq.  will  be  found  very  instructive  and  amply  suggestive. 

Before  giving  them  I  quote  an  extract  from  the  log  of  the  accomplished  Toynbee: 

From  the  abstract  log  of  the  English  ship  "  Gloriana,''    Captain  Henry  Toynbee,  from  London 

to  Madras,   1857 : 

"This  voyage  has  been  most  tedious  on  account  of  the  number  of  calms  we  have  experi- 
enced. Off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  May,  we  had  a  bad  westerly  gale  and  a  tremendous 
sea  on  the  edge  of  the  Agulhas  bank,  and  the  wind  afterwards  was  most  trying,  in  being 
constantly  foul  with  a  contrary  current. 

' '  We  were  from  the  14th  to  the  23d  of  May  beating  from  Cape  Agulhas  to  Table  bay, 
when,  just  as  we  arrived  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  a  furious  southeaster  opposed  us.  I  think 
that  great  service  would  be  rendered  to  seamen  if  a  good  wind  chart  were  made  for  each  month 


TO   CALCUTTA.  699 

for  each  square  of  one  degree  between  33°  and  40°  S.  and  30°  and  15°  B.*  My  impression  is, 
that  such  a  chart  would  prove  that  at  some  seasons  there  is  a  better  track  for  homeward 
bounders  (especially  those  not  touching  at  Table  bay)  than  that  which  leads  them  to  remain  in 
the  fearful  sea  on  the  edge  of  the  Agulhas  bank.  ■  I  would  also  give  a  careful  chart  of  the 
currents  in  this  part,  on  the  same  scale,  during  each  month,  as  for  several  days  we  experienced 
a  southerly  current  on  the  western  edge  of  the  bank  when  I  expected  it  would  be  to  the 
northward. 

I  have  before  remarked  on  the  variations  in  the  temperature  of  the  surface  sea  water  in 
the  highest  southern  latitudes  to  which  we  go.  This  voyage  supplies  other  instances:  On 
Saturday,  November  14,  1857,  lat.  42°  30^'  S.,  long.  20°  38'  E.,  at  9  a.  m.  it  was  55°.4;  at 
noon,  49°.  9;  at  3  p.  m.,  54°.  0.  November  15,  1857,  lat.  42°  15'  S.,  long.  24°  06'  E.,  at  noon 
it  was  61°.  November  16,  in  nearly  the  same  latitude,  50°.  From  this  time,  though  in  the 
same  latitude,  it  decreased  until  November  20,  lat.  42°  25'  S.,  long.  45°  57'  E.,  when  it  was 
48°.  5.  November  21,  lat.  41°  30'  S.,  long.  51°  01'  E.,  thus,  nearly  one  degree  further  north, 
it  was  down  to  44°.  5;  this  day  it  was  tried  three  times.  November  23,  1857,  in  lat.  39°  52'  S., 
long.  39°  12'  E.,  it  was  up  again  to  58°.  6. 

"These  remarkable  irregularities  have  not  (so  far  as  I  am  aware)  been  explained,  and  the 
surface  currents  do  not  seem  to  account  for  them.  Perhaps  they  are  the  cause  of  the  foggy 
and  damp  weather  which  is  found  in  those  latitudes. 

"  Column  21. — March  17  and  18,  1858.  The  specific  gravity  was  down  to  1023,  with  a 
strong  current  to  the  NE. ,  which  I  suppose  brought  the  fresh  or  rather  brackish  water  from 
the  mouths  of  the  numerous  small  rivers  south  of  Pondichery. 

Natural  History. — "  During  our  passage  out  I  have  recorded  in  this  log  the  names  of  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  creatures  found  in  the  sea  water,  so  far  as  I  know  them,  but  did  not  think  it  necessary 
to  continue  it;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  each  day,  when  the  speed  of  the  ship  was  not  too  great,  the 
net  was  towed,  and  that  nearly  always  microscopic  shells  of  diiBFerent  shapes  and  in  great 
abundance  were  found;  their  colors  and  delicacy  were  very  striking;  careful  sketches  have 
been  made  of  those  which  were  new  to  us,  and  in  many  instances  the  inhabitants  also  have 
been  sketched.  The  general  prevalence  of  some  is  worthy  of  remark:  for  instance,  AtlantidaB, 
varying  in  color  and  shape  are  found  in  all  the  seas  we  have  visited,  or  rather  in  which  light 
winds  have  enabled  us  to  tow  the  net.  The  Pteropoda-criseis  is  also  very  common,  varying 
from  straight  to  curved,  and  from  having  a  round  to  an  oval  transverse  section,  but  generally 
of  a  delicate  pink  color,  though  some  are  yellow  and  others  variegated.  This  Pteropod  seems 
to  be  as  common  in  the  day  as  in  the  night.  The  Hyalea  we  have  not  found  so  abundant,  but 
have  some  beautiful  drawings  and  specimens  of  them.  A  Pteropod,  which  I  have  called 
bivalve,  has  also  been  found  very  frequently ;  the  first  of  this  kind  that  were  taken  were  in  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  and  were  of  a  beautiful  amber  tint,  but  most  of  the  others  of  the  same  shape  were 
transparent  and  pink.  Two  shells,  evidently  Pteropods,  looking  as  if  encased  in  glass,  have 
been  found  both  on  the  same  night.  Turret-shaped  shells  have  been  found  with  wing  feet 
like  those  of  a  Pteropod,  again  shells  shaped  like  the  Pteropoda-criseis  have  been  found  with 
ciliated  arms  instead  of  the  wing  feet. 

"The  most  remarkable  instance  of  any  part  of  the  sea  being  inhabited  by  only  one  kind  of 
shell  was  on  the  14th  of  July,  1858,  in  lat.  40°  46'  N.,  long.  31°  05'  W.     Here  a  small  yellowish 

«The  Meteorological  Institute  of  Holland  has  done  this. 


700  THE  WIND  ANJ>  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Pectin-shaped  shell  was  found  in  great  abundance;  it  seemed  to  contain  granular  particles,  and 
showed  no  signs  of  life;  even  when  I  cracked  several  of  them  there  was  no  voluntary  motion 
apparent;  this  was  not  the  case  with  those  we  found  in  warmer  latitudes,  where  the  inhabitants 
were  very  active;  they  have  been  sketched.  There  were  only  two  or  three  other  kinds  of 
shells  found,  and  they  were  very  scarce. 

' '  Besides  shells,  all  the  microscopic  inhabitants  of  the  sea  which  we  have  found  have  (so 
far  as  we  were  able)  been  classed,  sketches  have  been  made  of  many  of  them,  and  Ave  have  a 
large  number  of  sketches  under  the  head  of  various,  to  which  we  were  unable  to  give  names 
or  classes.  Before  starting  I  provided  myself  with  a  homceopathic  medicine  chest,  and  have 
brought  home  160  bottles  of  specimens  in  spirits  of  wine  and  water.  Many  of  the  soft  creatures 
which  one  might  have  been  inclined  to  think  would  dissolve  or  decompose  are  well  preserved, 
especially  the  Annelidas,  while  nearly  all  the  crustaceans  have  retained  their  form,  and  some 
their  colors. 

' '  The  Diphydae  are  well  preserved,  as  are  some  of  the  Planariae,  and  the  Doliolum  and 
Salpje  show  their  delicate  internal  structures  well.  The  shells,  of  course,  are  well  preserved, 
though  some  have  lost  their  beautiful  coloring.  Indeed,  in  some  the  protruded  inhabitant  is 
perfect  also.  There  are  other  substances  which  look  like  eggs  which  have  preserved  well, 
though  I  quite  failed  in  an  attempt  to  hatch  them  by  keeping  then  in  salt  water. 

' '  Sagittae  are  very  abundant,  and  many,  together  with  what  looks  like  a  shed  skin,  have 
been  bottled. 

"  The  Podopthalmias  vary  much  in  the  shape  of  their  extraordinary  eyes.  But  one  with 
eggs  has  been  found,  which  has  bottled  well. 

"  The  Gammaridse  are  among  the  most  numerous  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  sea.  The  last 
that  I  found  was  busy  feeding  on  a  small  Medusa,  much  in  the  same  Avay  that  a  crab  feeds 
itself,  and  now  both  eater  and  the  eaten  are  in  the  same  bottle. 

"It  is  my  intention  to  make  our  researches  on  this  subject  more  generally  known  by  a 
special  paper  on  them,  but  the  amount  of  amusement  and  instruction  to  be  derived  from  this 
source  ought  not  to  be  overlooked,  especially  in  a  calm,  when  the  inhabitants  of  a  sailing  ship 
are  very  much  in  want  of  something  to  divert  the  ennui  of  their  helpless  state;  besides,  who 
knows  how  soon  sailing  ships  may  be  driven  off  the  sea  by  steamers?  Then  the  fine  nets 
cannot  be  towed,  and  any  further  research  respecting  these  minute  inhabitants  of  the  deep 
sea  would  receive  a  great  check." 

It  is  Mrs.  Toynbee,  to  whose  skillful  hands  we  are  indebted  for  the  beautiful  drawings  of 
the  insects  of  the  sea,  plates  XX,  XXYI,  vol.  I.  The  idea  of  this  was  suggested  to  her  by 
the  log  of  the  Garrick,  Captain  Foster,  a  fac-simile  of  which  was  published  in  the  7th  edition. 

In  a  recent  letter  received  from  the  Gloriana,  Mrs.  Toynbee,  after  alluding  to  the  fine 
opportunities  afforded  during  the  calms  of  an  outward  voyage  for  catching  the  animalculse  of 
the  sea,  mentions  that  the  captain  has  succeeded  so  well  in  preserving  them  that  several  "stay- 
at-home"  naturalists  have  found  them  quite  in  a  fit  state  for  dissection  under  the  microscope* 
Naturalists,  after  examining  one  of  the  Toynbee  drawings,  vol.  1,  and  then  looking  at  the 
aforesaid  log  of  the  Garrick  will  comprehend  and  fully  appreciate  the  progress  made  in  this 
field  of  incidental  but  very  interesting  research. 


TO    CALCUTTA. 


701 


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708  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

TO  THE  STRAITS  OF  SUNDA  AND  PORTS  BEYOND. 

In  studying  the  routes  of  navigation  out  upon  the  high  seas  nothing  has  surprised  me 
more  than  the  fidelity  with  which  navigators  have  followed  in  the  wake  of  the  early  voyagers. 
In  olden  times,  he  who  was  the  first  to  make  any  particular  voyage  came  back  and  told  the 
way  he  went;  he  could  speak  of  no  other  way,  for  he  knew  of  no  other;  then  came  the  follower, 
who  naturally  would  go  the  same  way;  and,  finally,  tradition  led  to  the  establishment  of 
highways  across  the  ocean  by  routes  which  mere  chance  had  pointed  out.  Such  routes  were 
then  adopted  in  the  directories  of  the  ocean,  and  at  last  became,  in  some  instances,  so  well 
established,  that  if  a  shipmaster  ventured  to  depart  from  them,  as  therein  laid  down,  he 
departed  at  his  peril  and  at  imminent  risk.  If,  by  the  departure,  he  should  chance  to  have  a 
long  passage,  he  ran  the  risk  of  being  turned  out  of  his  ship  by  owners;  and  if  accident  befell 
him  by  the  way,  even  though  he  should  make  a  good  passage,  underwriters  were  sure  to  have 
something  to  say  about  his  being  out  of  the  usual  track,  and  thus  he  was  in  danger  of  losing 
his  insurance  as  well  as  his  place. 

More  attempts  seem,  however,  to  have  been  made  by  navigators  to  find  new  routes  to 
India  and  the  East  than  to  any  other  land  beyond  the  seas.  There  is  what  was  called  the 
Eastern  passage,  which  lies  south  of  Australia;  this  now  is  seldom  or  never,  and  should  be  never, 
attempted,  unless  for  very  special  reasons.  Then  there  was  the  Boscawen  Passage,  the  Middle 
Passage,  the  Inner  Passage,  the  Passage  to  the  Eastward  of  Madagascar,  &c. :  to  China,  there 
are  as  many  other  "Passages"  as  there  are  straits  east  of  Sunda;  but  I  need  not  describe  nor 
discuss  the  routes  through  these  narrow  straits; — I  need  not  describe  them,  because  they  are 
fully  described  by  Horsburgh,  and  are  usually  projected  on  the  charts  of  those  seas;  and  I  need 
not  discuss  them,  because  I  have  not  the  data  which,  after  the  masterly  discussion  of  my  Dutch 
colleagues,  would  justify  any  further  discussion  from  me  just  now.  I  shall  not  therefore  attempt 
to  throw  any  light  upon  the  routes  to  India  or  the  East,  after  the  voyager  enters  the  monsoon 
region  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  All  that  I  feel  myself  justified  at  present  in  saying  with  regard 
to  the  route  to  India  or  China  applies  to  it  before  the  mariner  enters  those  regions,  and  while 
it  and  the  route  to  Java  Head  and  the  passages  east  are  for  the  most  part  the  same. 

I  will  address  myself  therefore,  for  the  present,  only  to  that  part  of  the  route  to  Java 
Head  which  lies  south  of  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn,  and  which  is  included,  for  the  most  part, 
between  the  meridians  of  20^^  or  30°  W.  in  the  South  Atlantic,  and  80°  or  90°  E.  in  the  Indian 

Ocean. 

A  vessel  bound  through  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  after  crossing  the  equator  generally  holds 
her  wind,  hauling  up  to  the  eastward  as  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic,  will  allow,  until  she 
gets  into  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn.  Here,  though  she  may  not  find  long  continued  calms, 
she  finds  nevertheless  those  light  winds  which  are  always  found  to  prevail  in  that  sort  of 
debatable  ground  which  is  between  any  two  systems  of  winds;  this  calm  belt  is  between  the 
SE.  trades,  on  one  side,  and  the  variables  or  ' '  brave  west  winds' '  of  the  southern  hemisphere, 
on  the  other. 

Having  cleared  the  trades,  the  present  practice  of  mariners  is  to  edge  off  a  little  to  the 
east  of  south  until  they  gain  the  parallel  of  35°-37°;  crossing  this,  they  haul  up  duo  east, 
between  the  parallels  of  37°  and  39°  and  run  between  them — the  place  of  all  others  where  the 
southern  edge  of  the  cyclones  which  traverse  those  parallels  is  most  apt  to  be  felt  adversely — 


TO  THE  STEAITS  OF  SUNDA,  ETC.  709 

from  the  prime  meridian  to  longitude  80°-85°  E.  Now,  if  any  one  were  seeking  to  find  a  route 
that  passes  through  regions  most  beset  with  light  and  baffling  winds,  this  is  the  route  to  which 
I  should  point.  The  idea  of  sailing  5,000  miles  along  the  borders  of  the  calm  belt  of 
Capricorn,  as  many  East  Indiamen  do,  when  there  is  sea  room  for  the  Great  Circle  route  with 
the  ' '  brave  west  winds"  ' '  following  fast, "  is  simply  absurd.  Having  run  along  this  ' '  debatable 
ground"  and  reached  the  meridian  of  80°  or  85°  E.,  another  mistake  is  committed  by  crossing 
this  calm  belt  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  again  obliquely,  which  should  never  be  done.  These  calm 
belts  should  always,  whenever  the  land  and  dangers  will  admit,  be  crossed  as  directly  on  a 
meridian  as  the  winds  will  allow;  for  the  sooner  you  cross  them,  the  sooner  you  will  get  winds 
that  will  drive  you  along. 

Such  is  the  course  of  the  present  route,  as  the  Dutch  crossings  abundantly  show,  and  which 
has  been  shortened  for  the  Dutch  and  may  be  shortened  for  the  Americans  and  all  others,  ten 
days  or  more,  by  all  vessels  that  will  follow  this  course : 

(1)  After  crossing  the  parallel  of  St.  Eoque,  stand  through  the  SE.  trades  with  a  rap  full 
and  topmast  studding  sail,  as  if  you  were  bound  to  Australia,  not  caring  to  make  better  than  a 
S.SE.  course  good,  until  you  lose  the  trades,  clear  the  calms  of  Capricorn,  and  get  the  "brave 
west  winds"  on  the  polar  side  of  them.  "Vessels  that  do  this  will  generally  clear  the  calms, 
and  get  the  "brave  west  winds"  by  the  time  they  reach  latitude  35°-40°,  finding  themselves  at 
this  juncture  somewhere  between  the  meridians  of  20°  and  30°  west.  Now  shape  your  course 
per  Great  Circle  for  the  intersection  of  parallel  of  40°,  with  the  meridian  of  80°-85°  E.,  or 
any  other  near  which  it  may  be  deemed  advisable,  with  the  changing  seasons,  to  enter  the 
region  of  SE.  trades  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

The  following  route,  from  30°  W.  35°  S.  to  the  intersection  of  this  parallel  with  85°  E., 
differs  so  little  from  the  Great  Circle  that  the  difference  becomes  practically  of  no  moment: 

(2)  Suppose  you  clear  the  calms  of  Capricorn  in  latitude  35°,  longitude  30°  W. ,  now  steer 
for  the  meridian  of  10°  E.,  at  its  intersection  with  the  parallel  of  48°  or  50°  south;  then  run  on 
between  these  parallels  to  longitude  50°.  From  this  point  steer  for  the  intersection  of  85°  E. 
and  35°  S.  The  total  distance  to  be  run  south  of  the  parallel  of  35°  being  5,300  miles — the 
distance  by  the  present  route  being  5,500 — so  here  is  one  day's  sail  gained  by  the  "short 
cut,"  and  certainly 43 etter  winds.  (3)  But  suppose  you  have  good  luck  in  the  South  Atlantic, 
and  can  clear  the  calms  of  Capricorn  in  20°  W.  instead  of  in  30°  W.,  but  in  the  same  latitude, 
your  course  then  is  to  aim  to  strike  the  parallel  of  50°  in  20°  E.,  and  then  run  along  it  as 
before  to  50°  E. ;  the  distance  south  of  35°  by  this  route  being  4,900  miles. 

But  suppose  the  winds  favor  you  still  more,  and  you  be  in  10°  W.  before  you  reach  the 
parallel  of  35°.  In  this  case  you  should  run  between  the  parallels  of  45°-46°  till  you  come 
to  the  meridian  of  50°  E. ;  you  should  so  shape  your  course  from  10°  W.  as  to  get  between 
these  parallels,  near  the  meridian  of  20°  cast.  The  distance  south  of  35°,  by  this  route,  is 
4,400  miles;  in  other  Avords,  the  distance  from  the  usual  place  of  crossing  the  parallel  of  St. 
Roque  to  Java  Head,  is — 

By  present  route,  9,200  miles;  by  (1),  8,940  miles;  by  (2),  8,730  miles;  by  (3),  8,520  miles. 

There  is  no  part  of  the  world  where  the  master  of  a  sailing  vessel  can  turn  his  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  Great  Circle  sailing  to  more  advantage  than  he  can  when  his  course  lies 
east  in  that  great  expanse  of  ocean  on  the  polar  side  of  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn. 
Here,  when  his  course  has  easting  in  it,  the  famous  westerly  winds  of  that  region  will  drive 
him  ahead  with  the  force  and  velocity  of  steam  power. 


710  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Suppose  therefore  a  navigator,  bound  for  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  should,  instead  of  heading  up 
east  on  crossing  35°  S.  near  30°  W.,  after  having  crossed  the  equator  near  this  meridian,  proceed 
to  40°  S.  on  it  before  heading  up  east,  how  much  would  his  distance  from  the  equator  in  the 
Atlantic  to  the  crossing  of  40°  S.  in  longitude  85°  E.  be  increased?  Answer,  100  miles.  His 
gain  in  time  to  offset  this  increase  of  distance  would  be  a  quicker  run  through  the  calms  of 
Capricorn,  by  reason  of  going  straight  across  them,  and  the  further  advantage  of  strong  winds 
along  the  more  southern  route. 

The  best  course  under  all  circumstances  is,  as  a  rule,  to  do  thus :  Run  from  the  equator  in 
the  Atlantic  to  the  south  as  fast  as  you  can,  caring  little  for  easting  until  you  have  cleared  the 
calms  of  Capricorn  and  caught  the  "  brave  west  winds "  on  the  polar  side  of  that  belt,  then 
shape  you  course  so  as  to  cross  20°  E.  between  47°  and  52°  S. ;  leave  these  parallels  about  the 
meridian  of  60°  E.,  and  steer  thence  for  the  parallel  of  40°  S.,  near  its  intersection  with  85°  E. 
This  description  of  the  courses  to  be  run  and  the  points  of  intersection  to  be  gained  is  given 
only  for  those  navigators  who  may  be  unable  to  get  out  the  true  Great  Circle  routes  and  courses. 

It  is  well  to  remark  that  most  ice  has  been  seen  along  this  route  between  20°  and  40°  E., 
and  that  much  is  to  be  gained  by  running  down  your  easting  as  well  to  the  south  as  ice  and 
safety  will  permit.  So  impressed  have  I  been  with  the  gain  to  be  made  by  running  well  to 
the  south  in  this  part  of  the  ocean,  that  at  page  745,  7th  edition,  it  was  said  with  regard  to 
the  route  to  Australia — 

' '  In  further  proof  that  the  route  recommended  in  the  Sailing  Directions  of  the  Admiralty  is 
too  far  to  the  north,  and  as  an  illustration  of  the  advantages  of  the  route  which  I  advise,  I  have 
prepared  the  following  tables.  It  appears  from  them  that  there  is  no  longer  room  for  difference 
of  opinion  as  to  the  advantages  of  going  further  south  than  39°-40°.  How  much  further, 
though,  still  remains  to  be  decided.  But  so  far  as  the  facts  before  us  go  they  justify  the 
assertion  that  for  every  degree  you  go  south  of  the  admiralty  route  to  Australia  you  gain  three 
days  on  the  average,  until  you  reach  the  parallel  of  45°-6°,  for  the  averages  of  the  table  are 
not  below  this  parallel;  and  I  believe  it  will  turn  out  that  the  best  streak  of  wind,  on  the  long 
run,  is  to  be  found  between  45°  and  50°  S.  It  seems  to  be  almost  as  steady,  between  these 
parallels,  from  the  westward,  as  it  is  anywhere  from  the  east,  between  the  trade-wind  parallels 
of  15°  and  20°." 

The  average  "vertex"  of  those  that  go  south  of  41°  (page  598)  is  45°  33';  the  average 
"vertex"  of  those  that  go  north  of  that  parallel  (page  596)  is  39°  7'  S.  The  mean  parallels 
upon  which  the  latter  run  down  their  longitude  is  38°  52',  and  the  former  43°  59';  for  this 
difference  of  5°,  the  average  gain  by  those  who  take  the  more  southern  parallels  is  14  days, 
which  comes  very  near  to  an  average  of  3  days'  gain  on  the  voyage  to  Australia  for  every 
degree  you  go  south  of  the  Admiralty  route.  As  far  as  80°  E.  the  Admiralty  route  to  Australia 
and  the  old  route  to  Sunda  are  the  same.  The  average  speed  to  Australia  by  the  Admiralty 
route  is  134  miles  a  day  against  154  by  the  new  route.  So  that  the  route  "well  to  the 
south ' '  has  in  its  favor  not  only  better  winds  but  shorter  degrees  and  longer  daily  runs. 

If  the  winds  were  fair  all  the  way,  the  nearest  route  to  Java  Head  from  the  fair  way  off 
St.  Roque  would  be  via  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  indeed,  the  Great  Circle  from  St.  Roque  to 
Java  runs  through  the  unexplored  regions  of  Africa.  But  both  the  winds  and  the  land  render 
such  a  route  in  navigation  impracticable;  for  the  former  generally  compel  the  outward  India- 
man,  in  spite  of  herself,  to  cross  the  meridian  of  25°  W.  as  far  south  as  the  parallel  of  30°-33° 


TO   THE   STRAITS   OF   SUNDA,   ETC.  711 

S. ;  and  the  Great  Circle  thence  to  Java  Head  passes  some  8°  or  10°  south  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Moreover,  the  winds  in  the  Indian  ocean  render  a  departure  from  the  Great  Circle 
again  necessary.  The  winds  are  such,  however,  as  to  admit  of  all  four  of  the  routes  on  page 
709.  The  route  No.  3  is  600  miles  shorter,  and  has  better  winds  than  the  present  route. 
But,  after  clearing  the  SB.  trades  of  the  Atlantic,  the  present  route  runs  about  1,000  miles 
obliquely  across  the  calms  of  Capricorn,  where  the  average  rate  of  sailing  is  not  over  100 
miles  a  day.  Now,  by  going  straight  across  these  calms  as  by  route  (1)  you  will  clear  them 
generally  in  two  days,  and  then  get  those  "brave  west  winds"  which  will  waft  you  along  at 
the  rate  of  200  or  300  miles  a  day,  according  to  the  heels  of  the  ship. 

The  navigator,  therefore,  will  act  most  wisely  who  will  wait,  and  let  things  as  he  may  find 
them  govern  him  as  to  where,  after  clearing  the  SE.  trades,  he  will  begin  to  shape  his  course 
for  the  Great  Circle  to  the  meridian  of  85°  E.,  or  for  the  meridian  near  Avhich  he  proposes  to 
cross  the  calms  of  Capricorn  in  the  Indian  ocean.  Suffice  it  to  say  he  may  begin  to  do  it 
anywhere  south  of  30°,  and  between  the  meridians  of  30°  and  10°  W.,  and  reach  Java  Head 
several  days  sooner,  on  the  average,  than  he  would  by  continuing  to  follow  the  present  route. 

In  attempting  to  follow  these  Great  Circle  routes,  navigators  should  recollect  that  the 
greatest  saving  of  distance,  as  compared  with  the  rhumb-line  route,  is  always  along  those  arcs 
that  lie  nearly  east  and  west,  and  are  furthest  from  the  equator;  and  that,  so  far  as  distance  is 
concerned,  he  might  as  well  be  out  of  his  way  on  one  side  of  these  arcs  as  the  other.  As 
illustrative  of  this  route,  I  may  refer  to  the  track  of  a  ship  whose  log  I  have,  and  with  regard 
to  which  I  will  only  say  that,  if  she  had  stood  on  from  lat.  28°  to  35°  S.,  (at  that  season,)  in 
long.  20°  W.,  and  then  shaped  her  course  per  Great  Circle  route,  she  would  probably  have 
done  better;  as  it  is,  she  crossed  the  meridians  as  follows:  0°  in  36°  20'  S.;  20°  E.  in  38°  20'  S.; 
40°  E.  in  38°  35'  S. ;  60°  E.  in  38°  00'  S. ;  70°  E.  in  38°  20'  S. ;  80°  E.  in  36°  00'  S. ;  90°  E. 
in  33°  00'  S.,  Avhich  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  average  June  route  of  the  Dutch. 

"Arriving  in  lat.  28°  00'  S.,  long.  22°  W.,  I  projected,"  says  her  master,  "on  my  chart 
the  Great  Circle  course  thence  to  Java  Head,  the  vertex  being  in  lat.  44°  S.  and  long,  about 
25°  E.  I  adhered  to  this  course  as  far  as  practicable,  having  in  view  the  favorable  sailing 
points  of  the  vessel,  and  being  compelled  to  run  her  before  some  of  the  heavy  seas  of  the  high 
latitudes  until  reaching  the  parallel  of  30°  in  long,  about  69°  E.,  when  I  deemed  it  prudent  to 
keep  to  the  eastward  of  the  Great  Circle  course,  and  approach  the  meridian  of  Java  Head 
further  south,  to  forelay  for  the  chance  of  there  being  considerable  easting  in  the  trades.  I 
crossed  the  tropic  in  about  94°  30'  E.  long.,  and  fetched  Java  Head  sailing  upon  an  easy  bow- 
line, (which  is  a  good  sailing  point  of  the  vessel,  and,  I  believe,  of  most  sharp  vessels.)  I  will 
remark  here  that  I  could  find  nothing  explicit  in  '  Horsburgh'  regarding  the  direction  of  the 
wind  in  the  SE.  trades;  but,  after  many  unsatisfactory  remarks,  the  whole  is  summed  up  on 
page  161,  vol.  1,  5th  edition,  thus:  'When  the  sun  has  great  north  declination,  it  may  not  be 
absolutely  requisite  for  ships  which  sail  well  to  reach  the  meridian  of  their  port  so  far  southward, 
the  trade-wind  <^e?i  blowing  more  from  SE.  and  E.SE.  in  general  than  from  E.  and  E.NE.' 
Accompanying  my  abstract  is  an  abstract  of  the  log  of  the  ship  Minstrel,  of  Boston,  which 
vessel  (commanded  by  my  brother)  pursued  the  admiralty  route  in  running  up  her  easting;  and, 
although  he  crossed  the  equator  in  the  Atlantic  12  days  before  me,  yet  I  made  Java  Head  the 
day  before  him,  and  there  was  not  much  difference  in  the  sailing  of  the  vessels.     Where  I 


712  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

gained  on  him  most  was  in  the  high  latitudes.  Although  I  made  a  fair  passage  by  pursuing 
the  circle  course  so  far  as  the  latitude  of  35°,  yet  I  would  not  again  adhere  to  it  further  than  the 
vertex;  thence  I  would  sail  east,  on  or  near  that  parallel,  until  reaching  the  longitude  of  90° 
or  thereabouts;  then  hauling  north  across  the  belt  of  variables  to  the  southward  of  the  trades, 
at  right  angles,  and  be  upon  the  safe  side,  after  reaching  the  trades,  at  any  season  of  the  year. 
A  good  passage  could,  perhaps,  be  made  by  sailing  on  a  circle  course  from  the  Atlantic  to  a 
good  position,  relative  with  Java  Head,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  say  95°  E.  and  33°  S. ;  but  the 
vertex  would  be  far  south  of  53°  or  thereabout.  And  I  should  not  feel  justified  in  attempting 
to  pursue  such  a  route  until  we  have  some  definite  information  relative  to  the  existence  of 
danger  from  ice,  against  which  '  Horsburgh'  cautions  navigators.  Commodore  Ringgold,  in 
his  route  towards  Australia,  in  the  Vincennes,  went,  I  think,  as  far  as  48°  S.,  and,  I  believe, 
saw  no  ice. — (See  Ice  Table,  p.  580.) 

' '  With  regard  to  the  current  we  experienced  in  the  China  Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Cochin 
China,  I  should  think  it  almost  unprecedented.  On  my  last  passage  down  I  had  nothing  of 
the  kind.  May  it  not  have  been  a  rush  of  water  out  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  caused  by  the  very 
heavy  rain  with  which  the  SW.  monsoon  was  ushered  in,  and  which  was  experienced  in  part 
by  me  on  the  passage  up  the  sea  ;  and  would  not  observations  of  the  thermometer  and  hydro- 
meter have  been  valuable  ?  There  was  an  unusual  quantity  of  rain  in  the  early  part  of  the 
monsoon.  The  current  in  the  east  coast  of  China  is  always  running  with  more  or  less  strength 
in  the  SW.  monsoon  to  the  NE.,  (unless  disturbed  by  the  passage  of  a  cyclone.)  But  I  never 
experienced  anything  like  the  current  we  had  off  Cape  Varela,  which  prolonged  our  passage 
so  greatly.  There  was  a  typhoon  in  the  southern  part  of  the  China  Sea,  in  the  month  of  May 
this  year;  also  one  last  year  in  the  same  month.  I  have  never  known  them  so  early  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  sea.  I  would  say  here  that  I  think  a  series  of  observations  of  the  baro- 
meter, thermometer  attached,  and  the  force  of  the  wind  in  connexion  with  each  other  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  in  the  hurricane  months,  would  be  of  great  value  to  the  navigator  sailing  there 
at  such  times,  and  more  especially  those  homeward  bound  from  Java  Head,  in  the  SE.  trades, 
as  any  deviation  from  the  mean  height  of  the  mercury  would  at  once  show  some  obstruction  to 
the  surface  wind.  The  general  course  of  storms  about  there  is  nearly  W.SW.,  I  believe,  (or 
parallel  with  the  course  of  a  vessel  bound  round  the  Cape,)  until,  reaching  the  meridian  of 
Bourbon,  Mauritius,  and  sometimes  Madagascar,  they  curve  abruptly  south.  Now,  a  vessel 
near  the  southern  or  southwestern  disk  of  a  cyclone,  with  the  wind  at  SE.  or  E.,  with  strong 
breezes  and  squally  weather,  a  low  barometer,  or  lower  than  the  mean  range  for  these  months, 
and  anxious  to  make  a  quick  passage,  (possibly  racing,)  would,  perhaps,  be  loth  to  heave  to  for 
a  few  hours  and  wait  for  a  rise  in  the  barometer;  the  storm  advancing  in  the  meantime,  (the 
average  velocity  of  which  is  probably  greater  than  that  of  a  smart  vessel,)  would  get  ahead  of 
the  ship,  possibly,  near  its  point  of  curvature,  and  the  ship  still  going  along  would  be  plunged 
headlong  into  the  vortex  in  a  very  few  hours.  I  hardly  think  it  possible  for  even  the  smartest 
vessel  to  beat  the  storm  and  cross  its  path  before  it,  and  in  time  to  be  safe;  under  such  circum- 
stances the  best  and  only  safe  course  would  be,  in  my  opinion,  to  heave  to,  liead  to  the  southward, 
as  soon  as  the  barometer  indicated  bad  weather,  and  watch  for  its  rise.  I  have  the  most  entire 
faith  in  the  indications  of  a  barometer  within  the  trppics.  '  It  marks  the  passage  of  a  storm 
with  the  regularity  of  a  clock,'  says  Mr.  Piddington.     As  an  instance  of  most  admirable  man- 


TO  THE  STRAITS  OF  SUNDA,  ETC  713 

agement  under  such  circumstances  as  the  above,  a  pamphlet,  written  by  Captain  R.  Methven, 
of  the  British  ship  Blenheim,  is,  I  think,  the  best  practical  illustration  that  could  be  offered. 
In  the  China  Sea,  if  bound  northerly,  it  is  probably  safe  to  scud  with  the  wind  at  SW.,  if 
tolerably  certain  of  your  position.  With  the  wind  at  north,  the  best  course  would  be,  I  think, 
to  run  to  the  southward  in  time,  (say  with  the  force  of  the  wind  at  7,)  ivliether  hound  north  or 
south.  If  bound  south,  run  out  of  it;  and  if  bound  north,  run  to  the  southward  till  the  wind 
veers  westerly,  then  round  to  upon  the  port  tack,  wait  for  the  rise  of  the  barometer,  and  go 
back  again  with  the  southerly  wind  near  the  rear  verge  of  the  storm,  supposing,  of  course,  the 
condition  and  position  of  the  ship  permitted  it.  With  the  wind  at  NE.,  and  no  possibility  of 
making  a  harbor,  the  only  alternative,  I  think,  would  be  to  heave  to,  under  fore  and  aft  canvas, 
on  the  starboard  tack,  and  prepare  for  the  worst.  The  advance  of  the  storm,  I  think,  impels 
a  body  of  water  before  it,  causing  a  surface  current  to  the  westward,  which  it  would  be  well 
to  bear  in  mind." 

Navigators,  by  taking  the  old  route,  are  liable  to  meet  with  another  difficulty,  especially 
when  they  attempt  to  run  down  their  longitude  near  the  parallel  of  35°-6°  south.  About  this 
parallel  is  a  famous  place  for  circular  storms — cyclones  (p.  708.)  They  revolve  with  the  sun,  and 
the  parallel  of  35°-6°  is  frequently  traversed  by  the  southern  edge  of  them.  Consequently,  as 
these  storms  travel  east  or  west,  the  wind  on  the  southern  edge  of  them  is  generally  from  the 
eastward. 

From  the  Abstract  log  of  ship  Lady  Arabella,  (N.  B.  Grant,  captain.) 

Winds  and  Currents  between  Singapore  and  Batavia:  "On  the  afternoon  of  June  14  left 
Singapore  for  Batavia  with  a  fine  breeze  from  the  westward,  which  carried  us  as  far  as  the 
entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Rhio,  when  it  fell  calm,  with  the  tide  setting  out  of  the  straits;  was 
obliged  to  anchor.  At  6  a.  m.  of  the  15th,  weighed  with  a  light  air  from  the  southward,  and 
fair  tide  into  the  straits.  Had  nothing  but  faint  airs  from  the  southward  and  calms  until  the 
evening  of  the  17th,  at  which  time  we  passed  out  of  the  straits  with  a  fresh  breeze  from  S.SE. 
The  tides  we  found  to  set  through  the  straits  to  the  northward  at  the  rate  of  3  to  4  knots  per 
hour,  for  about  14  hours  steady,  followed  by  a  '  slack'  of  about  2  hours,  when  the  set  would 
turn  to  southward  for  about  6  hours,  2  to  3  knots,  followed  by  another  two  hours  '  slack, '  and 
then  would  commence  the  strong  northerly  set  again.  Whether  these  are  the  usual  tides  of 
the  straits  I  am  unable  to  say,  but  such  I  found  them  during  the  three  days  I  was  in  getting 
through.  On  the  18th  had  a  heavy  squall  from  NW.,  with  much  rain,  which  lasted  4  hours. 
From  that  time  until  we  reached  the  entrance  of  Macclesfield  Straits  (on  the  28th)  we  had  the 
wind  between  S.  by  E.  and  S.  by  W.  for  nearly  all  the  time.  Rain  and  squalls,  accompanied 
with  thunder  and  lightning,  were  frequent;  and  one  on  the  26th,  from  SW.,  blew  heavy  for 
two  hours;  but,  for  the  most  part,  they  were  from  the  southward  with  but  little  wind.  While 
working  down  past  Lirgin  island,  close  on  shore,  I  found  no  current;  but  one  day,  taking  the 
wind  at  S.SW.,  I  stood  off  60  miles  and  found  the  current  setting  to  the  northward  about  12 
miles  a  day.  On  the  24th,  off  Palo  Toty,  being  becalmed,  found  a  southerly  current  of  about 
one-half  knot;  and,  on  the  25th,  with  the  NB.  part  of  Banca  island  bearing  SE.  20  miles,  found 
the  current  setting  SW.  one  mile  per  hour,  wind  S.SE.,  but  very  light;  but  a  brisk  breeze 
springing  up  from  south,  tacked  ship,  and  did  not  determine  whether  it  was  the  effect  of  the 
tides  or  a  regular  current.  In  working  down  from  the  latitude  of  the  north  part  of  Banca  to 
Gaspar  Straits,  nearly  in  the  longitude  of  Gaspar  island,  I  had  the,  winds  very  light  and 
VOL.  IT 90 


714  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

baffling,  hauling  from  S.SE.  to  S.SW,  and  back,  sometimes  as  often  as  three  or  four  times  an 
hour;  at  other  times  it  would  remain  at  south  for  four  or  five  hours  at  a  time,  followed  by  a 
rain  squall  and  intervals  of  calm.  The  current  seemed  to  set  due  north  about  14  miles  per  day. 
On  the  morning  of  the  28th,  at  8  o'clock,  the  north  end  of  Palo  Leat  bearing  east  4  miles, 
with  a  fresh  breeze  from  S.SE.,  attempted  to  beat  through  Macclesfield  Straits;  for  the  first 
two  '  tacks'  we  gained  a  little,  and  got  as  far  along  as  Discovery  Bock,  on  which  the  sea  broke 
all  day;  and,  although  the  wind  freshened  to  as  much  as  we  could  carry  topgallant  sails  to,  yet 
at  every  tack  after  this  we  lost  ground;  and  at  8  p.  m.,  the  wind  falling  oiF,  anchored  in  15 
fathoms  water,  soft  ground,  about  5  miles  west  of  where  we  were  in  the  morning.  After 
anchoring,  found  the  current  running  due  north  4  knots,  and  so  continued  until  6  a.  m.,  29th, 
when  it  slacked  a  little,  but  at  no  time  was  it  less  than  2^  knots.  At  10  a.  m.  a  breeze  sprung 
up  at  S.  by  E.,  and,  as  the  tide  was  gaining  strength,  weighed  and  stood  over  to  eastward  for 
Stobyn's  Straits,  fully  convinced  it  was  useless  to  attempt  to  beat  through  Mecclesfield  at  day- 
light. On  the  morning  of  the  30th,  being  in  the  north  entrance  of  Clement's  Straits,  with  the 
wind  at  east,  stood  to  southward;  and,  although  we  had  a  strong  current  against  us,  yet  as  the 
wind  freshened  and  held  well  to  the  eastward,  we  made  rapid  way  to  the  southward,  passed  to 
eastward  of  Barn  island,  but  not  being  able  to  weather  Saddle  island,  kept  away,  and  passed 
through  the  narrow  passage  between  the  reefs  ofi"  Barn  island  and  Low  island  into  the  south 
entrance  of  Macclesfield  Straits,  and  by  dark  was  clear  off  the  south  end  of  Yansittart' s  Shoals, 
with  the  wind  light  from  SE.  From  that  time  until  July  4,  instead  of  the  fine  SE.  breezes 
that  I  had  heard  so  much  of  in  the  Java  Sea  at  this  time  of  the  year,  I  found  the  same  light 
baffling  winds,  mostly  from  S.  by  W.,  that  so  annoyed  me  in  the  China  Sea.  At  noon,  July  4, 
the  North  Watcher  bearing  W.SW.,  and  the  Armayden  Lands  just  visible  from  the  deck,  it 
died  away  to  a  'dead  calm,'  and  up  to  this  time  of  writing,  10  p.  m.  of  the  6th,  it  so  continues; 
and,  as  the  current  is  setting  N.  NW.  at  the  rate  of  |  knot  per  hour,  we  are  at  anchor  in  1 1 
fathoms  of  water,  and  whether  we  shall  ever  get  to  Batavia  remains  a  question  of  some  doubt. 

"Batavia,  July  8,  1853.  Arrived  here  last  evening,  after  a  passage  of  23  days  from 
Singapore,  a  distance  which  I  accomplished  with  very  light  winds  'going  up'  in  6  days,  as 
will  be  seen  by  referring  to  the  journal. 

"October  14.  Lat.  5°  55'  N. ;  long.  27°  32'  W.  Baffling,  faint  airs;  at  7  p.  m.  calm; 
lowered  the  boat  and  tried  the  current;  used  the  deep  sea  line  with  a  thirty  pound  lead 
attached  for  a  weight;  let  it  down  60  fathoms,  and  hove  the  log,  which  went  off  S.  ^  E.  by 
compass,  f  knot;  raised  the  weight  to  30  fathoms  depth,  and  hove  again;  this  time  the  log 
went  south  by  compass,  ^  knot  per  hour. 

"After  coming  on  board,  threw  a  bottle  overboard  with  date,  latitude,  and  longitude, 
requesting  the  finder  to  forward  the  paper  to  Lieut.  Maury. 

' '  I  am  of  the  opinion  there  is  an  under  current,  setting  northerly,  somewhat  below  20 
fathoms,  and  that  the  surface  current  is  very  small,  setting  southeasterly. 

"October  18.  Lat.  8°  30'  N.;  long.  28°  53'  W.  Begins  with  a  light  air  from  SE.,  with 
a  large  swell  from  NE.;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm;  lowered  the  boat  and  tried  the  current;  used 
the  same  weight  as  that  mentioned  on  the  14th;  for  a  log  line  I  used  light  cotton  twine  that 
would  float  on  the  surface,  attached  to  an  ordinary  log  chip,  loaded  just  to  sinking,  with  a  cork 
attached  to  prevent  it  from  sinking  more  than  a  few  inches  under  water.  With  the  lead  down 
to  50  fathoms,  the  chip  moved  off  NW.  (mag.)  at  the  rate  of  50  feet  per  minute;  at  60  fathoms 


TO  THE  THE  STRAUS  OF  SUNDA,  ETC.  715 

depth,  the  chip  went  in  the  same  direction  67  feet  per  minute.  Raised  the  lead  to  20  fathoms 
and  tried  again.  This  time  the  chip  went  due  west,  (mag.)  but  so  slow  as  to  be  hardly  per- 
ceptible, (15  feet  per  minute.)  The  diiOference  between  my  position  by  reckoning  and  observa- 
tion for  the  24  hours  is  6  miles  north  and  3  miles  west.  I  think  the  reckoning  cannot  be  more 
than  a  mile  wrong  at  most,  it  having  been  a  dead  calm  for  17  hours  out  of  the  24,  and  the 
breeze  very  light  and  steady  for  the  other  seven.  My  chronometer  is  a  very  accurate  one,  and 
I  use  a  sextant  for  all  solar  observations.  Hence,  I  infer  an  under  current  setting  southeast- 
erly, something  more  than  20  fathom  beneaths  the  surface." 

The  Dutch  crossings  to  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

Lieutenant  Van  Gough,  directeur  der  Afdeeling  Zeevaart  of  the  Royal  Dutch  Meteorological 
Institute,  published  in  1856  a  volume  of  Sailing  Directions,*  in  which  were  given  the  crossings 
and  time  of  50  vessels  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Straits  of  Sunda.  To  this  admirable  work  I 
am  indebted  for  much  valuable  information,  and  to  illustrate  the  route  to  the  Straits  of  Sunda 
still  further,  I  borrow  from  it  the  mean  monthly  crossings  and  time  from  the  prime  meridian 
to  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

From  these  data  Lieutenant  May  has  computed  the  distance,  and  the  average  number  of 
miles  "made  good"  per  day,  from  crossing  to  crossing. 

The  result  of  this  very  thorough  investigation  has  been  the  shortening  of  the  average 
passage  from  Holland  to  India,  some  ten  days  or  two  weeks.  I  agree  with  my  Dutch  colleagues 
that  a  more  southerly  doubling  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  will  expedite,  to  a  marked  extent, 
the  passage,  under  canvas,  to  India. 

The  best  route  to  Calcutta  and  the  best  route  to  Sunda  are  one  and  the  same,  as  far  as  the 
vicinity  of  the  islands  of  Amsterdam  and  St.  Paul;  here  they  separate  and  the  way  to  each  is 
plain. — (See  the  remarks  on  the  route  to  Calcutta.) 

In  consequence  of  the  reduced  force  available  for  these  researches,  I  have  not  been  able 
to  go  into  any  minute  or  thorough  investigation  of  the  winds  and  currents  on  the  way  to  ports 
beyond  the  Straits  of  Sunda;  nor  have  I  any  very  strong  hopes  of  pointing  out  a  way  from 
Sunda  to  China,  by  which  the  average  passage  may  be  shortened  more  than  a  day  or  so,  if  as 
much. 

From  Sunda  to  Manilla,  China,  Ja-pan,  and  the  Amoor,  the  islands  and  shoals  and  narrow 
seas  contract  the  route — there  is  not  sea  room  along  that  part  of  the  voyage  for  the  navigator  to 
run  around  adverse  winds  and  currents.  He  must  take  them  as  he  finds  them;  consequently, 
the  Sailing  Directions  which  it  falls  within  the  scope  of  this  work  to  give  for  such  seas  may 
be  summed  up  in  the  caution  to  look  out  for  dangers,  and  take  advantage  of  the  winds  and 
currents  as  they  may  happen  to  be. 

*  Uitkomsten  van  "Wetenschap  en  Ervaring  Aangaande  Winden  en  Zeestroomingen  in  Sommige  Geedelten  van  den  Oceaan. 
Uitgegeven  door  het  EoniDklijk  Nederlandsch  Meteorologisch  Instituut — 2d  Omgewerkte  druk.    Utrecht,  1856. 


716 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT    CHARTS. 


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TO    CALIFORNIA  AND   THE   NORTHWEST   COAST.  717 

TO  CALIFORNIA  AND  THE  NORTHWEST  COAST. 

Navigators  bound  as  above  should,  if  from  the  United  States,  study  the  route  to  the 
"fair-way  off  St.  Roque,"  p.  143;  if  from  Europe  they  should  study  the  route  "from  the 
Lizard  to  the  line,"  p.  368.     The  "fair  way  off  St.  Roque"  is  assumed  to  be  in  7°  S. 

After  passing  over  the  ground  covered  by  these  two  chapters,  the  two  routes  then  come 
together  and  the  course  is  thence  the  same  for  both  the  American  and  the  European. 

The  chapter  on  the  barometric  anomalies  off  Cape  Horn,  p.  446,  should  be  looked  into, 
while  the  chapter  "From  the  fair-way  off  St.  Roque  to  Cape  Horn,"  p.  459,  with  the  crossings 
from  50°  S.  in  the  Atlantic  to  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific  should  be  well  mastered. 

Having  done  this  and  reached  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific,  we  gain  another  turning  off  place,  or 
fork  in  the  road.  Crossing  this  parallel,  the  South  American  bound  traders  part  company  with 
the  California  fleet;  whether  bound  for  Valparaiso,  or  the  ^^Intermedios,''  for  Callao  or  Guayaquil, 
they  now  leave  the  great  northwestern  trail  to  make  the  best  of  their  way,  each  to  her  port  of 
destination.  With  flowing  sheets,  and  fair  winds,  their  course  for  the  rest  of  the  way  is  plain. 
Not  a  word  in  addition  to  what  the  Pilot  Charts  contain  can  be  said  to  make  the  way  plainer 
to  them,  except  the  oft-repeated  caution  to  go  straight  across  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn, 
turning  neither  to  the  east  nor  west  until  it  is  crossed,  and  until  the  navigator  finds  himself 
fairly  within  the  trade- wind  region  beyond. 

The  Valparaiso  bound  vessel  should  hug  the  shore  close  enough  to  make  the  land  to  the 
southward  of  her  port;  those  for  Callao,  &c.,  keeping  straight  on. 

The  California  bound  vessels  should  aim  to  enter  the  SE.  trade-wind  region  of  the  Pacific 
as  far  to  the  west,  provided  they  keep  on  the  eastern  side  say  of  118°  W.,  as  they  well  can; 
they  should  not  fight  with  head  winds  to  make  westing,  nor  should  they  turn  much  from  the 
direct  course  when  the  winds  are  fair.  But  when  winds  are  dead  ahead,  stand  off  to  the  west- 
ward, especially  if  you  be  south  of  the  trade-wind  region.  Having  crossed  the  parallel  of  35° 
S.,  and  taken  the  trades,  the  navigator,  with  the  wind  quartering  and  all  sails  drawing,  should 
now  make  the  best  of  his  way  to  the  equator,  aiming  to  cross  it  between  105°  and  120° 
according  to  the  season  of  the  year,  and  the  directions  and  the  tables  hereinafter  given. 

I  wish  here  to  call  the  attention  of  navigators  to  the  winds  they  are  to  expect  between  the 
parallel  of  50°  S.,  in  the  Pacific  and  the  equator,  especially  as  it  regards  their  reliability. 

In  the  table  of  Cape  Horn  Crossings  (p.  459)  are  given  the  times  from  the  fair  way  off  St. 
Roque  (latitude  7°  S.)  to  the  parallel  of  50°  S.,  in  the  Atlantic.  The  distance  between  the  two 
parallels  there  is  about  2,900  miles,  the  average  time  30  days,  and  the  mean  daily  run  is  about 
100  miles. 

The  distance  from  50°  S.,  in  the  Pacific,  to  the  usual  crossing-place  on  the  line — California 
track — is  about  3,300  miles,  the  average  time  27.7  days,  and  the  mean  daily  run  132  miles. 

The  winds  between  50°  S.  and  the  equator  are  much  more  strong,  steady,  and  reliable, 
as  the  barometer  would  lead  us  to  expect,  on  the  Pacific,  than  they  are  on  the  Atlantic  side  of 
the  continent;  the  ratio  between  them  in  these  respects  is  greater  than  2,900  to  3,300,  for  it  is 
easier  to  make  3,300  miles  with  them  in  one  ocean  than  it  is  2,900  in  the  other. 

An  examination  of  the  mean  monthly  passages  from  crossing  to  crossing  will  also  show  a 
greater  regularity,  implying  thereby  more  stable  winds.  The  greatest  monthly  average  oa  the 
east  side  is  31.1  days  in  August;  oo  the  west  27.9  in  May — extreme  difference,  3.2  days;  .the 


718  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

greatest  monthly  average  on  the  west  side  being  27. 9  days ;  the  least  22. 2  days;  the  extreme  differ- 
ence is  5.7  days.  But  a  comparison  of  the  tables  for  a  moment  only  Avill  show  with  how  much 
more  regularity  as  to  time  the  passages  are  made  on  the  one  side  than  they  are  on  the  other. 
Independent  of  the  information  that  has  been  elicited  by  the  investigations  connected  with 
the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  but  little  was  known  by  navigators  as  to  the  winds  and  currents 
on  the  California  route,  after  doubling  Cape  Horn. 

Navigators  knevr,  indeed,  that  on  that  route  they  had  to  cross  the  belt  both  of  the  SE.  and 
of  the  NE.  trade -winds.  But  in  what  longitude  to  cross  them;  between  what  meridians  are 
these  trade-winds  most  constant,  steady,  and  fresh;  and  between  what  meridians  is  it  less 
difficult  to  cross  the  belt  of  equatorial  calms  which  separate  these  two  systems  of  trade-winds; 
and  when,  at  what  distance  from  the  coast,  are  the  light  airs  and  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes, 
which  are  found  on  the  polar  borders  of  the  SP].  as  well  as  of  the  NE.  trades,  less  vexatious  ? 
These  are  some  of  the  questions  to  which  definite  answers  had  to  be  given  before  it  could  be 
asserted  with  confidence  that  this  or  that  is  certainly  the  best  route  to  California. 

The  Pilot  Charts,  the  Track  Charts,  and  proper  attention  to  the  tables  I  am  about  to  give, 
will  tell  this  to  all  who  consult  them  diligently. 

Having  exhausted  my  materials  for  Pilot  Charts  of  this  route,  I  have,  with  the  assistance 
of  Lieutenants  George  Minor,  Robert  H.  Wyman,  and  Dulany  A.  Forrest,  overhauled  the  whole 
series  of  log-books  in  my  possession,  for  California  passages.  From  them  are  derived  the 
tables  of  Calfiornia  Crossings  in  this  chapter,  (p.  721)  giving  the  name  of  the  vessel,  the  year,  the 
number  of  days'  passage  from  the  place  of  departure  in  the  North  Atlantic  to  the  equator  in 
the  Pacific,  the  place  and  month  of  crossing  the  equator,  and  the  number  of  days  thence  to 
California.  The  crossings  on  the  equator,  and  of  various  parallels  of  latitude,  with  other 
statistics,  are  also  given. 

Between  the  equator  and  10°  or  12°  N.,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year,  the  California 
bound  navigator  may  expect  to  lose  the  SE.  and  to  get  the  NE.  trade-winds. 

He  will  find  these  last  nearest  the  equator  in  January,  February,  and  March;  but  in  July, 
August,  and  September  he  will  sometimes  find  himself  to  the  north  of  the  parallel  of  15°  N. 
before  he  gets  fairly  into  the  NE.  trades.  And  sometimes,  especially  in  summer  and  fall,  he 
will  not  get  them  at  all  unless  he  keeps  well  out  to  the  west.  Having  them,  he  should  steer  a 
good  rap  full  at  least,  aiming,  of  course,  to  cross  the  parallel  of  20°  N.,  in  about  125°  W.,  or 
rather  not  to  the  east  of  that,  particularly  from  June  to  November.  His  course,  after  crossing 
20°  N.,  is  necessarily  to  the  northward  and  westward  until  he  loses  the  NE.  trades.  He  should 
aim  to  reach  the  latitude  of  his  port  without  going  to  the  west  of  130°  W.,  if  he  can  help  it,  or 
without  approaching  nearer  than  250  or  300  miles  to  the  land  until  he  passes  out  of  the  belt  of 
the  NE.  trades  and  gets  into  the  variables,  the  prevailing  direction  of  which  is  westerly. 

"Where  shall  we  take  the  SE.  and  lose  the  NE.  trades  on  the  passage  to  California?"  is 
an  important  question  for  the  navigator  to  have  answered,  who  is  striving  for  a  short  passage 
on  the  west  coast  of  South  America.  From  the  parallel  of  Cape  Horn  up  to  the  belt  of  light 
winds  and  calms,  through  which  you  generally  pass  before  getting  into  the  SE.  trades,  the 
prevailing  winds  are  westerly  winds,  having  nothing  more  frequently  than  southing  in  them. 

Between  the^  northwest  coast  and  the  meridian  of  130°  W.,  from  30°  to  40°  N.,  the  pre- 
vailing direction  of  the  wind  in  summer  and  fall  is  from  the  northward  and  westward, 
whereas,  to  the  west  of  130°,  and  between  the  same  parallels,  the  NE.  trades  are  the 
prevailing  winds  of  these  two  seasons.     There  is  a  marked    difference  in   the   direction   of 


TO   CALIFORNIA    AND   THE    NORTHWEST   COAST.  719 

the  winds  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  meridian  of  130°  W.  in  the  North  Pacific.     The  cause 
of  this  difference  has  been  completely  unmasked  by  the  researches  connected  with  these  charts. 
The  agent  which  produces  it  has  its  seat  in  the  arid  plains  of  New  Mexico,  Northern  Texas, 
and  the  regions  round  about.     At  this  season  of  the  year  the  prevailing  winds  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  are  from  the  southward  and  eastward;  that  is,  towards  the  great 
centre  of  rarefaction.     At  this  season  of  the  year,  too,  the  prevailing  winds  in  the  Pacific,  off 
the  coasts  of  Central  America,  are  from  the  southward,  and  also  towards  the  same  centre  of 
heated  plains  and  ascending  columns  of  air;  and  we  have  seen  that  off  the  coasts  of  California, 
between  the  parallels  of  35°  and  40°  N.,  the  prevailing  winds  of  this  season  are  from  the 
northward  and  westward;  also  towards  this  great  inland  "blow  hole."     In  it  is  seated  a  mon- 
soon agent,  whose  influence  is  felt  for  more  than  a  thousand  miles  out  to  sea,  drawing  back  the 
NE.  trades  of  the  Pacific,  and  converting  them  into  a  southwardly  monsoon  for  half  the  year; 
deflectiog  the  NE.  trades  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  converting  them  into  a  southeasterly 
monsoon  during  the  same  season,  and  so  influencing  the  prevailing  SW.  winds  off  our  North- 
west Pacific  coast  that  they,  too,  are  almost  made  to  blow  a  northwesterly  monsoon. 

Therefore,  vessels  bound  to  San  Francisco  should  not,  unless  forced  by  adverse  winds,  go 
any  further  beyond  the  meridian  of  130°  W.  than  they  can  help. 

Supposing  that  vessels  generally  will  be  able  to  reach  30°  N.  without  crossing  the  meridian 
of  130°  W.,  the  distance  per  great  circle  from  Cape  Horn  to  its  point  of  intersection  with  that 
parallel  is  about  6, 000  miles. 

And  supposing,  moreover,  that  California  bound  vessels  will  generally,  after  doubling  Cape 
Horn,  be  able  to  cross  the  parallel  of  50°  S.,  between  the  meridians  of  80°  and  100°  W.,  their 
shortest  distance  in  miles  thence  to  30°  N.,  at  its  intersection  with  the  meridian  of  130°  W.,  would 
be  to  cross  40°  S.  in  about  100°  W. ;  30°  S.  in  about  104°;  20°  S.  in  about  109°;  the  equator 
in  117°  W.;  and  30°  N.,  about  130°  W.,  (126°  if  you  can.)  By  crossing  the  line  10°  further 
to  the  east  or  10°  further  to  the  west  of  117°,  the  great  circle  distance  from  Cape  Horn  to 
the  intersection  of  30°  N.  with  130°  W.,  will  be  increased  only  about  150  miles. 

Navigators  appear  to  think  that  the  turning  point  on  a  California  voyage  is  the  place  of 
crossing  the  equator  in  the  Pacific.  But  the  crossing  which  may  give  the  shortest  run  thence 
to  California  may  not  be  the  crossing  which  it  is  most  easy  to  make  from  the  United  States  or 
Europe;  and  it  is  my  wish  to  give,  in  these  Sailing  Directions,  the  routes  which,  on  the  average, 
will  afford  the  shortest  passages  to  vessels  that  have  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and  are  bound  direct 
to  California. 

First,  therefore,  let  us  see  which  crossings  of  the  equator  in  the  Pacific  give  the  shortest 
runs,  on  the  average,  thence  to  San  Francisco;  then  let  us  find  out  which  of  these  crossings  it 
is  most  easy  to  reach  from  Cape  Horn;  and  then,  by  comparing  the  two,  we  may  be  able  to 
lay  down  the  best  route  from  Cape  Horn  to  California. 

There  are  87  crossings  between  115°  and  120°  W.  They  give  the  shortest  average  time 
to  San  Francisco;  their  average,  however,  is  only  16  hours  (0.6  day)  less  than  the  average  from 
the  crossing  between  110°  and  115°,  and  the  average  to  the  latter  crossing  fi'om  50°  S.  is  8 
hours  (0.8  day)  shorter  than  the  average  to  the  former  crossing.  Hence  we  conclude,  from  the 
following  comparative  statement,  which  is  derived  from  a  total  of  441  passages  from  the  Line, 
and  of  448  to  the  Line,  that  the  average  passage  from  50°  S.  to  San  Francisco  is  53.5  days  via 
the  crossing  between  115°  and  120°  W.,  and  53.8  days  via  the  crossing  between  110°  and  115°. 


720 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Comparative  statement  showing  the  average  passages  hy  various  crossings. 


From  50*  S.  to  the  equator,  and  thence  to  San  Francisco. 


No.  of  passages. 

Days  from  50° 

Equator  between — 

Days  from  0° 

No.  of  passages. 

7 

31.9 
27.4 
28.0 
27.0 
27.3 
30.3 

Coast  and  100°  W 

40.7 
31.4 
28.6 
26.8 
26.2 
28.6 

8 

34 

100°  and  105'  W 

30 

71 

105°  and  110°  W 

87 

220 

110°  and  115°  W 

220 

103 

115°  and  120'  W 

67 

13 

120°  and  125°  W 

9 

From  this  table  it  appears  that,  in  the  long  run,  the  crossing  between  115°  and  120^  gives 
tlie  best  average;  but  it  is  not  so  much  frequented  as  the  crossing  between  110°  and  115°. 
Let  us  turn  to  other  tables,  which  show  the  times  and  crossings  as  given  in  the  7th  edition,  and 
the  times  and  crossings  since.  The  latter  were  compiled  by  Lieutenant  Dulany  A.  Forrest; 
the  former  by  Lieutenants  Minor,  Wyman,  et  ol. 


TO    CALIFORNIA. 
Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50'^  S.  to  the  Equator. 


721 


Name  of  vessel. 


Hazard 

Helena 

Russell 

Cygnet 

R.  C.  Winthrop.... 

Potomac 

Swordflsh 

Seaman 

Acasta 

Trade- Wind 

Contest 

Tingqua 

Gray  Feather 

Realm.... 

Capitol 

Golden  Gate 

Telegraph 

Samoset 

Ann  Maria 

Cyclone 

Samuel  Lawrence. 

Golden  City 

Eagle 

Arthur 


Means  per  7ih  edition 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


Jan.  28,1851 

28,1851 

8,1850 

27. 1850 
31,1851 
31,1851 

2, 1852 

28. 1851 
31,1851 
13,1853 
19,1853 
27, 1853 
26, 1853 

2, 18.53 

4,1853 

29, 1853 

25,1853 

10, 1851 

Dec.  24, 1853 

14, 1864 

Dec.  31,1853 

26, 1853 

7, 1854 

9,1854 


LONGITUnE  or  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OK — 


50"  S.    40°  S.    35°  8.    30°  S.    25°  8 


Long.  W. 

77  00 

78  00 

83  00 

84  00 
82  00 
80  00 

80  00 

79  00 

82  00 

81  00 
81  00 

80  00 
79  00 

83  00 

81  00 
79  00 

81  00 
78  00 
83  00 

82  00 

78  00 

79  00 
82  00 

80  CO 


80  35 


Long  W. 

•  / 

81  00 
83  00 
83  00 
83  00 
86  00 

79  00 
90  00 
83  00 

86  00 

87  00 

82  00 

80  00 

81  00 
85  00 
77  00 

79  00 

83  00 

81  00 

82  00 
85  00 

80  00 
80  00 

82  00 

83  00 


82  06 


Long.W. 

83  00 
87  00 

84  00 
79  00 

87  00 

79  00 

94  00 

88  00 
87  00 

95  00 
84  00 

83  00 

84  00 

84  00 
75  00 

80  00 

85  00 

82  00 

83  00 
87  00 

86  00 

84  00 

87  00 

88  00 


Long.  W. 
»  / 

84  00 

91  00 

85  00 
81  01 ' 

90  00 
83  00 

95  00 

92  00 

91  00 

96  00 

88  00 

85  00 

89  00 
88  00 
73  00 
81  00 

88  00 

86  00 

87  00 

94  00 

90  00 

89  00 

95  00 
89  00 


88  00 


Long.  W. 

»  / 

86  CO 

94  00 
89  00 

87  00 
92  00 

88  00 

98  ce 

97  00 
92  00 

99  00 

91  00 
84  00 

89  00 

92  CO 
77  00 
82  00 

90  00 
86  00 

92  00 
99  00 

95  00 
95  00 

98  00 

93  00 


o 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

109  00 

no  00 

no  00 

111  00 

110  00 
HI  00 
no  00 
118  00 
121  00 

112  00 

111  00 
106  00 

no  00 

113  00 

113  00 
104  00 

no  00 

108  00 

no  00 

115  00 

111  00 

114  00 

112  00 
112  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


90  35 


110  57 


Feb.  21,1851 
19, 1851 

7. 1850 

26. 1850 
Mar.   3, 1851 

3. 1851 
Jan.  21,1852 
Feb.  20, 1851 
Mar.  10,1851 
Feb.   7,1853 

9,1853 
19, 1853 

18. 1853 
7,1853 
7,1853 

24,1853 
17,1853 

18. 1851 
Jan.  20,1854 
Feb.  5,1854 
Jan.  26, 1854 

18. 1854 
28,1854 

Feb.    9,1854 


24 
22 
30 
30 
31 
31 
19 
23 
38 
25 
21 
23 
23 
36 
34 
26 
23 
39 
26 
21 
26 
24 
21 
31 


Bamuel  Appleton , 

Hussar 

Phantom 

Lotus , 

Bald  Eagle , 

Southern  Cross . . . , 

Cleopatra 

Brewster , 

Anglo  Saxon 

Comet , 

Ocean  Express . . . , 

Mary 

Rival 

Octavius , 

Golden  Racer 

Gladiator 

Sancho  Fanza 

Great  Republic. ., 
Electric 


Means. 


Jan.    3,1854 

1,1854 

6,1855 

7, 1855 

3,1855 

7,1855 

23,1855 

29,1856 

23, 1856 

6,1856 

30,1856 

14, 1856 

30,1856 

16,1856 

1,1856 

22,1856 

13, 1856 

27,1857 

23,1855 


82  00 

83  00 

81  00 

82  00 

82  00 

83  00 
82  00 

80  00 

81  00 
£3  00 
72  00 

82  00 
79  00 
79  00 
79  00 
81  00 
79  00 
85  00 
81  00 


80  50 


87  00 
84  00 
80  00 

79  00 
86  00 
83  00 

80  00 

80  00 
83  00 
83  00 
82  00 

81  00 

82  00 

80  00 

83  00 

84  00 
79  00 
93  00 

81  00 


89  00 
85  00 

84  00 
82  00 
89  00 

85  00 
82  00 
81  00 
89  00 
87  00 

86  00 
81  00 
85  00 

81  00 
84  00 
84  00 
79  00 
97  00 

82  00 


82  38 


84  50 


95  00 

85  00 
88  00 

85  00 
91  00 

88  00 

86  00 
84  00 

89  00 
91  00 

86  00 

84  00 

85  00 
85  00 
89  00 

87  00 
80  00 
98  00 
87  00 


87  35 


99  00 

92  00 

91  00 
90  00 

93  00 

90  00 

92  00 

89  00 

94  00 
97  00 

91  00 

90  00 

89  00 

91  00 
94  00 

90  00 
87  00 

101  00 

91  00 


no  00 

112  00 

113  00 
115  00 

111  00 

112  00 
109  00 
111  00 
111  00 
118  00 

114  00 

114  00 

no  00 

115  00 

113  00 
108  00 
lis  00 
118  00 

no  00 


,18.54 


,1854 
,1855 
1, 1855 
,1855 
,1855 
,1855 


92  19 


Jan.  29, 

26, 

30, 
Feb.  2, 
Jan.  24, 

30, 
Feb.  14, 

27. 1856 
18,1856 

2,1856 

Mar.  3,1856 

Feb.   6,1856 

Mar.  4,1856 

Feb.  12,1856 

19,1856 

23,1856 

7,1856 

17. 1857 
12, 1855 


Daily  average  distance  «  made  good,"  in  miles. 


25 
24 
26 
21 
23 
22 
29 
26 
23 
33 
23 
34 
27 
26 
33 
25 
21 
20 


25.6 


130 


VOL.    II 91 


722 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Crossings  in  the  Pacific^  from  50°  8.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vesael. 


Whiton* 

George  Brown..., 

Whiton 

gamuel  Appleton 

Uriel* 

Surprise , 

Uannibal 

Southerner , 

Newton 

Canton 

Lucia  Field 

Europe 

Lantao 

A.  F.  Jenness*..., 

Kentucky 

Golden  West 

John  Bertram..... 

Danube 

Anna  Kimball  .... 

Cygnet 

Thos.  Church*..., 
Winged  Racer..., 
Flying  Childers  . . , 

Living  Age 

Bald  Eagle , 

F.  W.  Brune , 

Storm 

Alboni...,. , 

Sartelle* 

Roman 

Eagle  Wing , 

Telegraph , 


Means  per  7th  edition 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


Feb 


.16,1847 
13,1851 
11,1849 
26,18. 1 
28,1851 

8,1851 
23,1850 
27,1851 

4,1851 
28,1850 

5,1851 
17,1852 
23,1851 
25,1853 
17, 1853 
24,1853 
17,1852 
18, 1853 
19,1853 

6, 1853 
18,1853 
13,1853 
19, 1853 

8,1853 
23,1853 

1,1853 
20,1853 

1,1853 

10. 1852 

24. 1853 
19,1854 
10,1854 


LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

80  00 
80  00 

84  00 
79  00 

78  00 

79  00 
95  00 

80  00 

81  00 

85  00 

78  00 

80  00 

81  00 

80  00 

83  00 

81  00 

84  CO 
80  00 

79  00 

85  00 

78  00 

82  00 
61  00 

79  00 
85  00 
90  00 

79  00 
85  00 

80  00 
85  00 
78  00 
78  00 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

',1  00 
86  00 
76  00 

83  00 
82  00 

62  00 

84  00 

85  00 

80  00 

88  00 

63  00 

78  00 
84  00 

76  00 
96  00 

77  00 

89  00 

82  00 

83  00 

84  00 

79  00 

81  00 
83  00 

81  CO 
95  00 
95  00 

82  00 
94  00 
74  00 
91  00 
77  00 
77  00 


79  34 


a^"  S. 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

'9  00 
88  00 
74  00 

88  00 
85  00 
83  00 

89  CO 

90  00 
79  00 
89  00 

87  00 
76  00 

88  00 
73  00 

103  00 

79  00 
94  00 
83  00 
83  00 

83  00 

76  00 

84  00 
83  00 

82  00 
99  GO 
96  00 

83  00 
96  00 

80  00 

91  00 
79  00 

77  00 


80  19 


30°  S. 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

80  00 

89  00 

78  00 

90  00 
86  00 

86  00 

93  00 

87  00 

79  00 

94  00 

91  00 
77  00 

92  00 

73  00 
107  00 

84  00 

95  00 
86  00 

88  00 

88  00 
79  00 

89  00 

86  00 

87  00 

97  00 

98  00 

88  00 
98  00 

81  00 

93  00 
83  00 

74  00 


84  48 


Long.  W. 

82  00 
91  00 

87  00 

93  00 

90  00 

88  00 
98  00 
88  00 
85  00 

97  00 

95  00 
81  00 

94  00 

78  00 
110  00 

69  00 

96  00 

91  00 
93  00 

91  00 
81  00 
93  00 

92  00 
92  00 

100  00 
100  00 
91  00 
102  00 

84  00 

98  00 

85  00 

79  00 


91  07 


c  *^ 


Long.  W. 

93  00 

105  00 
109  00 

109  00 

110  00 
110  00 
115  00 
117  00 

117  00 

118  00 

119  00 
100  00 
118  00 
100  00 

113  00 
107  00 
110  00 

110  00 

114  00 

109  00 

111  00 

106  00 
117  00 

112  00 
Ul  00 

107  00 

110  00 
114  00 
107  00 
110  -JH 

113  00 
106  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


Mar,  13. 

14 

15 

23, 

30 

3 

22 

30, 

10 

28. 

19 

17 

21 

Apr,  12, 

Mar.  26 

24 

6, 

23 

22 

8 

38, 

7, 

1 

12, 
23, 
2 

17 
Feb.  27 
Mar.  10 
23, 
12, 
23, 


1847 
1851 
1849 
1851 
1851 
1851 
1650 
1851 
1851 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1851 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1854 


25 
29 
32 
25 
30 
23 
27 
31 
34 
28 
42 
28 
26 
46 
37 
28 
20 
33 
31 
30 
48 
22 
28 
32 
28 
29 
25 
26 
28 
26 
21 
25 

27.2 


Syrene 

John  Haven 

Aurora 

Dashing  Wave 

Clara 

Channing 

Aurora 

Governor  Morton  . . 

Tornado 

Telegraph 

Western  Continent. 

Electric  Spark 

Fair  Wind 

Tornado 

Victory ■ 

Hollander 

Isaac  Jeanea 

Antelope 

Corinne 


Means . 


Feb.  18,1854 

84  00 

28,1854 

77  00 

26,1854 

82  00 

8, 1854 

78  00 

9, 1855 

85  00 

22, 1855 

79  00 

9,1855 

80  01 

15, 1855 

84  00 

6, 1855 

84  00 

27,1855 

84  00 

20,1855 

77  00 

20,1856 

84  00 

16,1856 

80  00 

5,1856 

80  00 

9,1856 

78  00 

21,1856 

80  00 

21,1856 

80  00 

1,1856 

82  00 

8,1856 

8J  00 

83  00 

82  00 
85  00 
75  00 

85  00 

81  00 

83  00 

88  00 

82  00 

86  00 
79  00 
86  00 

83  00 

84  00 
81  00 
81  00 
83  00 
83  00 

89  00 


87  00 
93  00 

89  00 
73  00 
85  00 

87  00 
81  00 
85  CO 
80  00 

90  00 
83  00 

88  00 

83  00 
88  00 

84  00 

83  00 

84  00 

85  00 
90  00 


94  00 
94  00 
94  00 
75  00 
86  00 
92  00 
83  00 

85  00 
79  00 
92  00 
88  00 
88  00 
64  00 
90  00 

86  00 

87  00 
86  00 
85  00 
94  00 


81  06 


82  35 


85  09 


87  25 


99  00 
93  00 
99  00 
80  00 
90  00 
96  00 

89  00 

90  00 
82  00 
96  00 
93  00 

91  00 
86  00 
91  00 
91  00 

91  00 

92  00 
89  00 
99  00 


91  25 


110  00 

115  00 
114  00 

110  00 

111  00 

114  00 
110  00 
113  00 
113  00 

109  00 

116  00 
113  00 

110  00 

115  00 
HI  00 
110  00 
113  CO 
110  00 

117  00 


112  19 


Mar,  10, 1854 

Apr,    8,1654 

Mar.  24, 1854 

1,1854 

12,1855 

19,1855 

11,1855 

13, 1855 

12. 1855 
19,1855 
19,1855 
14,1856 
16,1856 

4,1856 
8,1856 

18. 1856 
17,1856 
27,1856 

7,1856 


Feb, 


Mar, 


20 
39 
28 
26 
31 
25 
30 
25 
34 
20 
27 
23 
29 
28 
28 
26 
25 
26 
28 

27.1 


Average  number  miles  daily. 


126 


Not  included  in  the  average. 


TO    CALIFORNIA. 


723 


Crossings  in  ilie  Pacific,  from  50°  S.  (o  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Hurricane 

Great  Britain 

Sartelie 

Howard 

Wisconsin 

Hermann 

Daniel 

Isctte 

Stag  Hound 

liiabelita  Hyne.... 

Maria 

Samuel  Russell.... 

E>lher  May 

John  Holland 

Kattler 

Golden  Eagle  .... 

Eagle 

Tornado 

John  Stuart 

Celestial 

Phantom 

Walter  (sclir.).... 

Susquehanna 

Elsinorc 

Courser 

Flying  Cloud 

Game  Cock 

Herald  of  Morning. 

Archer 

North  Carolina.... 


Means  per  7th  edition , 


Date  of  cross 
ing  parallel 
of  50=  S. 


LONQITUDB   OF    CROSSING  THE   PARALLELS    OF  — 


Mar.  4 

1852 

25 

1852 

0 

1850 

5 

1852 

27 

1852 

27 

1850 

26 

1851 

5 

lt?50 

30 

1851 

26 

1851 

14 

1851 

17 

1850 

31 

1853 

15 

1853 

18 

1853 

30 

185") 

8 

1853 

13 

1853 

14 

18.'.3 

18 

1853 

13 

18.-)3 

11 

1853 

29 

1851 

30 

1851 

9 

1852 

17 

1854 

9 

1854 

22 

1854 

18 

ia54 

11 

1854 

1 

50"  S. 

Long.  W. 

o    / 

81  00 

79  00 

79  00 

80  00 

84  00 

81  00 

77  00 

84  00 

79  00 

83  00 

78  00 

84  00 

81  00 

79  00 

82  00 

79  00 

87  00 

84  00 

82  00 

82  00 

84  00 

81  00 

78  00 

81  00 

79  00 

80  00 

79  00 

82  00 

79  00 

79  00 

80  42 

Long.  W. 

o         / 

80  00 

81  00 
80  00 

80  00 
83  00 

76  00 

78  00 

87  00 

77  00 

81  00 
77  00 

83  00 

91  00 

84  00 
90  00 

90  00 

92  00 

91  00 
94  00 
83  00 
94  00 
83  00 
80  00 

85  00 
80  00 

88  00 

82  00 
100  00 

88  00 

79  00 


80  41 


35°  S. 

Long.  W. 

o    / 

82  00 

74  00 

80  00 

80  00 

78  00 

76  00 

77  00 

88  00 

74  00 

83  00 

78  00 

82  00 

93  00 

83  00 

90  00 

97  00 

100  00 

99  00 

99  00 

84  00 

101  00 

87  00 

83  00 

94  00 

83  00 

89  00 

80  00 

103  00 

91  00 

81  00 

85  42 

Long.  W. 

a5  00 

74  00 

82  00 

83  00 

78  00 
82  00 
82  00 

90  00 

75  00 

84  00 
82  00 

81  00 
99  00 

82  00 
94  00 
98  00 

103  00 
96  00 

102  00 
86  00 

105  00 
89  00 

86  00 

91  00 

87  00 
91  CO 

79  00 
98  00 
93  00 
79  00 


Long.  W. 

88  00 
78  00 

83  00 
88  00 
82  00 
87  00 

87  00 

92  00 

81  00 

88  00 
85  00 

84  00 

105  00 
84  00 

97  00 

103  00 

104  00 

98  00 
103  00 

91  00 

106  00 
94  00 
90  00 

89  00 

93  00 

94  00 

82  00 
111  00 

97  00 
77  00 


Long  W. 

103  00 

104  00 

109  00 

110  00 
106  00 

109  00 
113  00 

110  00 
113  00 

116  00 

117  00 
119  00 

113  00 
102  00 

114  00 
113  00 
116  00 

118  00 

112  00 

109  00 

113  00 
108  00 
113  00 

108  00 

105  00 

110  00 

109  00 
U9  00 
112  00 

95  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


Mar.  22, 

Apr.  28. 

Mar.  28 

29. 

Apr.  22 

May  II 

Apr.  28, 

May  10 

4 

Apr.  23 

I 

15 
28, 
16 
16, 
20, 
8 

10 

10 

15 

6 

9 

May   1 

7, 

Mar.  28. 

Apr.   6. 

5 

16 

15 


,1852 
,1852 
,1850 
,1852 
,1852 
,1850 
,1851 
,1850 
,1851 
,1851 
,1851 
,1850 
,1853 
,1853 
1853 
,  1853 
,1853 
,1853 
,1853 
,1853 
,1853 
,  1853 
,1851 
,1851 
,  1852 
,1854 
,1854 
,1854 
,1854 
,1854 


18 
34 
26 
24 
26 
45 
33 
66 
34 
28 
33 
29 
28 
32 
29 
21 
31 
28 
27 
28 
24 
29 
33 
38 
19 
20 
26 
24 
20 
35 


28.8     26.1 


Harriet , 

Coringa 

Game  Cock 

E.  F.  Willets , 

Greenfield , 

Boston  Light 

Mountain  Wave., 
Neptune's  Car  . .  . 
Sparkling  Wave  . . . 

Sultan 

Star  of  the  Union  . 

Phantom 

Sultan 

Adelaide 

Osborn  Howes .... 
Elizabeth  Kimball. 


Means . 


Mar.  11,1854 

7,1854 
10,1854 
20,1855 

20. 1855 
1,1855 

18,1855 
15,1855 
2,1855 
31,1856 
20,1856 
1.5,1856 
31,1856 
10,1856 
11,1856 

12. 1856 


82  00 
^  00 

80  00 

81  00 
84  00 
79  00 
88  00 

83  00 
79  00 

82  00 

82  00 

83  00 

82  00 

83  00 

87  00 

88  00 


81  00 
85  00 

82  00 

83  00 
88  00 
88  00 

85  00 
88  00 

86  00 
82  00 
82  00 

93  00 
82  00 

88  eo 

94  00 
93  00 


86  15 


85  00 
82  00 

80  00 

87  00 
91  00 

90  00 

88  00 

91  00 

87  00 
85  00 

81  00 
97  00 
85  00 

88  00 
90  00 
97  00 


88  19 


88  CO 
79  00 
78  00 

89  00 

92  00 
91  00 
94  00 
94  00 

88  00 
86  00 
82  00 

93  00 
86  00 

89  00 
106  00 
102  00 


87  00 
84  00 
82  00 
94  00 
97  00 
93  00 
99  00 
101  00 

92  00 

86  00 
84  00 

93  00 

87  00 
,96  00 
109  00 
106  00 


112  00 
114  00 

110  00 
116  00 
116  00 
118  00 
114  00 

112  00 

111  00 
114  00 
111  00 
114  00 

114  00 

113  00 

115  00 
115  00 


113  45 


Apr.  12,1854 

32 

9.1854 

32 

5,1834 

27 

12, 18.')5 

23 

11,1855 

22 

Mar.  22,  ia55 

21 

Apr.  12, 1855 

25 

3,1855 

19 

Mar.  23, 1855 

21 

Apr.  24,1856 

25 

12, 1856 

23 

8,1856 

24 

24,1856 

25 

Mar.  31, 1856 

21 

Apr.  4,1856 

24 

4, 18.56 

23 

24.1 

Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily. 


724 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


John  Gilpin..  .. 

Tinqua 

Coeur  De  Lion    , 

Atalanta 

Dashing  Wave  ., 

Phcenix 

Samuel  Russell , 

Jenny  Ford 

Sweepstakes..,, 

Derby 

Don  Uuixote.... 
Santa  Cruz 


Means . 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 

LONGITUDE  OF    CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 

«    a 

o 

Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 

00    C 

S  & 

o    ^ 

It 

«*   a 
S   S 

50°  S. 

40°  S. 

35°  S. 

30°  S. 

25°  S. 

m     3 
>.  OQ 

S2 

April  17, 1849 

25,1849 

1?,1849 

28, 1849 

4,1850 

7, 1850 

24. 1852 
24,1852 
13,1853 

1,1853 

12. 1853 
1,1853 
2,1853 

14,18.53 
17,1853 
15,1853 
1,1853 
15,1853 
17,1853 
Mar.  29,1853 
7,1854 

19. 1854 
7,1854 

Long.  W. 

81  00 

78  00 
81  00 

79  00 

78  00 
81  00 
83  00 

79  00 
81  00 
78  00 

83  00 

85  00 
88  00 

84  00 
84  00 

86  00 
81  00 
88  00 
84  00 

81  00 
88  00 

82  00 
86  00 

Long.  W. 

0           1 

76  00 

78  00 

79  00 
78  00 

77  00 
74  00 

80  00 
76  00 
87  00 
85  00 
97  00 

90  00 
99  00 
93  00 
89  00 
93  00 
83  00 

91  00 
87  00 

87  00 
101  00 

88  00 

92  00 

Long.  W. 

o         / 

■'S  00 
82  00 

73  00 

74  00 

73  CO 

74  CO 
81  00 
74  00 
85  00 

88  00 
94  00 

92  00 
108  00 

87  00 

93  00 
92  00 

87  00 
84  00 

89  00 
92  00 
96  00 

88  00 

90  00 

Long.  W. 

0           / 

79  00 

80  00 
75  00 

77  00 
74  00 

89  00 
85  00 

78  00 

85  00 
91  00 
91  00 
98  00 

105  00 

86  00 
96  00 
93  00 
96  00 
84  00 
93  00 

96  00 

97  00 
93  00 

90  00 

Long.  W. 
»     / 
78  00 

87  00 
75  00 

80  00 

81  00 

82  00 

88  00 
82  00 
88  00 

95  00 
92  00 

103  00 
103  00 

88  00 
99  00 
91  00 

107  00 

89  00 

96  00 
98  00 
98  00 
95  00 
88  00 

Long.  W. 

99  00 
103  00 
110  00 
109  00 

113  00 
116  00 

108  00 

109  00 
102  00 

114  00 
106  00 

110  00 
118  00 
106  00 
114  00 
109  00 

116  00 
114  80 

109  00 

113  00 

117  00 

110  00 

114  00 

May  23,1849 

23,1849 

30,1849 

June  11,1849 

May  20, 1850 

22,1850 

18, 1852 

June    3,1852 

May    5,18f3 

April  26, 1853 

May    5,1853 

April  27, 1853 

May    6,1853 

5,1853 

19,18.53 

7,1853 

April  28, 1853 

May    7,1853 

15,1853 

April  19, 1853 

May    2,1854 

18, 1854 

8,1854 

33 
28 
42 
44 
46 
45 
24 
40 
22 
25 
23 
26 
34 
21 
32 
32 
27 
22 
28 
20 
25 
29 
31 

38 

34 

31 

54 

27 

35 

44 

32 

Sea  Serpent 

A.  Cheseborough 

27 
32 

27 

35 

28 

27 

37 

Golden  Rover 

33 
26 

24 

26 

26 
21 

Polynesian 

29 
33 

81  49 

81  49 

87  00 

90  08 

97  03 

110  16 

29.4 

30 

April  5,  1854 
20,1854 
18,1854 
23,1855 
22,1855 
4,1855 

22. 1855 
8,1855 

17. 1856 
3,1856 
9,1856 

22,1857 


84  00 
94  00 

84  00 
82  00 
82  00 
79  00 

81  00 
89  00 

82  00 

85  00 
79  CO 

83  00 


96  00 
90  00 
81  00 
92  00 
76  00 
88  00 
86  00 
90  00 
84  00 

102  00 
92  00 

97  00 


89  30 


93  00 
85  00 
82  00 
93  00 
78  00 

87  00 
90  CO 
92  00 

88  00 
106  00 

95  00 
102  00 


94  00 

90  00 
87  00 
93  00 
82  00 
89  00 
96  00 
93  00 

91  00 
109  CO 

98  00 
98  00 


119  00 

112  00 

113  00 
107  00 
110  00 

114  00 

109  00 
114  00 

110  00 
118  00 
109  00 
109  00 


April  30, 

May  17, 

20, 

24, 

19, 

4, 

17, 

3, 

4, 

April  28, 

28, 

May  28, 


1854 
1854 
1854 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1856 
1855 
1855 
1857 


Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily  , 


26.1 


125 


S3 
26 
26 
36 
31 
31 
27 
31 
21 
28 
32 
30 

28.5 


84 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


TO    CALIFORNIA. 


725 


Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Sweden 

Sherwood 

Iiio 

Edgar 

Henry  Pratt 

Archibald  Gracie 

Delia 

Arcole 

Kensington 

Sea  Serpent 

Stag  Hound 

Michael  Angelo 

Rose  Staiidish 

Ariana 

Forrest 

Wallace 

Eastern  State 

Stephen  Lurman  .... 

Morgan  Dix 

Gov.  Morton 

Yandalia 

Stag  Hound 

Surprise 

Empress  of  the  Seas  . 

Houqua 

Paragon 

Parthian 

Climax 

Sirocco 

New  York 

Archer 

Roscoe 

Herculean 

Robert  (larding 

Seaman's  Bride 

Lantao , 

Hampton 

Hugh  Birckhead  ..... 
C.  L.  Bevan  ........ 

Storm  King 

Santiago 

Cynthia -. 

R.  B.  Forbes 


Means  per  7th  edition  . 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


LONGITUDE    OF    CROSSING  THE   PjlRALLELS    OF — 


50°  S.         40°  S.         35°  S.         30°  S.         25°  S, 


May 


29,1849 
30,1851 
24,1851 
29, 1850 
1,1850 

7. 1850 

6. 1851 
5, 1851 
3,1850 
8,1852 
9,1852 

31,1852 
19,1850 
23, 1853 
9,1849 
10,1852 

10. 1852 
24,1852 
10,1860 
21,1852 

1,1850 

1,1853 

20,1853 

20. 1853 
24, 1853 
21,1853 
26,1853 
27,1853 
13,1853 

4,1853 
18,1853 
24,1853 

6,1853 
24,1853 
24,1853 
26,1853 
24, 1853 
20,1653 

3,1853 

26. 1853 
26,1853 

8, 1854 

24. 1854 


Long.  W, 

80  00 

81  00 
78  00 

78  00 

79  00 

83  00 
87  00 

84  00 

81  00 
79  00 

82  00 
86  00 

78  00 
84  00 

82  00 
81  00 
84  00 
84  00 

79  00 
81  00 

83  00 

78  00 

84  CO 

85  00 

83  00 

80  00 

81  00 

79  00 

80  00 
80  00 

84  00 

82  00 

80  00 

77  00 

81  00 
79  00 
79  00 
79  00 

78  00 

79  00 

80  00 
84  00 

86  00 


Long.  W, 

•  / 

88  00 
86  00 
81  00 

77  00 

80  00 

86  00 

91  00 
98  00 
88  00 

78  00 
88  00- 

85  00 

81  00 

82  00 
84  00 

84  CO 

82  00 

83  00 
80  00 

87  00 

86  00 

78  00 

85  00 

84  00 

86  00 
83  00 
83  00 
80  00 
77  00 
86  00 

92  00 

80  00 

85  00 

81  00 
83  00 
80  00 
80  00 
76  00 

82  00 

79  00 

80  00 

86  00 

87  00 


81  38 


Long.  W. 

89  00 
89  00 

82  00 
73  00 

78  00 
85  00 

87  00 
99  00 

88  00 

79  00 
88  00 

83  00 

80  00 

83  00 

84  00 

84  00 

80  00 

88  00 

83  00 

89  00 

87  00 
79  00 

88  00 

85  00 
91  00 
88  00 

84  00 

81  00 
75  00 
87  00 
93  00 

82  00 

85  00 

83  00 

83  00 

81  00 
79  00 

78  00 

84  00 

79  00 

82  00 
91  00 

86  00 


84  47 


86  39 


Long.  W. 

90  00 

91  00 
79  00 
73  00 

79  00 
85  00 

84  00 
100  00 

89  00 

76  00 

85  00 
82  00 

81  00 

82  fO 

83  00 
82  00 

80  CO 
88  30 
82  00 
87  00 

87  00 

79  00 
91  00 

88  00 
98  00 

87  00 

82  00 

81  00 
78  00 
H6  00 
95  00 

80  00 

83  00 
80  00 

88  00 

80  00 

77  00 

81  00 
85  00 
76  00 

82  00 

89  00 
89  00 


Long.  W. 

"  I 
84  00 
97  00 
82  00 

78  00 

84  00 

87  00 

85  00 
102  00 

90  00 
76  00 

81  00 

86  00 

87  00 

84  00 

82  00 

82  00 

85  00 

89  00 

83  00 

85  00 

88  CO 

79  00 
99  CO 

91  00 
101  00 

86  00 

88  00 
86  00 

81  00 

85  00 
99  00 

82  00 

83  00 

90  00 

92  00 
78  00 

76  00 

86  00 

87  00 

77  00 

88  00 

91  00 

92  00 


88  13 


Long.  W. 
»  / 

102  00 
109  00 

109  00 
1C8  00 

110  00 

111  00 

114  00 
117  00 
123  00 
102  00 

100  00 
102  00 
113  00 
117  00 
104  00 

112  00 

101  00 

112  00 

110  00 

102  00 

108  00 
116  00 

111  00 
116  00 

115  00 

113  00 

110  00 
107  00 

111  00 
107  00 

115  00 
110  00 

109  00 

116  00 
115  00 
106  00 

102  00 

109  CO 

103  00 
106  00 

113  00 

110  00 

114  00 


90  34 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


June  26,1849 

25,1851 

19,1851 

July    2,1850 

June   7,1850 

11,1850 

10,1851 

May  31,1850 

June  24, 1851 

6,1852 

1,1852 

27, 1852 

20,1850 

July     1,1853 

June    6,1849 

13, 1852 

8,1852 

19,1852 

13, 1850 

12. 1852 
2,1850 
5,1853 
7,1853 

10,1853 
21,1853 
18,1853 
25,1853 

24. 1853 
11,1853 

3,1853 

8,1853 
27,1853 

8,1853 
28, 1853 
19,1853 
23, 1853 
29,1853 
17, 1853 

2,1853 
July  3,1853 
June  26, 1853 

8,1854 
25,  ia54 


109  54 


30.4 


Hope 

Swordfish 

Starlight 

Golden  Eagle.... 

GefTrard 

Fleet  Wings.... 

Panama 

Lotus 

Sierra  Nevada  . . 

Goddess 

Syrene 

White  Swallow . 


Means . 


May  25,1854 
25,1854 
21,1854 

24. 1854 
25,1854 
19,1854 

10. 1855 
3,1856 

22. 1856 
2,1856 

26,  ia56 
2,1856 


81  00 
81  00 
79  00 

79  00 

83  00 
86  00 

84  00' 

83  00 

81  00 

84  00 

80  00 

82  00 


81  55 


84  00 
87  00 
90  00 
93  00 

85  00 
96  00 
87  00 
90  00 

86  00 
93  00 
86  00 
93  00 


89  10 


83  00 

84  00 
94  00 

106  00 
84  00 
99  00 
86  00 
92  00 
78  00 
97  00 
84  00 
97  00 


90  20 


81  00 
86  00 
96  00 
107  00 

86  00 
101  00 

87  00 
92  00 
79  00 

96  00 
86  00 

97  00 


91  10 


80  00 
89  00 
98  00 

106  00 
89  00 

100  00 

93  00 

94  00 

86  00 
98  00 

87  00 
97  00 


109  00 

110  00 

112  00 

113  00 
107  00 
115  00 
110  00 
110  00 

110  00 
117  00 
112  00 

111  00 


July  9 
June  19, 

9, 

20, 

21, 

IL 

3, 

May  28, 

June  23, 

3, 

25, 

May  29, 


1854 
1854 
1854 
1(:54 
1854 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1856 


93  05 


111  20 


27.9  31.9 


Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily -. 120       74 

*  San  Diego. 


726 


THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 
Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50^  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Gazelle 

Clarissa  Perkins  . 

Venice 

Sarah  and  Eliza. , 

Raduga 

Sheridan 

Tartar 

T.  B.  Wales 

Louisa  Bliss 

Empire 

Cohota 

Horsburgh 

North  American  . 
R.  C.  Winthrop  . , 

Abbott 

Competitor 

Hornet 

St.  Lawrence. ... 

White  Squall 

Harriet  Hoxie,... 

Sarah  Boyd 

John  Land 

Flying  Eagle 

Eli/.a  Thornton* 
Benj.  Howard.... 

Cleopatra 

Surprise 


Means  per  7th  edition. 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


June  7 
24, 

6 
26, 
26 

1 
29, 

3 

1 

5 
23. 

4 
26 

9, 
15 

2 
28 

1 


4 

6 
29 

6 
May  29, 

1 
30, 

5 


,1849 
,1849 
,1850 
,1849 
,1851 
,1850 
,1851 
:,1852 
,1850 
1852 
,1850 
,1852 
,1852 
S 185-2 
,1852 
,,  ie53 
,1853 
,1853 
;,  1852 
,1852 
,1850 
,1853 
,1853 
,  1853 
,  1853 
,  1853 
,1853 


LONOITnOE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


50°  S.    40°  S.    35°  S.    aO'  S.    25' 


Long.  W. 

80  00 

78  00 

80  00 
82  00 

81  30 

80  00 

82  00 

81  00 

79  00 

78  00 
84  00 

79  00 

80  00 

78  00 

81  00 

79  00 
79  00 
79  00 
78  00 

77  30 

78  00 
86  00 

83  00 

79  00 

81  00 
86  00 

82  00 


80 


Long.  W. 

80  00 
82  00 

80  00 

81  00 
80  00 

84  00 

85  00 
ai  00 

75  00 

88  00 

89  00 

77  00 

76  00 

82  00 

78  00 
89  00 
87  00 

86  00 

79  00 
78  00 

80  00 

93  00 

94  00 
84  00 
89  00 
89  00 
94  00 


Long.  W. 
»  / 

80  00 

81  00 
79  00 

76  00 
78  00 

90  00 
86  00 

83  00 
72  00 

93  00 

91  00 

77  00 
74  00 

86  00 

78  00 

94  00 

92  00 
91  00 

79  00 
72  00 

80  00 

95  00 
99  00 

84  30 
95  00 

87  00 
95  00 


86  34 


Long,  W. 

o       I 

82  00 

81  00 
80  00 
76  00 
78  00 
92  00 
91  00 
85  00 
74  00 

95  00 

96  00 
80  00 
76  00 

91  00 
80  00 
96  00 
95  00 

92  00 
80  00 
70  00 

83  00 
102  00 
101  00 

87  00 
99  00 

82  00 

93  00 


89  06 


Long.  W. 

84  00 

83  00 
80  00 
a5  00 

76  00 
90  00 
95  00 
90  00 

77  00 
99  00 
95  00 

84  00 
79  00 
93  00 
84  00 
99  00 

102  00 
98  00 
82  00 

84  00 

85  00 

103  00 
106  00 

90  00 
105  00 
87  00 
90  00 


92  09 


3 


Long.  W. 

106  00 

114  00 

115  00 

114  00 
118  00 
118  00 

122  00 

103  00 
99  00 

102  00 
110  00 

98  00 
101  CO 

104  00 
112  00 

112  00 

113  00 

116  00 
100  00 

103  00 

115  00 

113  00 

114  00 

117  00 
120  00 

123  00 
112  00 


110  36 


oo     . 

Date  of  cross- 

S^ 

ing  the  equa- 

H  & 

tor. 

o   in 
tt    a: 
M  ■£ 

«  s 

Q 

July    9,1849 

32 

30,1849 

36 

14,1850 

38 

Aug.  12,1849 

47 

July  28, 1851 

^ 

2,1850 

31 

24,1&51 

25 

3,1&>2 

30 

8.1850 

37 

8,1852 

33 

19, 1850 

26 

June  29, 1852 

25 

July  28, 1852 

33 

12,  ia52 

33 

2-3, 1853 

37 

June  23, 1853 

21 

July  23,1853 

25 

June25,18y3 

24 

July    2,1852 

24 

6, 1852 

32 

15,1850 

39 

25, 1853 

26 

7,1853 

31 

9,1853 

41 

6,1853 

34 

Aug.   3,1853 

34 

June  30, 1854 

25 

31 

Surprise 

Golden  Gate.... 
Coeur  De  Lion... 

War  Hawk 

Eagle 

Game  Cock  .... 
Shooting  Star  . .. 

Swordflsh 

Mary  L.  Sutton. 

Alarm 

Ellen  Foster.,.. 


Means. 


June  5,1854 
5,1854 
8,1855 
7, 1855 
3, 1855 

28. 1855 
1,1855 
2,1855 

12. 1856 
1,1856 
4,1855 


81  00 
87  00 
85  00 

81  00 

82  00 
80  00 
84  00 

84  00 

85  00 
85  00 
79  00 


83  00 


92  00 
90  00 

87  00 

88  00 

87  00 

85  00 

90  00 

86  00 

91  00 

88  00 
88  00 


88  20 


95  00 

92  00 
83  00 

89  00 

90  00 
86  00 

93  00 

91  00 
90  00 
90  00 
89  00 


89  49 


93  00 

89  00 

86  00 
88  00 

94  00 
85  00 
94  00 
93  00 
92  00 

87  00 

90  00 


90  05 


90  00 
85  00 
89  00 
88  00 
96  00 
85  00 
98  00 
96  00 
96  00 
92  00 

91  00 


112  00 
103  00 
114  00 
114  00 

111  00 
110  00 

113  00 
116  00 

112  00 

113  00 
113  00 


June  30, 1854 

July    2,1854 

1,1855 

3, 1855 

June  21, 1855 

July  28, 1855 

June   1,1855 

21,1855 

28,1856 

July    8,1856 

June  25, 1855 


Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily. 


*  Via  St.  Catherine's ;  not  included  in  the  average. 


TO    CALIFOKNIA. 

Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


727 


Name  of  vessel. 


St.  Patrick 

Isaac  Allerton 

Caroline 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Witch  of  the  Wave. 

Finland 

Flying  Cloud 

StafTordshire 

Victory 

N.  B.  Palmer* 

Cbanning 

Oxnard 

J.  H.  Shepherd 

Amazon 

Levanter 

Linwood 

Mary  Annah , 

Highflyer , 

White  Squall 

Celestial  Empire  .... 


Means  per  7th  edition 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallels 
of  50°  8. 


LONGITDDE  OF  CROSSINO   THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


July  19,1850 
17,1850 
15,1850 
10,1851 
27,1851 
2,1850 

26. 1851 
8,1852 
2,1853 

30. 1852 
5,1853 
5, 1853 

June  30, 1853 
5,1853 

30. 1853 
12,1853 

3,1853 

9, 1853 

22,1853 

15,1853 


Long.  W. 
o      / 
81  00 

81  00 

81  00 

86  00 

83  00 
89  00 
81  00 
79  00 

84  00 
79  00 


40°  S. 


79  00 

85  00 

86  00 

81  00 
83  00 
83  00 

82  00 
81  00 
79  00 


Long.  W. 

90  00 

93  00 
82  00 
88  00 
85  00 

104  00 
90  00 
85  00 
90  00 
78  00 
85  00 
84  00 

94  00 
92  00 

95  00 
88  00 
87  00 
87  00 

80  00 

81  00 


35°  S. 


81  06 


Long.  W. 

92  00 
96  00 
86  00 
89  00 
86  00 
106  00 

94  00 
86  00 
88  00 
73  00 

86  00 
85  00 

93  00 

95  00 

94  00 
85  00 

82  00 

87  00 
79  00 

83  00 


30°  S. 


87  54 


Long.  W. 

93  00 

97  00 
88  00 
91  00 
87  00 

108  00 

96  00 

87  00 
83  00 
73  00 

88  00 

89  00 

98  00 

97  00 
95  00 

90  00 
88  00 
90  00 
81  00 
88  00 


25°  S. 


88  25 


Long.  W. 

95  00 

99  00 
93  00 

93  00 
88  00 

114  00 

101  00 

94  00 

90  00 

81  00 

91  00 
93  00 

102  00 

100  00 
105  00 

97  00 

93  00 

95  00 

82  00 

94  00 


90  20 


Long.  W. 

o         / 

115  00 
111  00 

113  00 

114  00 

115  00 
117  00 
124  00 

110  00 

113  00 

111  00 

115  00 

116  00 

114  00 
121  00 

117  00 
117  00 

116  00 

117  00 
110  00 
117  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


95  00 


Aug.  14, 1850 

13, 1850 

11,1850 

2,1851 

18,1851 

6,1850 

12,1851 

25, 1852 

2,1853 

Sept.  7,1852 

Aug.   9,1853 

8,1853 

1,1853 

4, 1853 

26,1853 

9,1853 

9,1853 

4,1853 

13, 1853 

21,1853 


115  10 


26 

27 

27 

22 

22 

35 

17 

48 

31 

39 

34 

33 

32 

35 

27 

28 

38 

27 

22 

36 


2   » 
o-  '3 


O  2 


29.4 


30 
34 
34 
19 
32 
42 
19 
18 
32 
22 
35 
34 
43 
42 
32 
26 
38 
29 
23 
31 


30.1 


Hurricane 

KobinHood 

Starr  King 

Stag  Hound 

Sea  Serpent 

Golden  Eagle 

Flying  Dutchman. 


Means . 


July  19,1S54 
11,1854 
2,1854 
3,1851 
16,1855 
15,1855 
27,1856 


80  00 
83  00 
86  00 
85  00 
82  00 
82  00 
78  00 


82  16 


91  00 

92  00 

96  00 

87  00 

88  00 

91  00 

89  00 

85  00 

84  00 

85  00 

85  00 

87  00 

85  00 

86  00 

88  00 

88  00 

87  00 

92  00 

82  00 

85  00 

84  00 

86  43 

86  51 

88  51 

98  00 

95  00 

88  00 
91  00 
94  00 

96  00 

89  00 


117  00 

112  00 

114  00 

115  00 

113  00 

114  00 
112  00 


Aug.  12,1854 

5,1854 

July  22, 1854 

23, 1854 

Aug.    6,1855 

4,1855 

23,1856 


93  00 


113  51 


22.5 


25.4 


Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily 148 


93 


*  Touched  at  Valparaiso. 


728 


THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS 


Crossings  in  the  Pacijic,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Chatham 

Ti-mpleton 

Lady  Arabella , 

Virginia 

Copeland 

Carioca. , 

Union 

Boutherner 

Witch  of  the  Wave. 

Eliza  Mallory 

Samoset 

Union 

Messenger 

Flying  Dutchman  . . 

Greenwich 

Young  America .... 

Atalanta 

£.  C.  Sronton 

Harrisburg 

Belle  of  the  West... 

Anglo  Saxon 

West  Wind 

Cyane 

Avondale 

Kcindeer 

Golden  State 


Means  per  7th  edition  , 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


Aug, 


22,1849 
ll,18u0 

5,1850 

5,1650 
16, 1852 
10,1852 
10, 1852 

5,1852 
28, 1852 
11, 1852 
11,1852 
11,1852 

3,1862 
20,1853 
31,1853 
11,1853 

3,1853 
19,1853 
19,1853 
16,1853 
20,1853 

1,1853 
17,1853 

7,1853 
18,1853 
10,1853 


LONGITDDE    OF    CROSSING   THE   PARALLELS    OF — 


50°  8.    40°  S.    35°  S.    30°  S.    25°  S 


Long.  W. 

o   / 

78  00 
84  00 

83  00 

84  00 

87  00 
84  00 
84  00 

79  00 
83  00 

82  00 

83  00 
86  00 
83  OO 
86  00 

80  00 
U3  00 

80  00 

81  00 

79  00 

82  00 

88  00 
78  00 
81  00 
86  00 

80  00 
80  00 


82  25 


Long.  W. 

78  00 
87  00 
83  00 

90  00 
87  00 
85  00 
85  00 
78  00 

82  00 

83  00 
82  00 
85  00 
87  00 

91  00 
85  00 

85  00 
91  00 

89  00 

86  00 
81  00 
91  00 
91  00 
85  00 

90  00 
80  00 

84  00 


85  41 


Long.  W. 

78  00 

86  00 

81  00 
93  00 
88.00 

87  00 

83  30 
75  00 
80  00 

84  00 

83  00 

85  00 

82  00 
93  00 

90  00 
93  00 
89  00 
92  00 
89  00 
89  00 
96  00 

91  00 

92  00 
91  00 

79  00 

84  00 


86  46 


Long.  W. 

80  00 

90  00 
86  00 

96  00 
89  00 

86  00 

87  00 
75  00 
79  00 

86  00 

87  00 
87  00 

79  00 
99  00 
98  00 
98  00 

91  00 
98  00 
95  00 
93  00 

97  00 

91  00 
97  00 

92  00 

80  00 
87  00 


Long.  W. 
•  / 
81  00 
91  00 
93  00 

100  00 
91  00 
88  00 
88  00 

79  00 

86  00 

88  00 

91  00 

89  00 

80  00 

101  00 
105  00 

100  00 
96  00 

101  00 
96  00 

98  00 

99  00 

92  00 
101  00 

96  00 

87  00 
91  00 


o  V 


Long.  W. 

99  00 
113  00 
113  00 

113  00 
104  00 
101  00 
101  00 
lU  00 

114  00 
108  00 
107  00 
101  00 
103  00 
119  00 
116  00 
116  00 

115  00 
112  00 
112  00 
112  00 
121  00 
112  00 

116  00 

112  00 

113  00 
112  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


Sept.  22,1849 
10, 1850 
4,1850 
2,1850 
7, 1852 

6. 1852 
Aug.  31, 1852 
Sept.  15,1852 

21, 1852 

10, 1852 

5,1852 

Aug.  31, 1852 

29. 1852 
Sept.    8,1853 

16. 1853 
7,1853 

Aug.  28, 1853 

Sept.  17, 1853 

20,1853 

5. 1853 
18,1853 
24, 1833 
12,1853 

Aug.  30,1853 

Sept.  17, 1854 

4,1854 


S   ~ 


31 
30 
30 
28 
22 
27 
21 
41 
24 
30 
25 
20 
26 
19 
26 
18 
25 
30 
32 
19 
29 
24 
26 
23 
30 
25 


a  3 


26.2 


Golden  State., 

Galeta 

Nor  Wester . . , 
Bay  State  . . . . 

Alboni 

Challenger.... 
Competitor,.. 
Fleet  Wing... 
Snap  Dragon 
Endeavor. ... 
Santa  Claus.. 


Means. 


Aug.  11,1854 
11,1854 
24,1834 
26,1854 
17,1855 
16, 1855 
14,1855 
24,1855 
17,1855 
6,1856 
2,1856 


80  00 
78  00 

84  00 

85  00 

81  00 

85  00 

86  00 
84  00 

81  00 

82  00 
86  00 


82  54 


84  00 
86  00 
90  00 

86  00 

87  00 

88  00 

89  00 
84  00 
86  00 
79  00 
88  00 


86  OS 


83  00 

88  00 
87  00 

85  00 

87  00 

89  00 
91  00 

88  00 
88  00 
77  00 

86  00 


86  16 


86  00 

91  00 
86  00 
88  00 

85  00 

92  00 
95  00 

86  DO 
90  00 
78  00 
85  00 


87  27 


91  00 
95  00 
89  00 
91  00 
89  00 
94  00 
97  00 

89  00 
93  00 
82  00 

90  00 


91  05 


112  00 

114  00 

115  00 

114  00 

112  00 

109  00 

116  00 

113  00 
119  00 

110  00 

115  00 


Sept.  4,1854 

4,1854 

18,1854 

Oct.  3,1854 

Sept.  13,1855 

11,1855 

13, 1855 

29,1855 

14. 1855 
Aug.  28,1856 

26. 1856 


113  32 


25 
24 
25 
38 
26 
26 
30 
36 
28 
22 
24 


27.6 


Average  number  of  miles  made  good  daily. 


131 


TO   CALIFORNIA. 


729 


Crossings  in  the  Pacijic,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Angelique 

Mermaid 

Telegrapli , 

Celestial 

Thomas  Perkins  , 

£agle 

Oarrington 

Gertrude 

Cohota , 

Albany  

John  Bertram, .., 

Rubicon 

Horsburgh 

Kate  Hays 

Winfleld  Scott... 

Windward 

Whistler..    

F.  P.  Sage 

Wild  Duck 

Sandusky 

Sunbeam 


Means  per  7th  editicA  , 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of  50°  S. 


Sept.  25, 1849 

2,1851 

27, 1851 

24, 1850 

29, 1849 

28,1851 

13,1850 

16,1850 

8,1852 

8, 1852 

11,1853 

4,1853 

12,1853 

14,1853 

22,1853 

11,1853 

24, 1853 

15,1853 

23,1853 

7,1853 

22,1853 


LONGITUDE  OF  CROSSING  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


50°  S.  40°  S.  35°  S.  30°  S.  25°  S 


Long.  W. 

o    / 

79  00 

80  00 

81  00 

84  00 

79  00 

85  00 
83  (0 

83  00 

80  00 

79  00 

86  00 

80  00 

81  00 

82  00 
81  00 

84  00 
81  00 

83  00 

84  00 
81  00 
80  00 


81  48 


Long.  W, 

o    / 

79  00 

85  00 
82  00 
90  00 
78  00 
88  00 
88  00 
90  00 

86  00 

87  00 
87  00 

85  00 

81  00 
78  00 

82  CO 
84  00 

82  00 

86  00 

83  00 
82  00 

80  00 


83  57 


Long.  W, 

74  00 

87  00 
83  00 
90  00 
77  00 
89  00 

88  00 
93  00 

88  00 

89  00 

89  00 

80  00 

82  00 

75  00 

85  00 

86  00 
86  00 

90  00 

81  00 

83  00 
83  00 


84  22 


Long.  W. 

75  00 
88  00 
81  00 
91  00 
80  00 
90  00 
88  00 
95  00 

88  00 

89  00 

90  00 
80  00 
79  00 
77  00 

91  00 

84  00 
91  00 
94  00 
88  00 

85  00 
91  00 


Long.  W, 


Long.  W. 


78  00 

99  00 

91  00 

106  00 

84  00 

110  00 

96  00 

115  00 

86  00 

111  00 

90  00 

115  00 

90  00 

115  00 

100  00 

116  00 

89  00 

105  00 

90  00 

101  00 

93  00 

114  00 

83  00 

114  00 

82  00 

109  00 

84  00 

110  00 

96  00 

115  00 

86  00 

116  00 

93  00 

109  00 

96  00 

116  00 

96  00 

115  00 

86  00 

114  00 

93  00 

115  00 

111  14 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


Oct.  29,1849 

Sept.  21, 1851 

Oct.  22,1851 

Oct.  11,1850 

25, 1849 

20, 1851 

5, 1850 

8,1850 

6,1852 

6,1852 

Sept.  29, 1853 

12,1853 

Oct.    7,1853 

Nov.    6,1853 

Oct.  29,1853 

4,1853 

31, 1853 

18, 1853 

21,1853 

5,1853 

Nov.  3,1853 


27.7 


34 

44 

19 

27 

25 

23 

18 

20 

26 

26 

22 

28 

22 

26 

22 

30 

28 

26 

28 

38 

18 

24 

37 

32 

24 

34 

35 

21 

37 

28 

22 

29 

37 

24 

31 

34 

27 

24 

28 

34 

42 

24 

28.4 


Live  Yankee,  (barque) , 
Live  Yankee,  (ship)  . . . 

Oriole 

Grace  Darling 

Young  America 

Hornet .... 

Hippogrifie 

J.  H.  Roscoe 

Romance  of  the  Sea  . . . 

Bald  Eagle 

Western  Continent 


,1854 
,1854 
,1854 


Sept.  10, 
10, 
15, 
13,1854 

5,1854 
30,1855 
29,1856 
30,1856 

8,1856 
23,1856 
15,1856 


80  00 

80  00 

82  00 

94  00 

79  00 

88  00 

80  00 

84  00 

79  00 

69  00 

81  00 

84  00 

85  00 

63  00 

87  00 

93  00 

80  00 

83  00 

77  00 

85  00 

80  00 

78  00 

79  00 
98  00 
92  00 
85  00 

94  00 

82  00 
87  00 

95  00 

83  00 
82  00 
74  00 


84  00 
99  00 

98  00 
88  00 
92  00 

85  00 
88  00 

99  00 
84  00 
81  00 
75  00 


90  00 
100  00 

98  00 
93  00 
92  00 

91  00 

92  00 
108  00 

93  00 
86  00 
81  00 


80  54 


85  32 


86  27 


88  27 


93  05 


110  00 
114  00 

112  00 

114  00 

111  00 

113  00 
116  00 
121  00 

115  00 
111  00 
113  00 


112  42 


Oct.  8,1854 

Sept.26, 1854 

Oct.  13,1854 

1,1854 

2,1854 

21,1855 

29,1856 

Nov.  3,1856 

Oct.  2,1856 

23,1856 

20,1856 


25 
16 
28 
24 
27 
21 
30 
34 
24 
30 
35 


26.7 


29 
23 
33 
29 
17 
22 
25 
25 
22 
23 
26 


24.9 


Average  number  of  miles  daily. 


126 


94 


VOL.   II- 


-92 


730 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Crossings  in  the  Pacific^  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vesael. 


Sea  Witch 

Boston 

Raven 

Talbot 

Valparaiso 

iSaoiuel  Russell 

Winged  Arrow 

Sea  Witch 

Typhoon 

Raven 

Seaman 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas. 

Matilda 

Seaman 

Defiance 

Comet 

Trade-Wind 

Mandarin 

Hurricane 

North  Wind 

Witch  of  the  Wave  . . . 

Raven 

Arab 

Wisconsin 

Hero* 


Means  per  7th  edition 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
0/  60"  S. 


Oct.  5,1851 
23,1849 

5,1851 
13,1850 

1,1851 
27,1852 
15,1852 
29, 1852 

6,1851 
13,1852 
19,1852 

1,1852 

22. 1852 
18,1852 
15,1852 

21. 1853 
24,1858 
22,1853 
21,1853 
22,1853 
24,1853 
26, 1853 
26,1853 
27,1853 

Sept.  22, 1853 


LONGITUDE  OF  CR08SINO  THE  PARALLELS  OF — 


50»  S.    40°  S.    35°  S.    30°  S.    25°  S 


Long.  W. 

79  00 

80  09 
79  00 
82  00 
84  00 

82  00 

83  00 

79  00 
78  00 

80  00 

77  00 

78  00 

79  00 

77  00 

83  00 

84  00 

85  00 
83  00 
83  00 

78  00 
87  00 

83  00 

84  00 
84  00 
83  00 


81  19 


Long.W. 

e   / 

84  00 
78  GO 

81  00 

82  00 

83  00 
83  00 
8J  00 
86  00 
^  00 
82  00 
78  00 
86  00 

82  00 

78  00 

79  00 
86  00 

93  00 
86  00 
78  00 

83  OU 

94  00 
88  00 
86  00 

83  00 

84  00 


Long.  W. 

o    I 

86  00 
75  00 

84  00 
83  00 

86  00 

83  00 

85  00 

84  00 

86  00 

81  00 
78  00 
98  00 

82  00 
78  00 

83  00 

87  00 
93  00 

87  00 

80  00 

81  00 
97  00 
87  00 

85  00 

82  00 

83  00 


Long.  W, 

85  00 
74  00 
85  00 

85  00 

86  00 

83  00 
90  00 

87  00 

84  00 

85  00 

79  00 
100  00 

84  00 

80  00 

86  00 

89  00 

90  00 
64  00 

81  00 
81  00 
96  00 

87  00 
87  00 
84  00 
90  00 


84  45 


Long.  W. 

86  00 
78  00 
85  00 
88  00 
91  00 

85  00 
93  00 
93  00 

86  00 

88  00 
81  00 

109  00 

89  00 
84  00 

89  00 

90  00 

91  00 
86  00 
84  00 
86  00 

95  00 
90  00 

92  00 
88  00 

96  00 


88  45 


Long.  W. 
«  ; 
101  00 
106  00 
112  00 
115  00 
115  00 
101  00 
115  00 

114  00 

115  00 
105  00 
109  00 
120  00 

108  00 

109  00 
105  00 

116  00 
115  00 
112  00 

114  00 

115  00 
115  00 
109  00 
114  00 
112  00 
114  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


Oct.  27,1851 
Nov.  27, 1849 
Oct.  29,1851 
Nov.  12, 1850 
2,1851 

17,1852 
4,1852 

21,1852 
Oct.  31,1851 
Nov.  3,1852 

13. 1852 
Oct.  28,1852 
Nov.  27, 1852 

13,1852 
7,1852 
15,1853 
16,1853 
19,1853 

18. 1853 
21,1853 
14,1853 
16,1853 
24, 1853 
24,1853 

Oct.  27,1853 


S  13 


22 
31 
24 
29 
32 
21 
20 
23 
25 
21 
25 
27 
36 
26 
23 
25 
23 
27 
27 
29 
21 
22 
28 
27 
34 


25.6 


Rapid 

Stingray 

Victory 

Wild  Duck 

Sirocco 

Flying  Dragon  ... 
Orace  Darling.... 

Almena 

Wm.  Sturgis 

West  Wind 

Intrepid 

Ocean  Telegraph , 
Ocean  Telegraph. 
Oolden  Eagle  . . . . 
Star  of  Hope  . , . . 


Means. 


Oct.    5. 
15, 


1854 
1854 
,1854 
J 1854 
1,1855 


21, 
28, 

6, 

11,1855 

16,1855 

11,1855 

16,1855 

6,1855 

6,1856 

6,1854 

25,1855 

15,1856 

16,1856 


83  00 

80  00 

81  00 
90  00 
85  00 
83  00 
81  00 
81  00 
81  00 
80  00 
85  00 
88  00 
80  00 
78  00 
83  00 


81  00 

81  00 
79  00 
96  00 
90  00 
93  00 
79  00 
85  00 

79  00 

84  00 

80  00 

85  00 

82  00 

81  00 

82  00 


83  08 


82  00 

83  00 
75  00 
98  00 
92  00 
96  00 

79  00 
86  00 

82  00 
85  00 

80  00 

84  00 

83  00 

85  00 
85  00 


84  00 

82  00 
73  00 

101  00 
92  00 
99  00 

84  00 

83  00 

85  00 
85  00 
83  00 
83  00 

85  00 
87  00 

86  00 


85  00 


90  04 


87  00 

109  00 

85  00 

109  00 

81  00 

114  00 

103  00 

112  00 

95  00 

111  00 

101  00 

114  00 

92  00 

113  00 

88  00 

112  00 

88  00 

111  00 

88  00 

110  00 

88  00 

115  00 

85  00 

110  00 

90  00 

Jll  00 

91  00 

110  00 

89  00 

114  00 

,1854 
1854 


,1854 
,1854 
,1855 
,1855 


Nov.  1 
10, 
27, 
19, 

Oct.  25, 
31, 

Nov.  7,1855 
3,1855 
15,1855 
28,1855 
5,1856 
1,1854 
13,1855 
10,1856 
10, 1856 


27 
26 
35 
^2 
19 
20 
23 
23 
30 
22 
30 
26 
19 
26 
26 


24.2 


Average  number  of  miles  daily. 


140 


'  Not  included  in  the  average. 


TO   CALIFOENU. 


731 


Crossings  in  the  Pacific^  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
ofoO'S. 

LONGITUDE   OF    CROSSING   THE   PARALLELS   OF — 

Bl) 
C 

m    O 

2  3 
"  2. 

Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 

s  g- 

S  2 

50°  S. 

40»  8. 

35°  S. 

30°  S. 

25°  S. 

^2 

Nov.  11,1850 
28,1851 
16,1852 
22, 1852 
12,18.")2 
24,1852 
26,1852 
22,1852 
13,1852 
29,1851 
26,1852 
22, 1852 
13, 1852 
24,1852 

2,1853 
28,1853 

6,1853 

Long.  W. 
•     / 
80  00 
84  00 
83  00 

82  00 

80  00 
89  00 
87  00 

81  00 

79  00 
86  00 
81  00 

83  00 

80  00 
86  00 
97  00 
79  00 
86  00 

Long.  W. 

»     / 
78  00 
90  00 

81  00 

83  00 

82  00 
85  00 

88  00 
68  00 
78  00 

81  00 
85  00 

89  00 

82  00 

84  00 
102  00 

78  00 
88  00 

Long.  W. 

75  00 

89  00 
84  00 

84  00 
80  00 

85  00 

87  00 

88  00 

76  00 

82  00 
85  00 

90  00 
80  00 

83  00 
105  00 

82  00 
92  00 

Long.  W. 

80  00 
92  00 
86  00 
86  00 
76  00 

85  Od 

86  00 
92  00 
74  00 
86  00 

90  00 

91  00 
76  00 

84  00 
110  00 

85  00 
96  00 

Long.  W. 
o      ; 

86  00 
94  00 
88  00 
88  00 
79  00 

87  00 
87  00 
97  00 
78  00 
92  00 
96  00 
94  00 
81  00 
87  00 

112  00 
91  00  • 
102  00 

Long.  W. 
«     / 

109  00 
117  00 
100  00 
106  00 
108  00 
108  00 
106  00 

115  00 
96  00 

108  00 
111  00 

110  00 
104  00 
113  00 
117  00 
113  00 

116  00 

Dec.  23, 1850 

28. 1851 

16. 1852 
15, 1852 

9,1852 

17,1852 

16,1852 

16,1852 

8,1852 

^,1851 

25,1852 

15, 1852 

6,1852 

21,1852 

Nov.  27, 1853 

Dec.  19,1853 

Nov.  27, 1853 

42 
30 
30 
23 
27 
23 
20 
24 
25 
23 
29 
23 
23 
27 
24 
20 
21 

33 

16 

27 

24 

2S 

24 

25 

Golden  City 

18 

25 

22 

34 

23 

Monsoon 

Thos.  W.  Sears 

25 
23 

24 

21 

Wizard 

23 

83  21 

84  49 

87  32 

86  11 

90  31 

109  H 

24.2 

23.8 

Hornet 

Jane  A.  Falkenburg. 

Challenge 

Flying  Fish 

Winged  Arrow 

Flying  Fish 

Defender 

Bostonian 

Cyclone 

Ocean  Telegraph  . . . 


Means. 


Nov.  22, 1854 
19,1854 
16,1854 
27,1854 
16, 1855 
20,1855 

25. 1855 
10,1856 

22. 1856 
12, 1856 


80  00 

77  00 
80  00 

80  00 

81  00 

81  00 

78  00 

82  00 

80  00 

81  00 


79  00 

81  00 
83  00 
77  00 
90  00 

82  00 
77  00 
82  00 

80  00 
82  00 


81  18 


83  00 
80  00 

84  00 
74  00 
95  00 
83  00 

80  00 
83  00 

81  00 

85  00 


82  48 


90  00 

86  00 

87  00 
79  00 

104  00 
86  00 
81  00 
85  00 
83  00 
83  00 


86  24 


92  00 
91  00 
91  00 
84  00 
105  00 
90  00 
80  00 
88  00 
88  00 
83  00 


89  12 


114  00 

110  00 
116  00 
113  00 
119  00 

111  00 
113  00 

115  00 

116  00 
110  00 


113  42 


Dec.  20,1854 
16,1854 
14,1854 
22,1854 
15,1855 
11,1855 
25,1855 
12,1856 
18,1856 
12, 1856 


27.6 


19 
15 
18 
17 
19 
17 
19 
21 
23 
21 


18.9 


Average  number  of  miles  daily 


123 


123 


732 


THE   WIND    AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Crossings  in  the  Pacific,  from  50°  S.  to  the  Equator — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Oolden  Oate 

John  Jay  

Ambassador 

Tigress 

Flying  Fish 

White  Squall 

Westward  Ho 

Comet 

Flying  Dutchman  , 

Revere 

Flying  Fish 

John  Gilpin 

Wild  Pigeon 

Adelaide 

Anetiss 

Westward  Ho  ... . 

Manchester 

Franconian 

Morning  Light . . . . 

Ringleader 

Skylark 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Onward 

Winged  Arrow.... 

Bald  Eagle 

Sam'l  Russell 

Parthenon 

Eureka 


Date  of  cross- 
ing parallel 
of 50°  S. 


c.  20, 1851 
30, 1849 
19,1849 

2,1850 
31,1851 

1,1850 
20, 1862 

4,1852 
22,1852 

4,1852 
25,1852 
26,1852 
25, 1852 

28. 1852 
28,1852 
21,1852 

1,1852 
25,1852 
^,1853 
24,1853 

1,1853 
10,1853 

7,1853 

2,1853 
13,1853 

8,1853 

14. 1853 
24,1853 


LONOITUDE    OF   CROSSINO   THE    PARALLELS    OF  — 


50°    8, 


Means  per  7th  edition 8121 


Long.  W. 

83  00 
79  00 

78  00 

83  00 

79  00 

81  00 

79  00 

84  00 
89  00 
84  00 

80  00 

84  00 

85  00 

78  00 

79  00 

82  00 

81  00 

83  00 
83  00 

80  00 
78  00 
80  00 

80  00 
78  00 

81  00 
81  00 
81  00 

86  00 


40°  S.    35°  S.    .30°  S 


Long.  W. 

•  / 
82  00 
78  00 

78  00 
80  00 

79  00 

80  00 
82  00 
89  00 
93  00 
87  00 

79  00 

80  00 

81  00 

77  00 
79  00 

82  00 

78  00 

79  00 
82  00 

81  00 

84  00 

82  00 

82  00 

83  00 

85  00 
81  00 
81  00 
83  00 


81  40 


Long.  W. 

0     ( 

82  00 
74  00 

81  00 
80  00 

83  00 
79  00 

82  00 
89  00 
93  0(1 

86  00 
82  00 
82  00 
K  00 

79  00 

80  00 

82  00 
74  00 

81  00 

83  00 

83  00 

87  00 
86  00 

85  00 

86  00 
85  00 

82  00 
81  00 

84  00 


S2  36 


Long.  W. 

82  00 
74  00 

85  00 

81  00 

89  00 

82  00 

86  00 

90  00 
95  00 

87  00 
87  00 

87  00 
86  00 
79  00 
K2  00 

86  00 
79  00 

83  00 

84  00 

83  00 
69  00 

88  00 

87  00 
87  00 
86  00 

84  00 
84  00 
84  00 


25°  8. 


Long.  W. 

85  00 

78  00 

87  00 

85  00 
93  00 

83  00 
92  00 
95  00 

100  00 
92  00 

92  00 
91  00 
91  00 

79  00 

86  00 
91  00 

84  00 

88  00 
90  00 

85  00 
90  00 

93  00 
95  00 
93  00 

90  00 

87  00 

91  00 
87  00 


89  02 


Long.  W. 

106  00 
105  00 

113  00 

114  00 
120  00 
118  00 
122  00 
114  00 
110  00 

109  00 

112  00 

116  00 
HI  00 
104  00 

110  00 
120  00 

107  00 

113  00 

113  00 
110  00 

114  00 

112  00 

113  00 
118  00 
113  00 

117  00 
113  00 
110  00 


Date  of  cross- 
ing the  equa- 
tor. 


112  45 


Jan.  12,1852 

Feb.    6,1850 

26, 1850 

June   1,1850 

Jan.  22, 1852 

Dec.  24,1850 

Jan.  13,1853 

Dec.  27,1852 

Jan.  10, 1853 

2,1853 

13, 1853 

15, 1853 

13,1853 

Feb.    5,1853 

Jan.  22,1853 

12, 1853 

5,1853 

20,1853 

17,1854 

15,1854 

Dec.  25,1853 

Jan.    1,1854 

4,1854 

Dec.  27, 1853 

Jan.    4,1854 

Dec.  31,1853 

Jan.    8,1854 

15,1854 


23 
37 
38 
* 
22 
23 
24 
23 
19 
29 
19 
20 
19 
39 
25 
23 
23 
26 
25 
21 
25 
22 
28 
25 
22 
23 
25 


23.7 


as 


23 
37 
32 
33 

23 
14 
18 
20 
16 
27 
18 
15 
26 
35 
25 
19 
26 
26 
23 
25 
21 
26 
21 
18 
21 
20 
31 
21 


23.6 


Sweepstakes 

Eureka 

Golden  City 

Wild  Ranger 

Wild  Pigeon 

Winged  Arrow 

Josiah  Bradlee 

Mameluke 

Wings  of  the  Morning. 

Ringleader. 

Scargo 


Means. 


Dec.  31, 1854 
24,1853 
26,1853 
6,1854 
11,1854 
30,1854 
30,1855 
28,1855 
21,1855 
24,1855 
3,1856 


83  00 
86  00 

79  00 

77  00 

80  00 

84  00 

80  00 
83  00 

81  00 
83  00 

78  00 


81  16 


87  00 
83  00 
80  00 

80  00 
82  00 
96  00 
86  00 

81  00 

82  00 
79  00 
76  00 


87  00 

83  00 

84  00 

84  00 
86  00 
96  00 

85  00 
82  00 
82  00 
81  00 
77  00 


87  00 

84  00 
89  00 

87  00 

88  00 
99  00 
86  00 

85  00 

79  00 

80  00 
80  00 


84  16 


85  49 


88  00 
86  00 
95  00 
go  00 

89  00 
103  00 

90  00 
94  00 
79  00 
82  00 
85  00 


107  00 
110  00 
114  00 

109  00 

110  00 
119  00 
114  00 
112  00 
118  00 

108  00 
110  00 


Jan.  20,1855 

15,1854 

18,1854 

3,1855 

10,1855 

18,1855 

Feb.    2,1856 

Jan.  25,1856 

iS,1856 

19,1856 

3,1857 


26.6     25 


20 

32 

23 

20 

23 

20 

28 

22 

30 

19 

19 

SO 

34 

35 

28 

24 

32 

26 

26 

23 

31 

34 

Average  number  of  miles  daily 126 


•  TO    CALIFORNIA.  733 

Now  let  us  examine  these  crossings  by  the  month.  From  the  United  States  to  the  line, 
and  thence  clear  of  St.  Koque,  tables  of  crossings  (chap.,  p.  143)  have  been  given.  They  show 
the  average  time  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque  for  each  month,  and  the  actual  time  by  each  ship. 

The  tables  of  Cape  Horn  crossings  (chap.,  p.  459)  show  the  time  from  the  parallel  of  St. 
Roque  ;  also  for  each  ship  arranged  according  to  the  month  to  the  parallel  of  50°  south  in  the 
Atlantic  ;  also  the  time  occupied  in  the  passage  thence  around  Cape  Horn  to  the  same  parallel 
in  the  Pacific. 

The  tables  now  under  discussion  (pp.  721-732)  show  the  time  from  50°  south  in  the  Pacific 
to  the  line,  and  thence  to  California;  likewise  for  each  vessel  in  detail,  and  for  every  month  by 
the  average. 

Now,  from  the  United  States  to  the  parallel  of  St.  Roque,  the  average  distance  is  about 
4,500  miles,  and  the  average  time  for  January  is  31  days,  with  a  mean  daily  run  of  133  miles  for 
each  vessel. 

From  St.  Roque  to  the  parallel  of  50°  south  in  the  Atlantic,  the  average  distance  is  2,900 
miles,  and  the  average  time  in  January  is  25.4  days,  with  a  mean  daily  run  of  114  miles  per  vessel. 

From  the  parallel  of  50°  south,  in  the  Atlantic,  around  the  Horn  to  the  same  parallel  in  the 
Pacific,  the  average  distance  is  1,400  miles;  the  average  time  for  January  is  17  days,  with  a 
mean  daily  distance  of  about  82  miles  per  vessel  for  that  month. 

From  50°  south,  in  the  Pacific,  to  the  line,  the  average  distance  is  3,300  miles;  the  average 
time  in  January,  27  days,  and  the  mean  daily  distance  by  straight  lines  from  noon  to  noon  is 
130  miles  per  vessel. 

From  the  line  to  San  Francisco  the  average  distance  is  about  2,300  miles;  the  average 
time  in  January  is  24. 8  days,  and  the  mean  daily  distance  made  good  is  94  miles. 

Now,  with  this  statement  as  to  the  distance  from  crossing  to  crossing,  and  the  tables  as  to 
the  time  by  vessels  taken  singly  and  in  monthly  groups,  the  navigator  has  always  the  means 
before  him  of  knowing  when  he  falls  behind  on  this  long  journey;  and  when  he  head-reaches, 
where  and  how  much.  Neither  will  he  have  any  diflficulty  in  finding  out  which  are  the  most 
tedious  parts  of  the  passage.  I  attach  great  practical  importance  to  the  bearing  of  the  tables  and 
Sailing  Directions  in  this  respect,  because  they  are  calculated  to  excite  emulation  and  keep 
the  ship  always  up  to  her  metal. 

The  January  crossings  of  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific  give  February  crossings  for  the  line.  The 
times,  both  north  and  south  of  the  line,  show  a  uniformity  and  an  average  that  encourage 
hopes  on  the  part  of  the  navigator  for  a  good  run,  at  this  season,  up  to  The  Heads  of  San 
Francisco.  If  he  have  already  had  a  fair  passage  from  his  North  Atlantic  port  to  50°  S.  in 
the  Pacific,  he  may  now  calculate  on  a  good  passage.  The  diff'erenco  between  the  shortest 
passage  from  that  parallel  to  the  line  and  the  mean  is  eight  days;  between  the  longest  and  the 
mean,  eleven  days.     This  indicates  the  prevalence  of  steady  winds  in  January. 

For  quick  runs  the  Contest  carries  off  the  palm  among  the  January  crossings.  She  per- 
formed the  run  from  50°  S.  to  San  Francisco  in  the  very  excellent  time  of  thirty-seven  days. 
This  run,  however,  can  be  made  in  thirty-five  days,  for  the  Swordfish  went  from  50°  S.  to  the 
line  in  nineteen  days,  and  both  the  Trade -Wind  and  the  Contest  went  thence  to  California  in 
the  same  month,  each  in  sixteen  days.  But  it  is  only  now  and  then  that  a  vessel  will  be  able 
to  strike  a  vein  of  wind  and  a  run  of  luck  which  will  carry  her  through  with  the  speed  that 
the  passage  of  thirty-five  days  from  50°  S.  requires. 


734  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS.  • 

In  February  the  A.  F.  Jenness  comes  along  to  spoil  the  averages  again.  She  requires  more 
than  double  the  usual  time  from  the  line,  and  nearly  twice  as  much  time  to  it  as  vessels  usually 
do.  She  has  been  far  behind  time  all  the  way,  and  is  therefore,  I  presume,  an  extraordinarily 
slow  vessel.  She  had  to  be  rejected  from  the  averages  of  the  passages  from  the  United  States 
to  the  line;  again,  from  the  Cape  Horn  averages.  She  is  an  exception,  and,  on  this  account,  I 
again  reject  her  from  the  averages  here.     So,  also,  the  Thomas  Church. 

The  John  Bertram  bears  off  the  palm  for  this  month  by  her  run  of  thirty-eight  days  from 
50°  S.  to  The  Heads.  The  Surprise,  Telegraph,  and  the  Winged  Racer  contended  with  her  for 
the  prize.  But  the  Bertram  seems  to  have  won  it  by  keeping  well  to  the  westward  while  south 
of  the  line,  and  so  putting  herself  in  the  full  strength  of  the  SB.  trades,  and  other  winds,  and 
where  they  are  uninfluenced  by  the  land. 

The  Telegraph,  in  '55,  (3  years  after,)  followed  in  her  wake.  She  was  further  to  the 
westward  than  any  one  of  the  four,  when  she  took  the  SE.  trades.  At  the  line  their  crossing 
was  the  same.  From  the  line  the  Surprise,  the  Aurora,  and  the  Antelope  led  the  Bertram  into 
San  Francisco  by  one  and  two  days. 

The  shortest  passage,  probable,  from  50°  S.,  in  February,  to  San  Francisco,  under  canvas, 
is  thirty-six  days.  This  is  the  shortest  time  in  which,  judging  by  our  experience  so  far,  it  is 
possible  for  a  ship  evfer  to  accomplish  that  part  of  the  voyage;  to  make  it  in  a  shorter  time  is 
possible,  but  the  chances  for  any  given  ship  to  do  it  are  but  small  and  few.  But,  generally, 
in  this  month,  also,  winds  are  fine  and  chances  fair. 

In  March,  the  Isette  requires  time  enough  for  two  trips  to  the  line  from  50°  S.  She  is  an 
uncommon  case,  and  Lieutenant  Minor,  Avho  compiled  the  tables  for  the  7th  edition,  has 
rejected  her  from  the  means,  as  one  of  those  vessels  which  these  Sailing  Directions  can  do 
very  little  towards  helping  along,  for  when  they  get  into  good  winds  they  have  not  the 
capacity  to  profit  much  by  them.  There  has,  however,  been  a  decided  improvement  since 
1855  in  the  passages  for  this  month:  the  gain  from  50°  S.  to  port  is  6.4  days. 

In  April  the  Newcastle  is  the  black  sheep.  Her  performance,  because  it  is  out  of 
rule,  and  an  exception  to  that  of  ships  generally,  is  also  rejected  from  the  means  of  the  7th 
edition. 

In  April  there  is  seldom  a  succession  of  very  good  winds.  In  this  month  the  average 
winds  of  the  winter  months  prevail  for  a  little  more  than  half  the  time  south  of  the  line,  and 
for  about  one-third  north,  but  it  is  gratifying  to  notice  the  improvement  in  this  month,  also, 
since  the  last  publication. 

There  are  about  a  dozen  fine  ships  in  the  April  fleet;  yet  one-third  of  the  whole  number 
in  January  bear  off",  each  one  of  them,  the  palm  from  the  best  one  of  these,  except  the  Sweep- 
stakes; not  so  much,  as  the  Charts  show,  by  reason  of  better  heels  as  by  reason  of  better  winds. 

"The  probabilities  are  that  many  ships  will  pass  this  way  in  April  before  one  is  found  to 
beat  the  Swordfish;  for,  though  she  had  46  days  from  50°  S.  to  'The  Heads,'  there  is  but 
one,  the  Star  of  the  Union,  that  led  her  to  the  line,  and  she  only  a  day;  and  there  is  not  one 
that  came  within  hail  of  her  thence  to  San  Francisco.  She  made  the  whole  run  in  46  days; 
45  is  the  probable  minimum  limit  for  this  month.  This  was  said  a  year  ago;  since  then  two 
ships,  viz.,  the  Huguenot  and  Seaman's  Bride,  have  made  the  run  in  the  same  time,"  (page 
671,  7th  edition.)     And  now  (1859)  the  Sweepstakes  has  beaten  them  all. 

In  May,  though  the  average  from  50°  S.  to  the  line  is  less  than  the  average  from  the  equator 


TO   CALIFORNIA.  735 

to  San  Francisco,  yet  we  are  struck  with  the  contrast  which  the  individual  cases  afford  as  to 
the  prevaiHng  character  of  the  winds  in  this  month  north  and  south  of  the  equator. 

On  the  north  side  the  greatest  difference  between  the  mean  and  the  extreme  is  with  the 
maximum;  on  the  south  side  it  is  with  the  minimum,  showing  that  from  50°  S.  to  the  line  a 
vessel  is  much  more  liable  to  meet  with  winds  that  will  drive  her  a  week  or  ten  days  ahead  of 
her  time,  than  she  is  with  airs  and  calms  that  will  keep  her  back  even  for  7  days.  While 
north  of  the  line  she  is  much  more  liable  to  be  beset  by  calms  and  airs  that  will  keep  her  from 
10  days  to  two  weeks  behind  the  average,  than  she  is  to  meet  with  winds  that  will  set  her  5 
days  even  ahead  of  the  average. 

The  clever  and  observant  mariner  may  gather  from  these  tables  of  crossings  much  valuable 
information  as  to  the  character  and  strength  of  the  winds  he  is  to  expect. 

"  It  is  hard  to  go  quickly  to  San  Francisco  from  the  line  at  this  season.  The  Sea  Serpent, 
the  Houqua,  and  the  Storm  King  have  all  done  it  in  twenty-four  days;  but  they  were  re- 
spectively twenty-eight,  twenty-nine,  and  thirty-seven  days  from  50°  S.  On  this  part  of  the 
route,  though  they  did  their  best,  they  fell  behind  the  Stag  Hound,  the  George  Morton,  the 
Empress  of  the  Sea,  the  Archer,  etal.,  and,  more  than  all,  the  Surprise  and  the  Star  Light 
from  a  week  to  twenty  days."*  The  Sierra  Nevada  has  since  made,  in  this  month,  the  run 
from  the  line  in  twenty-two  days. 

' '  A  vessel  that  shall  make  the  run  from  50°  S.  in  May  and  June  to  The  Heads  of  San  Fran- 
cisco in  forcy-two  days  will  win  laurels  for  her  master."* 

There  is  a  general  disposition  in  the  public  mind  to  judge  of  the  prowess  of  a  ship  and 
the  skill  of  her  captain  according  to  the  length  of  her  voyage  and  the  quickness  of  her  trip, 
without  regard  to  the  season  when  the  run  is  made,  or  the  prevailing  character  of  the  winds 
in  those  parts  of  the  ocean  through  which  the  voyage  lies.  No  rule  can  be  more  unfair  to  both 
ship  and  master.  Take,  for  example,  the  table  of  crossings  from  the  United  States  to  the  line 
in  the  Atlantic,  pages  143,  &c. 

There,  it  will  be  observed,  that  the  average  passage  to  the  line  differs  as  much  as  12 
days,  or  50  per  cent.,  according  as  it  may  be  made  in  this  month  or  that;  and  the  ship  and 
master  who  in  December  make  the  run  in  25  days  do  no  better  than  they  who  in  Sep- 
tember may  have  accomplished  it  in  37  days. 

In  June  the  average  from  50°  S.  in  the  Pacific  to  the  line  has,  since  the  Tth  edition,  been 
reduced  nine  days,  and  the  run  thence  to  California  two.  A  bad  month  is  June  from  the  equator 
north. 

"In  July  begins  the  dawn  of  better  times.  There  is  the  Flying  Cloud' s  famous  performance 
of  seventeen  days  from  50°  S.  to  the  line,  and  nineteen  thence  to  The  Heads,  to  grace  this 
month.  The  Staffordshire,  in  this  month,  too,  had  eighteen  and  the  N.  B.  Palmer  nineteen 
days  each,  also  from  the  line."*  Let  us  in  1859  adorn  this  enumeration  with  the  handsome  per- 
formance of  the  Star  King,  Stag  Hound,  and  Golden  Eagle. 

August  and  September  -are  both  good  months  south  of  the  line.  See  the  clever  tricks  of  the 
"  Live  Yankee"  to  and  the  "  Young  America" /rom  the  line,  in  September.  But  generally 
from  the  line  up,  in  these  months,  the  navigator  finds  his  patience,  quite  as  much  as  his  skill, 
brought  into  requisition;  still  there  has  been  improvement  here  also.  The  influence  of  the 
American  plains  and  deserts  begins  now  to  make  itself  felt  upon  the  NE.  trade-winds,  paralyzing 

o  Page  672, 7th  edition. 


736  THE  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 

them,  or  turning  them  back,  and  converting  them  into  breezes  that  baffle  and  perplex.  I 
have  said  much  in  other  parts  of  this  work  as  to  the  causes  which,  in  these  months,  make 
the  passage  along  here  so  vexatious. 

In  October  the  winds  are  decidedly  better  and  more  steady;  both  north  and  south  of  the 
equator  they  are  alike. 

There  are  the  Sirocco  and  the  Ocean  Telegraph,  with  19  days  each;  the  Flying  Dragon  and 
the  Winged  Arrow,  with  20;  the  Witch  of  the  Wave,  the  Raven  and  the  Samuel  Russell, 
each  with  her  21  days,  in  this  month,  from  50°  S. ;  and  from  the  line  north  we  have  the 
Sovereign  of  the  Seas  with  17,  and  both  the  Typhoon  and  the  Sea  Witch,  each  with  18  days 
into  port. 

In  November  there  is  a  sad  falling  oif. 

It  was  in  December  that  the  Comet  crossed  the  line,  in  117°,  and  made  her  beautiful  run  of 
16  days  from  the  line  to  The  Heads.  The  Wild  Pigeon,  on  two  trips,  the  Flying  Dutchman,  the 
Flying  Fish,  on  two  trips,  the  John  Gilpin,  the  Westward  Ho,  the  White  Squall,  and  the  Comet, 
the  Winged  Arrow,  the  Golden  City,  the  Eureka,  on  several  trips,  &c,  and  all  celebrated  ships, 
have  made  this  month  famous  for  quick  runs. 

I  have  grouped  these  crossings  into  sets  for  the  purpose  of  showing  what  has  been  the 
average  monthly  gain  or  loss  on  this  voyage  since  the  publication  of  the  previous  edition  of  this 
work.  With  the  lights  cast  by  that  edition  upon  the  route  to  California,  it  appears  that  the  average 
gain  from  50°  S.  to  San  Francisco,  by  the  154  vessels  that  have  returned  logs  of  their  voyage 
since  the  publication  of  the  7th  edition,  has  been  1  day  for  January;  2  for  February;  6.4  for 
March;  4.8  for  April;  2.2  for  May;  11.4  for  June;  11.6  for  July;  1.8  for  August;  4.5  for 
September;  1.7  for  October;  1.5  for  November;  against  a  loss  of  4.3  for  December.  These 
figures,  however,  are  not  derived  from  numbers  sufficiently  large  to  give  settled  averages, 
though  they  indicate  a  decided  and  gratifying  gain.  The  gain  for  May  and  June  appears  too 
great  to  be  permanent.     I  judge  them  to  be  accidental. 

Dividing  the  equator,  in  the  Pacific,  into  crossings  of  5°,  the  following  table  gives  the 
time,  via  each,  for  every  month.  It  shows,  also,  the  time  to  it  from  the  Atlantic  ports,  and 
thence  to  San  Francisco.     The  California  bound  navigator  will  find  it  of  service. 


TO   CALIFORNIA. 


737 


The  names  of  vessels  ;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific  ;  the  time  and  place 
of  crossing  the  equator,  ivith  the  passage  thence  to  California,  for  each  month. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Port  last  from. 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


1^ 


AVERAGE    FASgAQE. 


S  2 


Virginia 

Whiton 

North  Carolina. 
Ocean  Bird.... 
Stag  Hound.... 
Louisa  Bli^s ..., 

Horsburgh 

Chatham 


Cardiff 

New  Yorlc 

....do 

....do 

...do 

Beaufort,  N.  C. 

New  York 

Boston 


Days. 


107 
135 
140 
91 
153 


Dec.  21,1852 
March  13,1847 
April  15,  lbi54 
May  24,1849 
June  1,1852 
8, 1850 
29,1852 
Sept.    22,1849 


99  59W. 
93  15 
95  00 
99  25 
99  20 
100  00 

98  30 

99  15 


Days 
43 
42 
42 
38 
34 
52 
33  J 
39 


107 
135 
140 

113 

130 


Days. 
43 
42 
42 

38 

40 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  100°  AND  105°  W.  LONGITUDE. 


Adelaide ., 

Uolden  Gate. ,,,. . 

Europe 

George  Brown  . . . . , 

John  Holland 

Great  Britain , 

Sea  Serpent 

Anonyma 

Sea  Serpent 

Governor  Morton  .. 

Sweden 

Michael  Angelo  .,., 

Hampton , 

C.  L.  Bevan 

Thomas  B.  Wales. 

White  Squall 

Empire 

B.  0.  Winthrop..., 
North  America. . . . , 

Golden  Gate 

Messenger , 

Union 

Carioca , 

Copeland 

Cohota , 

Albany 

Sea  Witch 

Raven 

Samuel  Russell ... 
Monsoon , 


New  York  ... 

....do 

....do 

Philadelphia- 
New  York . . , 

...do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York.   . 

....do 

Boston 

New  York.. 

....do 

Philadelpliia  . 

Boston 

New  York . . . 

....do 

Boston 

New  York. .. 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Philadelphia , 

Boston 

....do 

New  York  . . 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Boston 


144 
80 
114 
111 
134 
110 


91 

117 

113 

130 

113 

100 

84 

97 

108 

112 

91 

88 

91 

116 

119 

110 

127 

87 

93 

97 

100 


Feb. 

March 

April 

May 

June 


July 


Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 


5,1853 
24, 1853 

17. 1852 
14,1851 

16. 1853 
28, 1852 

5, 1853 
23,1849 

5,1852 
12, 1852 
26, 1849 

27. 1852 

29. 1853 
2,1853 
3, 1852 

3. 1852 
8,1852 

12, 1852 
27,1852 

2,1854 
29, 1852 
31,1852 

6,1852 

7. 1853 
5, 1852 
6,185-2 

27, 1851 
2,1852 

17,1852 
6,1852 


104  06 
104  37 

100  00 
104  45 
102  28 
104  30 
102  03 
102  40 

101  12 

101  43 

102  20 
102  09 

102  25 

103  00 
102  51 
100  26 

102  01 

104  07 

100  27 

103  17 

102  32 

101  10 

100  56 

103  43 

104  09 

101  34 
101  30 
104  32 
101  30 
103  53 


34, 
24  5 

112 

29 

35. 
22f 

112.5 

28 

24, 
30  1 

122 

27 

26) 
34  f 

82 

30 

25 

32 

38 
36 

108.7 

36 

39 

46 

33 
26 

35 
33 

96.6 

32 

34 

30 

34> 

28) 

89.5 

31 

41, 
40) 

117.5 

40.5 

26"] 

38  1 

108 

29 

23J 

29. 
22) 

95 

25.5 

26 

100 

26 

CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  105°  AND  110*  W.  LONGITUDE. 


Revere 

Wild  Pigeon . , 
Golden  Gate . , 
Manchester.., 
Ringleader . . . 

Eureka 

Wild  RaBger. , 
Ringleader..., 

Scargo 

Sweepstakes. 


New  York , 

...do , 

...do , 

...do 

Boston 

New  York 

....do , 

Boston , 

Cardiff,  England. 
New  York , 


HI 
88 
90 

139 
85 

102 

102 
84 

120 
86 


Jan. 


3,1852 

109  30 

26 

10,1852 

108  59 

17 

12,1852 

106  00 

23 

5,1853 

107  00 

26 

15,1853 

110  00 

25 

15,1853 

110  00 

21 

3,1855 

109  10 

22 

20,1856 

107  55 

22 

3,1857 

109  51 

34 

20,1855 

107  15 

32 

100.7 


24.3 


VOL.   II- 


-93 


738 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


TJie  names  of  vessels;  their  passage  froon  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific,  &c. — Continued. 

CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  105°  AND  110°  W.  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


John  Jay 

Gray  Feather 

Tingqua 

Hazard 

Helena 

Russell 

Cleopatra 

Gladiator* 

F.  W.  Brune 

Winged  Racer 

John  Bertram 

Cygnet 

Sartelle 

Whiton 

Samuel  Appleton  .. 

Golden  West 

Uriel 

Benjamin  Howardf. 

Telegraph 

i^axonville 

Telegraph 

Reindeer 

Walter 

Wisconsin 

Hermann* 

Game  Cock 

Gray  Feather 

Star  of  the  Union... 

Golden  Racer 

Simoon 

Governor  Mort'm. . . . 

Tornado 

Polynesian 

Aurora* 

Sweepstakes 

Atlanta 

Samuel  Russell 

S.  S.  Bishop 

Kate  Hays 

New  York 

Herculean 

H.  Birkhead 

Lantao 

Vandalia 

Massonoma 

Sherwood 

Climax 

Ina 

Home 

Roscoe 

Cynthia 

Gilford....   

Sierra  Nevada 


Port  last  from. 


New  Bedford 

New  York  . . . , 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

Baltimore  .  .., 

New  York  . , . , 

...do 

Boston 

....do 

New  York  . . . . 
....do 

...do 

Boston 

....do 

....do 

...do 

New  York . . . . 

Boston 

...do 

New  York. ... 

...do 

Philadelphia .. 
New  York  .... 

...do 

...do 

Boston 

New  York .... 

...do , 

...do 

Philadelphia . . 
Nantucket...., 

New  York 

....do , 

....do 

Baltimore 

New  York 

....do 

....do 

Baltimore 

New  York 

...do 

,...do 

Boston 

,...do 

New  York 

..  do 

Baltimore 

New  Orleans  . . 

London 

New  York 


Days. 

1.33 

100 
87 

107 

113 

128 
92 

143 

122 
85 
86 

125 

135 

112 

103 

101 
86 
95 

91 

131 

88 

110 

121 

94 

158 

94 

108 

97 

96 
107 

97 

84 
105 
140 

73 

90 

89 

92 
122 
103 
119 
111 

94 
126 
123 
106 

88 

99 
109 
121 
128 

94 
107 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


Feb. 


April 


May 


June 


6,1850 

17,1852 

19,1852 

21,1851 

19,1851 

7,1850 

15,1855 

2.1,1856 

I    2,1853 

7, 185S 

8, 1853 

8, 185) 

27,1850 

15,1848 

23, 

24,1853 

30. 1851 

29. 1852 

23. 1854 
31,1853 

19. 1855 
18, 1855 
10,1853 

22. 1852 
11,1850 

5,1854 
1,1851 
5,1853 
6, 1853 
6,1853 

15. 1853 

17. 1852 
18,1854 
30,1849 

4,1856 

24. 1854 
17,1855 
29, 1854 

3. 1852 
3,1853 

8. 1853 

17. 1853 
23,1853 

2,1850 
4,1650 
25, 1851 
24, 1853 
19,1851 
10, 1850 

27. 1853 
8,1854 

21. 1854 
23, 1856 


105  low 
109  27 

106  25 

109  30 

110  00 
110  00 
109  24 

107  56 
106  56 

106  24 
109  47 
109  00 

107  15 
109  05 
109  30 

107  04 

109  45 

110  00 
106  00 
109  24 
109  40 
109  25 

108  00 
106  00 

108  00 

109  00 
109  45 
106  38 

108  45 

106  41 

109  01 

107  07 

110  00 
110  00 
109  50 
107  03 
109  40 
107  13 
109  16 
107  30 
109  21 
109  00 

105  55 

107  30 

108  00 

108  45 

106  37 

109  30 

110  00 

109  45 

110  00 

107  13 
109  55 


Days. 
37 
26 
28 
24 
21 
37 
17 
33 
291 
23 
19 
30 
34 


18 

23 

34 

25 

24 

35 

20 

22 

23 

30 

37 

16 

28' 

27 

34 

26 

26 

44 

29 

31 

21 

37 

27 

21 

31  •) 

35 

25 

31 

30 

36 

45 

40 

27 

34 

39 

27 

53 

35 

22 


AVERAGE   PASSAGE. 


Days. 


108.6 


S    a 


Days, 


27.9 


S  o 


103 


23 


Days. 


136.5 


126 


30.3 


124.7 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 

t  Captain  Shrieve  to  Lieutenant  Maury  :  "  I  approve  of  the  route  laid  down  by  you.  I  have  had  much  experience  at  sea,  as  shipmaster,  in  all 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  heartily  concur  in  your  views  respecting  passages.  I  also  believe  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  passages  to  California  will  be 
made  frequently  in  one  hundred  days.  I  have  often  been  amazed  in  viewing  tracks  of  different  ships  to  this  port,  and  those  who  have  the  Ungest  pas- 
sages have  been  broad  off  the  right  track.  I'he  Benjamin  Howard  is  a  medium  clipper,  seven  hundred  tons.  You  will  notice  I  have  beat  the  whole 
fleet  that  sailed  about  the  time  I  did ;  experienced  all  sorts  of  weather  on  the  pa!<sage  ;  neither  tore  a  sail  nor  lost  a  spar  the  whole  passage." 


TO   CALIFORNIA.  739 

The  Thames  of  vessds;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific,  &c. — Continued. 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  105°  AND  110°  W.  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Gazelle 

Edgar 

Staffordshire 

Cohota 

Storm  King , 

Messenger 

Hope* 

Ellen  Noys 

Flying  Cloud 

■White  Squall 

Mermaid 

Eliza  Mai  lory  ..  .. 

Eureka* 

Butler 

Challenger 

Telegraph.  

Horsburgh 

Whistler 

Seaman 

Boston 

Kate  Hayg* 

Raven 

Rapid 

Horton* 

J.  A.  Kalkenburgh. 


Port  last  from. 


New  York. .. . 

....do 

Boston 

....do 

....do 

New  York.... 

...do 

Boston 

New  York. ... 
Philadelphia  . . 

....do 

New  York.... 

...do.... 

...do , 

Boston  ....  .... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

New  York 

Rio  de  Janeiro  . 
Philadelphia . .. 

New  York 

...do 

...do 

Boston 


Days. 


126 
83 
103 
111 
97 
143 
111 
95 
96 


115 

141 


100 
102 
V^% 
107 
102 

81 
156 

94 
111 
151 
101 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


July 


9,1849 

2, 1850 

24, 1852 

19. 1850 
3,1853 
9,1855 
9,1854 
6,1852 

17. 1852 

13. 1853 
Sept.    21,18,53 

10, 1852 

15. 1851 


Aug. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


11, 18.55 

23, 

7,1853 
31,1853 

13. 1852 
27, 1849 

6,1853 

16. 1853 
1, 1854 

23,1850 

16. 1854 


105  30  W. 
108  15 

108  01 

109  45 

106  30 
108  06 
108  45 

107  30 
105  20 

110  00 
105  45 

108  42 
108  20 


109  00 
109  30 
109  00 
109  00 

109  41 
106  00 

110  00 
109  00 
109  40 
109  50 
109  30 


S  § 


Days 
301 
39 
18 
23). 
24 
24 
39 
331 
19 
22 
271 
37 
25 


AVERAOi!    PXSSAOE. 


19  I 
22  J 


31 

231 

24  J 

26 

40 

21 

25 

24 

33. 

15) 


=  » 


Dayt, 


104.0 


100.6 


107 


112.3 


91.5 


Days. 


25.6 


24.6 


29.7 


27 


29 


&    £ 


Days. 


129.6 


125.2 


136.7 


139.3 


120.5 


118 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEV  110°  AND  115°  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Wild  Pigeon 

Flying  Fish 

Anstiss 

Swordfish 

Ambassador 

Celestial 

George  Raymond  , 

Golden  City 

Ann  Maria 

Samun]  Laurena . 

Eagle 

N.  B.  Palmer  .... 

Onward 

Bald  Eagle , 

Parthenon , 

Franconian  

Morning  Light. ... 
Samuel  Appleton  . 
Mameluke......,, 

Eureka 

Southern  Cross... 

Wild  Pigeon 

Hussar 

Bald  Eagle 

Phantom 


New  York. 
Richmond  . 
New  York. 

do.... 

do.... 


Boston , 

New  York..., 

do , 

Boston 

New  York.... 

do 

do 

, do 

Boston 

do 

Philadelphia. . 
Norfolk,  U.  S. 

Boston 

New  York.... 

Boston 

New  York.... 

do 

do 

do 


104 
74 

116 
72 

127 
84 

103 
87 

131 
99 

85 

96 
130 

93 
117 
123 
113 
105 
114 
102 

96 
113 
106 

87 

96 


Jan. 


14,1853 
13,1853 

22. 1853 
21,1852 
16,1849 
23,1852 
23, 1852 
18,1854 

20. 1854 
26, 1854 
28, 1854 

1,1854 

4,1854 

4,185^ 

8,  If. 54 

20, 1854 

17, 1854 

29,1854 

26,1856 

15, 1854 

30,1855 

10,1855 

27,i855 

24,l!r55 

a0,1855  I 


112  20 
1L2  00 
110  00 
110  15 

112  a5 

113  30 

114  34 
114  00 

110  00 

111  00 

112  00 

112  00 

113  00 
113  00 
113  00 
113  00 
113  00 
110  10 
112  30 
no  22 
HI  45 

110  12 

112  00 

111  03 

113  45 


24) 

18 

25 

20 

32 

23 

25 

20 

S3 
2j 

19  I 

26  I 

21  J. 

21 

31 

26 

23 

22 

24 

20 

23 

18 

27 

30 

83 


102.9 


23.5 


126.4 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


740 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


The  Thames  of  vessels;  their  -passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific,  &c. — Continued. 

CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  llO"  AND  \W  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Trade  Wind 

Capitol   ........ 

Realm 

Contest 

Telegraph 

Cygnet  

Lawrence 

Alboni 

Cyclone 

Arthur 

Greenfield 

Morning  Light . . 
Anglo-Saxon.... 

Electric    

Mary 

Antelope    

Brewster 

Surprise 

Wintlirop 

Potomac 

Living  Age 

'Storm 

Ann  Kimball .  . 

Bald  Eagle 

Danube 

Bathina 

Kentucky  ...... 

Hannibal 

Roman 

Eagle  Wing 

Sparkling  Wave ' 

Clara 

Electric  Spark  . . 

Hollander 

Adelaide 

Syren 

Isaac  James  .  .., 
Morning  Light... 

Aurora , 

Victory 

Tornado 

George  Merton. , 

Rival 

Channlng 

Aurora 

Ocean  Express. 

Fair  Wind 

Phantom 

John  Steward.. 
Russell  Glover. 

Celestial 

Rattler 

Daniel 

Alhesdrugh. ... 

Aldebaran 

Sea  Serpent . .. 
Esther  May...., 


Port  last  fi-om. 


New  York..., 
Richmond  .... 
New  York..., 

do 

Boston 

New  York. .. 

do 

do 

Boston 

New  York. .. 
Liverpool . . . . 

Philadelphia  . 

New  York. .. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Boston 

Portland 

New  York. .. 
do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Boston 

do 

New  York. .. 

Boston 

Montevideo . . 

Glasgow 

Boston 

do 

New  York. ., 

do 

Philadelphia . 

New  York. .. 

Boston , 

New  York  , . , 

do... 

do 

...    do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

Boston , 

New  York. ., 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Boston 

do 

do 


S  '" 


Days. 

85 

112 

138 

84 

95 

118 

134 

99 

93 

135 

90 

lUO 

94 

90 

119 

81 

100 

80 

116 

133 

108 

87 

110 

88 
130 
123 
122 
120 
103 

82 

42 
123 

82 
109 

93 
110 
105 

92 
110 
129 
106 

83 
117 
112 

98 
111 
114 

90 
111 
115 

98 

98 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


Feb. 


104 
123 


Mar. 


April 


7, 1853 
7,1853 
8,1853 
9,1853 
18, 1853 
26,1850 
28,1850 
28,1853 
5,1854 
9,1854 
18,1856 
22,1855 
19, 1856 
13,1855 
6,1856 
26, 1856 
29, 1856 
3,1851 
3,1851 
3,1851 
12,1853 
17,1853 
2Q, 1853 
23,1853 
23,1853 
24,1853 
26,1853 
92,1850 
23,1853 
12, 1854 
23,1855 
13,1855 
15,1856 
19,1856 
31,1856 

10. 1854 
18,1856 

23. 1855 

24. 1854 
8,1656 

12. 1855 
12,1855 

5,1856 
19,1855 
11,1855 

4, 1855 
18,1856 

6, 1853 
11,1853 
14,1850 
16, 1853 
16,1853 
28,1851 
26,1853 
27, 1852 
22,1851 
28,1853 


112  20W. 

113  00 
113  35 

111  06 

112  00 

111  15 

113  45 

113  44 
115  00 

112  00 

110  05 

111  08 
111  10 
110  45 

114  25 
110  24 

113  58 
110  30 

110  30 

111  20 

112  25 

110  32 

114  10 

111  15 
110  32 

112  15 

113  08 

114  45 

110  32 
113  00 

111  00 

111  30 

113  50 
110  18 

112  40 

110  27 

114  41 

111  02 

113  53 

111  54 
113  00 

112  55 

111  13 

113  49 
110  24 

114  40 
110  42 
113  32 

112  34 

113  CO 
110  06 

114  08 
113  15 

113  36 
110  05 

114  15 
113  00 


Days 
161 
20  i 
35  I 
16 
20 
29 
26 
28 
20 
30 
22 
20 
34 
19 
31 
16 
26. 
171 
29  I 
32  I 
20 
23 
22 
19 
26 
25 
25 
40 
25 
23 
20 
30 
24 
33 
30 
21 
24 

17 

24 

29 

21 

26 

24 

23 

22 

24 

141 

32 

21 

22 

23 

33 

33 

35 

25 

33 


AVEKAGE    PASSAGE. 


Days. 


104 


O    W 


Days- 


106.7 


E  o 


Day), 


128 


131.1 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


TO    CALIFORNIA.  741 

The  names  of  vessels  ;  tlieir  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific^  dtc. — Continued. 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  110"  AND  115"  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Flying  Cloud 

Archer 

Huguenot 

Oaborn  Howes. ... 

Phantom 

Sultan 

Coringa 

Star  of  the  Union. 
Harriet 

E.  Kimbell 

Neptune's  Car . ... 
Mountain  Wave*.. 
Susquehanna  

F.  Depau 

Staghound 

Massonoma 

Swordtish 

M.  Howes 

Coeur  de  Lion 

Element 

White  Swallow... 

Tingqua 

Jenny  Ford 

Lotus 

Surprise 

Paragon 

Archibald  Gracie. . 

Siraca 

Delia 

Morgan  Bix 

Tigress 

Seaman's  Bride... 

Rose  Standish 

Competitor  .... ... 

Parthian 

R.  B.  Forbes 

Santiago 

Surprise 

Eagle 

Mary  L.  Sutton  . . . , 

Ellen  Foster 

Fleet  Wing 

Viking 

Starlight , 

Shooting  Star.  ... 

R.  B.  Forbes 

Panama 

Golden  Eagle , 

Swordfish 

Flying  Eagle 

Hornet 

John  Land 

Venice . 

Abbot* , 

Amity 

StarKingf 


Port  last  from . 


New  York 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do , 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York 

Rio  de  Janeiro  , 
Philadelphia . ., 

New  York 

...do 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

....do  

New  York 

....do 

Philadelphia.... 

Boston 

New  York 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York 

....do 

...do 

Salem 

New  York 

....do 

Boston 

Richmond,  Va. 

New  York 

....do 

....do 

,...do 

...do 

Boston. ....  .. 

...do 

...do 

....do 

New  Vork 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York 

Bordeaux 

Boston 

...do 


Days, 
74 
84 


81 

96 

127 

118 

137 

116 

79 

68 

108 

1.39 

93 

122 

84 

115 

104 

139 

98 

96 

110 

108 

87 

120 

111 

117 

128 

107 

132 

92 

111 

89 

94 

130 

104 

85 

96 

83 

109 

90 

82 

85 

106 

86 

90 

78 

109 

87 

94 

107 

126 

132 

94 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


April 


May 


Jun 


6,1854 
7, 1854 
19,1853 
4,1856 
8,1856 
25,1856 
10,1854 
12,1856 
13, 1854 
4,1856 
3,1853 
13,1865 
1,1851 
20,1850 
4,1851 
7,1853 
7,1853 
8,1854 
20, 1854 
3,1853 
29,1856 
18,1854 
3,1855 
29, 1856 
8,1853 
8,1853 
11,1850 
12, 1853 
10, 1851 
13, 1853 
1,1850 
19, 1853 
20, 1850 
24,1853 

25. 1853 
25,1854 
26,1853 
30,1854 
21,1855 
29, 1856 
26,1855 

10. 1854 
8, 18.54 
9,1854 

21,1855 
25,1854 
3,1855 
20,1854 
20,1854 
July  7,1853 
23,1853 
25,1853 
14,1850 
23,1852 
15,1850 
23,1854 


110  00 

112  00 

113  00 
115  00 
113  52 

113  41 

114  52 

111  20 

112  27 
114  38 

112  04 
114  32 

113  25 

112  45 

113  30 

110  07 

114  02 
114  00 
113  00 
113  20 

111  33 

113  30 

114  00 
110  50 

110  43 

113  25 

111  00 
111  30 

114  00 

110  30 
114  30 
114  55 

113  00 

114  00 

111  20 
114  00 

113  00 

112  00 

111  35 

112  11 

114  11 
114  52 
114  14 
111  46 

113  10 

114  24 

110  28 

113  51 

111  20 

114  40 

112  54 
114  47 

114  45 

113  15 

115  00 

114  50 


S  ® 


Days. 
15 
22 
26 
25 
20 
26 
24 
30 
23 
28 
22 
30 
29 
27 
21 
37 
24 
33 
26 
31 
37 
25 
31 
38, 
30 
41 
36 
28 
34 
36 
33 
24 
45 
25 
28 
31 
32[ 
32 
24 
27 
38 
31 
32 
32 
24 
31 
26 
33 
Si 
34] 
20 
31 
30 
38 
31 
23 


AVERAOE  PASSAGE. 


•s  a 


Days. 
103.1 


g   a 


Days. 
25.3 


t3     C 


109.6 


Days. 
128.4 


139.6 


31.4 


104.1        31.2 


131.4 


135.3 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


742 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


The  navnes  of  vessels  ;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific,  &c. — Continued. 

CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  110°  AND  US"  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Morning  Light 

Surprise 

Game  Cock 

Cceur  de  Lion 

St.  Patrick 

Isaac  Allerton 

Caroline 

Sarah  and  Eliza*  ... 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Victory 

Witch  of  the  Wave.. 
Jas  H  Sliepherd. ... 

Atalanta 

Avondale 

Kobin  Hood 

Golden  Eagle 

Flying  Dutchman... 

Robin  Hood 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Templeten 

Southerner* 

Lady  Arabella. .... . 

Virginia 

Witch  of  the  Wave  . 
Belle  of  the  West... 

Rubicon 

E.  C.  Scranton* 

Harri.sburg 

West  Wind 

Reindeer 

Golden  State 

John  Bertram 

Fleet  Wing... 

Alboni 

Golden  State 

Thomas  Perkins 

Columbia 

Jamestown 

Raven 

Typhoon  

Eagle 

Carrington 

Celestial 

Sandusky 

Wild  Duck 

Hero 

Winfield  Scott  * 

Romance  of  the  Sea 

Flying  Dragoon 

Voung  America 

Sirocco 

Hornet 

West  Wind 

Live  Yankee ..< 

Grace  Darling 

Arcole 


Port  last  from. 


Philadelphia.. 
New  York... 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Boston 

New  York. .. 

...do 

Baltimore.... 
New  York. .. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Bucksport .  . 
New  York... 
...do........ 

...do 

Boston 

....do 

New  York  . . . 

...do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York. .. 

....do 

Boston 

New  York... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Boston 

New  York.... 

Boston 

New  York.... 

....do 

,..  do 

,...do 

...df 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do , 

Philadelphia... 

New  York 

Boston 

Philadelphia . , 
Bosion  ...,.., 
New  York 


Days. 
109 

86 
113 

88 
118 
127 
127 
180 

88 
103 


122 

119 

104 

85 

98 

94 

101 

126 

Ml 

138 


Bay  State* • «<  I  Rio  de  Janeiro . 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


July 


Aug. 


*  Not  included  in  the 


90 
104 
135 
141 
l'i3 

99 
123 

99 

91 
116 
126 
101 
100 
133 
103 

85 

87 
101 
103 

83 
137 
108 
127 
140 

90 

91 

92 

97 

92 
107 
128 
111 
111 

82 
average 


Sept. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


9,1856 
1,1854 
20,1855 
2,1855 
14, 1850 
13,1850 
11,1850 

12. 1849 

2. 1851 
2,1853 

18,1851 
1,1853 

28,1853 

30,1853 
7, 1855 
4,1855 

24,1856 
8,1854 

6. 1852 

10. 1850 
16, 1853 

4,1850 
2,1850 

21. 1852 
6,1853 

12,1853 
17,1853 
20,1853 

24. 1853 

17. 1854 
4,1854 

29, 1853 
1855 
1855 


29, 
13, 


4,1856 

25. 1849 

12. 1850 
20, 1852 

29. 1851 
30,1851 
20, 1851 

5,1850 
11,1850 

5,1853 
21,1853 
27, 18.')3 
29,1653 

2,1856 
31, 1855 

2,1854 
25,1855 
22,1855 
28,1855 

9,1854 

8,1854 
14,1854 

3,1854 


113  43 

113  00 
110  30 

114  00 

110  45 

111  15 
113  30 

113  40 

114  00 

112  45 

115  00 

114  00 

115  00 

112  00 
114  54 

113  39 
113  57 
113  11 
113  49 
112  30 

112  10 

113  CO 

114  00 

113  50 
112  00 

114  00 
112  UO 
112  00 

112  00 

113  00 

112  00 

114  00 

113  24 

111  50 

112  03 
no  45 
111  45 


112  00 

114  41 

115  00 
115  00 
115  00 

114  00 

115  00 

114  00 

115  00 
114  50 
114  40 
111  50 
no  57 
114  37 
110  18 
110  00 
114  GO 

113  31 
113  44 


S  o 


Days 
351 
31 
35 
35-" 
341 
34 
36 
36 
19 
32 
32 
43 
40 
29 
26 
21 
26 
33  J 
24  I 
27 
33 
33 
33 
25 
24 
32 
39 
39 
34 
38 
24 
24 
33 
38 
24, 
261 
35 


AVERAGE  PASSAGE. 


20 
19 
28 

26 
21 
34 
24 
29 
28 
23 
22 
17 
28 
21 
24 
30 
28 
31 
37J 


Days. 


Days, 


31.5 


30.1 


H  o 
S  o 


Days. 


137.7 


142.4 


104.3 


25.6 


129.9 


TO   CALIFORNIA. 


743 


The  rwm£S  of  vessels  ;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacific^  do. — Continued. 

CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  110»  AND  115"  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Talbot 

Valparaiso 

Winged  Arrow 

Sea  Witch 

Kate  Hays 

Sunbeam 

Witch  of  the  Wave. 

Trade- Wind . 

Mandarin 

Hurricane 

North  Wind 

Arab* 

Wisconsin. 

Wm.  Sturgis 

Ocean  Telegraph  .... 

Wild  Duck 

Almena 

Stingray 

Ocean  Telegraph. . . . 

John  Wade 

Thomas  W.  Sears... 

Senator 

Unknown  

Skylark 

Flying  Fish 

Defender 

Hornet 


Port  last  from. 


New  York..., 

....do 

Boston 

New  York..., 
Philadelphia.. 

Boston 

....do , 

Philadelphia , 
New  York . . , 

....do 

....do 

Boston... i. ., 
New  York  . . , 
Philadelphia., 
New  York.., 
...do 


....do , 

....do 

....do 

,...do , 

,...do , 

....do 

Boston 

New  York.., 
Boston....,., 

...do , 

Philadelphia  , 


Says, 
139 
138 
95 
91 
131 
138 
91 
91 
101 
102 
116 
140 
131 
135 
101 
98 
114 
105 
96 
94 
124 
105 
91 
96 
92 
113 
109 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


12, 1850 

2. 1851 

4. 1852 

22. 1852 
6,1853 
3,1853 

14. 1853 
16, 1853 
19,1853 
18, 1853 
21,1853 
24,1853 
24, 1853 
16, 1855 

1,1854 
19,1854 

4,1855 
11,1854 
13, 1855 
15, 1852 
21,1852 

26. 1852 

19. 1853 

25. 1853 

22. 1854 
25,1855 
20, 1854 


0   / 

Days 

115  OOW. 

311 

115  00 

30 

114  39 

22 

114  10 

17 

110  00 

21 

115  00 

24 

115  00 

26 

115  00 

24 

112  00 

22 

114  00 

22 

115  00 

22 

114  00 

42 

112  00 

27 

111  26 

38 

110  41 

22 

111  57 

30 

113  42 

23 

110  45 

27 

111  21 

24  J 

110  30 

231 

112  59 

21 

111  00 

30 

113  00 

21 

114  00 

21 

113  09 

18 

113  20 

19 

114  00 

20 

s  ° 


AVERAGE   PASSAGE. 


5    t3 


Days. 


Ill  8 


103 


Days. 


21.6 


t>  "= 


Days. 


138.0 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  115°  AND  120°  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


John  Gilpin 

Flying  Fish 

Westward  Ho 

Flying  Arrow , 

Sedman 

Lotus 

Sancho  Panza 

Comet 

Octavius* 

Great  Republic 

Flying  Childers...., 

Newton 

Lucia  Field , 

Lantao 

Canton 

Southerner , 

Corinne 

Tornado 

Western  Continent. 
Boston  Light 


New  York . 

Boston 

New  York , 
Boston.  ... 
New  York. 
Boston  ..,, 

....do 

New  York  . 

...do 

...do 

Boston 

....do 

...do 

New  York. 

,...do 

....do 

Boston.  ... 
New  York . 

....do 

Boston 


78 

77 

88 

95 

89 

99 

117 

99 

141 

72 

91 

124 

120 

103 

136 

120 

110 

89 

98 

83 


Jan. 


1853 

1852 


Feb. 


15, 

22,11 
12,11 
18, 1855 


,1853 


20. 1850 
3,1854 
7,1856 
3,1856 

13,1656 
18, 1857 
March  19,1853 
10,1851 
19,1851 

21. 1851 
28,1849 
30,1851 

7,1855 

5,1856 

19,1856 

23,1855 


116  00 
119  50 
ISO  00 
119  08 

118  00 
115  44 
115  14 

119  36 

115  53 

118  34 

117  21 

117  10 

119  15 

118  00 
118  00 
117  00 
117  15 

116  00 

116  18 

117  38 


16 

23 

19 

20 

181 

24 

29 

22 

26 

20 

231 

26 

31 

20 

29 

28 

24 

22 

22 

19J 


84.5 


95.2 


107.4 


19.5 


22.6 


24.3 


104 


117.8 


131.7 


♦  Not  included  in  the  average. 


744 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


The  names  of  vessels  ;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  j^rts  to  the  Linje  in  tJie  Paci/ic,  dtc. — Continued. 


CROSSINGS  BETWEEN  115°  AND  120°  WEST  LONGITUDE, 


Name  of  vessel. 


Eagle 

Tornado 

Amelia 

Isabelita  Hyne 

Maria 

Samuel  Russell 

Herald  of  the  MomiBg. 

Greenfield 

Derby 

John  Haven 

John  Gilpin 

E.  F.  Willets 

Lucknow 

Astrea 

Diadem 

Arcole 

Wisconsin 

Valparaiso 

Seaman's  Bride 

Stag  Hound 

Archer 

Houqua 

Empress  of  the  Sea... 

St.  Lawrence* 

Robert  Harding 

Houqua 

Swordfish    «.. 

Messenger 

Goddess 

Sarah  Boyd 

Raduga 

Sheridan 

Hermann 

Eliza  Thornton* 

Benj.  Howard  

War  Hawk 

Shooting  Star 

Finland 

Channing 

Oxnard 

Levanter 

Linwood 

Mary  Anna 

Highflyer 

Celestial  Empire 

Hurricane 

Flying  Dutchman 

Young  America 

Cyane < 

Greenwich 

Bnap  Dragon 

Competitor 

Northwester 

Gertrude 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas,, 

Windward 

E.  P.  Sage* 

Midnight 


Fort  last  from. 


New  York 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

.  ..do , 

Boston 

New  York , 

Boston 

New  York , 

....do , 

...do 

Boston 

New  York , 

...  do , 

Philadelphia  . . . . 

New  York , 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do , 

....do 

....do 

....do , 

Boston 

New  York 

....do 

Philadelphia  . . . , 

Boston 

Philadelphia  .... 

New  York 

....do 

....do 

New  Bedford  . . . 

New  York 

Boston 

New  York...... 

Philadelphia.... 

New  York 

.  ..do 

...do 

Baltimore 

New  York    

,...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Hampton  Roads. 

Boston 

Philadelphia  . . . . 

Boston 

New  York 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Boston 


Days. 

92 

79 

111 

101 

111 

90 

86 

8S 

91 

122 

91 

90 

111 

138 


105 

100 

114 

99 

95 

108 

120 

83 

141 

126 

103 

89 

94 

98 

129 

116 

103 

110 

145 

114 

98 

102 

133 

124 

116 

125 

116 

137 


114 

77 

78 

88 

109 

128 

102 

108 

97 

116 

83 

105 

143 

92 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


April 


May 


June 


9,1853 
10,1853 

29. 1853 
23,1851 
16,1851 
15,1850 
16,1854 

12. 1855 

24. 1856 
8,1854 

30. 1854 

12. 1855 
6,1853 

20,1853 
22,1850 
31,1850 
31,1850 
31,1850 
2,1854 
5,1853 
8,1853 

21. 1853 
10,1853 
29,1853 
28,1853 
25,1850 
21, 1855 

16. 1854 
4,1856 

15,1850 

28, 1851 

2,1850 

30,1849 

9,1853 

6,1853 

4,1855 

24,1853 

6,1850 

9,1853 

8, 1853 

26,1853 

9, 1853 

9,1853 

4,1853 

21,1853 

12,1854 

Sept.      8,1853 

7,1853 

12,1853 

16,1853 

14,1855 

14,1855 

19, 1854 

8,1850 

27, 1852 

4, 1853 

18,1853 

1,1854 


July 


Aug. 


Oct. 


•SI'S 


115  30  W. 
118  10 

116  41 

116  00 

117  00 

118  30 

119  00 
116  00 

118  37 

115  47 

119  19 

116  05 

117  50 

115  49 

116  00 

117  00 

118  45 

119  00 
117  00 
116  03 
115  08 
115  11 

115  30 

116  15 

116  36 
115  15 

117  00 
115  32 

117  37 

115  15 

118  00 
118  30 

120  00 

116  53 
120  00 

116  11 

118  14 

117  15 
115  25 

115  40 
117  30 
117  00 

116  00 

117  00 
117  00 

117  30 

119  00 
116  00 
116  00 
116  00 

118  35 
116  00 
116  39 
116  00 

119  47 
116  00 
116  00 
115  12 


I   fe 


Days. 
21 
22 
23 
24 
32 
20 
20 
24 
27 
25 
23 
28 
271 
35 
36 
30 
24 
28 
21  j 
26 
37 
24 
32 
37 
39  I 
28 
28 
31 
33 
32 
25 
28 
27 
42 
34 
29 
21 
42 
35 
34 
32 
26 
38  1 
29  I 
31 
23J 
281 
22I 
32  I 
27  . 
30 
31 
25. 
30) 
20 
29 
341 
24  J 


AVERAGE    PASSAGE. 


Eh 


Days. 


96.2 


111.1 


102.4 


110.3 


■f  e 


Dayi. 


24.2 


28.7 


30.9 


28 


118 


101.4 


99 


Days, 


120.4 


139.8 


133.3 


138.3 


32.2 


28 


25. 


150.9 


129.4 


124.7 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


TO    CALIFORNIA. 


745 


The  names  of  vessels;  their  passage  from  Atlantic  ports  to  the  Line  in  the  Pacijic,  rf-c. — Continued. 

CROSSING  BETWEEN  115°  AND  120»  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Port  last  from. 


Date  of  crossing 
the  equator  in 
the  Pacific. 


•a« 


XVERAQB   PiLBSiiaK. 


■S& 


P'c 


Comet 

John  Wade 

Sunbeam  * 

Intrepid 

Comet.,.     .... . 

Winged  Arrow  . 
Samuel  Russell . 

Challenger 

Winged  Arrow  , 


New  York. 
Boston  .... 

....do 

New  York . 

....do 

Boston  .... 
New  York  . 

....do 

Boston  .... 


Days, 
102 

95 
140 
125 

83 
108 

86 
100 
lot) 


Nov. 


Dec. 


15,1853 
27,1853 
3,1853 
5,1856 
28,1851 
27,1853 
31,1853 
14, 1854 
15,1855 


116  00  W. 

117  00 
115  34 

115  11 

117  00 

118  00 
117  00 

116  07 

119  01 


Days. 
251 
24  I 
24  [■ 
21 J 
16 
18 
20  > 
19 
19 


Days. 
107.3 

98 


Days. 


23.3 


18.4 


Days. 


130.6 


116.4 


CROSSING  BETWEEN  120»  AND  125°  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Westward  Ho  , 

Acasta , 

Kensington..., 

Tartar , 

Uncle  Toby  ... 
Flying  Cloud.. 

Cleopatra 

Amazon 

Anglo  Saxon  .. 


Boston 

Sag  Harbor.. 
New  York. .. 
Philadelphia. 

Boston 

New  York... 

Boston 

New  York... 
....do 


171 
129 
104 
103 
71 
103 
118 
127 


13,1853 

10, 1851 

24, 1851 

24, 1851 

31,1853 

12,1851 

3,1853 

4,1853 

Sept.     18,1853 


Jan. 
Mar. 
June 
July 

Aug. 


122  06 

120  30 
122  45 

121  30 

121  15 
124  00 

122  00 
121  00 
121  00 


18 

89 

18 

28 

171 

28 

39 

129 

39 

30) 
31  f 

103.5 

30.5 

19] 

27 

87.3 

29.6 

42J 

23 

127 

23 

107 
199 
168 

134 

126.6 
150 


CROSSING  WEST  OF  125°  WEST  LONGITUDE. 


Tagus , 


New  York 126       June     15,1851         128  00 


46 


133 


46  172 


*  Not  included  in  the  average. 


VOL.    II- 


-94 


746 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT    CHARTS. 


Average  length  of  best  passages  of  California-bound  vessels  from  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United 
States  to  the  equator  in  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  equator  in  the  Pacific  to  San  Francisco — 
arranged  according  to  the  month  and  the  longitude  of  crossing  the  equator. 


Month   of  crossing 
the  equator  in  the 
Pacific. 

From  United  States 
to  the    equator  in 
the  Pacific. 

No.  of  passages  from 
which  averages  are 
determined. 

Averages    from    the 
equator  to  Califor- 
nia. 

No.  of  passages  from 
which  averages  are 
determined. 

Place  of  crossing  the 
equator  in  the  Pa- 
cific, between— 

■a    . 

0)     — 

tl   n 

2  2 

Average  passage   of 
the   whole    month 
from    the    United 
States. 

Shortest  passage  from  the  United 
States  for  the  month,  by  the— 

Days, 

Days. 

^ 

Days. 

Days. 

January 

103 

6 

25 

6 

105-110 

128 

123.6 

103 

17 

23 

17 

110-115* 

126 

*Swordfish,  91dayB, 

88 

3 

19 

3 

115-120 

107 

89 

1 

18 

1 

120-125 

107 

101 

10 

25 

10 

105-110 

126 

103 

25 

24 

25 

110-115 

127 

124.5 

85 

•    4 

20 

4 

115-120 

105 

February 

112 

2 

29 

2 

100-105 

141 

111 

6 

29 

6 

105-110 

140 

129.4 

9» 

10 

34 

10 

110-U5 

123 

89 

1 

18 

1 

115-120 

107 

109 

7 

28 

7 

105-110 

137 

104 

17 

24 

17 

110-115 

128 

95 

5 

23 

5 

1 15-120* 

118 

128.5 

*  Qreat  Republic,  92  dayi. 

March 

107 
112 

1 
3 

42 

28 

1 
2 

90-  95 
100-105 

149 
140 

108 

11 

26 

H 

105-110 

134 

137.2 

107 

13 

25 

13 

110-115* 

132 

'  Surprise,  97  days. 

115 

6 

96 

6 

115-120 

141 

171 

1 

28 

1 

120-125 

199 

113 

2 

28 

2 

100-105 

141 

105 

14 

2S 

14 

105-110 

131 

107 

29 

24 

28 

110-115 

131 

131.4 

107 

10 

24 

10 

115-120 

131 

Apiil 

135 

1 

42 

1 

95-100 

177 

122 

2 

27 

3 

100  -105 

149 

113 

4 

27 

4 

105-110 

140 

130 

100 

13 

25 

13 

110-115* 

125 

*  Flying  Cloud,  89  days. 

97 

7 

23 

7 

115-120 

120 

103 

3 

23 

3 

105-110 

126 

103 

20 

25 

21 

110-115 

128 

125 

96 

12 

24 

12 

115-120 

120 

May 

140 
82 

1 
1 

38 
30 

1 
2 

95-100 
100-105 

178 
112 

137.5 

104 
110 

8 

30 

3 

105-1 10* 

134 

*  Sweepstake*,  94  days. 

6 

28 

6 

110-115 

138 

111 

7 

28 

7 

115-120 

139 

94 

11 

30 

11 

105-110 

124 

110 

12 

30 

12 

110-115 

140 

134 

111 

C 

29 

7 

115-120 

140 

June 

113 
108 
123 

3 
6 

40 
36 

3 
6 

95-100 
100-105* 

153 
144 

*Mary  L.  Sutton,  110  days. 

14 

39 

14 

105-110 

162 

106 

14 

32 

14 

110-115 

138 

148 

112 

7 

32 

7 

115-120 

144 

129 

1 

39 

1 

120-125 

168 

109 

6 

36 

6 

100-105 

145 

110 

15 

34 

15 

105-110 

144 

100 

25 

31 

25 

110-115 

131 

136.3 

102 

9 

31 

9 

115-120 

133 

July 

100 
108 

5 
5 

32 
33 

5 
5 

100-105 
105-110" 

132 
141 

138.6 

*  Staffordshire,  101  days. 

109 

6 

31 

6 

110-115 

140 

114 

5 

29 

5 

115-120 

143 

103 

2 

30 

2 

120-125 

134 

97 

6 

3i 

6 

100-105 

129 

TO   CALIFORNIA. 
Average  length  of  best  passages  of  California-bound  vessels,  &c. — Continued. 


747 


Month    of  crossing 
the  equator  in  the 
Pacific. 

From  United  States 
to  the    equator  in 
the  Pacific. 

No.  of  passages  from 
which  averages  are 
determined. 

Averages    from   the 
equator  to  Califor- 
nia. 

No.  of  passages  from 
which  averages  are 
determined. 

Place  of  crossing  the 
equator  in  the  Pa- 
cific, between — 

T3      . 

•^  '5 

£  o 
«  2 

^   m 

IS 

Average   passage   of 
the   whole    month 
from    the    United 
States. 

■ 

Shortest  passage  from  the  United 
States  for  the  month,  by  the— 

Days. 

Days. 

, 

Days. 

Days. 

July— Continued.... 

]04 

6 

26 

6 

105-110 

130 

104 

11 

31 

11 

110-115 

135 

133.5 

HO 

7 

28 

7 

115-120 

138 

August 

89 

2 

31 

o 

100-105 

120 

100 

3 

25 

3 

105-110 

125 

108 

8 

30 

8 

110-115 

138 

119 

7 

37 

7 

115-120 

156 

138.6 

97 

3 

29 

3 

120-125* 

126 

*  Flying  Cloud,  90  days. 

101 

3 

25 

3 

105-110 

126 

106 

12 

31 

13 

110-115 

137 

118 

8 

32 

9 

1 15-120 

150 

140 

September 

130 

1 

39 

1 

95-100 

169 

117 

2 

40 

2 

100-105 

157 

128 

3 

30 

3 

105-110 

158 

143.9 

112 

11 

29 

11 

110-115 

141 

100 

4 

1 

27 

4 

1 15-120* 

127 

*  Flying  Dutchman,  106  days. 

127 

23 

1 

120-125 

150 

118 

2 

40 

2 

100-105 

158 

107 

SiO 

30 

3 

105-110 

137 

112 

14 

30 

15 

110-115 

142 

138.4 

101 

6 

28 

6 

115-120 

129 

October • .  • . 

108 
112 

3 
3 

29 
27 

3 
3 

100-105 
105-110 

137 
139 

108 

12 

26 

12 

110-115 

134 

133.8 

101 

4 
20 

26 

4 

115-120* 

127 

•  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  103  days. 

104 

26 

19 

110-115 

130 

129 

99 

4 

26 

4 

115-120 

125 

November 

95 
108 

2 
4 

25 

28 

2 
4 

100-105 
105-110 

120 
136 

113 

12 
2 

24 

12 

110-115* 

137 

*  Sea  Witch,  108  days. 

98 

24 

2 

115-120 

122 

133.6 

91 

4 

29 

4 

105-110 

120 

112 

18 

26 

18 

110-U5 

138 

107 

3 

23 

3 

115-130 

130 

134 

December 

100 

1 

26 

1 

100-105 

126 

102 

5 

23 

5 

110-115 

125 

94 

3 

18 

3 

115-120* 

112 

120.8 

*  Comet,  104  days. 

101 

1 

15 

1 

105-110 

116 

103 

8 

22 

8 

110-115 

125 

98 

5 

18 

5 

115-120 

116 

121 

748  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 

Let  us  see  what  light  the  information  contained  in  these  tables  will  throw  upon  the  best 
California  route,  as  well  as  upon  the  best  season  of  the  year  for  that  voyage. 

The  shortest  monthly  means  are  104  and  116  days,  and  these  are  for  the  vessels  that 
crossed  the  equator  in  the  Pacific  during  the  months  of  January  and  December.  And  to  this 
crossing  they  had  an  average  run  of  96  and  98  days.  Vessels  that  sail  from  the  United  States 
to  California  in  all  of  September  and  October  are  the  vessels  which,  upon  an  average,  should 
have  the  fairest  winds  and  make  the  best  passages. 

The  crossings  that  have  given  the  shortest  passage  to  San  Francisco  for  each  month  are 
marked,  in  the  last  table,  pp.  "746 — 7,  with  an  asterisk,  (*)  and  the  name  of  the  vessel  quoted 
in  the  lastcolumn. 

It  is  of  some  consequence,  in  deciding  as  to  the  best  crossing  place  on  the  equator,  that 
the  navigator  should  have  an  idea  as  to  the  parallels  near  which  he  may  expect  to  lose  the  SE. 
trades;  for  the  equatorial  limits  of  these  winds  change  with  the  season. 

In  March  you  will  occasionally  carry  them  several  degrees  over  into  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. But  in  this  month  they  are  generally  near  the  verge  of  their  extreme  declination 
towards  the  south.  When  you  lose  them  and  get  the  NE.  trades,  keep  away  with  a  good  rap 
full,  never  aiming  to  cross  the  parallel  of  20°  north  to  the  east  of  long.  125°  west.  Unless 
the  winds  force  you  off,  aim  to  be  in  shore  of  the  meridian  of  130°  W.  when  you  lose  the  NE. 
trades. 

When  you  do  lose  them,  if  then  you  have  to  fight  the  calms  and  bafiiing  Avinds  of  the 
horse  latitudes,  make  the  best  of  your  way  on  a  due  north  course,  till  you  cross  this  belt  of 
calms,  or  catch  a  good  wind,  or  get  into  the  variables  beyond.  I  shall  have  more  to  say  upon 
this  subject  at  some  other  time. 

In  April  you  will  carry  those  trades  a  little  further  north,  and  so  on  further  and  further  until 
October,  when  the  northern  edge  of  them  becomes  stationary  and  commences  to  return  south. 
It  reaches  its  furthest  parallel  of  southern  declination  in  March  or  April. 

It  may  be  well  here  to  make  a  general  remark  as  to  the  influence  of  extensive  arid  plains 
which  the  navigator  may  find  to  the  east  of  him  as  he  sails,  in  any  part  of  the  ocea7i,  across  the 
belt  of  the  NE.  or  SE.  trade-winds. 

In  the  summer  and  fall  the  influence  of  these  winds  is  felt  far  out  to  sea.  The  monsoons 
of  India  are  due  to  such  an  influence;  so  are  the  monsoons  in  the  Atlantic,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  in  the  Pacific  oif  the  coasts  of  Central  America;  and  so,  indeed,  are  all  monsoons 
produced. 

Why,  then,  not  have  a  monsoon  in  the  southeast  trades  of  the  Pacific,  it  may  be  asked, 
since  South  America  and  the  Pampas  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  to  windward  of  them  ? 

In  the  first  place,  the  Andes  stand  up  as  a  screen  between  them  and  those  plains;  and,  in 
the  next  place,  those  plains  are  neither  so  very  extensive  nor  so  arid  when  we  come  to  compare 
them  with  the  vast  deserts  of  Africa  and  Asia. 

But,  nevertheless,  in  order  to  keep  away  from  the  land,  and  clear  of  its  influence,  though 
feeble,  upon  the  winds  of  the  South  Pacific,  navigators  should,  when  winds  are  fair  and 
opportunities  favorable,  endeavor  to  make,  while  they  are  well  to  the  south,  westing  enough 
to  keep  clear  even  of  the  slight  influence  that  the  land  in  South  America  exerts  upon  the 
winds  along  its  west  coast. 

Therefore,  after  you  have  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and  gained  an  offing  from  the  land,  there  is 
no  necessity  for  running  a  thousand  miles  or  more  off"  from  the  South  American  coast,  as  from 


TO   CALIFORNIA.  749 

the  coasts  of  Central  America  you  have  to  do,  in  order  to  get  better  winds.  The  chief  advan- 
tage of  making,  while  south  of  the  parallel  of  35°  or  40"  S.,  the  meridian  near  which  you 
intend  to  cross  the  equator  is,  that  there  the  degrees  of  longitude  are  short,  and  therefore  easy 
to  run  down,  and  that  when  you  have  made  your  westing  down  there  you  can  spread  the  more 
canvas  when  you  get  the  SE.  trades,  which  you  will  then  have  on  the  quarter.  If  you  put  off 
making  westing  until  you  get  these  winds,  you  will  then  have  to  stand  away  to  the  northward 
and  westward  through  them,  which  course  will  bring  them  aft,  and  therefore  make  them  less 
favorable. 

The  Flying  Cloud's  track  beautifully  illustrates  this  view.  On  her  celebrated  passage  she 
passed  along  the  west  of  South  America  in  the  southern  winter  time,  when  the  influence 
of  the  land  there  upon  the  winds  is  the  least.  She  crossed  the  line  in  August,  in  124°,  far 
beyond  the  influence  of  the  disturbing  agents  in  North  America. 

This  passage,  however,  of  the  Flying  Cloud  should  be  alluded  to,  not  as  a  rule,  but  rather 
as  an  exception.  Nevertheless,  she  does  not  so  out-top  all  hope  or  reasonable  expectations 
that  other  ships  may  not  strive  to  surpass  her.  For,  though  she  has  set  a  good  example,  that 
example  will  yet  be  more  than  followed. 

It  appears  from  the  summing  up  that  the  average  passage  to  California,  for  all  classes  of 
ships  that  use  the  Charts  and  crossed  the  equator  between  105°  and  120°  W.,  is,  the  year 
round,  130*  days.  When  these  investigations  commenced,  the  average  passage  the  year  round, 
of  all  classes  of  ships  from  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States  to  California,  was  180  days. 

Indeed,  it  may  now  be  considered  as  reduced  to  128  days,  for  that  is  the  average  of  the 
87  vessels  that  crossed  between  the  meridians  of  115°  and  120°  "W.,  which  these  investigations 
have  shown  to  be  the  best  crossing  place.  Indeed,  the  average  of  the  220  vessels  that  have 
crossed  between  110°  and  115°  W.,  taken  with  the  87  that  have  crossed  between  115°  and 
120°,  makes  the  average  rather  less  than  129  days.  When  I  first  took  up  this  route  for  discus- 
sion, the  average  passage  from  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  from  the 
ports  of  Europe,  to  California  was  as  just  said,  upwards  of  180  days.  Here  is  a  reduction  of 
upwards  of  50  days  in  the  length  of  an  important  voyage,  and  that,  too,  by  means  the  most 
simple.  There  is  room  here  to  hope  for  a  still  further  reduction;  for  the  average  crossings 
(9)  between  115°  and  120°  give,  p.  745,  an  average  of  150  days  to  California,  whereas  the 
average  crossings  (14)  between  110°  and  115°  give  an  average  of  137  days  only.  The  9  could 
have  crossed  at  the  latter  as  conveniently  as  at  the  former  crossing  place;  had  they  have 
done  so  they  would  have  reduced  the  general  average  several  days. 

There  is  no  reason  why  every  California-hound  vessd  that  doubles  Cape  Horn  should  not  tahf- 
the  equatorial  crossing  that  gives  the  best  averages. 

The  average  passage  of  upwards  of  300  vessels  that  have  crossed  between  110°  and  120° 
is  128.9  days.  There  is  no  reason  why  all  vessels  should  not  cross  the  equator  between  these 
two  meridians,  and  hence  we  may  consider  it  as  an  established  fact,  that  the  average  length  of 
the  sailing  voyage  from  Europe  or  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States  is  less  than  130  days. 

The  vessels  that  sail  in  the  spring  have,  in  the  aggregate,  an  average  passage  ten  days 
longer  than  those  that  sail  at  other  seasons,  the  spring  average  being  137  against  127  days  for 
the  rest  of  the  year.  Vessels  sailing  in  February  and  the  spring  from  Europe  or  the  United 
States  can,  if  they  will,  master  the  information  now  spread  out  before  them,  and  by  so  doing 
reduce  this  spring  average  about  a  week. 

<5  Being  a  gain  of  three  days  since  the  7th  edition.     And  the  passage  of  the  7th  showed,  also,  a  gain  Of  three  days 
upon  the  6th. 


750 


THE   "WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


The  following  table  may  be  interesting.  It  gives  the  crossing  places  of  the  line  in  the 
Pacific,  and  the  time  from  the  United  States,  with  the  names  of  many  of  the  vessels  by  which 
the  shortest  passage  in  each  month  was  made. 

Tivo  hundred  and  eight  crossings  of  the  equator  in  the  Pacific,  being  the  sJiortest  passages  in  each  month. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Flying  Fish 

John  Gilpin 

Flying  Fish 

Swordfisb 

Celestial 

Wild  Pigeon 

Golden  Gate 

Westward- Ho 

Ringleader 

Engle 

Ringleader . . . 

Sweepstakes  .  . . , . . 

Golden  City 

Samuel  Lawrence.. 

Bald  Eagle 

Southern  Cross 

Bald  Eagle 

Phantom 

Westward-Ho 

Flying  Arrow 

Contest 

Trade-Wind 

Seaman 

Hazard 

Helena 

Cyclone 

Tingua 

Cleopatra 

Telegraph 

Alboni 

Grcenfiel  1 

Anglo  Saxon . 

Electric 

Antelope 

Lotus 

Comet 

Great  Republic 

BaldEigle  

Storm 

Flying  Childers  . ... 

Surprise 

Samuel  Appleton.. . 

Telegraph 

Eagle  Wing 

Winged  Racer 

John  Bertram 

Electric  Spark 

Adelaide 

Morning  Light 

Governor  Morton  . . 

Tornado 

Western  Continent. 

Boston  Light 

Tornado 

Eagle 

Phantom 

Celesttal 

Samuel  Russell .... 


To  line  in  Pa- 
cific. 


Day}, 

74 
78 
77 
71 
B4 
88 
90 
89 
85 
85 
84 


93 
96 

87 
96 
68 
95 
84 
85 
89 
107 

na 

93 
87 
92 
96 
99 
90 
94 
90 
81 
99 
99 
72 
88 
87 
91 
80 
103 
91 


85 


Place  of  crossing. 


112  COW. 
116  00 
120  00 
110  00 

113  00 

109  00 

106  00 
122  00 

110  00 

112  00 

108  00 

107  00 

114  00 

111  00 

113  00 

112  00 
111  00 

114  00 
120  00 

119  00 

111  00 

112  00 

118  00 

109  00 

110  00 

115  00 
106  00 

109  00 

112  00 
114  00 

110  00 
HI  00 
HI  00 

110  00 

116  00 

120  00 

119  00 

111  00 
110  00 

117  00 
110  00 
110  00 
106  00 

113  00 
106  00 

110  00 

114  00 
113  00 

111  00 
113  00 
116  00 
116  00 

118  00 
118  00 

115  00 
113  00 
110  00 
118  00 


Line  to  Cali- 
fornia. 


Days, 
18 
16 
23 
20 
23 
17 
23 
18 
25 
J9 
22 
32 
20 
25 
21 
23 
30 
23 
19 
20 
16 
16 
18 
24 
18 
20 
28 
17 
20 
28 
22 
34 
19 
16 
24 
22 
20 
19 
23 
22 
17 
18 
24 
23 
£3 
19 
24 
30 


Total  from  U.  S 
to  California. 


Days. 

92 

94 
100 

91 
107 
105 
113 
107 
110 
104 
106 
118 
107 
124 
114 
119 
117 
119 
107 
115 
100 
101 
107 
133 
131 
113 
115 
109 
116 
127 
112 
138 
109 

97 
123 
121 

S2 
107 
110 
113 

97 
121 
115 
105 
108 
105 
106 
123 


104 
111 
120 
102 
101 
113 
104 
120 

no 


Crossed  the  line  in 
the  month  of— 


January. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
February. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
March. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
April. 

Do. 

Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 


TO    CALIFOENIA.  751 

Two  hundred  and  eight  crossings  of  the  equator  in  the  Pacific,  (&c. — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Bussell  Glover 

Qamo  Cock 

Flying  Cloud 

Archer 

Herald  of  the  Morning. 

Wisconsin 

Rattler 

Daniel 

Huguenot 

Osborn  Howes 

Phantom 

Sultan 

Neptune's  Car 

Greenfield 

Derby 

John  Gilpin 

E.  F.  Willetts 

Swordfish 

Stag  Hound 

Do 

Tornado 

Sea  Serpent 

Star  of  the  Union 

Golden  Racer 

Governor  Morton  .... 

Sweepstakes 

Atlanta 

Samuel  Russell 

S.  S.  Bishop 

White  Swallow 

Tingua 

Seaman's  Bride 

Stag  Hound 

Surprise 

Competitor 

Empress  of  the  Seas. . . 

Seaman's  Bride 

Sea  Serpent 

Governor  Morton 

Surprise 

Panama 

Golden  Eagle 

Swordfista 

Do 

Messenger 

Goddess 

Lantoa 

Gifibrd 

Ina 

Climax 

Partheon 

Eagle 

Mary  L.  Sutton 

Fleet  Wing 

Viking 

Starlight 

Shooting  Star 

Hornet 

John  Land 

Staffordshire 

Cohota 

Empire , 

Thomas  B.  Wales 


To  line  in  Pa- 
cific. 


Days. 
115 

94 

84 
86 
94 


99 
81 
96 
79 
88 
91 
91 
90 
84 
93 
90 
84 
82 
97 
E6 
97 
73 
90 
89 
92 
98 
96 
99 
95 
87 


91 
85 
86 
90 
78 
89 
94 
98 
94 
94 
99 
88 
94 
96 
83 
90 
82 
85 
92 
87 
94 
83 

103 
97 

lOU 


Place  of  crossing. 


113  00  W. 

109  00 

110  00 

112  00 
119  00 

106  CO 

114  00 

113  00 

113  00 

115  00 

114  00 
114  00 
112  00 

116  00 

118  00 

119  00 

116  00 
114  00 
114  00 

96  00 

107  00 
102  00 
107  00 
109  00 

109  00 

110  00 
107  00 

110  00 
107  00 

112  00 

113  00 

117  00 

116  00 

111  00 

114  00 

115  00 
115  00 

101  00 

102  00 

112  (JO 

110  00 

114  00 

111  00 

117  00 

115  00 
117  00 

106  00 

107  00 

109  00 
106  00 
111  00 

111  00 

113  00 
115  00 

114  00 

112  00 

113  00 
113  00 

115  00 

108  00 

110  00 

102  00 

103  00 


Line  to  Cali- 
fornia. 


Total  from  U.  S. 
to  California. 


Dayt. 
21 
16 
15 
22 
20 
30 
23 
33 
26 
25 
20 
26 
22 
24 
27 
23 
28 
24 
21 
34 
44 
26 
27 
34 
26 
21 
37 
27 
21 
37 
25 
21 
26 
30 
25 
32 
29 
25 
32 
32 
26 
33 
32 
98 
31 
33 
30 
35 
34 
27 
28 
24 
27 
31 
32 
32 
24 
20 
31 
18 
23 
35 
33 


Days. 
136 
110 
89| 
106 
106 
li:4 
121 


124 
124 
101 
122 
lUl 
112 
118 
114 
118 
108 
114 
124 
128 
108 
124 
130 
123  ' 
94 
127 
116 
113 
135 
121 
120 
121 
117 
114 
121 
121 
113 
123 
117 
112 
123 
110 
117 
125 
131 
124 
129 
133 
115 
122 
120 
110 
121 
114 
117 
116 
107 
135 
101 
126 
132 
133 


Crossed  the  line  in 
the  month  of— 


April. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
May. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
June. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
July. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


752  THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 

Two  hundred  and  eight  crossings  of  the  equator  in  the  Pacific,  &c. — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Shooting  Star 

White  Squall 

Golden  Gate 

Messenger 

Star  King 

Surprise 

CoeurdeLeon 

War  Hawk 

Flying  Cloud 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Union  , , 

White  Squall 

Cleopatra 

Messenger 

Flying  Cloud 

Witch  of  the  Wave  .  . 

Golden  Eagle 

Flying  Dutchman  . ... 

Robin  Hood 

Hurricane 

N.  B.  Palmer 

Witch  of  the  Wave.. 

Templeton 

Belle  of  the  West.... 

Golden  State 

John  Bettram 

Flying  Dutchman.... 

Young  America 

West  Wind 

Golden  State 

Norwester 

Snap  Dragon 

Jamestown 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas 

Haven 

Celestial.. 

Typhoon 

Sea  Witch. 

Telegraph 

Thomas  Perkins 

Eagle 

Carrington 

Romance  of  the  Sea.. 

Flying  Dragon 

Young  America 

Sirocco 

Hornet 

Midnight 

Sea  Witch 

Winged  Arrow 

Raven 

Do 

Witch  of  the  Wave.. 

Trade- Wind 

John  Wade 

Samuel  Russell 

Seaman 

Boston 

Mandarin 

Hurricane 

Ocean  Telegraph  . . . . 

Wild  Duck 

Ocean  Telegraph 


To  line  in  Pa- 
cific. 


Days. 
102 
84 
91 
97 
94 


71 

88 

91 

96 

103 

88 

95 

89 

85 

98 

94 

77 

101 

90 

123 

104 

99 

91 

78 

88 

99 

101 

97 

102 

103 

83 

85 

83 

87 

87 

102 

100 

101 

103 

90 

91 

92 

97 

92 

92 

91 

95 

93 

94 

91 

91 

95 

97 

102 

81 

101 

102 

101 


Place  of  crossing. 


118  00  W. 

100  00 
103  00 
108  00 

115  00 

113  00 

114  00 

116  00 
124  00 

114  00 

101  00 
110  00 
122  00 

102  00 
105  00 

115  00 

113  00 

114  00 

113  00 

117  00 

114  00 
114  00 
112  00 
112  00 
112  00 
114  00 

119  00 
IIG  00 
112  00 
112  00 

116  00 

118  00 


Line  to  Cali- 
fornia. 


120  00 
112  00 
115  00 
115  00 
101  00 
109  00 

111  00 
115  00 
115  00 
115  00 
115  00 

112  00 
111  00 

114  00 

115  00 

114  00 

115  00 

105  00 

109  00 
115  00 
115  00 
117  00 
101  00 

110  00 

106  00 

113  00 

114  00 

111  00 

112  00 
112  00 


Days. 
21 
26 
30 
24 
23 
31 
35 
29 
19 
19 
28 
22 
27 
34 
19 
32 
21 
26 
33 
23 
24 
25 
27 
24 
24 
24 
28 
22 
34 
24 
25 
30 
25 
20 
20 
21 
19 
38 
23 
26 
28 
26 
23 
22 
17 
28 
21 
24 
17 
S3 
29 
25 
26 
24 
24 
22 
26 
40 
22 
22 
22 
30 
24 


Total  from  U.  S, 
to  California. 


Days. 
123 
110 
131 
121 
117 
117 
125 
127 
90 
107 
119 
118 
130 
122 
114 
121 
106 
124 
127 
100 
125 
115 
150 
128 
123 
115 
105 
110 
133 
125 
122 
132 
128 
103 
105 
104 
106 
125 
125 
126 
129 
129 
113 
113 
109 
125 
113 
116 
108 
117 
122 
119 
117 
115 
119 
119 
128 
121 
123 
124 
123 
128 
120 


Crossed  the  line  in 
the  month  of— 


July. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
August. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
September. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
October. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
November 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


TO    CALIFORNIA.  753 

Two  hundred  and  eight  crossings  of  the  equator  in  tJie  Pacific,  dtc. — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Comet 

John  Wade 

Comet 

White  Squall , 

Unknown 

Skylark , 

Samuel  Russell  . . 
Winged  Arrow. . . , 

Monsoon 

J.  A.  Falkingburg  . 

Flying  Fish 

Hornet , 

Challenger 

Winged  Arrow . . . . 


To  line  in  Pa- 
cific. 


Days. 
102 

94 

88 
From  Rio. 

91 

96 

86 
108 
100 
101 

92 
109 
100 
106 


Place  of  crossing. 


116  00 
111  00 
1!7  00 
124  00 

113  00 

114  00 

117  00 

118  00 
104  00 
109  00 
Ud  00 
114  00 
116  00 

119  00 


Line  to  Cali- 
fornia. 


Days. 
25 
23 
16 
14 
21 
21 
20 
18 
26 
15 
18 
20 
19 
19 


rotal  from  U.  S 
to  California. 


Days. 
127 
117 
104 


112 
117 
106 
126 
126 
116 
110 
129 
119 
125 


Crossed  the  line  in 
the  month  of— 


November. 
December. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


There  remq,ins  but  one  more  view  for  us  to  take  of  the  facts  before  us,  in  order  to  convince 
the  most  skeptical  that  the  best  equatorial  crossing  in  the  Pacific  for  the  California-bound 
trader  is  between  the  meridians  of  110°  and  120°.  That  view  is  presented  by  the  following 
statement,  showing  the  per  centum  of  vessels  that  have  20  days  and  less;  the  per  centum  of 
vessels  that  have  25  days  and  less;  and  the  per  centum  of  vessels  that  have  30  days  and  less, 
from  50°  S.  to  the  equator,  and  thence  to  San  Francisco: 


Equatorial  crossings. 

BETWEEN— 

Per  cent.  «f  passages  of— 

Coast  and  100°. 

100°  and  105» 

105^  and  110°. 

110°  and  115°. 

115°  and  120°. 

To— 

From— 

To— 

From- 

To— 

From— 

To— 

From— 

To- 

From— 

Twenty  days  and  less,  per  cent 

0 
29 
29 

71 

0 
14 
14 
29 

6 
32 

77 
94 

0 
21 
48 
79 

8 
38 
75 
85 

6 
33 
64 
85 

12 
45 
76 
93 

17 
48 
70 
88 

8 
43 

75 
91 

18 

Twenty-five  days  and  less , 

47 

Thirty  days  and  less 

77 

Thirty-five  days  and  less 

91 

Only  the  per  centums  for  the  three  crossings  between  105°  and  120°  are  deduced  from  a 
suflficient  number  of  passages  to  give  a  fair  ratio.  These  per  centums  tally  with  the  other 
tables  in  showing  that  the  equatorial  crossings  between  110°  and  115°,  and  between  115°  and 
120,  are  just  about  half  way  in  time  between  50°  S.  and  San  Francisco.  Nearly  half  the 
vessels  have  25  days  and  less  both  to  and  from  these  crossings,  and  three-fourths  30  days  and 
less,  while  only  one  in  ten  (9  per  cent.)  of  all  that  cross  between  110°  and  120°  have  more  than  35 
days,  either  from  50°  S.  to  the  Line  or  from  the  Line  to  San  Francisco.  The  average  distance 
"made  good"  to  and  from  all  crossings  the  year  round  is,  from  50°  S.  to  the  equator,  133  miles  a 
day,  against  93  thence  to  San  Francisco. 

The  average  crossing  place  of  50°  S.  on  the  Pacific  is  about  82°  W.  Winds  are  some- 
times, though  not  often,  fair  for  making  westing  on  the  polar  side  of  50°  S.  When  they  are 
ao,  the  skillful  navigator  will  not  fail  to  take  advantage  of  them  to  gain  a  still  more  westerly 
crossing  of  this  parallel. 

In  urging  upon  California-bound  vessels  the  importance  of  making  westing  about  the 
VOL.  II 95 


754  THE  WIKD  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

parallel  of  50°  S.,  I  do  not  mean  that  they  should  expose  themselves  to  heavy  weather,  or 
contend  against  adverse  circumstances,  in  order  to  get  west  on  this  part  of  the  route.  I  simply 
mean  that,  if  a  vessel,  after  doubling  the  Cape,  can  steer  a  W.NW.  course  as  well  as  a  NW., 
or  a  NW.  as  well  as  a  N.NW.,  or  a  N.NW.  as  well  as  a  N.  course,  that  she  should  on  all  such  , 
occasions  give  preference  to  the  course  that  has  most  westing  in  it,  provided  she  does  not  cross 
50°  S.  to  the  westward  of  100°  or  thereabouts;  nor  30°  S.  to  the  westward  of  115°;  nor  enter 
the  SB.  trade-wind  region  to  the  west  of  the  last  named  meridian.  This  is  the  western  route. 
It  is  so  called  because  it  requires  you  to  keep  as  far  west  within  certain  limits  as  you  well 
may  without  running  broad  off  to  make  westing,  or  without  fighting  with  head  winds,  or  baffling 
winds,  or  calms,  to  get  west. 

The  western  route  from  Cape  Horn  to  California  is,  as  a  rule,  to  be  preferred  by  all  vessels 
at  all  seasons. 

The  further  from  the  land,  the  more  regular  and  steady  the  wind,  may  be  safely  taken  as 
a  general  rule. 

There  is  much  more  land  in  the  northern  than  in  the  southern  hemisphere ;  and  the  action 
of  the  sun's  rays  in  our  summer  time  upon  this  excess  of  the  land  very  materially  interferes, 
as  my  researches  abundantly  prove,  with  the  regular  course  of  the  NE.  trades. 

Where  is  there  such  a  thing  known  as  a  regular  monsoon  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
except  in  the  vicinity  of  arid  lands  ?  The  monsoons  of  India  and  the  China  seas  are  due  to 
this  excess  of  land  in  our  hemisphere.  So  are  the  African  monsoons  of  the  Atlantic,  the  mon- 
soons of  the  Pacific,  and  those  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  action  of 
the  rays  of  the  sun  upon  extensive  deserts,  or  wide  and  arid  plains  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
There  maybe  a  monsoon  south  about  New  Holland  and  Madagascar;  but  there  are  deserts  there. 

In  the  interior  of  North  America,  between  the  parallels  of  30°  and  40°  N.,  there  is  an 
immense  region  of  country  that  is  parched  with  drought  during  the  summer  and  fall.  The 
influence  of  this  region  is,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  felt  by  the  winds  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  by  the  winds  of  the  intertropical  regions  of  the  Pacific  beyond  Central  America,  and 
by  the  winds  out  upon  the  high  seas,  off  the  coast  of  California  and  Oregon.  These  winds, 
for  many  miles  out  to  sea,  feel  that  influence,  obey  it,  and  assume  the  character  more  or  less 
of  monsoons  during  our  summer  and  fall. 

In  the  discovery  of  this  fact  we  have  the  key  to  the  California  route  from  the  equator  up. 

A  vessel  that  crosses  the  equator  in  August  or  September,  as  far  as  120°  or  125°  W.,  is 
some  1,500  miles  from  the  continent,  and  about  2,500  miles  from  the  centre  of  this  disturbing 
agent.  Being  bound  from  the  crossing  to  California,  she  has  the  belt  of  NE.  trades  to  cross. 
These  winds  blow  with  much  more  regularity  to  the  west  of  120°  than  they  do  at  this  season 
in  with  the  coast.  Having,  therefore  to  cross  them,  the  vessel  is  enabled  to  do  it  by  a  course, 
on  the  average,  between  N.NW.  and  NW.  This  course  brings  her  out  of  them  as  far  west,  it 
may  be,  as  145°,  about  the  latitude  of  San  Francisco.  But  this  is  the  season  when  NW.  and 
westerly  winds  most  prevail  in  the  region  of  the  variables. 

On  account  of  the  atmospherical  disturbance  situated  in  the  interior  of  North  America,  as 
before  explained,  and  in  the  latitude  of  San  Francisco,  or  as  high  up  as  40°,  (for  that  will  be 
found  occasionally  not  too  far  for  a  vessel  on  the  western  route  to  go,)  the*  degrees  of  longitude 
are  not  long,  and  with  fair  winds  it  will  not  take  many  days  for  her,  when  near  the  parallel  of 
40°,  to  run  down  10°  or  15°  of  longitude.     The  following  table  is  conclusive  upon  this  point: 


TO    CALIFORNIA. 


755 


Average  monthly  passages  to  San  Francisco. 


Date. 


FROM  EQUATORIAL  CROSSINQS  BETWEEN  — 


Coast  and  100° 


No. 


January  . , 
February  , 
March . . . , 

April 

May 


June 

July 

August. ... 
September. 
October.... 
November  . 
December.. 


Days. 


100°  and  105°. 


Days. 


28 

27 

30 

31) 

32 

31 

40.5 

29 

25.5 

26 


105°  and  110°. 


No. 


Days. 


24.8 

27.9 

26.0 

26.5 

30.3 

34 

27.5 

24.6 

29.7 

27 

29 

24 


110°  and  115° 


25 
17 
30 
SS 
12 
25 
11 
14 
17 

aa 

18 


Days. 


23.5 

24 

24.4 

25.3 

30 

31.4 

31.2 

31.5 

30.1 

25.6 

26  2 

21.6 


115°  and  120. 


Days. 


19.5 

22.6 

24.3 

24.2 

28.7 

30.9 

29.6 

32.2 

28 

27.4 

23.3 

18.4 


According  to  all  these  California  passages,  and  the  results  which  they  show,  it  appears 
that  it  is  possible  for  a  vessel  under  canvas  to  make  a  run  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco  in 
eighty-five  daysj  and  it  does  not  appear  that  the  combination  of  circumstances  which  would 
enable  a  vessel  to  do  this  is  by  any  means  of  frequent  occurrence.  If  the  Flying  Cloud  or  the 
Sword  Fish,  after  crossing  the  Line  in  the  Pacific,  had  met  with  the  winds  which  the  White 
Squall  had  thence  to  San  Francisco,  she  would  have  made  the  run  in  eighty-five  days.  Eighty- 
five  days  may  be  regarded,  therefore,  as  the  shortest  combined  passage,  and  as  the  minimum 
limit  ot possible  passages  from  any  one  of  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States.  It  is,  there- 
fore, we  may  infer,  within  the  range  of  probability  that  the  passage  by  ships,  at  their  present 
rate  of  speed,  may  be  made  in  eighty-five  days  from  the  eastern  States  to  California;  but  it  is 
scarcely  probable,  for  it  is  barely  within  the  range  of  possibility  that  it  will  ever  be  made  in 
jess  time. 

Mean  monthly  average  passages  from  50°  S.  to  the  equator,  and  from  the  equator  to  San 
Francisco,  as  determined  by  the  passages  prior  to  1855,  and  given  in  the  7th  edition  of  this 
work,  compared  with  the  mean  of  the  passages  made  since,  and  now  given  in  this  edition. 

Comparison  of  passages  from  50°  S.  to  the  Line,  and  thence  to  San  Francisco,  before  and  since  the 

publication  of  the  seventh  edition. 


SEVENTH  EDITION. 

EieHTH  EDITION. 

Month. 

No.  of  pas- 
sages. 

Time  from — 

Time  from— 

No.  of  pas- 
sages. 

+  gain, 
—  loss. 

50°  S.  to  0°. 

0°  to  San 
Francisco. 

50°  S.  to  0°. 

0°  to  San 
Francisco. 

24 
27 
30 
22 
43 
26 
20 
26 
21 
24 
17 
27 

Days. 
27 
27.2 
28.8 
29.4 
30.4 
31  0 
29.4 
26.2 
27.7 
25.6 
24.2 
23.7 

Days. 
24.4 
24.9 
26.1 
30.0 
31.6 
32.2 
30.1 
32.4 
28.4 
25.1 
23.8 
23.0 

Days. 
25.6 
27.1 
24.1 
26.1 
27.9 
22.2 
22.5 
27.6 
26.7 
24.2 
27.6 
26.6 

Days. 
24.8 
23.0 
24.4 
28.5 
31.9 
29.6 
25.4 
29.2 
24.9 
24  8 
18.9 
25.0 

19 
19 
16 
12 
12 
11 
7 
11 
11 
15 
10 
11 

Dayt. 
+  1.0 
+  2.0 
+  6.4 

March 

+  4.8 

May 

+  2.2 

+  11.4 

July 

+  16 

+  1.8 

+  4.5 

+  1.7 

+  1.5 
—  4.9 

756  -  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

There  was  at  page  688,  of  the  seventh  edition,  a  similar  table  of  comparison  for  the  sixth 
and  seventh  edition,  which  also  revealed  a  similar  gain  between  the  publication  of  the  sixth 
and  seventh  editions.     It  was  then  remarked  : 

"The  showing  of  this  tabular  statement  is  very  encouraging.  It  shows  generally  that  as 
these  routes,  with  the  winds  and  the  currents  by  the  way,  have  become  better  understood,  there 
is  a  shortening  of  passages.  The  total  average  gain  from  50°  S.  to  San  Francisco,  since  the 
publication  of  the  last  edition,  has  been  a  day.  The  gain  by  the  month  has  generally  been 
marked,  except  for  September;  here  the  loss  to  the  equator  has  been  six  days.  The  gain 
for  January,  February,  March,  and  April,  has  been  from  five  to  ten  days  each.  It  is  interesting 
to  mark  this  improvement." 

The  Farallones,  seven  small  islands  about  thirty  miles  from  San  Francisco,  are  in  the 
fair-way  to  the  harbor.  They  afford  a  fine  landmark,  and  should  be  made  by  all  inward-bound 
vessels.  The  course  from  the  South  Farallone  to  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  is  about  N.  73°  E., 
true,  distance  27  miles;  or  by  compass  NE.  by  E.  \  E.  "The  fort  on  the  south  point  of  the 
island  of  Alcatraces,"  is  said  to  be  the  best  course  in. 

Vessels  upon  approaching  The  Heads  of  San  Francisco,  especially  in  the  winter  months, 
are  liable  to  be  beset  by  fogs.  I  have  reports  of  some  vessels  that  have  had  fine  runs  all  the 
way  from  the  United  States;  and  yet,  when  they  got  almost  in  sight  of  the  port,  have  been 
enveloped  with  and  delayed  by  fogs  for  many  days. 

The  positions  of  the  following  named  points  or  places  along  the  coast  of  California  have 
been  determined  by  the  Coast  Survey.  They  differ  somewhat  from  the  Wind  and  Current 
Charts;  I  therefore  quote  them  in  this  place: 

San  Clemente  (SE.  end  of  Island  of  San  Clemente).     33°  00'  00"  N.,  118°  34'  00"  W.  . 

San  Nicholas  (SE.  end  of  Island  of  San  Nicholas)  •  •     33°  14'  12"  N.,  119°  25'  00"  W. 

San  Luis  Obispo  (Bay  of  San  Luis  Obispo) 35°  10'  37"  N.,  120°  43'  31"  W. 

San  Simeon  (Bay  of  San  Simeon) 35°  38'  24"  N.,  121°  10'  22"  W. 

Point  Finos  (Bay  of  Monterey) 36°  37'  59"  N.,  122°  00'  10"  W. 

Prisoner's  Harbor  (Island  of  San  Miguel)  • 34°  01'  10"  N.,  119°  40'  00"  W. 

Cuyler's  Harbor  (Island  of  San  Miguel) 34°  00'  00"  N.,  120°  20'  27"  W. 

FROM  THE  SANDWICH  ISLANDS  TO  CALIFORNIA. 

From  San  Francisco  to  the  islands,  the  way  is  plain;  for,  by  running  to  the  southward  and 
westward  from  the  offings  of  San  Francisco,  you  get  NE.  trades,  and  carry  them  all  the  way. 

In  returning,  the  course  is  to  the  northward;  so  steer  with  a  rap  full,  and  as  the  winds 
will  let  you,  lay  up  till  they  are  found  to  be  fair.  On  this  voyage  the  navigator,  as  a  rule,  will 
always  have  to  go  to  the  northward  of  San  Francisco  to  be  sure  of  good  winds,  which  are  fre- 
quently found  near  the  parallel  of  38°,  but  sometimes,  as  from  July  to  September  inclusive,  as 
far  as  44-5°. 

The  islands,  such  as  the  Society  and  Sandwich,  that  stand  far  away  from  any  large  extent 
of  land,  have  a  very  singular  but  marked  effect  upon  the  wind.  They  interfere  with  the 
trades  very  often,  and  turn  them  back;  for  westerly  and  equatorial  winds  are  common  at  both 
these  groups,  in  their  winter  time.  Some  hydrographers  have  taken  those  westerly  winds  of 
the  Society  Islands  to  be  an  extension  of  the  monsoons  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  Not  so;  they  are 
local,  and  do  not  extend  a  great  way  either  from  the  Sandwich  or  Society  Islands. 


FROM   THE    SANDWICH   ISLANDS    TO   CALIFORNIA.  757 

That  they  are  local  about  the  former  group,  an  examination  of  sheet  No.  5,  Pilot  Chart 
North  Pacific,  will  instantly  show. 

It  is  a  curious  thing,  is  this  influence  of  islands  in  the  trade-wind  region  upon  the  winds 
in  the  Pacific.  Every  navigator  who  has  cruised  in  those  parts  of  that  ocean,  has  often  turned 
with  wonder  and  dehght  to  admire  the  gorgeous  piles  of  cumuli,  heaped  up  and  arranged  in 
the  most  delicate  and  exquisitely  beautiful  masses  that  it  is  possible  for  fleecy  matter  to  assume. 
Not  only  are  these  piles  found  capping  the  hills  among  the  islands,  but  they  are  often  seen  to 
overhang  the  lowest  islands,  and  even  to  stand  above  coral  patches  and  hidden  reefs,  ' '  a  cloud 
by  day,"  to  serve  as  a  beacon  to  the  lonely  mariner  out  there  at  sea,  and  to  warn  him  of  shoals 
and  dangers  which  no  lead  nor  seaman's  eye  has  ever  seen  or  sounded  out. 

These  clouds,  under  favorable  circumstances,  may  be  seen  gathering  above  the  low  coral 
island,  and  performing  their  ofiice  in  preparing  it  for  vegetation  and  fruitfulness  in  a  very 
striking  manner.  As  they  are  condensed  into  showers,  one  fancies  that  they  are  a  sponge  of 
the  most  exquisite  and  delicately  elaborated  material,  and  that  he  can  see,  as  they  "drop  down 
their  fatness,"  the  invisible  hand  aloft  that  is  pressing  them  and  squeezing  it  out. 

These  winds  at  the  Sandwich  Islands  often  come  from  the  south  as  well  as  the  west;  and 
on  such  occasions  they  afford  vessels  bound  for  any  of  the  Pacific  ports  of  North  America,  a 
fine  opportunity  of  running  to  the  northward,  clearing  the  NE.  trades,  and  getting  the  westerly 
winds  of  the  variables  beyond. 

Captain  Paty,  as  the  following  letter  from  Mr.  Charles  Wolcott  Brooks,  dated  San 
Francisco,  February  15,  1855,  shows,  has  been  one  of  the  most  successful  navigators  in  the 
Sandwich  Island  and  California  trade: 

' '  I  take  great  pleasure  (says  he)  in  handing  you,  enclosed,  copies  of  logs  kept  by  Captain 
John  Paty,  between  this  city  and  Honolulu.  Captain  Paty  has  been  running  constantly  on  this 
route  and  between  Honolulu  and  China,  ever  since  1837,  and  has,  he  informs  me,  been  here 
every  winter  once,  at  least,  since  that  time,  and  probably  has  more  experience  in  this  trade 
than  any  commander  here.     The  logs  I  enclose,  please  find  as  follows: 

^^  San  Francisco  to  Honolulu. 

"Clipper  brig  Zoe,  September  and  October,  1853,  16  days;  clipper  brig  Zoe,  January  and 
February,  1854,  20  days;  clipper  schooner  Restless,  April  and  May,  1854,  12  days;  clipper 
schooner  Eestless,  June,  1854,  11  days;  clipper  schooner  Restless,  October,  1854,  14  days. 

' '  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco. 

"  Clipper  brig  Zoe,  October  to  November,  1853,  14  days;  clipper  brig  Zoe,  January,  1854, 
13  days;  clipper  schooner  Restless,  April,  1854,  13  days;  clipper  schooner  Restless,  May  and 
June,  1854,  16  days;  clipper  schooner  Restless,  July  and  August,  1854,  21  days;  clipper 
barque  Francis  Palmer,  February,  1855,  11  days. 

"The  abstract  log  of  the  Francis  Palmer  shows  her  passage  to  be  remarkable,  from  the 
fact  that  it  is  the  shortest  ever  made  upward.  Captain  Paty  feels  confident  that,  with  the 
Francis  Palmer,  he  both  can  and  will  make  the  passage  up  in  ten  days.  The  United  States 
ship  St.  Mary' s.  Captain  Bailey,  left  Honolulu  28  hours  before  the  Francis  Palmer,  and  arrived 
here  in  the  second  best  passage  on  record.  The  barque  Francis  Palmer  beat  her  27^  hours  to 
the  Heads,  and  15  hours  to  the  anchorage.     The  barques  Hermione  and  Fanny  Major,  half 


758  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

clippers,  sailed  a  few  days  previous  from  Honolulu,  and  arrived  in  company  in  14  days' 
passage.  Other  full  model  vessels  were  21  days;  but,  I  think,  steered  different  courses. 
Most  of  the  enclosed  logs  are  on  common  writing-paper,  as  your  agent  being  out  of  abstract 
logs,  I  was  unable  to  procure  any.  I  hope  soon  to  be  able  to  forward  you  a  table  of  passages 
both  up  and  doAvn,  complete  since  1850. 

"I  have  a  few  more  logs  to  forward  you,  not  yet  completed.  I  am  with  Messrs.  G.  B. 
Post  &  Co.,  who  are  the  oldest  and  leading  house  in  the  Sandwich  Island  trade.  They  own  a 
line  of  clipper  vessels  running  to  Honolulu,  leaving  every  eight  or  nine  days,  whose  journals, 
if  furnished  to  you,  would,  I  am  sure,  be  of  great  service  in  your  valuable  researches,  and  aid 
you  in  establishing  the  proper  track  for  approaching  our  coast  at  all  months  of  the  year. 
Captain  Paty  differs  with  you  a  little,  I  believe,  on  this  subject,  and  believes  that  the  best  way 
to  approach  our  coast  is  from  the  northward.  He  hopes  to  have  the  pleasure  of  writing  to  you 
on  the  subject  before  long. 

* '  I  cannot  but  feel  great  interest  in  all  researches  in  this,  my  favorite  study,  having  kept 
the  abstract  log  of  two  long  voyages  for  your  office,  one  of  ship  Singapore  to  Calcutta  and  back, 
and  one  around  the  world  in  the  clipper  ship  John  Gilpin,  on  her  first  voyage,  and  thoroughly 
studied  your  valuable  Sailing  Directions,  a  copy  of  which  you  kindly  presented  me  a  year  ago, 
at  Washington,  when  at  the  Observatory  with  my  father  and  Mr.  Sidney  Brooks,  of  New  York. 

"My  duties  are  constant,  but  I  shall  be  happy  at  all  times  to  render  you  any  service  in 
my  power  to  help  you  in  your  great  work.  The  track  up  requires  the  most  skill  in  navigating; 
the  track  down  is  pretty  generally  understood.  The  average  of  passages  up  from  Honolulu  to 
San  Francisco  is,  in  length  to  the  passage  down,  as  6  to  5.  Therefore,  ten  days  down  is  no 
better  than  hvelue  days  up,  and  vice  versa. '\ 

And  again,  in  May  : 

"I  have  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  valued  favor,  bearing  date  March  16.  Enclosed 
please  find  abstract  log  of  Captain  John  Paty,  in  barque  Francis  Palmer,  from  Honolulu  to  San 
Francisco,  in  March  and  April;  also  that  of  schooner  Lady  Jane,  at  the  same  time.  The 
Francis  Palmer's  passage  was  unusually  protracted  by  a  long  succession  of  northeasterly  winds, 
which  drove  her  at  one  time  as  far  north  as  43°.  Captain  Paty's  policy,  in  keeping  on  the 
starboard  tack,  is  to  run  until  he  strikes  a  northwester,  which  sends  him  booming  into  port 
generally  in  three  or  four  days.  He  has  on  previous  voyages,  in  the  summer  season,  been  as 
far  north  as  47°  when  eleven  days  out  from  Honolulu,  and  yet  made  the  passage  in  sixteen  and 
a  half  days.  He  has,  as  a  general  rule,  found  the  sea,  during  the  summer  months,  smoother 
well  to  the  north  than  to  the  south  of  this  port.  At  this  time,  however,  he  found  no  friendly 
northwester,  as  when  he  was  so  far  north  a  good  smart  southeaster  was  brewing,  which 
brought  in  a  large  fleet  of  clipper  ships  from  the  Atlantic,  and  placed  him  dead  to  leeward. 
It  so  happened,  that  had  Captain  Paty,  the  third  day  out  from  Honolulu,  stood  east,  with  the , 
wind  N.NE.  as  he  had  it,  instead  of  standing  NW.  as  he  did,  he  undoubtedly  would  have  struck 
the  very  southeaster  which  brought  in  the  Lady  Jane  in  twelve  days,  and  proved  so  unfavorable 
to  him.  This,  however,  he  knew  nothing  about,  and  as  a  southeaster  is  a  great  exception, 
while  a  northwester  on  this  coast  may  almost  be  considered  a  rule.  Captain  Paty  undoubtedly 
did  right  in  standing  to  the  northward. 

' '  A  green  strip  of  water  is  often  seen  by  most  all  the  packets  a  couple  of  hundred  miles 
off  this  shore,  which,  on  approaching  the  coast,  they  cross,  again  entering  dark  blue  water 


FROM   THE    SANDWICH    ISLANDS   TO    CALIFORNIA. 


759 


before  making  the  green  Avater  of  the  coast  soundings.     Captain  Elias  Hempstead  informs  me 
that  he  can  depend  upon  it  as  much  as  on  the  Gulf  Stream  in  the  Atlantic. 

■•'  Captain  Paty  informs  me  that  he  heard  two  or  three  years  ago  that  the  United  States 
ship  Falmouth  discovered  a  rock  in  the  track  of  vessels  bound  from  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco, 
having  on  it  from  three  to  five  fathoms,  situated  in  37°  22'  N.  and  in  137*^  25'  W.,  which  was 
soon  after  seen  by  an  American  vessel  bound  to  Sydney,  whose  name  had  escaped  him,  and  also 
seen  by  barque  Emma,  from  China,  in  1850  or  1851.  For  several  voyages.  Captain  Paty  ran 
for  it  without  seeing  it,  but  once  he  told  me  he  passed  it  about  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
noticed  the  water  was  discolored,  being  green.  Several  times  in  coming  up  he  has  tacked  ship 
in  the  night  to  clear  it.  I  have  not  seen  any  chart  with  it  laid  down,  although  it  may  be  on 
some  of  the  late  ones.  I  know  nothing  further  of  its  existence,  except  that  shipmasters  in  the 
Honolulu  trade  generally  believe  it  there,  and  aim  to  avoid  it. 

"In  making  the  passage  from  here  down  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  December  or  January, 
when  southerly  winds  are  likely  to  prevail  in  the  absence  of  the  NE.  trades,  it  is  well,  if 
possible,  to  make  Oahu,  bearing  a  little  to  the  north  of  west,  as  you  are  then  in  a  good  position 
for  running  in  with  almost  any  wind,  except  a  westerly  one,  which  is  seldom  known.  Vessels 
falling  to  leeward  with  a  southerly  wind  often  lose  a  week  in  beating  up,  as  they  sometimes 
blow  very  fresh  from  that  quarter." 

Best  six  passages  from  Sandudch  Islands  to  San  Francisco. 


Months. 

CROSSINGS    or  LATITUDES. 

CROB8INOS    OF    LONGITUDES. 

•a    o 

Ml  '3 

Q 

25 

Q 

2 

k 

1 

Q 

a: 

>, 

a 

Q 

Highest  latitude. 

i 

>> 

a 

a 

k 

1 

1 

1' 

V.  8.  a.  Porumouth ... 

January 

do 

1 
2 
1 

1 
2 

1 

157A 

156 

152 

157 

152 

157 

4 

2 

2 

2i 

3 

3 

147 

153 

147J 

150 

151 

155 

4 
2 
4 
4 
4 
3 

135i 
148 
136 
134i 
138 
147 

2 

1 

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4 

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3 

H 

1 

H 

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1 

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37 

37 

38 

, 

14 

Zoe 

38°  N.  in  130°  W. 
38°  N.  in  125°  W. 

37i 
35 

14 

Francis  Palmer 

Lady  Jane 

February  

11 
12 

Restless 

In  port....   .... 

40°  N.  in  139°  W. 

37 
40 

14 

Zoe 

October 

15 

Means 

1.3 

155i 

2.7 

1501 

3.5 

136i 

1.5 

37i 

1.8 

m 

37i 

.7 

13  3 

These  are  the  best  passages,  but  they  are  all,  except  one,  in  winter  and  spring,  when  you 
may  sail  almost  directly  for  your  port.  In  summer  and  fall  the  polar  edge  of  the  trades  is  far 
north,  and  you  must  clear  them.  The  best  sailing  directions  from  these  Islands  that  can  be 
given  for  California,  Oregon,  or  Washington  may  be  uttered  in  a  single  sentence.  Run  up  with 
foretopmast  studding  sail,  and  make  easting  as  the  winds  will  allow,  having  an  eye  to  the 
calms  of  Cancer. 


760 


THE    WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


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FROM   THE    SANDWICH    ISLANDS   TO    CALIFORNIA. 


761 


From  abstract  log  of  hrlg  Zoe  (John  Paty.)     From  HomluLu  to  San  Francisco,  1853-'54. 


Date. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

WINDS. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

December  30 

o      / 
22  52 
24  57 
27  40 

31  05 

32  22 
34  38 
34  20 

36  05 

37  44 
37  40 

37  20 

38  05 
37  40 
37  40 

o         / 

156  4U 
155  50 
154  00 
153  30 
150  30 
148  07 
147  55 
143  50 
139  50 
136  30 
135  30 
133  30 
129  50 
126  40 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE         .  . 

Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

31 

B.NS 

ENE 

E  NE 

January       1 

East 

East 

E.SE 

Fresh  breezes. 

Fresh  breezes ;  heavy  sea. 

Fresh  breezes ;  first  part,  rain ;  latter,  clear. 

Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 

Strong  breezes. 

Fresh  gales  ;  rough  sea. 

Fresh  gales. 

Comes  in  light;  middle  and  latter  parts,  calm. 

Very  light  airs. 

Fine  breeze ;  thick  and  foggy. 

Light  breezes  and  foggy ;  at  5  a.  m.  sighted  land. 

2 

SE 

SE.byS 

SE.  by  8      . 

3 

S.SE 

S.SE 

SSE 

4 

sw 

SW 

North 

NW 

5 

North 

6 

NE 

NE 

SE 

East          . . 

7 

E.SE 

E.SE 

SSW 

8 

8.SE 

S.SW 

9 

8W. 

W.8W 

w.sw 

10 

West 

Calm 

SE 

Calm 

11 

SE 

SW 

SW 

12 

SW 

SW 

Note.— The  U.  S.  sloop  Portsmouth  sailed  from  Honolulu  24  hours  before  the  Zoe,  and  arrived  24  hours  before  the  Zoe,  making  the  same  time.    The 
loss  on  the  6th  of  our  fore-topgallant  mast  retarded  our  progress  some,  as  we  had  no  spar  to  replace  it. 


From  log  of  barque  Francis  Palmer  (John  Paty.)     From  Honolulu  to  San  Frandsco^  1855. 


"  THE  QUICKEST  PASSAGE  ON  RECORD." 


Date. 

Latitude 
at  noon. 

Longitude 
at  noon. 

Course. 

Distance. 

WINDS. 

Remarks. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

Jan.      30 

o         ( 

o         / 

o 

NW 

NW 

Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Do. 
Gentle  breezes;  ends  strong  do.;  going  15  knoti. 
Comes  in  fresh  f^ales. 
Comes  in  light ;  thick,  with  rain. 
Brisk  breezes;  squally; 
Ditto ;  at  4  p.  m.  baffling  breezes,  and  squally. 
Light  airs  and  pleasant.                   [and  cloudy. 
Comes  in  brisk  breezes ;  moderate ;  ends  light 
Comes  in  light  breezes  and  rainy ;  ends  fresh. 
Fresh  gales  and  cloudy;  at  daylight  on  soundings. 
Brisk  breezes  and  thick  weather. 

31 
Feb.        1 

22  07 
25  31 
27  50 
29  51 

32  01 

33  19 

34  10 
a5  42 

37  09 

38  12 

156  07 
152  07 
150  04 
147  34 
144  31 
141  03 
139  16 
135  55 
130  07 
124  04 

N.  76  E. 
N.  47  E. 
N.  46  B. 
N.  47  E. 
N.  50  E. 
N.  66  K. 
N.  60  E. 
N.  60  E 
N.  72  E. 
N.  74  E. 

106 
302 
194 
180 
205 
193 
102 
190 
296 
252 

NW 

SW 

SW 

SW 

NW 

South 

W.SW 

NW 

Calm 

SW 

W.SW 

SW.  by  W... 
NW 

2 

S.SW 

yf^eX 

3 

West 

4 
5 
6 

7 

W.SW 

West 

N.NW 

South 

South 

South 

SE.  byE 

West 

N.  by  W 

South 

NW 

g 

SE 

South 

South 

9 

10 

South 

S.SE 

Note. — Feb.  10.  At  6h.  30m.  p.  m.  shortened  sail  and  wore  ship,  judging  Point  Lobos  to  bear  E.NE.,  say  6  miles ;  weather  being  too  thick  to  ruH  in 
for  The  Heads,  reefed  the  topsails  and  furled  tlie  courses,  and  stood  off  shore  under  ecuy  suit;  at  8  a.  m.  wore  ship  to  the  E  NE.,  and  stood  in  shore  again 
for  one  hour;  at  4  a.  m.  wore  ship  to  the  S.  and  W.,  standing  off  shore  waiting  for  daybreak  ;  at  sunrise,  weather  clearing  up,  made  all  sail,  and  stood 
in  for  The  Heads;  arrived  at  7  a.  m.  and  hauled  in  at  Cunningham's  Wharf,  after  a  passage  of  eleven  days;  made  tlie  run  from  land  to  land  in  nine  days 
and  two  hours  ! 


VOL.   II- 


-96 


762 


THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 


From  log  of  clipper  schooner  Restless  (John  Paty.)     From  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco,' lS5i. 


Date. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

WINDS. 

Kemarks. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

April           2 
3 

•     / 
23  40 

25  55 

26  55 

29  06 

30  56 
30  47 

30  37 

31  08 
33  40 

35  28 

36  51 

37  16 
b7  33 

Arrived. 

154  20 
151  51 

151  51 

152  09 
150  30 
146  20 
143  45 
143  00 
141  07 
138  14 
134  37 
131  36 
129  10 

sw 

NW 

SE 

sw 

West 

West 

N.NE 

Do. 

4 

NW 

N.NE    

Do. 

5 

N.NE 

East    

Calm 

North 

NE 

NE 

Do. 

6 

S.SE 

Calm 

Gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather;  ends  calm. 

7 

North 

Comes  in  calm ;  ends  fresh,  with  rain. 

8 

North 

NW 

Fresh  breezes. 

g 

SW 

W.NW 

W.NW 

Light  breezes. 
Do. 

10 

W.NW 

SW 

11 

West 

W.SW 

Do. 

12 

SW.  by  W 

8E.  byS 

South 

Gentle  breezes  and  fair  weather. 

13 

SE.  by  S 

SE.  byS 

Gentle  breezes. 

14 

SE 

SE 

SE 

Moderate  breezes. 

15 

North    

North 

North 

Strong  breezes ;  arrived  at  2  p.  m. 

From  log  of  clipper  schooner  Restless  (John  Paty.)     From  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco,  1854. 


Dat 

e. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Bar. 

WINDS. 

Remarks. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

May 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

•     / 
23  30 
26  00 
28  46 
31  41 
34  51 

37  08 

39  05 

40  25 

41  19 
41  28 
41  30 
41  30 
41  00 
39  16 

38  40 
37  39 
37  50 

o         / 

155  10 

159  20 

160  11 
160  19 
160  11 
160  09 
158  10 
155  00 
150  51 
146  25 
144  30 
143  00 
140  45 
136  50 
132  00 
129  00 
124  00 

29.30 
29.35 
29.40 
29.50 
29.60 
29.60 
29  60 
29.60 
29.60 
29.60 
29.60 
29.60 
29.60 
29.60 
39.40 
29.30 
29.25 

NE 

NE 

NE 

NE 

NE.byE.... 
NE.byE.... 
NE.byE.... 

E.NE 

SE 

Strong  wind  and  pleasant. 
Squally  at  midnight. 

NE 

NE 

NE 

NE 

NE.  by  E.... 
NE.  byE.... 
NE.by  E.... 

NE.byE.... 
NE.byE.... 
NE.byE.... 
East 

Do. 

Do. 
Gentle  breezes  and  fair  weather. 
Comes  in  light ;  ends  fresh. 
Fine  breezes. 

Light  breezes  and  fine  weather. 
Gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Do. 
Light  airs. 

Do. 

June 

SE.  byE 

E.SE 

S.SE 

South 

West 

West 

West 

N.NE 

North 

NW 

SE.  byE 

S.SE 

S.SE 

Calm 

West    

West 

NE 

SE.byE 

S.SE 

S.SE 

Calm 

Westerly  ... 

West 

NE 

N.NE 

North 

W.byS 

N.NE 

North 

NW 

Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Light  breezes  and  clear  weather,    [ply  13  days. 

Fine  breezes ;  at  5  p.  m.  arrived ;  beat  schr. Sup- 

FROM   THE   SANDWICH   ISLANDS   TO   CALIFORNIA. 


763 


From  log  of  clipper  schooner  Restless  (John  Paty.)     From  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco,  1854. 


Dc 

te. 

Latitude. 

Longitiido. 

Bar. 

WINDS. 

Remarks. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

July 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

25  42 
28  31 
31  25 
34  08 
.36  20 
38  56 

41  13 
43  15 
45  20 

42  07 

41  45 

42  50 
42  20 
41  07 
41  30 
40  50 
40  49 
40  30 
40  30 
37  34 
37  40 
37  42 

157  30 

157  07 

158  05 
157  20 
156  00 
154  50 
153  45 
153  45 
151  20 
148  33 
147  20 
147  22 
146  00 
144  00 
142  53 
141  30 
140  16 
138  30 
137  30 
136  20 
130  05 
123  37 

29.25 
29.30 
29.50 
29.60 
29.60 
29.65 
29.70 
29.60 
29.40 
29.50 
29.45 
29.45 
29.50 
29.49 
29.50 
29.50 
29.45 
29.40 
29.25 

ENE 

E.  byN 

E.NE 

NE 

E.NE 

NE.  byE.... 

E.NE 

NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

East 

E.by  S  

E.NE 

E  NE 

East 

Gentle  breezes  and  fine  weather. 

Do. 

Do. 
Gentle  breezes ;  latter  part,  squally 
Squally  weather. 

Do. 
Rough  sea. 

Do. 
Gentle  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Gentle  breezes ;  latter  part,  fresh  do., 
Gentle  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Light  airs. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Light  baffling  winds  and  calms. 

Do. 

Do. 
Good  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Strong  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Strong  breezes  and  clear. 

rough  sea. 

E.  byN 

East 

E  byS 

East 

East 

East 

E.NE  

East 

E.  byN 

E.  byN 

NE 

E.  byN 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.NB 

E.NE 

NE 

rough  sea. 

NE 

NE 

E.NE 

E.NE 

NE.  by  E  .... 
NE 

NE 

NE.  by  E  ... 

ENE 

NE 

NE 

NE.  byE.... 

NE  

NE 

NE 

All". 

NE...    

NE 

Calm 

NW 

Calm 

North 

West 

WNW  

NE 

W.NW 

West 

West 

West 

NW 

From  log  of  clipper  hrig  Zoe  (John  Paty.)     From  Honolulu  to  San  Francisco,  1853. 


Date. 

Latitude 

Longitude. 

Bar. 

WINDS. 

Remarks. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

Oct.        24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Nov.         1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0           1 

24  40 
26  57 

29  13 

30  43 
32  12 

34  17 

35  20 

37  39 

39  24 

40  24 
40  14 
."»  30 

38  51 
37  40 

o         / 

157  10 
157  00 
156  10 
154  10 
152  42 
150  10 
147  35 
145  20 
142  16 
139  05 
136  10 
132  30 
129  30 
124  29 

29.4 
29.4 
29.4 
29.5 
29.5 
29.6 
29  7 
29.7 
29.6 
29.5 
29.4 
29.4 
29.4 
29.2 

E.NE 

E.NE 

E.hyS 

E.byS 

S.SW 

S.SW 

S.SW 

E.SE 

E.SE 

E.SE 

S.SE 

8.  byE.... 

SW 

NW 

E.NE 

East 

E.  by  S 

ESE 

S.SW 

SSW 

South 

SE.  byE 

SE.  byE 

SE 

E.NE 

East 

Strong  trade-wind  and  fine  weather. 
Do. 

East 

Good  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

South 

S.SW 

S.SW.    ... 
SSE 

SE.  byE 

Do. 
Do. 

S.SE 

S.byE 

SW 

NW 

NW 

Do. 

S.SE 

South 

W.NW 

xVW.  by  W.. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Arrived  at  San  Francisco. 

764  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

.   ,        ROUTES  BETWEEN  THE  NORTHWEST  COAST  AND  ASIA. 

This  voyage  is  the  counterpart  of  the  route,  going  and  coming,  between  the  Capes  of 
Virginia  and  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  with  this  difference,  that  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  much 
broader  than  the  Atlantic,  and  that  the  winds  are  much  better  developed  out  upon  the  Pacific 
than  they  are  in  the  Atlantic,  and  therefore  the  passage  each  way,  between  California  and 
China,  will  be  a  more  certain  passage  than  that  between  the  Capes  of  Virginia  and  the  Straits. 

"The  distance  between  California  and  China  or  Japan  being  nearly  double  the  distance 
between  the  United  States  and  Europe,  a  vessel  navigating  those  waters  has  a  wider  range  in 
latitude  than  one  trading  across  the  Atlantic  has  in  which  to  hunt  good  winds.  All  vessels 
going  west  from  California  will,  almost  of  necessity,  stand  to  the  southward  and  westward 
for  the  NE.  trades,  and  all  vessels  from  China  or  Japan,  coming  this  way,  will  first  make  for  the 
variables,  which  they  will  find  strong  and  good  from  the  westward,  between  35°  and  40°  in 
winter  and  spring;  between  40°  and  45°  in  summer  and  fall.  Those  mariners  who  understand 
the  navigation  between  the  Capes  of  Virginia  and  Europe  will  have  no  difiiculty  about  the 
route,  both  going  and  coming,  between  California  and  China.  The  only  difference  is  that  in 
the  latter  voyage  they  can,  without  so  much  inconvenience,  go  further  both  to  the  north  and 
the  south  for  the  sake  of  better  winds. 

"In  summer  and  fall  vessels  bound  to  China  or  Japan  need  not  go  as  far  south  for  'steady 
trades'  as  they  do  in  winter  and  spring. 

' '  In  order  to  enter  into  an  elaborate  discussion  of  them  according  to  the  month  the  records 
of  many  journals  must  be  first  consulted,  and  when  my  corps  of  observers  shall  furnish  these 
I  shall,  I  hope,  be  ready  for  the  task." — (7th  ed.,  p.  694.) 

This  they  have  not  done  yet.  For  a  thorough  discussion  of  these  routes  a  thousand  abstracts 
are  required.  The  work  which  I  find  to  do  increases  very  fast,  and  the  hands  to  do  it  have 
decreased  to  such  an  extent  that  I  find  myself  compelled  to  repeat  here,  without  further  dis- 
cussion, directions  given  in  the  preceding  edition  of  this  work.  My  design  Avas,  in  preparing 
the  8th  edition,  to  enlarge  and  improve  every  chapter  in  the  7th  edition,  and  to  add  others. 
Owing  to  the  small  corps  of  assistants  available  for  this  work  I  shall  not  be  able  fully  to  carry 
out  this  intention. 

I  propose,  however,  to  take  up  route  after  route,  and  discuss  it,  with  the  assistance  of 
tables  of  time  and  crossing,  after  the  manner  of  the  route  p.  368,  from  the  Lizard  to  the  Line, 
et  cd.,  and  to  publish  the  results  in  monograms. 

The  route  to  China  or  India  for  vessels  coming  out  of  the  ports  of  British  Columbia,  or 
from  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  the  Columbia  river,  or  California,  is  the  same,  and  the  sailing  direc- 
tions are  brief  and  simple:  Make  the  best  of  your  way  to  the  NE.  trades,  and  run  them  down 
about  the  parallel  of  18°  or  20°.  The  Swordfish,  bound  from  San  Francisco  to  China,  made 
the  Sandwich  Islands  eight  days  out,  averaging  232  miles  a  day.  Thence  her  average  day's 
run  to  Shanghai  was  215  miles.  She  made  the  passage  in  32  days  9  hours  from  San  Francisco. — 
(See  7th  ed.,  p.  694.)     This  passage  was  in  June  and  July. 

In  September  and  October,  1854,  the  Surprise  made  the  run  to  Shanghai  in  55  dajs,  after 
running  down  her  longitude  between  22°  and  24°.     Captain  Ranlett  wrote : 


ROUTES   BETWEEN   THE    NORTHWEST    COAST   AND    ASIA.  765 

"Shanghai,  October  4  to  19,  1854. 
"Last  year  I  crossed  from  San  Francisco  to  this  place  in  the  Surprise,  in  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  and  had  a  good  run  of  38  days  across.     Your  Wind  and  Current  or  Pilot 
Charts  were  not  then  out,   I  think,  at  least  I  had  not  seen  them;  I,   for  want  of  some  such 
directions  as  you  give,  took  my  own  course,  and  kept  far  to  the  north  of  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  had  a  tolerable  good  run  all  the  way  with  much  fine  weather,  while  the  Mystery  and  some 
others  went  further  south  in  the  old  track,  and  had  much  wet  and  squally  weather  and  longer 
passages  generally.     You  have  my  abstract  and  some  others  for  reference.     This  voyage  I  left 
nearly  one  month  later,  and,  although  I  have  your  Wind  and  Current  Charts  of  the  Pacific,  on 
this  passage  I  kept  north  of  all  the  tracks  given,  and  have  had  very  light  winds  all  the  way 
across;*  in  fact  my  sails  have  flapped  against  the  masts  all  the.  way;  you  will  see  my  tracks  by 
abstract,  which  I  forward  you.     I  sailed,  after  leaving  San  Francisco,    5,580  miles,   by  log, 
without  taking  in  a  skysail  or  a  royal  studding-sail,  the  wind  veering  and  hauling  from  E.SE. 
to  E.NE.  generally;  weather  fine  as  one  could  wish,  and  too  hot  to  work  in  the  sun  much  of 
the  time.     I  passed  over  and  near  several  spots  where  islands  are  laid  down  in  my  Charts;  I 
saw  none  of  them  except  Gardiner's  Island,  off  NW.  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  other  mentioned  islands.     I  saw  many  birds  of  various  kinds,  and  have  mentioned 
them  in  my  abstract,  as  you  request,  and  have  also  tried  the  temperature  of  the  water,  &c. 
My  chronometers  are  very  near  correct,  I  find  on  my  arrival.     I  passed  between  North  and 
Sulphur  Islands,  two  of  the  Volcano  group,  and  send  you  a  rough  sketch  of  them.     It  may  be 
of  use  to  some  one,  as  I  have  no  guide  for  any  of  these  islands,  whether  they  are  high  or  low, 
and  some  of  them  may  be  safely  run  for  in  the  night,  and  others  must  not.     I  have  seen  all  of 
this  group,  and  they  are  in  the  track  of  vessels  bound  for  Shanghai  from  San  Francisco.     The 
north  and  south  ones  may  be  run  for  any  time,  being  high  and  bold;  but  the  middle  one  is  low 
to  the  eastward,  and  cannot  be  seen  far  in  the  night;  the  high  hill  is  on  the  western  side.     I  ran 
for  Bungalow  Island,  which  I  find  on  my  chart,  and  made  it  just  as  I  should,  within  an  hour. 
It  is  there,  and  no  mistake.     It  is  a  long,  moderately  high  island,  and  looks,  in  a  view  I  took  of 
it,  much  like  a  sperm  whale;  is  tolerably  long,  looks  green.     At  daylight,  October  2,  I  found 
myself  in  the  Passage  almost  becalmed,  going  through  very  well  until  10  a.  m.,  when  the  tide 
changed,  and  not  having  any  wind  I  drifted  away  down  towards  Kakarooma,  a  splendid  looking 
island,  with  long  low  points  at  every  view  of  it,  and  high  land  in  the  interior.     Saw  no  shoals 
off  this  island,  except  a  high  lot  of  rocks  about  five  miles  from  the  NW.  point  of  the  island, 
and  about  one -third  of  the  way  from  this  island  to  Ousima,  or  an  island  oif  the  SW.  side  or  end 
of  Ousima.     The  sea  breaks  heavily  all  around  this  heap  of  rocks,  and  in  places  between  it 
and  the  main  island  of  Kakarooma,  and  although  there  is  a  wide  passage  between  that  and 
the  shore  I  would  not  attempt  it  unless  surveyed.     The  sides  of  the  island  of  Kakarooma 
seem  to  be  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  fields  and  rows  of  trees  like. hedges,  and  farms  finely 
laid  out,  from  the  high  land  down  to  the  sea  shore;  saw  smoke  ascending  from  many  places, 
one  after  another,  as  if  it  were  given  for  a  signal  that  something  strange  was  coming,  and  I 
have  no  doubt  that  our  appearance  was  telegraphed  all  over  tliese  islands,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Passage,  as  we  saw  from  hill  to  hill,  as  far  as  we  could  land.     But  although  near  enough  to  see 
what  we  supposed  was  terraces  of  fine  trees  across  the  slopes  in  valleys,  we  did  not  see 
anything  that  looked  like  a  house  or  habitation.     White  patches  on  the  sides  of  the  hills  were 

**  Yoii  were  too  near  the  calms  of  the  horse  latitudes. — M. 


766  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 

at  first  taken  for  houses,  but  proved  to  be  rocks  of  various  colors,  from  black  to  very  white, 
and  some  hillsides  were  so  full  of  white  boulder  stones  that  they  looked  like  a  flock  of  white 
cattle  or  sheep.  I  saw  the  same  last  year,  and,  as  they  all  remain  the  same,  they  cannot  be 
animals. 

"On  the  Ousima  side  we  saw  the  plainest,  having  been  nearer  than  the  other;  this  coast  is 
full  of  deep  bays,  large  and  small  islands,  and  off  all  of  the  headlands  and  points  there  are 
large  reefs  and  rocks,  above  and  under  water,  and  on  which  the  sea  breaks  with  considerable 
violence  in  a  moderate  time.  There  are  apparently  passages  among  them  all,  as  the  rocks 
rise  high,  and  abruptly,  and  bluff  on  the  most  of  the  points.  We  saw  no  sign  of  any  native 
vessels  on  either  voyage,  except  a  small  sampan,  similar  to  a  Chinese  bum  boat,  containing 
four  dark  and  swarthy  looking  fellows.  They  came  out  from  behind  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
morning,  and  passed  near  us,  so  near  that  they  were  somewhat  afraid  of  us.  A  breeze  struck 
us  and  them  at  the  same  time;  they  were  standing  over  towards  Kakarooma  Island.  There  is 
a  rip  caused  by  tides,  or  meeting  of  two  seas  across  the  channel,  and  before  we  come  to  it,  it 
looks  very  much  like  breakers,  and  if  the  weather  should  be  rough  I  have  no  doubt  it  would 
be  taken  for  breakers,  for  a  reef  extending  entirely  across  the  passage;  in  fact.  Captain  M. 
Michael,  of  the  Montauk,  says,  in  his  description  of  these  islands,  page  1, 158,  North  Pacific 
Directory,  that  there  is  no  passage  between  the  long  low  islands  of  the  south  and  the  high 
ones  of  the  north.  I  do  not  know  any  one  that  has  passed  between  these  islands;  you  have  an 
opportunity  of  knowing,  and  have  perhaps  received  some  communications  about  them  which  I 
should  be  glad  to  see  in  some  of  your  books,  and  I  hope  any  one  who  passes  islands  of  this 
Pacific  will  describe  them.  Lisiansky  is  mentioned  in  the  work  named  above,  and  very 
correctly  described.  I  have  seen  it,  and  should  not  run  for  it  in  the  night,  as  a  ship  could  be 
lost  on  reefs  so  far  off  from  the  island  that  it  could  scarcely  be  seen  from  off  deck  in  the  day- 
time. I  would  say  that  on  the  NB.  part  of  Kakarooma  Island,  probably  by  some  called  Crown 
Island,  there  is  a  beach,  apparently  sand  beach,  extending  almost  the  entire  length  of  the 
islands,  while  on  the  other  side,  on  Ousima  Island,  the  shore  is  high  and  bluff,  and  not  a 
beach  to  be  seen.  Ousima  I  should  think  to  be  about  100  miles  around  it,  and  the  other 
island  as  much  as  80  miles  in  circumference;  I  guess  this,  of  course;  it  may  be  more  or  less; 
this  guess  will  give  you  an  idea  of  the  size  of  the  small  specks  on  the  Charts.  I  could  say 
more  of  these  islands,  but  thinking  probably  you  may  have  a  much  more  correct  account  of 
them,  I  will  close.     I  should  like  much  to  be  of  a  party  to  survey  them. 

' '  I  call  these  straits  Surprise  Straits,  she  having  been  through  them  twice. 
"Pound  the  Golden  Gate  in  before  me;  she  sailed  10  days  after  me,  and  with  a  strong 
NE.  wind  steered  west,  and  had  a  strong  breeze  all  the  way  across,  excepting  a  few  days. 
He  saw  a  group  of  islands  25  miles  west  of  Clove  Island,  not  on  any  chart  or  in  any  book  that 
he  or  I  have.  Captain  Pope  informs  me  that  there  is  a  survey  of  those  islands  I  passed 
between,  by  the  French.  I  suppose  we  shall  have  it  soon.  The  Swordfish  was  42  days 
from  San  Francisco  to  Hong  Kong;  sailed  two  days  before  me;  I  presume  he  went  well  south. 
I  beat  all  the  passages  across  last  year,  in  the  same  track  I  took  this  year,  and  was  beaten  by  all. 
"I  sent  my  abstract  from  California  before  I  noticed  the  remark  in  your  Directions  to 
keep  it  entire  until  my  return  to  the  United  States.  A  brig  came  in  to-day  dismasted  in  a 
typhoon  off  Sulphur  Island  that  lasted  3  days.  She  was  dismasted  October  4,  the  day  that  I 
arrived,  and  I  had  very  fine  weather.  This  brig  came  across  as  I  did  in  22°  to  24°,  and  had 
very  light  winds  all  the  way  until  she  took  the  storm." 


ROUTES   BETWEEN    THE   NORTHWEST   COAST    AND   ASIA.  767 

Returning,  the  route  is  by  Great  Circle  through  the  variables.  The  "vertex"  of  this 
circle  crosses  the  meridian  of  165°  W.  in  about  50°  N.  lat. 

The  route  from  China  to  California  is,  in  distance,  from  800  to  1,200  miles  shorter  than 
the  route  through  the  NE.  trades,  via  Sandwich  Islands,  <fec.,  from  California  to  China.  It  is 
well,  especially  in  summer  and  fall,  when  the  weather  is  mild,  to  bear  this  fact  in  mind. 

The  Great  Circle  from  the  free  ports  of  China  and  Japan  to  the  Pacific  States  and  British 
Columbia  may  be  followed  by  sailing  vessels  all  the  year,  and  with  less  inconvenience  than 
attends  vessels  on  the  northern  route  between  New  York  and  Liverpool.  The  route  in  the 
Pacific  is  free  from  icebergs,  and  is  not  more  foggy  than  in  the  Atlantic.  As  to  the  relative 
fury  and  frequency  of  the  gales  I  cannot  speak. 

The  following  table  of  crossings,  prepared  by  Lieutenant  J.  Young,  affords  the  best 
commentary  that  I  am  prepared  to  give  concerning  this  route.  The  average  passage  from 
Shanghai  to  San  Francisco  appears  to  be  42  days,  and  the  mean  "vertex,"  as  per  route  of  the 
table,  p.  768,  about  43°  30',  between  the  meridians  of  160°  and  150°  W. 

The  average  passage  of  the  eight  best  is  47  days,  and  their  mean  "vertex"  between  160° 
and  150°  W.,  near  the  parallel  of  42°  15'  N.  The  average  of  the  rest  from  Hong  Kong  is  69 
days.  The  mean  "vertex"  for  them  is  near  the  parallel  of  41°  54';  also,  between  the  meridians 
of  160°  and  150°  W.  This  difference  in  time,  however,  cannot  be  ascribed  to  difference  as  to 
' '  vertex. ' '  Among  the  ' '  slow  coaches' '  there  are  two,  the  John  Gray  and  the  Mercury,  whose 
passages  are  twice  as  long  as  the  usual  average.  Striking  them  out,  we  have  58  days  as  the 
present  average  from  Hong  Kong  to  San  Francisco.  This  may  be  reduced.  The  directions  for 
the  voyage  from  ports  south  of  the  Delaware,  p.  18,  will  apply  here,  with  this  difference,  that 
on  the  polar  side  of  40°  the  winds,  except  when  they  blow  a  gale,  are  probably  more  fresh 
from  the  west  in  the  North  Pacific  than  they  are  in  the  South  Atlantic. 

Vessels  coming  out  of  the  Straits  of  Matsmai  will  find  their  "vertex"  in  about  50°  on  the 
meridian  of  180°.  All  vessels  from  ports  and  "passages"  between  Matsmai  and  Canton  will, 
if  bound  to  California,  find  their  "vertex"  near  the  parallel  of  46°  at  its  intersection  with  the 
prime  meridian,  (180°.)  They  should  not,  if  bound  to  San  Francisco,  re-cross  this  parallel 
before  reaching  150°  W.  If  bound  to  British  Columbia,  Washington,  or  Oregon,  they  will 
reach  their  "vertex"  in  west  longitude,  instead  of  on  the  meridian  of  180°. 

The  present  average  passage  from  the  ports  of  Asia  to  those  of  the  Pacific  States  and  British 
Columbia  is  too  long.  Study  the  Pilot  Charts;  study  the  routes  to  and  fro  across  the  North 
Atlantic.  The  remarks  there  made  concerning  winds,  &c.,  will  apply  to  the  North  Pacific,  and 
enable  clever  navigators  to  establish  rules  and  routes  for  themselves  and  so  save  time. 


768 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Table  of  Crossings  from  China  to  California,  arranged  according  to  the  month. 


Date  of  sailing 

Whence. 

1 
o.  c 

LATITUDE   OF 

CROSSING   THE  MERIDIANS. 

in 
§ 

si 

E 
o 

Names  of  vessels. 

1 

1 

1 

o 

1 

i 

1 

o 

1 

o 

D.  M.  Hall 

Jan.  2,1856 
12, 1853 
14,1853 

Feb.  1,1853 
20,1852 
24,1851 
26,1856 

Mar.  13, 1854 
22,1853 

April  10, 1853 
13, 1851 
17,1855 
18,1852 
22, 1849 
29,1853 

May  3,1856 
26,1856 
28,1855 

June  13, 1852 
29,1855 

July    1,1855 

Aug.  3,1856 
29,1850 

Sept.  9,1852 
13,1851 

Oct.  2,1851 
17,1855 
26,1853 

Nov.  2,1852 
6,1853 

Dec.  12,1854 
16,1855 

Hong  Kong 

do 

Days. 
22 
24 
14 
20 
15 
31 
22 
18 
31 
13 

4 
12 

4 

9 

8 
17 
11 
21 

6 
10 
17 
16 

3 
10 
13 

3 
20 
24 
19 

3 
16 
29 

25 
25 
23 
27 
26 
25 
28 
25 
26 
28 
30 
27 
31 
25 
28 
26 
29 
29 
29 
27 
22 
29 
26 
24 
28 
30 
26 
4 
24 
81 
26 
26 

33 
31 
25 
30 
29 
30 
30 
30 
31 
31 
33 
33 
83 
28 
34 
30 
32 
30 
33 
35 
30 
33 
31 
% 
31 
33 
31 
2 
26 
33 
29 
29 

36 
33 
30 
35 
32 
34 
35 
36 
36 
35 
36 
38 
41 
33 
35 
33 
36 
33 
33 
41 
40 
39 
37 
33 
34 
34 
33 
32 
35 
36 
34 
31 

36 
35 
34 
36 
34 
35 
37 
39 
39 
38 
39 
40 
44 
37 
42 
37 
41 
35 
35 
41 
42 
43 
37 
33 
36 
35 
36 
35 
36 
38 
36 
33 

38 
34 
38 
38 
37 
39 
40 
40 
40 
40 
41 
41 
45 
39 
45 
39 
40 
41 
37 
39 
41 
44 
38 
35 
36 
37 
36 
36 
38 
39 
35 
34 

38 
33 
37 
.39 
38 
39 
41 
40 
40 
41 
43 
40 
46 
40 
45 
39 
40 
41 
39 
40 
39 
45 
40 
32 
37 
37 
37 
38 
38- 
40 
39 
37 

38 
36 
37 
•JQ 
41 
40 
44 
41 
40 
41 
45 
42 
49 
40 
45 
42 
40 
40 
40 
42 
37 
44 
41 
35 
39 
37 
36 
36 
39 
38 
40 
.37 

39 
37 
39 
39 
41 
41 
43 
43 
40 
41 
45 
44 
49 
40 
45 
41 
41 
42 
44 
42 
35 
44 
40 
36 
40 
36 
40 
38 
38 
36 
40 
39 

39 
37 
39 
34 
40 
41 
44 
43 
39 
38 
47 
44 
51 
40 
44 
42 
43 
41 
43 
42 
34 
42 
39 
36 
40 
40 
39 
41 
37 
36 
41 
39 

40 
39 
39 
33 
40 
40 
42 
42 
39 
38 
47 
41 
51 
40 
43 
4-2 
41 
37 
41 
38 
37 
41 
39 
37 
39 
39 
39 
42 
37 
38 
43 
40 

40 
38 
39 
34 
38 
39 
40 
43 
39 
37 
43 
39 
45 
40 
40 
43 
40 
36 
41 
37 
39 
40 
38 
38 
38 
38 
39 
37 

;« 

37 
40 

38 

Days. 
6 
6 
4i 
3 
3 
4i 
3 
4 
3 
4 
3 
2 
6 
3 
3 
3 
2i 
5 
4 
4 
8 
4 
4 
3J 
8 
2 
3 
7 
4 
3 
3 
3 

Days. 
70 

78 

Abbott 

do 

do 

68 

67 

do 

49 

Do  

do 

60 

do 

49 

do 

49 

Olgo 

do 

68 

do 

47 

Lydia 

Shanghai 

Hong  Kong  

Shanghai 

Hong  Kong 

do 

42 
41 

Palmetto 

47 
51 

41 

......do 

54 

do 

do 

51 

87 

Dragon 

do 

49 

do 

57 

do 

116 

....  do 

63 

Ann  Welsh 

do     

do 

57 

41 

Ann  Welsh 

do 

58 

Lydia 

Shanghai 

Hong  Kong 

do 

40 
63 

John  Gray 

110 

....  do 

67 

Palmetto .... 

Shanghai .....  . 

Hong  Kong  

do 

40 
67 

77 

ROUTES  BETWEEN  CALIFORNIA  AND  AUSTRALIA. 

The  Great  Circle  distance  from  South  Australia  to  California  is  about  7, 000  miles,  and 
vessels  in  the  direct  trade  between  Australia  and  the  Pacific  coasts  of  North  America  may 
have  the  choice  of  routes  going  as  well  as  coming;  going,  the  distance  to  be  sailed,  on  account 
of  detour  for  the  sake  of  winds,  is  about  7,500  miles;  returning,  that  is,  coming  this  way  by 
the  eastern  route,  the  distance  is  eight  or  nine  hundred  miles  greater.  With  the  exception  of 
the  NE.  trades  on  the  passage  from  New  South  Wales  or  Victoria  to  California,  the  winds  are 
fair,  or  may  conveniently  be  made  fair  both  ways.  A  good  NB.  course  can  be  made  through 
the  SE.  trades,  and  a  N.NW.  course,  on  the  average,  through  the  NE.  trades.  But  these 
courses  will  not  give  easting  enough  for  the  California  bound  trader,  and  it  therefore  becomes 
a  question  for  him  to  decide  whether  he  will  make  up  his  easting  in  the  variables  south  of  SE. 
trades,  or  in  the  variables  north  of  the  NE.  trades,  for  in  both  of  those  systems  of  variables 
westerly  winds  prevail. 

In  coming  out  of  the  Victoria  ports  go  south  of  Van  Dieman's  Land,  or  through  Bass' 
Straits,  as  you  have  the  winds  and  find  it  expedient. 


ROUTES   BETWEEN    CALIFORNIA  AND   AUSTRALIA.  769 

Being  south  of  Van  Dieman's  Land  makes  it  convenient  to  pass  south  of  New  Zealand  if 
the  wind  be  fair,  as  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  will  be.  Having  passed  south  of  New  Zealand, 
steer  for  the  parallel  of  40°  or  45°  S.,  between  the  meridians  of  150°  and  140°  W.,  thence  for 
the  equator  between  120°  and  130°  W.,  crossing,  by  a  north  course,  both  the  horse  latitudes 
of  the  southern  hemisphere  and  the  equatorial  doldrums;  then  run  through  the  NE.  trades  as 
best  you  may,  keeping  a  "rap  full"  and  running  up  into  the  variables  beyond  the  horse 
latitude  calms  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  if  need  be,  to  complete  your  easting  and  make 
your  port. 

If  the  winds  be  not  fair  for  passing  south  of  New  Zealand  try  Cook's  Straits  in  preference 
to  passing  to  the  north  of  New  Ulster. 

If  you  pass  through  Cook' s  Straits  then  stick  her  well  to  the  eastward  and  take  the  eastern 
passage.  On  this  passage  you  should  run  down  your  easting  pretty  well  before  you  get  far 
enough  north  to  be  bothered  by  the  baffling  winds  of  the  horse  latitudes  south.  If  these  come 
as  low  down  as  38°  or  40°  S.,  stand  north  the  moment  you  feel  them  till  you  get  the  SE.  trades; 
then  cross  these  and  the  NE.  trades,  both  as  obliquely  to  the  eastward  as  they  will  permit, 
with  foretopmast  studding-sail  set. 

On  this  passage,  you  will  have  finally  to  run  down  your  easting  when  you  get  into  the 
variables  beyond  the  NE.  trades,  and  of  course  you  will  aim  to  reach  the  parallel  of  38°  or 
40°  N.,  or  even  a  higher  one  north,  to  do  this.  How  far  you  will  go  north  depends  somewhat 
upon  the  distance  you  may  be  west  of  California  when  you  lose  the  NE.  trades.  If  you  be 
only  a  degree  or  two  from  the  land,  you  will  steer  straight  for  your  port  without  caring  to  get 
to  the  northward  of  it;  but  if  jou  be  ten  or  twenty  degrees  to  the  west  of  it,  or  even  further, 
then  of  course  the  distance  to  be  run  makes  it  an  object  to  turn  out  of  your  way  and  go  north 
in  search  of  good  winds. 

Therefore,  the  choice  of  routes  on  this  voyage  resolves  itself  into  the  answer  to  this 
question:  Is  it  best  to  make  easting  between  the  parallels  of  40°  and  50°  S.,  or  about  the 
parallel  of  40°  N.?  If  the  former,  then  the  eastern  route  is  the  route;  if  the  latter,  then  the 
preference  should  be  given  to  the  western  route. 

I  give  preference  to  the  eastern  route,  especially  and  decidedly  when  the  winds  at  starting 
are  favorable  for  the  east  course.  I  have  no  doubt  but  that,  as  a  general  rule,  the  winds  by 
the  eastern  route,  both  variables  and  SE.  trades,  are  much  more  steady  and  reliable  than  they 
are  by  the  western  route.  Moreover,  the  distance  from  the  Victoria  ports,  via  south  side  of 
Van  Dieman's  Land  and  New  Zealand,  is  not  more  than  three  or  four  hundred  miles  greater, 
than  it  is  by  the  most  direct  route  that  is  practicable,  and  the  chances  of  good  winds  by  the 
eastern  route  will,  in  my  opinion,  amply  make  up  for  this  increased  distance. 

It  is  proper  for  me  to  state  here  that  I  do  not  give  these  Australian  sailing  directions  as 
directions  that  are  founded  on  or  derived  from  investigations  into  the  routes  actually  pursued 
by  vessels  from  Australia  to  California;  but  I  give  them  as  deductions  drawn  from  the  know- 
ledge which  I  have  acquired  touching  the  general  system  of  the  winds  and  currents  out  upon 
the  high  seas. 

The  most  difficult  and  uncertain  parts  of  this  passage  will  be  in  the  time  required  to  cross  the 
three  belts  of  calms,  and  to  clear  the  winter  fogs  of  California.  But  for  these  the  eastern 
passage,  from  Victoria  to  California,  would  be  one  of  the  most  certain  passages  in  the  world. 

The  distance  from  Victoria  to  California  cannot  be  accomplished  under  canvas,  by  the 
VOL.  II 97 


770  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

eastern  route,  much  short  of  8,700  miles.  But  driving  captains,  with  clipper  ships  under 
them,  may  expect  to  average,  one  trip  with  another,  along  this  route,  not  far  from  200  miles 
per  day.  The  clipper  rate  from  Victoria  to  Cape  Horn  will  probably  be  upwards  of  200  miles 
a  day;  for  I  feel  assured  there  is  no  part  of  the  ocean  in  which  the  winds  generally  will  admit 
of  more  heavy  dragging  and  constant  driving  than  they  will  in  the  extra-tropical  regions  gene- 
rally of  the  South  Pacific,  say  on  the  polar  side  of  43°  S. 

Returning  from  California  to  the  gold  fields  of  Australia,  the  route  out  of  San  Francisco 
should  be  down  as  soon  as  possible  into  the  NE.  trades,  as  though  you  were  bound  to  China, 
India,  or  the  Sandwich  Islands,  crossing  the  equator  anywhere  between  the  meridians  of  140° 
and  150°  W.,  according  as  you  prefer  to  run  down  your  westing  principally  in  the  NE.  or  SE. 
trades.  I  give  the  preference  to  the  latter  generally,  because  they  are  more  steady,  reliable, 
and  certain  than  are  their  congeners  of  the  northern  hemisphere — at  least,  such  is  the  rule. 
The  distance  by  this  route  to  Bass's  Straits  will  be  about  7,500  miles;  and  an  increase  upon 
this  of  the  average  distance  to  be  sailed  on  the  passage  going,  together  with  the  distance 
returning,  will  not  amount,  as  before  stated,  to  more  than  six  or  eight  hundred  miles. 

Aim  to  cross  30°  S.,  on  the  passage  from  California  to  Australia,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
170°  E. 

Thence  the  course  is  between  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  direct  for  your  port. 

In  these  passages,  as  on  the  California  routes  generally,  navigators  have  to  cross  the  calms 
of  Cancer  and  of  Capricorn,  as  well  as  those  of  the  equator;  which  last  are  found  between  the 
NE.  and  SE.  trade-winds,  but  upon  difi'erent  parallels,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year. 

It  may,  therefore,  be  remarked  here,  once  for  all — and  which  remark  navigators  bound 
either  from  the  United  States  or  from  Panama  to  California  are  requested  to  bear  in  mind — 
that  the  barometer  will  often  enable  the  navigator  to  tell  when  he  has  crossed  these  belts  of 
calms,  and  entered  the  trades. 

In  the  belt  of  equatorial  calms  there  is  an  ascending  column  of  air.  All  the  atmosphere 
which  the  NE.  and  SE.  trades  pour  into  this  belt  rises  up  and  flows  off  by  counter  currents  in 
the  upper  regions.  Of  course,  then,  the  mean  height  of  the  barometer  in  the  equatorial  calms 
is  less  than  its  mean  height  in  the  trades  on  either  side.  This  difference  does  not,  probably, 
exceed  one-tenth  of  an  inch  (0.1)  inch.  But  close  attention  to  the  barometer  in  and  about 
these  calms  will  often  enable  the  navigator  to  decide  whether  the  winds  he  may  have  be  really 
trade-winds  or  not;  for  after  having  been  fighting  these  calms,  if  you  get  the  wind  from  NE.  or 
SE.,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  the  barometer  rises,  then  you  may  be  sure  that  you  have  the 
trades. 

I  have  frequently,  in  the  course  of  this  work,  had  occasion  to  allude  to  the  equatorial 
calms,  and  the  rains  which  accompany  them.  At  this  day  it  is  not  sufficient  to  tell  the  navi- 
gator that  things  are  so.  He  depends  more  upon  the  lights  of  reason  and  the  convictions  of 
his  understanding,  less  upon  faith  and  the  ipse  dixit  of  philosophers  than  he  used  to  do;  and, 
therefore,  when  facts  and  phenomena  are  now  stated  to  him,  his  first  question  generally  is,  for 
the  explanation  of  them.  I  admire  this  spirit,  and  have  frequently,  in  the  pages  of  this  work, 
turned  aside  to  pay  homage  to  it. — (See  the  illustration  afforded  by  Dewey's  Meterologiccd 
Journal  at  Para,  p.  467,  5th  edition.)  - 

Where  the  two  trade-winds  meet,  they  and  the  vapors  which  they  bring  ascend,  and  it  is 
then  "the  rainy  season." 


KOUTES   BETWEEN   CALIFORNIA   AND   AUSTRALIA.  771 

The  observations  of  Dewey  on  the  land,  as  well  as  many  others,  show  clearly  enough  that, 
as  the  belt  of  equatorial  calms  passes  over  you,  the  mean  height  of  the  barometer  is  less  than 
it  is  in  the  extra-tropical  latitudes  generally,  or  than  it  is  when  the  trade-winds  prevail  at  the 
place  where  you  may  be. 

There  is  no  route  on  which  close  attention  to  the  barometer,  while  crossing  these  calm 
belts,  will  be  of  more  service  to  the  navigator  than  on  the  California  route  from  Panama. — 
(See  that  chapter,  p.  773.) 

In  the  calms  of  Cancer  and  of  Capricorn  there  is  a  descending  instead  of  an  ascending 
current  of  air;  therefore  the  barometer  ranges  higher,  on  the  average,  within  those  two  calm 
belts  than  it  does  anywhere  else.  The  difference,  however,  does  not  exceed  the  tenth  of  an 
inch  (0.1.)  Close  attention  to  this  instrument  will  often  enable  the  navigator  to  decide,  when 
he  has  crossed  this  belt  and  got  into  the  region  of  trades,  even  before  he  gets  the  wind  from 
the  trade  quarter.  He  determines  this  by  the  fall  of  the  barometer,  when  he  enters  the  trades  from 
the  calms  of  the  "horse  latitudes,"  but  by  its  rise  when  he  enters  the  trades  from  the  equatorial 
calm  belt' 

The  passage  between  Australia  and  California  should  be  made  ordinarily  in  from  45  to  50 
days;  the  passage  to  the  east  being  rather  the  shorter;  of  course,  clipper  ships  will  occasionally 
make  the  passage  in  37  days.  See  the  remarks  about  the  Farallones,  in  the  Sailing  Directions 
for  California  from  the  United  States,  page  756. 

The  log  of  the  clipper  schooner  Heloise  illustrates  the  western  route  from  Australia  to 
California,  very  well.     It  is  quoted  on  the  next  page. 


712 


THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS 


Abstract  of  the  schooner  Heloise  (Atkins  Dyer.)     From  New  Castle^  N.  S.  Wales,  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1855. 


Date. 


Latitude  at 
noon. 


Longitude  at 
noon. 


TJiermometer 
attached. 


Barometer. 


Hours  of— 
Fog  A. 
Rain  B. 
Snow  C. 
HailU. 


First  part. 


Middle  part. 


Latter  part. 


Jan. 


Dec.  25, 1854 
26,1854 
27,1854 

28. 1854 
29,1854 
30,1854 
31,1854 

1,1855 
2,1855 
3,1855 
4,1855 
5,1855 
6,1855 
7,1855 
8,1855 
9,1855 
10,1855 
11,1855 
12,1853 
13,1855 
14,1855 
1.5,1855 
16,1855 
17,1855 

18. 1855 
19,1855 
20,1855 
21,1855 
22, 1855 
23,1855 
24, 1855 
25,1855 
26,1855 
27,1855 
28,1855 
29,1855 
30,1855 
31,1855 

1,1855 
2,1855 
3,1855 
4,1855 
5,1855 
6,1855 
7,1855 
8,1855 
9,1855 
10,1855 
11,1855 
12,1855 
13,1855 
14,1855 
15, 1855 
16,1855 


Feb. 


33  08  S. 

34  09 
34  15 
34  42 

34  36 

35  36 
35  29 
34  40 
33  53 
31  48 
30  11 
28  00 
25  44 
24  35 
24  20 

24  18 

25  01 
25  17 
24  40 

23  02 

19  58 

17  33 
14  33 

13  5-3 
12  40 
12  27 

9  53 

8  3U 

5  30 
3  11 

0  12  N, 
3  34 

6  44 

9  02 
12  II 

14  25 
16  52 

18  39 

20  48 
22  40 

24  03 

24  51 

25  28 

26  27 
S8  00 

29  28 

30  21 

31  10 
31  57 
33  35 

35  07 

36  14 

36  53 

37  12 


152  20  E. 
155  16 
159  00 
163  02 

166  13 

168  55 

170  30 

172  01 

173  06 
175  20 

177  34 
179  51 
179  29  W. 

178  25 
178  13 

177  57 

178  00 
178  11 
177  03 
175  51 

172  40 

171  26 

169  00 

167  01 
165  29 
163  21  t 

165  01 

166  19 

167  41 
163  40 
169  23 
169  40 
169  19 

169  47 

170  30 

171  58 

173  00 

172  34 
171  40 

168  34 
165  15 

169  03 
160  58 
158  37 
155  18 
151  15 
148  05 
145  56 
143  12 
139  00 
134  48 
131  28 
128  40 
123  05 


68 
68 
68 
68 
67 
68 
68 
70 
71 
73 
75 
60 
80 
78 
77 
78 
78 
80 
81 
82 
83 
83 
82 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
83 
80 
80 
80 
79 
78 
78 
76 
75 
73 
70 
68 
65 
65 
61 
60 
62 
83 
63 
63 
62 


29.90 
30.00 
29.98 
30.00 
30.05 
30.10 
30.20 
30.15 
30.00 
29.78 
29.65 
29.80 
29.80 
29.70 
29.60 
29.50 
29.20 
29.20 
29.50 
29.60 
29.78 
29.62 
29.58 
29.52 
29.50 
29.63 
29.70 
29.70 
29.67 
29.65 
29.65 
29.72 
29.72 
29.76 
29.78 
29.76 
29.75 
29.70 
29.64 
29.60 
29.58 
29.52 
29.81 
29.96 
29.86 
39.80 
29.70 
29.70 
29.78 
29.98 
29.98 
29.98 
29.98 
29.98 


B... 
28. 


2B. 
B  .. 
3B. 
3B. 
B  .. 


2B. 
2B. 
B.. 
B  .. 
2B. 


6B. 
6B. 


3B. 


B.. 
2B. 


B  ... 

4B.. 
6B.. 
2B.. 
B  A. 
2A. 
3A. 
2A. 
A... 


NE.  by  N. , 

N.NE 

N.NE 

N.  byE..., 
N.  by  E..., 
NNE.  ..., 

w.sw.... 

SE 

E.SE 

SE 

E 

E.  byN... 

E.NE 

Calm 

Calm.   ... 

E 

E.  by  8... 

ESE 

E.SE 

E.  by  8... 
E8.E  .... 

E.S.E 

Calm 

N.NW.... 

N 

NE.  byN. 

N 

NE 

NE.  byE. 

E.NE 

E.NE..... 

E.NE 

E 

JVE.  by  E, 

NE 

NE 

NE 

ENE 

sw ; 

W.NW... 

NW 

W.NW... 

8W 

W.SW... 
W.NW... 

W 

W.SW... 

NW 

8.SW 

S.SE 

8 

SW...  . 

W 

NW 


NE.  by  N. 
N.  byE... 
N.NE...., 
N.  byE... 

N.NE 

N.  byE... 

SW 

E.SE 

SE 

SE 

E 

E.  by  N... 
E.  by  8... 

Calm 

E.  byN... 
E.  byS.  .. 
E.  by  8... 

SE 

SE 

E.  byS... 

E.SE 

E.SE 

N.  by  W.. 
N.  by  W.. 
N.NW.... 
NE.  by  N. 

N 

NE 

NE.  by  E. 

E.NE 

E.NE 

ENE 

E.NE 

NE 

NE 

NE 

NE 

E 

W 

NW 

N.NW.... 
N.NW.... 

8W 

W.NW.... 

W 

Calm 

NW 

W 

8 

S.SE 

S.8W 

SW 

NW 


N.NE. 

N.NE. 

N.NE. 

N.  by  E. 

N.NE. 

N. 

SE. 

E.SE. 

8. 

SE. 

E. 

E.NE. 

E.  by  S. 

Calm. 

E.  by  N. 

E.  by  S. 

E.  by  S. 

SE. 

E.  by  8. 

E. 

E.SE. 

ESE. 

N.NW. 

N. 

NE.  by  N. 

NE.  by  N. 

N.  byE. 

NE. 

NE.  by  E. 

E.NE. 

E.NE. 

E.NE. 

E.NE. 

NE. 

NE. 

NE. 

NE. 

SE. 

W.NW. 

NW. 

N.NW. 

Calm. 

SW. 

W.NW. 

W. 

W.SW. 

NW. 

SW. 

S.SE. 

8. 

S.8W. 

8W. 

N. 


PANAMA,    CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   NORTHWEST.  773 

This  is  a  route  that  cannot  be  defined  until  we  shall  have  accumulated  large  numbers  of 
logs,  then  we  shall  be  able  to  point  out  the  calm  streaks  and  the  streaks  of  good  wind  with 
much  more  precision  than  it  can  now  be  done.  The  length  of  this  passage  depends  almost 
exclusively  upon  the  navigator's  knowledge  as  to  where  these  streaks  are  to  be  found  ai  the 
v^ious  seasons  of  the  year.  The  tables  on  the  homeward  route  from  India  will  be  of  service 
to  him  here.     They  may  be  found  in  the  latter  part  of  this  volume. 

PANAMA,   CALIFORNIA  AND  THE  NORTHWEST. 

' '  The  passage  under  canvas  from  Panama  to  California,  as  at  present  made,  is  one  of  the 
most  tedious,  uncertain,  and  vexatious  that  is  known  to  navigators. 

' '  The  voyage  from  Valparaiso  to  California  is  a  shorter  one,  in  point  of  time,  than  is  that 
from  Panama,  though  the  latter,  as  regards  distance,  is  not  half  so  long  as  the  former. 

"  A  brother  officer  of  the  navy,  now  no  more,  writing  from  San  Francisco  several  years 
ago,  said: 

"  'I  learned  on  my  arrival  at  Panama  that  great  numbers  of  sailing  vessels  were  in  the 
habit- of  resorting  thither  for  the  purpose  of  taking  passengers  and  freight  to  San  Francisco; 
but  to  my  surprise  I  heard  that  they  seldom  made  the  passage  under  90  days,  and  often  were 
120  days  on  the  way.  There  were  then  many  vessels  there,  all  ready  to  sail,  and  among  them 
the  clipper  ship  Hornet,  none  of  which  have  yet  arrived,  though  53  days  have  intervened. 

' '  '  One  of  the  clipper  ships  some  time  since  made  the  passage  in  45  days,  by  standing  to 
the  southward  as  if  bound  to  Callao,  and  making  all  her  westing  in  the  SE.  trades,  south  of 
the  line.  This  is  such  a  roundabout  way  of  getting  to  San  Francisco  from  Panama  that  there 
must  be  something  wrong  in  the  courses  steered  by  the  vessels  which  take  the  northern  pas- 
sage. It  is  well  known  that  there  is  a  strong  westerly  current  running  past  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  which,  by  my  own  experience  on  one  occasion,  I  found  to  be  sixty  miles  in  24  hours. 
This  current  extends  to  the  eastward  almost  to  Point  Malo,  and  westerly  entirely  across  the 
Pacific,  though  not  so  strong  as  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Galapagos.  It  strikes  me  that  navigators, 
with  proper  instructions  as  to  this  current  and  the  prevailing  winds,  ought  always  to  make  this 
passage  in  certainly  not  more  than  forty  days. 

"  'Knowing  that  you  had  few,*  if  any,  abstracts  of  this  passage,  I  took  the  liberty  of 
telling  Captain  Goodrich  that  these  logs  would  be  valuable  to  you,  and  suggested  that  he  g€t 
as  many  of  them  together  as  possible,  and  send  them  to  you.' 

' '  That  this  voyage  can,  with  a  better  knowledge  of  the  winds  and  currents  than  navigators 
now  possess,  be  shortened  very  considerably,  I  have  no  doubt. 

"But,  unfortunately,  only  a  few  of  the  vessels  in  the  Panama  trade  send  me  abstractfi  of 
their  logs. 

"As  soon  as  I  can  collect  materials  enough  to  justify  a  discussion  of  this  passage,  I  will 
undertake  it.  In  the  meantime,  drawing  upon  such  slender  sources  of  information  as  I  chance 
to  have,  I  venture  the  following  suggestions  as  to  the  route  from  Panama  to  the  northward  and 
westward.  I  say  sitggestions,  for  my  information  is  not  sufficient  to  justify  the  application  of 
the  more  positive  term  of  Sailing  Directions  to  the  remarks  I  have  to  make. 

' '  I  have  more  than  once,  while  preparing  this  work,  called  the  attention  of  navigators  to 
the  system  of  monsoons  off  the  Pacific  coast  of  Central  America.  It  is  this  system  of  mon- 
soons and  the  calms,  or  equatorial  doldrums,  as  they  are  called,  which  are  always  to  be  found 

-      •  I  still  have  very  few  (1859.) 


774  THE   WIND   AND   CUEEENT   CHAETS. 

between  the  NE.  and  the  SE.  trade-winds,  or  between  the  monsoons  and  each  of  these  two 
systems  of  winds,  that  contribute  so  much  to  the  prolongation  of  the  passage  from  Panama. 

' '  Of  course,  where  two  winds  meet  from  different  quarters,  every  navigator  knows  he 
must  have  a  belt  of  calms  or  light  baffling  airs;  for  a  wind  from  the  NE.  and  a  wind  from  the 
SE.  cannot  blow  each  at  the  same  time  and  place.  Therefore,  when  two  such  Avinds  meet, 
their  line  of  meeting  is  marked  by  calms  and  baffling  airs. 

"Now,  my  investigations  have  been  carried  far  enough  to  show  that,  at  certain  seasons  of 
the  year,  a  vessel  bound  from  Panama  to  California  must  cross  at  least  three,  at  some  seasons 
four,  such  meetings  of  winds,  or  bands  of  calms,  before  she  can  enter  the  region  of  NE.  trades. 
Hence  the  tedious  passage. 

' '  But,  although  the  researches  connected  with  these  Charts  have  revealed  this  fact,  the 
materials-  upon  which  they  are  founded  are  not  sufficient  to  show  with  certainty  the  best  way 
of  avoiding  these  calm  and  baffling  regions. 

' '  In  the  absence  of  more  especial  information,  and  in  view  of  the  important  interests  to  be 
subserved  by  a  shortening  of  the  passage  from  Panama  to  California  and  Oregon,  I  venture  the 
following  suggestions  as  to  that  passage.  These  suggestions  are  derived  from  the  light  which 
the  experience  of  those  Panama  traders,  whose  logs  I  have,  cast  upon  the  subject.  But  this 
light  is  feeble,  because  the  materials  whence  it  is  derived  are  meagre.  Still,  they  amount  to 
everal  thousand  observations  carefully  made;  and  in  the  aggregate  they  are  worth  more  than 
the  experience  of  any  single  navigator  in  that  trade  can  possibly  be.  Nevertheless,  I  do  not 
ask  for  them  that  degree  of  confidence  to  which  the  Sailing  Directions  given  in  this  work  are 
generally  entitled.  These  suggestions,  added  to  individual  experience^  will  probably  be  found 
by  navigators  to  be  of  some  service. 

"In  the  discussion  of  the  winds  as  it  is  conducted  for  the  Pilot  Charts,  Panama  and  its 
approaches  are  included  between  the  parallels  of  5°  and  10°  N.  Between  these  parallels,  and 
east  of  85°  west,  it  appears,  from  the  observations  which  have  been  discussed,  that  the 
prevailing  winds  in  November,  December,  January,  May,  June,  and  July  are  between  NW. 
and  SW.  inclusive;  that  in  December,  January,  February,  and  March  they  prevail  about  one- 
fifth  of  the  time  from  the  northward  and  eastward;  that  calms  are  least  prevalent  in  the  month 
of  March,  the  prevailing  wind  for  March  being  NW.,  and  for  June  SW.,  though  NW.  winds 
are  also  frequent  in  June;  and  that  for  the  other  months  the  observations  are  too  few  to  give 
any  indication  as  to  the  prevailing  winds. 

"Between  the  same  two  parallels,  but  to  the  west  of  85°,  and  as  far  as  95°,  the  prevailing 
winds  are  in  December,  January,  and  February,  NE. ;  in  March  and  April  they  are  variable, 
prevailing  alternately  from  NE.  and  NW.  In  May,  June,  July,  August,  and  September,  they 
prevail  from  S.  to  SW.,  inclusive;  in  October,  from  SE.  to  SW.,  inclusive.  In  November  they 
are  inclined  to  variable,  though  from  SE.  by  the  way  of  S.  to  W.SW.  is  the  favorite  quarter. 

"It is,  moreover,  indicated,  that  to  the  east  of  80°  the  winds  in  December,  January,  and 
February,  prevailing  as  they  do  from  the  northward  and  westward,  are  generally  favorable  for 
getting  to  the  southward  and  westward,  by  steering  S.SW.  or  SW.;  that  in  May  calms  are 
frequent,  and  the  prevailing  points  of  the  wind  are  decidedly  W.SW.,  SW.,  and  SE. ;  and  in 
June,  W.,  W.SW.,  SW.,  and  NW. ;  but  as  the  favorite  point  is  west,  and  calms  are  not  so 
frequent  as  in  May,  June  appears  to  be  a  more  propitious  month  than  May  for  crossing  the 
parallel  of  5°  N.  by  a  southwardly  course  from  Panama.     Between  5°  and  10°  N.,  for  the  other 


PANAMA,    CALIFORNIA   AND   THE   NORTHWEST.  775 

months,  I  have  not  observations  enough  to  the  east  of  80°  to  justify  me  in  any  remarks  as  to 
the  winds. 

' '  Neither  have  I  observations  enough  for  January,  February,  or  March  to  the  east  of  80°, 
and  between  0°  and  5°  N.,  to  authorize  deductions;  but  for  all  the  other  months  of  the  year 
they  are  abundant.  They  show  that,  to  the  east  of  80°,  between  the  equator  and  5°  N.,  the 
winds  are  steady  between  SB.  by  the  south  to  west,  and  that  calms  are  most  frequent  in  this 
part  of  the  ocean  during  the  months  of  December  and  April.  The  points  from  which  the 
winds  most  prevail  are,  in  December,  SW.;  in  April,  S.SW.  and  SW.;  in  May,  June,  and  July, 
SW.;  in  August,  S.SW.  and  SW.  j  in  September,  SW.;  in  October  and  November,  from  SE.  to 

w.sw. 

"Between  80*^  and  85°  west,  from  the  equator  to  5°  N..  the  prevailing  direction  of  the 
wind  all  the  year  is  between  SE.  and  west  by  the  way  of  south ;  though  from  March  to  August, 
inclusive,  it  is  most  inclined  to  be  variable.  In  December,  March,  and  April,  calms  are  most 
frequent. 

"Between  85°  and  90°,  the  prevailing  quarter  for  the  wind  all  the  year  from  the  equator 
to  5°  N.,  is  between  SE.  and  SW.  It  is  most  variable  from  January  to  June,  inclusive.  In 
March  and  June  the  NE.  trades  are  frequently  found  here;  calms  are  most  prevalent  in  March. 

"  Continuing  west  between  the  same  parallels,  the  region  from  90°  to  95°  west  seems  to 
be,  of  all,  the  most  liable  to  calms  the  year  round.  From  October  to  January,  inclusive,  they 
are  not  so  frequent  as  in  the  other  months,  being  less  frequent  in  October.  From  SE.  to 
S.SW.  is  the  ruling  quadrant  for  the  winds  here  all  the  year;  though  from  January  to  June, 
inclusive,  they  go  from  NE.,  around  by  the  way  of  east,  to  west. 

"To  the  west  of  95°  they  are  steady  between  SE.  and  S.,  except  from  January  to  May, 
inclusive.  In  January,  February,  and  March,  they  often  get  as  far  north  as  NE.,  and  in  April 
and  May,  as  far  as  E.NE. 

"Now,  then,  after  carefully  studying  this  description  of  the  wind,  derived,  it  is  true,  from 
no  great  abundance  of  materials,  I  have  to  suggest  the  following  routes  for  the  consideration  of 
navigators  bound  northwest  from  Panama: 

' '  From  the  Bay  of  Panama  make  the  best  of  your  Avay  south  until  you  get  between  5°  N. 
and  the  equator. 

"Being  between  these  two  parallels,  it  will  be  for  the  navigator  to  decide  whether  he  will 
shape  his  course  west,  and  keep  between  them  until  he  crosses  the  meridian  of  95°  west,  or 
whether  he  will  cross  the  equator,  and  make  his  westing  in  south  latitude,  with  the  southeast 
trades  on  his  quarter.  The  winds  that  he  finds  between  5°  and  the  line  should  decide  this 
question  for  him.  If  he  can  get  west  here  with  a  good  breeze  he  should  crack  on,  and  when 
his  good  wind  leaves  him,  steer  S.  again. 

"If  the  passage  from  Panama  be  attempted  in  January,  February,  March,  April,  May,  or 
June,  time  will  probably  be  saved  by  going  south  of  the  equator;  for,  at  this  half  of  the  year, 
the  northeast  trades  and  the  equatorial  doldrums  are  often  found  between  the  equator  and  5° 
N.  Between  the  meridians  of  80°  and  85°  west,  in  this  part  of  the  ocean,  these  Avinds  and 
calms  are  found  even  in  the  months  of  July  and  August.  Therefore,  in  coming  out-  of  Panama, 
and  after  crossing  5°  N.,  in  any  season,  make  a  SW.  course,  if  the  winds  will  allow.  If  the 
wind  be  SW.,  brace  up  on  the  starboard  tack:  but  if  it  be  S.SW.,  stand  west,  if  it  be  a  good 
working  breeze.  But  if  it  be  light  and  baffling,  with  rain,  know  that  you  are  in  the  doldrums, 
and  the  quickest  way  to  clear  them  is  by  making  all  you  can  on  a  due  south  course. 


776  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

"Suppose  that,  after  crossing  5°  N.,  you  have  got  to  the  Avest  of  85°  without  having 
crossed  the  equator.  Now,  if  the  time  of  the  year  be  in  that  half  which  embraces  July  and 
December,  the  prevailing  winds  will  be  between  SE.  and  S.,  inclusive,  and  the  course  is  west 
as  long  as  there  is  a  breeze;  as  soon  as  the  breeze  dies  away,  and  you  begin  to  fight  the  baffling 
airs,  conclude  that  you  are  in  the  vicinity  of  the  doldrums  that  are  often  found  here  either 
between  the  NE.  and  SE.  trades,  or  between  one  of  these  trades  and  the  system  of  southwardly 
monsoons  that  blow  north  of  the  line,  and  between  the  coast  and  the  meridian  of  95°  west. 

' '  These  belts  of  doldrums  lie  east  and  west,  and  the  shortest  way  to  cross  them  is  by  a  due 
north  and  south  line;  therefore  let  it  be  a  rule,  whenever  the  navigator  finds  himself  in  one  of 
these  calm  belts,  to  make  all  the  latitude  possible,  for  by  that  means  he  will  soonest  clear  it. 

"Having  crossed  the  meridian  of  95°,  stand  away  to  the  northward  and  westward  with  a 
free  wind. 

"  West  of  longitude  100°,  and  between  the  parallels  of  5°  and  10°  N.,  the  winds,  in  the 
months  of  November  and  December,  are  variable  between  NE.  and  south,  by  way  of  east.  In 
January,  February,  and  March  they  are  quite  steady  as  NE.  trades.  In  April  they  are  variable. 
The  doldrums  are  generally  found  between  those  parallels  in  this  month.  During  the  rest  of 
the  year  the  winds  are  all  the  time  between  SE.  and  SW. 

"It  will  be  well  to  cross  the  parallel  of  10°  N.  at  least  as  far  west  as  the  meridians  of  105° 
or  110°  W.  Here,  between  the  parallels  5°  and  10°  N.,  the  winds  in  November  are  steady 
from  S.SE.  and  S. ;  December,  April,  and  May  are  the  months  for  the  doldrums  in  this  part  of 
the  ocean. 

"Having  crossed  the  parallel  of  10°  N.,  between  105°  and  110°,  the  navigator  is  then  in 
the  fair  way  to  California. — (See  Sailing  Directions  for  California.) 

"In  making  the  west  coasts  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  the  kelp  is  said  to  form  an 
excellent  landmark.  This  weed  is  very  long  and  grows  on  the  rocks  at  the  bottom.  When, 
therefore,  in  approaching  the  coast,  you  come  across  lines  or  swarths  of  tangled  kelp,  its  being 
tangled  or  matted  is  a  sign  that  it  is  adrift.  It  is  afloat  in  deep  water,  and  you  may  sail  boldly 
through  it  without  fear.  But  when  you  come  across  it  tailing  out  straight,  it  is  then  fast  to 
the  rocks  at  the  bottom,  and  it  is  dangerous  to  get  among  it. 

' '  Vessels  out  of  San  Francisco  intending  to  touch  at  Panaifta  or  any  of  the  ports  south 
should  stand  out  well  from  the  Mexican  coast.  Information  as  to  the  best  route  for  these 
passages  is  wanting.  But  I  should,  with  such  information  only  as  I  at  present  have  with 
regard  to  this  navigation,  feel  disposed,  were  I  bound  from  San  Francisco  to  Panama,  to  steer 
straight  for  the  line  somewhere  about  105°  west,  and  stand  on  south  until  I  could,  with  the 
SE.  trades,  run  in  on  the  starboard  tack  for  the  land." — (7th  Ed.,  pp.  689-93.) 

I  have  not,  since  1855,  been  able  to  digest  the  materials  on  hand  touching  this  route, 
though  they  are  not  ample  enough  to  be  inviting.  The  most  difficult  part  of  all  routes  from 
Panama  is  the  getting  an  offing.  The  following  interesting  papers  contain  all  that  I  have  to 
offer  in  addition  to  the  foregoing : 

From  Captain  Hoff,  of  the  United  States  ship  ^'John  Adams.' ^ 

Valparaiso,  December  26,  1857. 
"During  a  protracted  stay  in  the  Bay  of  Panama,  I  made  repeated  inquiries  as  to  the 
more  successful  routes  generally  taken  by  sailing  vessels  to  and  from  that  bay  to  California,  and 


PANAMA,   CALIFORNIA,   AND   THE   NORTHWEST.  777 

also  to  the  coast  of  Peru  and  Chili.  Under  an  impression  that  it  might  prove  of  some  slight 
interest  to  5'ou,  I  forward  two  memorandums  on  this  head,  although  being  well  satisfied  that 
steamers  must  take  the  place,  and  are  the  only  proper  vessels  for  navigating  in  and  about 
these  seas.  The  one  marked  A  I  obtained  from  Captain  Bloomfield,  an  experienced  gentleman 
who  has  commanded  sailing  as  well  as  steam  packets  for  the  last  twenty-five  years,  to  and  from 
the  coast  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Panama,  and  still  employed  in  that  service;  and  the  one  marked 
B  I  took  down  from  Mr.  Hull,  sailing  master  of  her  Majesty's  ship  'Havanah,'  which  I  trust 
may  also  prove  of  sufficient  interest  for  a  perusal. 

' '  In  making  the  passage  from  Panama  to  Valparaiso  in  the  '  John  Adams, '  (as  you  will 
perceive  by  the  abstract  log,)  I  left  on  the  3d  of  November  last;  worked  down  and  sighted 
Point  Mala.  From  here  crossed  the  line  on  the  12th  day,  which  is  considered  a  very  short 
passage  at  this  season  of  the  year. 

"I  followed  Captain  Bloomfield' s  sailing  directions  as  nearly  as  the  wind  and  weather 
would  permit;  and  after  crossing  the  line  stood  in  for  the  land,  finding  strong  currents  setting 
to  the  NE.,  sighted  the  Island  of  Plata,  tacked  and  took  the  outer  passage,  making  the  passage 
in  44  days,  being  but  three  days  beyond  that  of  the  'Monarch,'  74,  which  had  been  towed  over 
the  line  by  a  screw  steamer,  after  leaving  Panama  and  taking  the  same  route. 

' '  I  would  state  that  the  rainy  season  was  still  in  full  operation,  and  it  is  during  such 
seasons  that  navigators  for  this  route  look  on  the  passage  to  the  line  as  one  of  the  most  tedious 
and  perplexing  experienced  in  the  Pacific  for  sailing  vessels;  and  thirty  days  is  not  considered 
out  of  the  way,  owing  to  calms,  squalls,  and  torrents  of  rain  which  fall  during  this  month  and 
the  two  or  three  previous  ones." 

Memorandum  marked  A. 

"Your  own  experience  will  have  shown  you  that  from  December  to  April  are  the  summer 
months  or  dry  season;  the  northerly  wind  prevailing  more  or  less  during  the  major  part  of  the 
time,  it  being  the  strongest  about  January  and  February,  gradually  taking  ofi"  until  about  the 
middle  of  April,  when  the  winter  months  are  supposed  to  commence,  from  May  to  August, 
when  rains,  thunder,  and  lightning,  with  nearly  daily  thunder  squalls  intervene,  causing  the 
winds  to  be  as  changeable  during  the  twenty-four  hours  as  often  as  there  are  hours  in  the  day. 

* '  From  August  to  December  the  weather  becomes  somewhat  settled,  and  commencing  lightly 
with  a  southerly  wind,  in  October  and  November,  I  have  seen  it  blow  a  moderate  gale  home  to 
Panama  anchorage,  inasmuch  as  to  cause  the  merchant  vessels  to  have  two  anchors  down.  The 
sea  also  becomes  somewhat  rough,  requiring  more  than  ordinary  care  in  landing  in  boats.  It 
is  accompanied  sometimes  with  squalls  and  intermissions,  but,  generally  speaking,  with  cloudy 
but  dry  weather.  I  have  at  times  experienced  some  very  clear  nights  and  days  during  this 
season. 

"  In  leaving  Panama,  it  is  easy  to  be  done  in  either  the  summer  or  when  the  northerly  winds 
prevail,  or  from  August  to  December,  when  you  generally  have  a  southerly  wind,  which  will 
enable  either  to  sail  or  work  out  of  the  bay. 

"  The  starboard,  or  western  in-shore  should  be  kept  in  board  by  a  sailing  vessel  on  leaving, 
and  the  eastern  side  inside  the  Pearl  Islands  on  entering,  except  you  are  entering  about  the 
months  of  September,  October,  and  November,  when  in  all  probability  you  would  bring  a 
strong  southerly  wind ;  but  during  the  prevalence  of  the  northerly  and  light  winds,  the  eastern 
passage  is  beyond  doubt  to  be  preferred. 
VOL.  II 98 


778  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

"If  bound  south,  in  passing  Point  Mala  within  three  or  four  miles,  the  greatest  object  is  to 
get  to  the  westward  in  81°  or  81°  30',  in  order  to  avoid  the  strong  current,  rains,  and  light 
winds  which  prevail  nearly  all  the  seasons  of  the  year  to  the  eastward  of  it,  about  the  environs 
of  'Buena  Yentura.'  In  passing  Point  Mala,  either  with  a  southerly  or  northerly  wind,  make 
your  westing  as  soon  as  you  can;  and  by  getting  into  the  longitude  above  named,  it  will  enable 
you  to  reach  the  southerly  winds  sooner,  either  to  enable  you  to  make  your  westing  up,  if  bound 
to  the  northward,  to  long.  110°  to  114°  W.,  or  to  work  to  the  southward,  taking  advantage  of 
every  change,  until  the  latitude  of  Plata  is  reached,  when  the  shore  can  be  approached  to  take 
advantage  of  the  land  winds,  if  taking  the  in-shore  passage,  or  it  will  enable  you  to  stand  to 
the  SW.  if  taking  the  off-shore  passage. 

' '  In  working  to  the  southward,  after  leaving  Point  Mala  with  a  southerly  wind,  do  not  be 
tempted,  when  on  the  starboard  tack,  standing  to  the  SB.  and  S.SE.  too  long,  as  the  current 
about  140  miles  to  the  south  of  Point  Mala  runs  constantly  to  the  eastward.  On  some  occasions 
I  have  known  it  set — in  fact,  I  have  been  set — 35  miles  in  24  hours,  ascertained  by  good  chro- 
nometer, and  confirmed  by  making  the  land.  Therefore  it  is  always  advisable  to  hold  in  your 
westing,  even  should  you  make  northing  in  doing  so,  and  comparatively  little  difficulty  will  be 
attended  in  reaching  the  southerly  winds,  which  ranges  to  different  latitudes  during  the  12 
months;  as  a  rule — 

"  From  April,  to  1°  north;  from  May,  to  2°  north;  from  June,  to  3®  north;  from  July,  to  5° 
north;  from  August,  to  6°  north;  from  September,  to  7*^  30'  north;  from  October,  to  Panama 
anchorage;  from  November,  to  7°  north;  from  December,  to  5°  north;  from  January,  to  3° 
north;  from  February,  to  2°  north;  from  March,  to  1°  north. 

"Therefore,  after  reaching  the  outer  verge  of  the  southerly  wind,  the  next  object,  more 
particularly  if  bound  to  the  westward,  to  be  certain  that  you  entered  it  far  enough,  so  as  to 
reap  the  whole  benefit  of  its  strength,  which  you  will  find  to  be  equally  as  different  in  its 
position  as  the  southerly  wind  is  reaching  its  northern  limit;  but,  generally  speaking,  when  the 
northerly  winds  do  not  prevail  from  off  Point  Mala  to  its  (southerly  wind)  limits,  it  prevails 
from  SW.  to  NW. 

"  Tides. — To  the  north  of  Otoque  the  waters  appear  to  be  influenced  by  the  ebbing  and 
flooding;  they  certainly  are  to  the  south  of  them.  There  is  a  current  (more  perceptible  from 
December  to  April)  running  to  the  southward  to  Point  Mala,  then  trending  away  to  the  west- 
ward, which  makes  it  advisable  that  Point  Mala  should  be  rounded  or  kept  well  on  board  with 
a  southerly  wind,  so  as  to  enable  you  to  make  your  western  up  before  reaching  the  influence  of 
the  easterly  current  to  be  met  with  about  40  miles  to  the  south  of  Point  Mala. 

"I  experienced  so  strong  a  current  on  one  occasion  off  Point  Mala  that,  after  beating  for 
several  days  off  this  Point  with  a  northerly  single-reefed  topsail  breeze,  I  was  obliged  to  stand 
over  inside  of  the  Pearl  Islands.  I  entered  at  2  a.  m.  on  Sunday  morning,  and  at  4  p.  m.  on 
Monday  was  at  anchor  in  Panama  Roads,  having  passed  to  the  eastward  and  northward  of  all 
the  Pearl  Islands  with  light  and  variable  winds." 

Memorandum  marked  B. 

"Lieutenant  Maury  truly  says  that  'the  passage,  under  canvas,  from  Panama  to  Cali- 
fornia, as  at  present  made,  is  one  of  the  most  tedious,  uncertain,  and  vexatious  that  is  known 
to  navigators.' 

"The  best  way  to  avoid  these  difficulties  seems  to  be  by  making  southing  on  leaving 


PANAMA,    CALIFORNIA,   AND    THE   NORTHWEST  779 

Panama;  do  not  care  about  making  westing,  but  push  south;  at  this  time  of  the  year  (July  and 
August)  you  will  probably  meet  the  SE.  trade  well  over  the  line  in  4°  or  5°  N. ;  then  run  to 
the  westward  till  you  reach  the  meridian  of  110°  W. ;  you  may  then  cross  over  to  the  NE. 
trade;  keep  well  free.  Ships  generally  make  the  best  passages  that  have  gone  to  the  west- 
ward of  114°.     On  running  in  for  the  land  make  Punta  de  los  Reyes. 

' '  These  remarks  are  written  partly  from  Lieutenant  Maury  and  partly  from  my  own  ex- 
perience in  these  seas.  In  H.  M.  ship  '  Herald '  I  made  three  passages,  two  from  Panama  and 
one  from  Port  Burica,  which  is  about  200  miles  to  the  west;  the  first  took  us  32,  the  second 
42,  and  the  third  28  days;  to  get  clear  of  the  variables  in  these  passages  we  pushed  to  the 
westward,  keeping  in  about  lat.  10°  N.  H.  M.  S.  'Brisk'  was  84  days  from  this  port  to 
San  Francisco,  and  in  1849  and  1850  ships  were  commonly  80  days. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  H.  M.  brig  'Swift,'  by  going  to  the  southward,  made  the  passage  to 
Honolulu  in  47  days,  and  one  ship  only  made  45  flays  to  California  by  adopting  this  plan. 

' '  Again,  the  weather  in  the  doldrums  is  most  harassing — heavy  rain,  with  squalls,  thunder, 
and  lightning;  whereas  by  going  south  you  have  the  fine  SE.  trades." 

Lieutenant  McCrea:  "The  route  to  Panama  from  the  south  is  all  plain  sailing  along  the 
coast  till  you  reach  the  Bay  of  Panama.  I  find  a  difference  of  opinion  on  the  mode  of  reaching 
the  anchorage,  whether  to  go  to  the  westward  or  eastward  of  the  Pearl  Islands;  we  took  the 
eastern  route,  where  we  certainly  had  the  known  advantage  of  the  westerly  or  rather  northerly 
current,  and  were  four  days  reaching  the  anchorage;  others  have  gone  to  the  westward,  and 
have  been  one  day  and  three  weeks  reaching  the  harbor.  I  Avould  take  the  eastern  passage  as 
a  rule,  but  would  trust  to  luck  if  I  entered  the  bay  with  a  strong  leading  wind. 

"Some  sailing  directions  are  necessary  for  the  passage  from  Panama  to  the  southward.  My 
experience  I  offer  you,  together  with  that  of  Captain  Bloomfield,  an  experienced  seaman,  and 
having  made  several  passages  during  his  many  years  of  service  on  the  coast,  is  of  some  value. 
We  left  Panama  the  3d  of  November,  1857,  and  ran  out  of  the  bay  and  was  clear  on  the  5th 
instant,  by  keeping  the  western  shore  close  aboard,  the  current  sweeping  us  out,  assisted  slightly 
only  by  the  variable  winds.  I  refer  you  to  the  abstract  for  the  winds  and  weather.  We  took 
the  in-shore  passage  of  Captain  Bloomfield,  and  reached  Plata  Island  in  15  days  from  Panama, 
and  did  not  go  beyond  longitude  83°  W.,  and  crossed  the  equator  in  longitude  82°  30'  W. 
After  taking  a  fresh  departure  from  Plata  Island,  we  struck  off  from  the  coast  Avith  winds  west 
and  east  of  south,  till  we  reached  the  latitude  of  1°  08'  S.,  and  longitude  84°  37'  W.,  when  we 
took  the  steady  SE.  trades.  We  did  not  go  beyond  longitude  98°  W.,  nor  south  of  latitude  37° 
S.,  for  the  westerly  trades.  After  reaching  the  above  longitude  I  would  not  advise  navigators 
to  alter  their  course  and  steer  for  Valparaiso  with  the  first  westerly  wind  they  get  after 
leaving  the  SE.  trades,  but  keep  their  westing  and  steer  west  of  south  for  at  least  24  hours, 
when,  if  the  wind  holds,  and  has  any  increase  whatever,  change  the  course  gradually  and  run  on 
the  parallel  and  fetch  well  south  of  their  port.  I  found  the  current  on  the  coast  of  Chili  some- 
times as  much  as  two  knots  an  hour." — (Lieutenant  Edtvard  Price  McCrea,  United  States  Navy.) 

The  winds  along  the  west  coast  of  Central  America  are  very  baffling.  Owing  to  this  the 
passages  to  and  fro  between  Panama  and  all  the  Central  American  and  Mexican  ports  are  of 
very  uncertain  duration  for  sailing  vessels.  The  following  excellent  abstract,  for  which  I  am 
indebted  to  Captain  Curry,  R.  N.,  is  in  the  distance  column  eloquent  upon  this  subject: 


780 


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782  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


FROM  CALIFORNIA  TO  CALLAO. 


"The  best  route  from  California  to  Callao  is  an  interesting  subject  to  almost  all  vessels  in 
the  California  trade,  for  many  of  them  go  in  ballast  from  San  Francisco  to  the  Chincha  Islands 
for  guano.  These  islands  also  supply  cargoes  to  many  homeward-bound  Australian  traders. 
But  from  Australia  the  way  is  plain  and  the  voyage  sure;  whereas  from  California  it  is  difficult 
and  tedious.     It  is  of  uncertain  duration,  and  the  best  route  is  still  undecided. 

"Many  very  clever  navigators  give  a  decided  preference  to  the  eastern  passage  from 
California;  but  while  they  judge,  for  the  most  part,  each  by  his  own  individual  experience,  I 
have  the  experience  of  them  all  to  guide  me  in  my  judgment.  I  think  it  not  at  all  unlikely 
that  the  opinion  expressed  by  Captain  Samuel  Shreve,  of  the  Cleopatra,  may  be  found,  on 
further  investigation,  to  hold  good  for  a  part  of  the  year.     He  says : 

"  'I  would  advise  all  captains  leaving  San  Francisco  for  Callao  in  the  months  of  August, 
September,  and  October,  to  take  the  inner  passage;  that  is,  being  in  the  long,  of  110°  west, 
lat.  8°  north,  steer  along  the  equator  by  the  wind,  passing  either  side,  or  between  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands,  as  the  wind  will  permit.  Had  I  taken  this  route  instead,  of  crossing  the  SE.  trades, 
it  would  have  shortened  my  passage  one  month,  which  has  been  proved  by  the  '  West  Wind' 
and  several  other  ships  the  above  months.  I  inquired  of  several  disinterested  captains  as 
regards  the  passage  to  Callao;  all  advised  crossing  the  SE.  trades.  It  may  do  when  the  sun  is 
far  north.  This  passage  is  little  understood  as  j^et,  and  as  the  guano  trade  has  become  of  so 
much  importance,  I  feel  in  duty  bound  to  throw  in  my  mite  for  future  navigators'  benefit,  and 
to  aid  you  in  your  noble  pursuit.  I  had  no  difficulty  with  my  ship  (steady  trades)  in  beating 
from  Callao  to  the  Chincha  Islands  in  three  days.  What  difficulty  can  exist  in  beating  from 
the  equator  to  Callao?  See  what  a  glorious  run  I  had  round  the  Horn  this  time  homeward.  I 
turned  the  corners  short.  I  had  the  SE.  trade  very  light  and  far  north  until  I  reached  1°  lat. 
See  westerly  currents,  <fec.,  and  ships  I  spoke  in  my  abstract  enclosed.' 

"Individual  cases  may  be  cited  in  favor  of  each  route,  but  upon  the  whole,  and  with 
such  lights  as  I  have,  I  am  inclined  to  give  the  preference  to  the  western  or  off-shore  route  as 
the  one  which  for  most  of  the  year  and  on  the  long  run  will  give  the  shortest  average  passage, 
and  which  average,  w^hen  the  route  comes  to  be  properly  understood  and  followed,  will 
probably  be  brought  down  as  low  as  50-52  days  the  year  round." — (7th  Ed.,  p.  707.) 

The  present  average  by  69  vessels  is  56  days  for  the  western  route  against  61  as  the 
average  of  30  vessels  that  took  the  in-shore  route.  The  shortest  passages  are  by  the  Adelaide, 
in  June,  1856,  by  the  west  passage,  and  by  the  Hornet,  in  September,  1852,  by  the  in-shore 
route;  each  had  34  days.  The  ahstrojct  logs  do  not  shoiv  thai  navigators  understand  these  routes  as 
they  slwuld.  The  inner  route  is  the  most  uncertain,  and  though  good  runs  may  now  and  then 
be  made  by  it,  it  is  longest  on  the  average.  The  run  by  the  western  passage  ought  not  to 
average  more  than  52  days. 

I  quote  from  the  7th  edition  concerning  this  route,  for  data  concerning  it  or  the  means  of 
discussing  them  have  not  been  increased  to  any  considerable  extent  since  that  publication. 
But  my  own  experience  and  subsequent  reflection  so  far  do  not  justify  me  in  changing  the  opinions 
there  expressed: 

"Most  vessels  on  this  voyage  make  a  mistake,  especially  in  summer  and  fall,  in  the 
passage  across  the  belt  of  NE,  trades.     Being  anxious  to  get  to  the  east,  they  edge  along, 


FROM  CALIFORNIA  TO  CALLAO.  '  783 

aiming  to  lose  these  winds  in  90*^  or  100°  as  the  case  may  be.  There  they  encounter  the 
southwardly  monsoons  that  are  found  at  this  season  of  the  year  between  the  system  of  trade 
winds  in  the  Pacific  ofi"  the  American  coast  as  they  are  along  the  African  coast  in  the  Atlantic. 
The  vessels  taking  this  course,  and  being  so  baffled,  have  now  to  make  a  sharp  elbow  and  run 
off  8°  or  10°,  or  even  more  degrees  to  the  westward  before  they  clear  this  belt  of  calms  and 
monsoons  and  get  the  SE.  trades.     Of  course  the  voyage  is  greatly  prolonged  by  this. 

' '  The  route  which,  as  at  present  advised,  I  would  recommend,  is,  that  navigators  steer 
the  same  course  from  California  that  they  would  if  bound  to  the  United  States,  until  they  pass 
through  the  SE.  trades  and  clear  the  calms  of  Capricorn.  Therefore,  I  say  to  the  Chincha- 
bound  trader,  when  you  get  your  offing  from  the  'Heads,'  steer  south,  aiming  to  cross  the 
line  not  to  the  east  of  115°,  for  the  rule  is,  the  further  east  the  harder  it  is  to  cross  the 
equatorial  doldrums  in  the  Pacific,  as  well  as  it  is  in  the  Atlantic. 

' '  When  you  get  the  SE.  trades  crack  on  with  topmast  studding-sail  set  until  you  get  the 
•brave  west  winds'  on  the  polar  side  of, the  calms  of  Capricorn.  Now  turn  sharp  off  from  the 
route  around  Cape  Horn,  and  run  %a4Ji  until  you  bring  your  port  to  bear  to  the  northward  of 
NE.,  when  you  may  'stick  her  away.'  Now,  by  this  rule  the  Chincha-bound  navigator  may 
sometimes,  before  he  gets  these  westerly  winds,  find  himself  as  far  south  as  40°  or  45°,  and  as 
far  west  as  120°  or  125°,  Let  him  not  fear,  but  stand  on  until  he  gets  the  winds  that  will 
enable  him  to  steer  east,  or  until  he  intercepts  the  route  from  Australia  to  Callao,  when  he 
may,  without  fear  of  not  fetching,  take  that. 

' '  In  the  summer  and  fall  of  the  northern  hemisphere — June  to  November — the  calm  belt 
of  Capricorn  will  be  cleared  generally  on  the  equatorial  side  of  the  parallel  of  30°  south;  at 
the  other  seasons,  you  will  have  frequently  to  go  6°  or  8°  further. 

' '  On  this  voyage,  navigators,  as  soon  as  they  leave  the  SE.  trades,  are  often  tempted  by 
pus's  and  'spirts'  of  westerly  winds  to  stand  east;  and  thus  time  is  lost  by  running  east  with  a 
4  or  5 -knot  breeze  in  the  calm  belt  of  Capricorn.  They  should  stand  south  until  they  clear  it, 
preferring,  as  a  rule,  to  take  the  chances  of  better  winds  and  the  certainty — which  is  some 
compensation— of  shorter  degrees  of  longitude  beyond. 

"It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  remark,  that  navigators,  in  order  to  understand  these  routes 
so  as  to  profit  by  them  fvUy,  must  first  make  themselves  acquainted  with  all  that  has  been  said 
in  previous  parts  of  this  work  about  atmospherical  circulation,  the  trade-winds  and  monsoons 
at  difi'erent  seasons  of  the  year,  the  limits  of  these  bands  of  winds,  and  the  influence  of  deserts 
and  distant  lands  upon  them.  In  other  words,  the  navigator  who  has  taken  the  Charts  and 
Sailing  Directions  for  his  guide  from  Europe  or  Atlantic  America  to  the  Pacific,  will  necessarily 
have  acquired  the  information  which  will  enable  him  properly  to  understand  and  rightly  to 
comprehend  the  Sailing  Directions  between  California,  China,  Australia,  and  the  various  parts 
of  the  world  mentioned  in  connexion  with  them.  To  go  south,  along  the  coast  of  Central 
America,  is  very  much  like  going  south  in  the  Atlantic  along  the  coast  of  Africa.  The  condi- 
tions as  to  winds,  calms,  and  rains  are  very  much  the  same;  consequently,  I  should  regard  it  as 
tedious  repetition  to  go  over  here,  for  this  part  of  the  route  to  Callao,  all  that  I  have  said  about 
the  winds,  &c.,  on  the  route  to  Rio. 

"With  the  assistance  of  Lieutenants  Minor  and  Young,  I  am  enabled  to  present,  for  the 
satisfaction  of  those  interested  in  the  navigation  between  California  and  Peru,  a.  table  of 
crossings  by  the  two  routes.     The  eastern  route  is  the  shortest  in  distance,  and  therefore,  as  it 


784  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

might  be  expected,  the  quickest  runs  are  to  be  made  now  and  then  by  the  eastern  route. 
Distance  is  generally  in  its  favor,  and  a  good  run  of  luck  in  getting  across  the  calm  belts  and 
in  turning  corners  will  enable  a  vessel  now  and  then  to  go  very  quick.  But  when  that  run  of 
luck  is  to  occur  no  man  can  tell;  and  while  the  route  well  fulfils  all  the  conditions  of  the 
shortest  passage  in  individual  cases,  it  also  fulfils  the  conditions  of  the  longest  on  the  average. 

' '  Captain  Knapp,  of  the  Hornet,  had  such  a  run  of  luck,  and  made  the  quickest  passage 
that  has  been  made.  It  will  be  difficult  to  make  so  good  a  one  by  the  western  route,  (it  has 
been  done,  1859,  by  the  Adelaide,)  or  to  beat  it  by  the  eastern,  (it  has  not  been  done,  1859.) 

"I  treat  the  routes  on  the  average.  Perhaps  when  log-books  shall  be  received  in  sufficient 
numbers,  the  eastern  route  may  prove  the  best  at  certain  seasons;  but  now  those  who  take  the 
western  route  appear  to  have  in  their  favor,  the  year  round,  an  average  of  about  nine  per  cent, 
of  time.  But  it  has  not  been  at  all  understood  or  properly  followed,  and  I  think  that  the  results 
to  be  obtained  in  the  course  of  the  next  year  or  two,  after  these  remarks  meet  the  eye  of  navi- 
gators, will  exhibit  a  more  decided  contrast  than  that  between  58  and  63  days,  for  these  are 
the  averages  shown  by  such  data  as  I  have,  and  are  herewith  exhibited." — (7th  Ed.,  p.  713.) 

The  average  of  the  passages  since  March  is  52.5  days  by  the  western  route,  and  57.4  days 
by  the  in-shore  route.  Four  years  ago  it  was  said  (p.  707)  that  the  average  western  passage 
ought  to  be  reduced  so  as  not  to  exceed  52  days.  This  reduction  has  been  reached  within  the 
fraction  of  a  day,  and  that  a  little  more  experience  will  overcome  this  half  day  I  have  no  doubt. 


FROM    CALIFORNIA   TO    CALLAO. 


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FROM   THE    SANDWICH   TO   THE   SOCIETY   ISLANDS. 


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792  .        THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

The  only  thing  which  claims  at  present  further  remark  upon  this  passage  are  the  currents. 
The  abstract  log  of  "L'Eurydice"  is  very  well. kept;  she  was  evidently  navigated  by  an 
accomplished  navigator.  In  August  she  experienced  those  remarkably  strong  currents  between 
the  two  places  which  so  forcibly  impressed  themselves  upon  my  imagination  while  making  the 
same  voyage  as  a  midshipman  in  September  and  October,  1829,  on  board  the  United  States 
ship  Yincennes.  It  will  not  escape  attentibn  that  "L'Eurydice"  invariably  experienced 
the  strongest  currents  as  she  passed  from  one  system  of  trade-winds  to  the  other.  The 
current  on  August  25  is  one  of  ' '  mill  tail ' '  velocity.  "We  can  only  account  for  this  ' '  river  in 
the  ocean"  at  such  a  place  by  ascribing  it  to  the  joint  effect'  of  the  two  systems  of  trade- 
winds.     At  least  no  other  cause  in  explanation  suggests  itself  to  my  mind. 

FROM  AUSTRALIA  TO  CALLAO. 

The  Chincha  Islands,  with  their  guano,  offer  a  return  cargo  both  to  Australia  and 
California  traders.  The  way  from  the  former  is  plain,  for  the  navigator  has  fair  winds  and 
flowing  sheets  all  the  way. 

The  route  from  Australia  to  Callao  is  the  same  as  the  route  from  Australia  to  Cape  Horn, 
until  it  passes  south  of  50°.  The  distance  from  Port  Philip  to  Callao  is  7, 000  miles,  and  the 
run  has  been  made  in  34  days.     On  this  voyage  the  rules  of  the  road  are  simple. 

From  Melbourne  make  the  best  of  your  way  for  the  intersection  of  the  meridian  of  170° 
E.  with  the  parallel  of.  48°-50°  S.  Then  follow  this  parallel  to  its  intersection  with  120°  W. 
Arrived  here,  haul  up  for  your  port,  taking  care  when  you  arrive  at  the  belt  of  light  winds 
which  border  the  SE.  trades  to  steer  due  north  until  you  clear  them  and  get  the  trades, 
keeping  your  port  to  the  northward  of  NE. 

The  track  of  the  Gem  of  the  Sea  affords  a  very  good  illustration  of  this  route.  She  made 
a  "crack"  run. 


FROM   THE    SANDWICH   AND   SOCIETY   ISLANDS   TO   CALLAO. 


793 


Abstract  log  of  the  barque  Gem  of  the  Sea  (A.  Bowen.)     From  Port  Philip  to  CaUao. 


Oct. 


185a. 

Sept.  25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
1 


Latitude  at 
noon. 


Nov, 


38  30  S. 

39  36 

40  02 

42  00 

44  10 

46  40 

48  56 

49  06  D  R 

50  32  D.R. 
5'.>  30  D.R. 
50  28 
50  19 
50  16 
50  20 
50  24 
50  20 
49  09 

47  22 

45  50 
44  35 

43  07 
40  44 
38  10 
35  58 
34  29 
33  U2 
31  28 
29  48 
28  47 
26  05 
25  34 
25  05 
23  34 
21  20 
19  17 
17  37 
15  00 
12  30 


Longi:ude  at 
noon. 


144  45  W. 
146  45 
148  30 
15-2  45 

156  44 
160  10 
164  10 
168  10 
173  20 
178  20 
177  00 
168  00 
162  00 

157  00 
152  00 
146  07 
140  20 
ir/  20 
131  00 
125  15 
119  15 
115  50 
111  10 
106  50 
103  13 

99  58 
95  50 
92  50 

90  50 

91  25 
No.  obs. 

90  10 
87  30 
84  50 
83  00 
81  37 
79  50 
78  00 


Currents  (knots.) 


E.NE.,1  mile 
E.,  i  mile.... 

Obs.  90°  15'  . . 


Barometer. 


30.0 

29.9 

29.5 

29.3 

29.0 

29.5 

29.5 

29.6 

29.8 

29.8 

29.9 

30.0 

29.7 

29.6 

29.3 

29.0 

28.4 

28.4 

29.0 

29.3 

29.4 

29.1 

29.4 

29.6 

29.8 

29.8 

30  0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

29  9 

29.8 

29.8 

29.08 

29.8 


Temp,  of  air 
at  9  a.m. 


54 
54 
55 
53 
50 
50 
53 
54 
54 
52 
53 
53 
52 
52 
52 
52 
50 
50 
52 
53 
54 
51 
54 
56 
58 
58 
60 
68 
70 
72 
73 
76 
72 
68 
66 
66 
66 
66 


First  part. 


SW 

SW 

NE 

NW 

W.byS.  . 
W.  byS... 
W.NW... 
W.NW.... 

W.NW 

N.NW.... 
N.  byW.. 

N 

N.NW.  .., 
NW.  by  W 
NW.  by  W 
N.NW.  .. 
N.  by  W... 
N.  by  W.. 

W.SW 

NW 

NW.  by  W 

W.NW 

W.SW 

W.SW 

W.SW.... 
W.  by  S... 
N.NW...., 
N.  by  W.. 
N.  by  W.. 

N  

NW 

Calm 

NW 

NW.byN. 
N.  by  W... 
N.NW...., 

SE 

E.NE 


Middle  part. 


SW 

SW 

N 

W 

W.byS.. 
W.SW.  .. 
W.NW.... 
WNW.  .. 
NW.  by  N 
N.NW.... 
N.  byW.. 

N 

NW 

W.NW.... 
N.NW.... 
N.  by  W.. 
N.  by  W.. 
W.NW... 
W.SW... 

NW 

NW 

W.NW.  .. 
W.SW... 
SW.byS.. 
W  SW.  .. 
W.NW.... 

N 

N.  by  W.. 

N 

N.  byE... 

E.NE , 

NW 

N.NW 

N.NW.... 

NW 

SE.  byE.. 
E 


Latter  part. 


SW. 

NE. 

N.  by  W. 

W.  by  S. 

W.  by  S. 

W.  by  S. 

W.  by  N. 

W.NW. 

NW.byN. 

N.  by  W. 

N.  by  E. 

NW.  by  W. 

W. 

N.NW. 

N.  by  W. 

N.  by  W. 

W.SW. 

NW. 

NW. 

NW.  by  N. 

W.NW. 

W.SW. 

SW.  by  S. 

W.  by  S. 

N.NW. 

N.  by  W. 

N.  by  W. 

N. 

N.NE. 

NE. 

Calm. 

NNW. 

N.  by  W. 

NW. 


FROM  THE  SANDWICH  AND  SOCIETY  ISLANDS  TO  CALLAO  AND  VALPARAISO. 

The  route  both  to  Callao  and  Valparaiso  is  the  same  as  the  route  to  Cape  Horn,  until  you 
get  far  enough  east  to  fetch  port  through  the  SE.  trades.  A  vessel  bound  to  Callao  should  not 
stand  north  before  she  brings  her  port  to  bear  to  the  northward  of  NE. 

I  again  extract  from  Captain  Pichon's  excellent  log  of  the  French  corvette  "L'Eurydice" 
to  illustrate  this  passage,  with  the  remark  that  had  that  ship  been  running,  as  merchantmen  do, 
for  a  quick  passage,  she  would  have  made  better  time  by  running  further  to  the  south.  From 
August  19  to  23  she  had  a  "  spirt"  of  northerly  winds;  then  the  SE.  trades;  then  another  "spirt" 
on  the  30th,  which  lasted  four  days,  to  be  followed  again  by  a  sporadic  SE.  trade.  This  is  the 
debatable  ground  between  the  trades  and  the  variables  in  which  it  is  so  difficult  to  make 
longitude  and  to  which  I  have  so  frequently  alluded.  I  would  get  on  the  polar  side  of  35°  or 
40°  before  I  would  heed  these  "spirts,"  and  then  I  would  not  alter  my  course  for  them  unless 
they  were  pretty  fresh;  nor  would  I  care  to  cross  the  meridian  of  135°  or  130°  until  I  was 
sure  of  the  "brave  west  winds." 
VOL.  II 100 


794 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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FROM   CHILI   AND   PERU   TO   INDIA.  795 

FROM  CALLAO  AND  VALPARAISO  TO  INDIA. 

I  have  advised  a  shipmaster  who  consulted  me  by  letter  gis  to  this  route  to  go  by  the  way 
of  Cape  Horn,  especially  when  the  winds  are  favorable  for  an  oflSng  to  Cape  Horn  bound  vessels. 
The  distance  by  the  Cape  to  Calcutta  is  10,500  miles;  while  the  distance  by  the  usual  route 
west,  or  "running  down  the  trades,"  as  it  is  called,  is  13,000,  or  2,500  greater.  The  difference 
in  time  will  be  quite  as  great  as  this  difference  of  distance  would  indicate.  Indeed,  in  addition 
to  distance,  time  is  also  in  favor  of  the  Cape  Horn  route,  for  the  winds  are  stronger  and  quite 
as  fair.  Both  distance  and  winds  are  still  more  in  favor  of  Cape  Horn,  if  Ceylon,  Bombay, 
Mauritius,  or  any  of  the  ports  west,  be  the  place  of  destination. 

As  one  stands  between  the  capes  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  looks  north  upon  the  chart,  he 
sees  a  part  of  the  ocean,  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  A  without  the  cross,  which  is  untravelled, 
except  by  whalemen  and  sealers.  The  track  to  and  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  forms  one 
side  of  the  letter;  the  track  to  and  fro  around  Cape  Horn,  the  other.  Between  these  two  sides 
the  ocean  is  a  solitude.  Among  the  many  thousand  merchant  logs  that  are  on  file  in  the 
Observatory  there  is  not  one  to  show  that  any  trader  has  ever  performed  the  voyage  from  the 
oflSngs  of  Cape  Horn  to  the  offings  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

I  have  a  bottle  paper  which  has  traversed  this  space  from  west  to  east,  and  put  the  cross 
to  this  huge  A  in  the  ocean.  It  was  thrown  overboard  b}''  Captain  Tobin,  of  the  ship  Ocean 
Chief,  lat.  42°  40'  S.,  long.  42°  32'  W.,  January,  1857,  and  picked  up  at  sea  350  days  after- 
wards, by  Captain  Williams,  of  the  Gideon  Howland,  in  lat.  39°  50'  S.,  long.  36°  35'  E., 
p.  607,  indicating  a  regular  easterly  drift  of  about  10  miles  a  day. 

The  remarks  upon  this  route  in  former  editions  have  called  forth  the  following  letter  from 
Captain  Feyen,  dated  March,  1857: 

' '  In  your  most  valuable  Sailing  Directions  3'^ou  express  the  wish  to  hear  something  about 
the  passage  from  Cape  Horn  towards  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to 
give  you  some  little  information  as  regards  the  route,  having  made  a  voyage  from  the  Chinchas 
and  Callao  to  Mauritius,  in  a  Peruvian  ship.  We  left  Callao  the  13th  of  November,  1854,  and 
arrived  the  13th  of  February,  1855,  at  Mauritius.  What  concerns  the  passage  from  Callao  to 
Cape  Horn  was  as  usual.  From  Diego  Ramirez  steered  for  the  Aurora  Islands,  which  we  did 
not  see,  passing,  however,  according  to  good  observations,  within  sight  of  them.  From  49°  S. 
to  45°  S.,  and  35°  W.  to  27°  W.,  had,  for  three  days  running,  soundings,  and  sometimes  we 
passed  over  very  shoal  patches,  with  less  than  25  fathoms.  Had  a  cast  of  the  lead  twice  a  day. 
The  first  was  45  to  50  fathoms;  the  second  day  50  to  60;  and  the  third  from  55  to  80  fathoms. 
All  this  time  had  an  awkward,  uncomfortable  sea,  which  was  at  times  almost  dangerous  for  its 
short,  breaking  waves,  which  would  fall  on  board  with  a  tremendous  force.  The  wind  was, 
during  this  time,  from  the  NW.  to  W.NW.  The  day  we  left  these  soundings  fell  in  with  a 
large  iceberg,  the  largest  I  ever  saw,  and  since  then  have  been  in  the  ice  for  three  days,  with 
a  fresh  breeze  from  the  NW.  and  foggy  weather.  The  ice  ranged  about  from  the  SW.  to  the 
NE.  and  E.NE.,  and  there  is  a  remarkable  current  to  the  north  and  eastward.  As  you  will  see 
by  the  latitudes  and  longitudes  on  the  margin,  we  steered  a  more  northerly  course  than  we 
should  have  done  if  the  passage  had  been  clear,  as  we  intended  to  run  her  along  to  52°  E.  on 
45°  S. 

"Vessels  bound  from  Valparaiso  or  Callao  to  the  Indian  Ocean  should  be  very  careful,  and 
avoid  going  to  the  southward  of  41°  S.,  especially  from  October  till  April,  in  those  longitudes, 


796  THE  WIND  AND  QUERENT  CHARTS. 

to  avoid  the  masses  of  ice  which  are  drifting  from  there  along  to  the  eastward.  It  is  my  belief, 
further,  that  the  passage  from  the  SW.  coast  of  America  can  be  made  in  a  comparative  short 
space  of  time,  as,  to  my  knowledge,  the  English  ship  Morning  Star  made  this  passage  from 
Callao  to  Mauritius  in  45  days,  and  she  is  a  full-built  ship  and  not  fast.  Eight  or  nine  vessels 
left  with  us  from  Callao  for  Mauritius,  and  they  all  have  been  in  the  ice — several  for  5  and  6 
days,  and  two  Frenchmen  had  soundings  pretty  much  agreeing  with  ours. 

"I  should  think  the  Mauritius  Observatory  could  give  you  the  details  of  the  several  ships' 
logs,  as  they  overhaul  them  there  and  take  copies  of  what  is  interesting  to  them.  I  kept  a 
private  log,  which  I  am  very  sorry  not  to  have  with  me.  Should  you,  however,  have  any 
question  to  ask  which" it  is  in  my  power  to  ang/wer  I  shall  be  most  happy  to  be  agreeable  to 
your  wishes." 

The  way  by  the  Cape  Horn  route  to  India  is  to  proceed  from  "Valparaiso  as  though  you 
were  homeward  bound  around  the  Cape,  and  then,  with  the  "brave  west  winds"  which  prevail 
there,  to  run  east  with  flowing  sheets,  passing  between  the  isles  of  South  Georgia  and  Sand- 
wich Land,  keeping  a  bright  lookout  for  icebergs.  The  route  thence  crosses  the  prime  meridian 
in  about  54°  lat.,  20°  E.  in  50°,  35°  E.  in  40°,  by  which  time  the  navigator  will  again  find 
himself  in  the  travelled  thoroughfares,  and  will  know  how  to  proceed. 

Distance  from  Valparaiso,  via  Cape  Horn  route,  Western,  or  usual  route. 

To  Canton 11, 500  miles.  10, 800  miles. 

To  Shanghai 12,200  miles.  10,500  miles. 

To  Java  Head 9,700  miles. 

In  the  southern  summer  the  voyage  from  Valparaiso  to  Canton  may,  on  account  of  the 
winds,  be  performed  quite  as  quickly  via  Cape  Horn  as  it  may  be  by  the  route  west.  If  the 
"brave  west  winds"  will  enable  a  ship  by  Cape  Horn  to  average  only  10  miles  a  day  more 
during  the  voyage  than  she  can  in  "running  down  the  trades"  west,  time,  which  now  is  worth 
so  much  in  navigation,- would  be  somewhat  in  favor  of  the  Cape  Horn  route  even  to  Canton. 

Vessels  bound  to  Western  India,  or  to  Madagascar,  or  to  East  Africa,  or  the  Mauritius, 
may  also  take  the  Cape  Horn  route  with  advantage. 

FROM  AUSTRALIA  TO  CHINA. 

Vessels  bound  from  the  southern  ports  of  Australia,  in  the  season  from  September  to  April, 
may  go  west  of  New  Holland;  but  at  other  seasons,  and  from  Sydney  and  the  east  coast,  it  is 
better  to  go  east. 

Observations  are  very  much  wanted  in  all  these  parts  of  the  sea,  and  owing  to  the  want 
of  them  I  am  not  prepared  to  issue  any  sailing  directions  for  the  various  routes  to  and  fro 
across  the  China  seas,  and  its  neighboring  archipelagoes.  I  can  only  venture  a  suggestion  here 
and  there,  which  I  hope  will  be  regarded  by  navigators  merely  as  suggestions  for  their  consid- 
eration. Being  in  the  dark  as  to  the  peculiarities  of  the  winds  and  currents  on  this  voyage,  the 
following  abstract  log  will  perhaps  afford  navigators  more  and  better  light  as  to  this  route,  and 
its  winds,  during  the  season  when  it  was  made,  than  they  would  be  likely  to  derive  from  any 
information  that  it  is  in  my  power  to  give.  Owing  to  the  want  of  sea  room  on  voyages  like 
this,  which  pass  through  archipelagoes  or  close  seas,  other  influences  besides  those  of  winds  and 
currents  supervene  to  limit  discretion,  consequently  this  route,  like  the  route  between  China 
and  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  is  not  open  to  much  improvement  by  a  study  of  the  winds  alone. 


FROM  AUSTRALIA  TO  CHINA. 


797 


Abstract  log  of  the  ship  Queen  of  the  East  (Truman  Bartlett.)     From  Sydney  to  Hong  Kong. 


Date. 

Latitude  at 
noon. 

Longitude  at 
noon. 

Currents,  (knots.) 

Bar. 

TUERMOM.  9  A.  M. 

WINDS. 

Air. 

Water. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Laiter  part. 

1854. 
April      1 

0  ; 

33  10  S. 
32  37 

30  32 
28  5§ 
27  16 
35  20 
23  22 

31  23 
17  28 

13  33 
10  44 

9  14 
6  44 
5  00 

4  04 
3  10 

2  28 

1  14 
0  S2 

0  19  N. 

0  55 

1  08 
1  32 

3  32 

5  16 
8  06 

10  28 
12  09 
12  53 
1*3  04 

14  37 

14  30 

15  30 

15  54 

16  37 

17  37 

18  13 
18  25 

18  37 

19  00 

19  43 

20  00 
20  10 
20  00 
':0  24 

0          1 

156  20  E. 

160  34 

163  52 
165  51 

167  12 
16b  40 

169  30 

170  56 

171  12 
170  58 
170  40 
169  57 

168  45 
167  00 
165  40 

164  40 
164  30 
163  00 
162  33 

161  45 
161  20 
160  58 
160  55 
159  30 

157  12 
155  00 
151  30 
148  35 
146  18 

141  50 

142  17 
140  04 
138  03 
136  40 
134  37 
132  28 
131  07 
129  13 
127  53 
126  40 
125  10 
123  41 
120  30 
118  35 
115  54 

30.3 

30. 2J 

30.3 

30.3 

30.3 

30. li 

30.0 

29. 8i 

29.7 

29  6i 

29.6 

29  6 

29.6 

29  5 

29.6 

29.4 

29.5 

29.6 

29.6 

29.5 

29.5 

29.5 

29  OJ 

29. 6i 

29.6 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.6 

29.6^ 

29.7 

29.7 

29.8 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

29. 6  J 

29.7 

29.7 

29.7 

68 
68 
69 
69 
71 
72 
77 
78 
83 
85 
88 
88 
87 
86 
87 
87 
88 
87 
90 
86 
88 
88 
87 
81 
82 
84 
83 
82 
85 
86 
86 
86 
86 
8G 
85 
85 
86 
85 
86 
87 
86 
86 
85 
86 
86 

74 

^^ 

75 
75 
76 
76 

78 

78 

82 

85i 

86i 

87i 

88 

88 

89 

88 

90 

891 

89 

ggj 

90 

89i 

89 

88 

86^ 

85 

85 

85 

85 

85 

P6 

89 

e8 

88 
87 
86 
87 
88i 

m 

85 
85 

es 

88 
87i 

SW 

S  SW 

2 

South 

S.SE 

SEbyE 

ESE.. 

SE. 

3 

SE.byE 

E.SE 

SE.  by  E. 
E.SE 

4 

5 

E.SE 

E.SE 

E  SFt 

6 

E.byS 

E.byS 

E.byS 

E.byS 

E  byS 

E.byS 

E.NE 

East 

E.byS 

East 

ESE 

E.byS 

East 

E.byS 

NE.  byE 

NE.byE  .... 
E.SE 

E  byS. 
E.  by  S. 

7 
8 

9 

E   by  S. 
E.  by  8. 
East. 
NE.  by  E. 
NE.  by  E. 
NE.  by  E. 
E.SE. 

JO 
11 
12 

•Smiles,  W 

24,  W 

13 

NE.  by  E 

NE  

14 

15,  W 

15 

24,  W 

E.NE 

16 

E.NE 

E.SE 

East 

East 

Variable 

ENE 

Calm 

SE. 

17 

NE 

SE. 

18 

18,  W 

SE 

NE. 

19 

Variable 

East 

Variable. 
NE 

30 

20,  W 

31 

Calm 

NE. 

22 

NE 

Calm 

Calm. 

23 

NE 

NW 

ENE 

NE. 

24 

NE 

E.NE. 

25 

NE.  byE  

NE.  by  E 

NE 

NE.byE 

NE  

NE.  by  E. 
NE. 

36 

27 

24,  W.SW 

NE 

NE. 

28 

24,W.SW 

NE 

NE 

NE. 

29 

NE 

NB , 

NE 

NE 

30 

NE 

NE. 

May        I 

24,  Westerly 

None 

NE 

NE 

NE. 

2 

N.NE 

E.NE  . 

E  NE. 

3 

12,  Westerly 

12,  W.S  W 

N.NE 

N.NE 

East. 

4 

N.NE 

NE  

East ... 

NE 

E  SE 

5 

12,8W.  by  W 

Little,  if  any 

E.NE. 

6 

East ,-. . 

SE 

NE 

7 

NE 

NE. 

b 

24,ESE 

East 

East. 

9 

38,E.SE 

15,  E.SE 

E.SE 

East 

E.SE. 

10 

E.SE 

SE 

SE 

SE. 

11 

None 

East 

E.NE. 

12 

SE 

SE 

S.SE. 

13 

S.SE 

S.SE 

S.SE. 

14 

SE 

SE 

SE. 

\:t 

SE 

East. 

798  THE  WIND  AND  CUKRENT  CHARTS. 

FEOM  AUSTRALIA  AROUND  CAPE  HORN. 

"The  homeward  route  recommended  in  the  5th  edition  of  the  Australia  Directory  of  the 
Admiralty,  already  referred  to,  and  published  in  1855,  is  thus  described  at  page  4  of  that 
work : 

"  '  Ships  bound  from  Sydney  to  Europe  or  Hindostan,  from  the  1st  of  September  to  the  1st 
of  April,  may  proceed  by  the  southern  route  through  Bass  Strait,  or  round  Tasmania,  easterly 
winds  being  found  to  prevail  along  the  south  coast  of  Australia  at  that  season,  particularly  in 
January,  February,  and  March,  when  ships  have  made  good  passages  to  the  westward,  by 
keeping  to  the  northward  of  40°  S.,  and  have  passed  round  Cape  Leeuwin  into  the  SE.  trade- 
wind,  which  is  then  found  to  extend  further  south  than  during  the  winter  months.  In  adopting 
the  southern  route,  advantage  must  be  taken  of  every  favorable  change  of  the  wind,  in  order 
to  make  westing;  and  it  is  advisable  not  to  approach  too  near  the  land,  on  account  of  the  SW. 
gales,  which  are  often  experienced  even  in  the  summer,  and  the  contrary  currents,  which  run 
strongest  in  with  the  land.  The  prevalence  of  strong  westerly  gales  renders  the  southern  route 
very  difficult,  and,  indeed,  generally  impracticable  in  the  winter,  although  the  passage  has 
been  performed  at  that  season,  by  ships  in  good  condition,  which  sailed  well;  but  the  northern 
route  through  Torres  Strait  is  preferred  in  the  winter  months.' 

' '  Here  is  a  difference  as  wide  as  the  poles,  and  as  far  as  the  east  is  from  the  west.  These 
Sailing  Directions  which  I  am  now  writing  are  founded  on,  in  fact  they  are  the  results  of,  the 
actual  experience  of  navigators,  and  yet  so  great  is  the  difference  between  them  and  the  British 
Admiralty,  the  highest  authority  known  in  navigation. 

"They  recommend  vessels  bound  to  Europe  or  America,  from  Sydney,  to  steer  to  the  south- 
ward.    The  Admiralty  Directory  says,  go  north. 

"They  advise  vessels  to  go  through  Cook's  Strait,  or  pass  south  altogether  of  New 
Zealand.  The  Directory  of  the  Admiralty  says,  go  north  of  New  Holland,  and  pass  through 
Torres  Strait. 

' '  They  say,  come  east.     The  Admiralty  says,  go  west. 

' '  The  same  '  brave  west  winds '  which  take  vessels  so  rapidly  from  the  meridian  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  eastwardly,  along  the  parallels  of  50°  to  60°  towards  Australia,  will  also 
bring  them  over  eastwardly  along  the  same  parallels  towards  Cape  Horn. 

' '  The  investigations  which  have  been  carried  on  at  this  office,  concerning  the  winds  of 
that  part  of  the  ocean,  forbid  me  to  recommend  this  Admiralty  route  to  any  homeward  bound 
European  or  American  vessel,  under  any  circumstances  whatever;  always  assuming  that  these 
Directions  are  intended  for  ships  that  are  seaworthy,  properly  fitted  and  found.  The  average 
passage  to  Europe,  by  this  admiralty  route,  is  120  days.  Ships  may  occasionally  find  the 
easterly  winds  as  low  down  south  as  the  directions  of  the  admiralty  suggest;  but  it  is  the  excep- 
tion, not  the  rule,  so  to  find  them.  In  proof  of  this,  I  refer  to  the  Pilot  Charts  of  that  part  of 
the  ocean,  and  shall  quote  other  authorities. 

"To  establish  this  point,  I  take  the  first  abstract  that  I  lay  my  hands  upon.  That  happens 
to  be  the  Thomas  Arbuthnot's — an  English  trader — from  Sydney  to  London,  via  Cape  Horn." 


FROM   AUSTRALIA    HOMEWARD,    VIA   CAPE   HORN. 


799 


Abstract  log  of  the  Thomas  Arhuthwt  (G.  H.  Heaton.)     Sydney  to  London,  1849. 


THER. 

9  a.  m. 

Date. 

Latitude  at 
noon. 

Longitude  at 
noun. 

Barometer. 

Winds— 

Remarks. 

Air. 

Water. 

»     1 

o 

^j 

P 

AprU  23 

41  07  8. 

179  54  E. 

29.95 

64 

62 

Rast 

Variable  and  clear. 

24 

44  10 

177  31  W. 

.29.60 

62 

59 

E.byN 

Moderate  and  clear. 

25 

46  27 

173  55 

30.00 

61 

58 

E.toN 

Strong  breezes  and  heavy  rain. 

26 

47  42 

171  24 

30.10 

58 

54 

N  to  N.NW  . 

Strong  breezes  and  heavy  rain. 

27 

49  04 

171  04 

30.20 

58 

56 

East 

Moderate  and  clear;  a  heavy  swell. 

28 

50  01 

166  U 

30.08 

58 

54 

NE.  to  NW.. 

Steady,  strong  breezes,  and  clear. 

29 

50  14 

160  40 

29.70 

55 

53 

W.NW.    ... 

Steady,  strong  breeze.<,  and  clear. 

30 

50  S3 

154  59 

29.70 

54 

52 

West 

Steady,  strong  breezes,  and  clear. 

May      1 

50  49 

150  22 

29.80 

53 

51 

West 

Steady,  strong  breezcj,  and  very  cold. 

2 

50  47 

145  02 

29.70 

54 

49 

West 

Steady,  strong  breezes,  and  very  cold. 

3 

51  24 

52  04 
52  19 

139  48 
134  30 
128  35 

29.60 
29.70 
29.75 

53 
52 

50 

48 
47 
46 

West 

Steady,  hard  gales,  and  very  cold. 
Steady,  hard  gales,  and  very  cold. 
Hard  gales ;  very  cold. 

4 

West 

5 

West 

6 

52  48 

123  32 

29.70 

50 

44 

>'  est 

Hard  gales ;  very  cold. 

7 

53  U 

117  50 

30.05 

50 

44 

NW.  to  W.. 

Hard  gales.;  very  cold,  hazy,  and  damp. 

8 

53  40 

112  48. 

30.08 

50 

44 

W.SW.toSW. 

Hard  gales ;  very  cold,  hazy,  and  damp. 

9 

54  09 
54  33 

106  37 
101  31 

29.50 
29.35 

50 

50 

44 
44 

SW 

Hard  gales;  much  sea  ;  much  snow. 
Moderate  breezes  and  clear. 

10 

SW.  to  W... 

11 

56  06 

96  23 

29.50 

45 

44 

SW.  toS 

Freshening  gales,  with  a  high  sea. 

12 

55  21 

92  06 

29  20 

43 

40 

S.SE.  to  W.. 

First  part  hard  gales ;  ends  moderating. 

13 

56  24 

86  38 

29.22 

44 

43 

West 

Steady,  strong  winds,  heavy  squalls,  and  rainy. 

14 

56  40 

80  24 

29.50 

44 

42 

West 

Steady,  strong  winds,  heavy  snow,  and  rain. 

15 

56  40 

75  27 

29.48 

46 

48 

SW.  to  S.SE. 

Variable,  with  light  rain;  ends  increasing;  snow. 

16 

56  52 

69  10 

29.35 

40 

40 

South 

Very  heavy  squalls ;  high  sea. 

17 

56  52 

65  20 

29.17 

42 

38 

SW.  to  S.SE. 

Very  heavy  squalls ;  2  p.  m.  saw  Diego  Ramirez  island. 

18 

55  05 

.  60  19 

29.50 

43 

40 

SE.  toNW.. 

Heavy  gales,  with  lots  of  snow. 

19 

53  21 

55  24 

29.35 

42 

42 

SW.  toS.... 

Heavy  breezes;  continual  snow  squalls. 

20 

51  15 

51  17 

29.50 

42 

42 

SE.  toS 

Heavy  breezes ;  continual  snow  squalls. 

21 

49  57 

48  23 

26.48 

44 

42 

SW.  toS  .... 

Moderate  and  clear. 

"Now  this  is  not  a  very  fast  ship,  yet  in  forty  days  from  Sydney  she  has  doubled  Cape  Horn. 

' '  She  did  not  get  into  those  '  brave  winds '  until  April  27,  lat.  49°  S.  From  that  time  till 
May  17,  when  she  was  off  the  Horn,  she  ran  with  flowing  sheets  through  these  free  winds  of 
the  west  106°  of  longitude  in  20  days,  which  gives  her  the  average  rate  of  5°  18',  say  200  miles 
per  day. 

"The  barque  Gem  of  the  Sea,  (A.  Bower,)  which  took  the  Admiralty  route  to  Australia,  and 
missed  the  strength  of  these  westerly  winds,  resolved  to  avail  herself  of  them  from  Port  Philip 
to  Callao.  She  accordingly  followed  very  nearly  the  Great  Circle  route,  reaching  the  parallel  of 
50°  S.  in  about  longitude  169°  E.,  and  not  recrossing  it  until  140°  W.,  (9  days.)  She  arrived 
at  Callao,  November  1,  1853,  after  a  very  quick  run  of  37  days  from  Port  Philip.  Steam  could 
not  have  done  much  better.  She  had  westerly  winds  all  the  way  until  she  reached  the  parallel 
of  19°  S.,  longitude  83°  W.  It  is  unusual,  however,  to  carry  these  westerly  winds  so  far  up 
into  the  region  of  SE.  trades. 

' '  Again,  the  distance  home  from  Australia  is  very  much  the  same  by  Cape  Horn  as  it  is 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

"It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  a  vessel,  running  before  these  west  winds,  to  Cape  Horn, 
takes  a  route  home,  which  as  to  time — the  true  measure  of  distance — is  much  nearer  than  it 
would  be  to  steer  west  in  the  face  of  these  winds.     But  the  Admiralty  Directory  recommends 


8(K)  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS 

the  navigator,  it  may  be  said,  to  go  north,  to  get  out  of  the  region  of  these  west  winds;  to  go 
where  the  winds  are  easterly,  and  then  steer  west. 

"In  reply,  it  may  be  remarked  that,  by  going  towards  the  equator,  you  go  away  from  the 
Great  Circle,  where  the  degrees  are  short,  and  the  distance  shortest,  into  parallels  where  the 
degrees  are  long,  and  the  distance  greatest;  and  then  the  easterly  winds  are  not,  for  speed, 
equal  to  those  from  the  'bonny  west,'  further  south. 

' '  These  winds  are  already  beginning  to  be  known  so  well  to  the  Australian  traders,  that 
it  is  usual  for  them,  I  am  told,  when  bound  home  by  this  route,  to  strike  topgallant  masts 
before  leaving  port.  It  is  a  voyage  that  tries  ship  and  crew;  but  of  all  the  voyages  in  the 
world,  that  part  of  it  between  the  offings  of  Australia  and  Cape  Horn  is  perhaps  the  most 
speedy  for  canvas. 

' '  There  it  may  outrun  steam. 

"I  have  deemed  it  proper  thus  to  allude  to  what  I  consider  faulty  Sailing  Directions^ 
because  that  Directory  is  uttered  by  the  highest  authority  known  to  navigators;  and  because  it 
was  necessary  to  point  out  wherefore,  and  wherein,  I  differ,  that  navigators  may  then  be  enabled 
the  better  to  choose,  each  for  himself,  which  of  the  two  to  follow.  And  I  may  add,  that  I 
have  not  yet  heard  of  a  single  homeward  bound  vessel  taking  the  Admiralty  route  from 
Australia.  Certainly,  none  who  are  co-operating  with  me  have  returned  an  abstract  log  for 
that  voyage." — (7th  edition,  pp.  802-5.) 

I  find  nothing  to  alter  in  the  above,  by  reason  of  what  has  fallen  under  my  observation 
since  it  was  written.  It  is  plain  sailing,  and  the  run  from  Australia  to  Cape  Horn  is  one  upon 
which  further  discussion  does  not  seem  to  promise  a  much  further  saving  of  time.  Neverthe- 
less, there  are  many  highly  interesting  physical  questions  which,  with  the  requisite  number 
of  observations  along  this  route,  further  discussion  might  enable  us  to  answer.  With  tables  of 
crossings,  time,  and  distance,  as  those  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda  to  20°  E.,  we  should  have  a 
standard  of  comparison  as  to  strength  of  the  ' '  brave  west  winds ' '  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  to  Australia,  and  those  to  Cape  Horn. 

FROM  THE  SANDWICH  AND  SOCIETY  ISLANDS  HOME. 

The  Society  are  on  the  wayside  of  the  route  around  "the  Horn"  from  the  Sandwich 
Islands. 

South  of  the  calms  of  Capricorn  the  winds  are  the  same  all  round  the  world.  Taking  them 
on  the  meridian  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  between  the  parallels  of  45°  and  50°  south, 
a  fast  ship  may  run  with  them  to  the  eastward,  averaging  upwards  of  200  miles  a  day  all  the 
way  round  to  Cape  Horn. 

Captain  McKay,  in  his  passage  of  83  days,  in  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  from  the  Sandwich 
Islands  to  New  York,  carried  the  SE.  trades  down  to  the  parallel  of  45°  south.  There  he 
found  the  bafiling  wind  peculiar  to  the  horse  latitudes;  after  crossing  the  parallel  of  48°,  he 
cleared  this  belt  and  took  the  famous  westerly  winds  which  wafted  him  along  so  finely. 

There  is  warm  water,  an  Australian  gulf  stream,  to  be  crossed  or  drifted  along  with, 
between  Port  Philip  and  Cape  Horn.  In  the  paper  on  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  is  referred  to 
at  page  304,  vol.  I  of  this  work,  the  existence  of  such  a  body  of  warm  water  was  theoretically 
pointed  out;  it  is  marked  on  Plate  XI,  vol.  1,  and  the  abstract  log  of  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas 
gives  practical  proof  of  its  existence,  as  the  following  extract  will  show: 


FROM   THE   SANDWICH   AND    SOCIETY  ISLANDS   HOME. 


801 


Date. 

Lat.  S. 

Long.  W. 

Temp.  air. 

Temp,  water. 

0               1 

o      / 

o 

„ 

Marcli   8 

47  49 

158  30 

70 

70 

9 

48  26 

156.  23 

67 

65 

10 

48  25 

151  24 

65 

65 

11 

48  15 

143  44 

60 

60 

12 

48  19 

136  32 

60 

62 

13 

48  40 

129  19 

40 

43 

14 

48  58 

125  00 

43 

42 

Here  is  a  change  of  19°  in  the  temperature  of  the  water  in  one  day's  run;  and  from  the 
parallel  of  47°  49'  to  that  of  48°  40',  though  the  difference  of  latitude  is  less  than  one  degree, 
the  difference  in  the  temperature  of  the  water  is  27°  ! 

I  shall  not  now  stop  to  go  over  what  has  already  been  said  (page  207,  vol  I)  about  the 
source  of  this  warm  water  and  the  genesis  of  this  warm  current;  suflSce  it  for  our  present  pur- 
pose to  say,  it  receives  its  warmth  in  the  equatorial  regions;  but  whether  in  the  Indian  Ocean  or 
in  the  torrid  zone  of  the  Pacific  it  is  immaterial  for  our  present  purpose.  We  know  it  comes 
from  warmer  latitudes  than  those  in  which  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  found  it;  and  therefore  it 
has  southing,  and  if  southing,  probably  also  easting,  in  its  course. 

In  like  manner,  the  cold  water  into  which  this  ship  ran  from  the  warm,  we  may,  for  like 
reasons,  suppose  to  come  from  towards  the  polar  regions,  and  to  be  bound  probably  to  the 
coast  of  Peru,  there  to  feed  that  remarkable  current  which  was  discovered  by  Humboldt,  and 
which  runs  up  as  far  as  to  the  Gallipagos  Islands,  where  it  probably  joins  the  equatorial  current 
that  flows  west  from  the  meridian  of  100°  "W.  in  the  torrid  zone  of  the  Pacific;  and  which, 
taking  a  sweep  down  towards  the  Society  Islands,  may  complete  the  circuit,  and  so  feed  the 
warm  current  of  which  I  have  been  speaking.  Is  this  cold  current  in  45°,  or  50°,  or  55° 
south,  an  ice-bearing  current?* — (Ft'cZe  Plate  XIV,  Vol.  I.) 

Vessels  bound  around  Cape  Horn,  from  any  of  the  inter- tropical  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
should  run  south  through  the  trades  with  topmast  studding-sails,  make  for  the  trade-like 
westerly  winds  of  the  South  Pacific,  and  with  them  run  down  their  easting  for  Cape  Horn. 

*  Much  has  yet  to  be  learned  concerning  the  currents  in  the  Pacific.  While  the  proof  of  this  sheet  is  in  hand  I  receive 
the  following  letter  from  Captain  Piper,  dated  Johnston's  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  December  22,  1858:  "Having  been 
appointed' '  says  he  "to  the  charge  of  these  islands  by  the  Pacific  Guano  Company,  I  have,  during  my  brief  residence 
here,  noticed  many  things  which  I  have  thought  might  interest  you  to  know. 

"The  first  is :  I  have  found  lodged  on  the  island  one  large  Oregon  pine  tree,  with  roots  attached,  about  100  feet  long  and 
about  five  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base  ;  also  one  large  redwood  log,  the  growth  of  California,  about  three  feet  diameter ;  ako 
one  other  Oregon  pine  tree,  about  three  feet  in  diameter  at  base,  witli  roots  attached;  also  the  greater  portion  of  a  sycamore 
tree,  about  a  foot  through. 

"The  Oregon  pine  doubtless  came  out  of  the  Columbia;  the  redwood  from  the  Mendocino,  or  Albion  River  Mills  of 
California,  as  it  was  a  saw  log  ;  the  sycamore  from  the  banks  of  the  Sacramento,  as  I  have  seen  none  grow  elsewhere  on  the 
coast.  Samples  of  this  wood  I  have  sent  to  you  by  Captain  Nelson,  of  the  ship  Harvey  Birch,  which  I  hope  you  will 
receive  in  due  time." 

Johnston's  Islands  are  in  lat.  17°  N.;  long.  169°  30'  W.  Tliese  logs  probably  drifted  down  with  the  cold  California 
current  into  the  region  of  the  NE.  trades,  and  then  by  these  winds  and  the  sea  were  blown  and  drifted  towards  these  islands. 
This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  currents  of  the  North  Pacific  rwn  in  a  sort  of  circle,  viz  :  North  along  the  shores  of 
China,  as  in  the  gulf  stream  of  Japan  ;  then  east  by  the  Aleutian  Islands,  as  the  drift-wood  there  abundantly  shoAvs ;  then 
along  the  NW.  coast  to  the  south,  as  the  thermometer  and  wrecks  show  ;  and  then,  as  indicated  by  these  logs,  to  the  east, 
and  so  back  to  China.  We  have  in  the  midst  of  this  vast  pool  another  woody  sea,  where  vast  quantities  of  drifi  are 
brought  together. 

VOL.  II -101 


802  THE  WIND  AND  CUREENT  CHARTS. 

I  shall  quote  the  abstract  log  of  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  McKay,  on  her  celebrated  run 
from  Oahu  to  New  York,  in  1853. 

This  log  will  also  serve  still  further  to  illustrate  these  Sailing  Directions  for  the  homeward 
passage  from  Australia. 

The  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  is  one  of  the  glorious  fleet  of  a  thousand  sail  that  is  voluntarily 
engaged  in  malting  observations  for  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts.  She  it  is,  it  will  be  recol- 
lected, who,  taking  them  for  her  guide,  made  the  extraordinary  run  of  one  hundred  and  three 
days  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  both  crossing  the  equator  in  the  Pacific  and  arriving  in 
port  on  the  day  predicted. 

Returning  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  New  York  in  the  remarkable  short  run  of  eighty- 
three  days,  she  passed  through  a  part  of  the  Great  South  Sea,  which  up  to  that  time  had  been 
seldom  traversed  by  traders,  at  least  I  had  the  records  of  very  few  that  had. 

Little  or  nothing,  except  what  conjecture  suggested,  was  known  as  to  the  winds  in  this 
part  of  the  ocean.  The  results  of  my  investigations  elsewhere,  with  regard  to  winds  and  the 
circulation  of  the  atmosphere,  had  enabled  me  announce,  as  a  theoretical  deduction,  that  the 
winds  in  the  '  'variables' '  of  the  South  Pacific  would  probably  be  found  to  prevail  from  the 
westward  with  a  trade -wind  like  regularity. 

Between  the  parallels  of  45°  and  50*^  S.  and  from  the  meridian  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
eastward,  around  to  that  of  Cape  Horn,  there  is  no  land  or  other  disturbing  agent  to  intercept 
the  wind  in  its  regular  circuits;  here  the  winds,  it  was  conjectured,  would  be  found  blowing 
from  the  west  with  greater  force  than  from  the  east  in  the  trade- wind  regions;  and,  giving  rise 
to  that  long  rolling  swell  peculiar  to  those  hyper-austral  regions  of  the  Pacific,  they  would 
enable  ships  steering  east  to  make  the  most  remarkable  runs  that  have  ever  been  accomplished 
under  canvas. 

The  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  has  afforded  the  most  beautiful  illustration  as  to  the  correctness 
of  these  theoretical  deductions. 

Leaving  Oahu  for  New  York,  via  Cape  Horn,  February  13,  1853,  she  stood  to  the  south- 
ward through  the  belts,  both  of  the  northeast  and  the  southeast  trades,  making  a  course  good 
on  the  average  through  them,  a  little  to  the  west  of  south.  She  finally  got  clear  of  them, 
March  6,  after  crossing  the  parallel  of  45^  S.,  upon  the  meridian  of  164°  W. 

The  8th  and  9th  she  was  in  the  horse  latitude  weather  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  So 
far  her  run  had  been  good,  but  there  was  nothing  remarkable  in  it. 

Having  crossed  the  parallel  of  48°  S.,  she  found  herself,  on  the  10th,  fairly  within  the 
trade-like  west  winds  of  the  Southern  Ocean;  and  here  commenced  a  succession  of  extraordi- 
nary days'  runs  that  have  been  seldom  equalled,  rarely  surpassed. 

From  March  9  to  March  31,  from  the  parallel  of  48°  S.  in  the  Pacific  to  35°  S.  in  the 
Atlantic,  during  an  interval  of  twenty-two  days,  that  ship  made  29°  of  latitude  and  126°  of 
longitude.  Her  shortest  day's  run  during  the  interval,  determined  by  calculation,  from  the 
position  given  in  the  log,  being  150  knots.  The  wind  all  this  time  is  not  recorded  but  once 
with  easting  in  it;  it  was  steady  and  fresh  from  the  westward. 

In  these  twenty-two  days  that  ship  made  five  thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety-one 
nautical  miles.  The  predicted  triumph  of  canvas  under  these  west  winds  over  steam  is 
already  realized;  for  here  is  a  ship  under  canvas,  and  with  the  winds  alone  as  a  propelling 
power,  and  with  a  crew,  too,  so  short,  the  captain  informs  me,  that  she  was  but  half  manned, 
accomplishing,  in  twenty-two  days,  the  enormous  run  of  six  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty- 


FROM  THE   SANDWICH  AND   SOCIETY  ISLANDS   HOME.  803 

five  statute  miles,  (one-fourth  the  distance  round  the  earth,)  and  making  the  daily  average  of 
two  hundred  and  eighty-three  statute  miles  and  nine-tenths,  (283.9.)  During  eleven  of  these 
days,  consecutively,  her  daily  average  was  three  hundred  and  fifty-four  statute  miles;  and 
during  four  days,  also  consecutively,  she  averaged  as  high  as  three  hundred  and  ninety-eight 
and  three-quarters  statute  miles. 

This  abstract  log  will  also  illustrate  very  well  the  homeward  passage  from  the  islands  in 
the  Pacific  generally;  that  is,  the  way  home  thence  is  in  all  cases  to  run  down  south  until  you 
get  into  the  westerly  winds,  and  then  bear  away  east. 

Captain  McKay  made  only  one  mistake  by  the  way,  and  that  was  in  getting  from  the  SE. 
trades,  through  the  belt  of  the  horse  latitude  weather,  into  the  NW.  trades,  I  may  call  them, 
of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

In  passing  from  one  system  of  trades  to  the  other,  or  from  the  trades  to  the  variables,  there 
is  always  a  debatable  ground,  which  belongs  neither  to  trades  nor  variables.  This  debatable 
ground  between  the  trades  about  the  equator  is  called  the  doldrums.  Between  the  trades  and 
the  variables  of  the  extra-tropical  regions  it  is  called  the  horse  latitudes. 

In  these  debatable  grounds  calms  and  baffling  winds  are  to  be  expected,  sometimes  of 
several  weeks,  and  often  of  many  days,  and  occasionally  of  only  a  few  hours'  duration.  And 
the  rule  for  crossing  these  belts  is,  whene'ver  there  is  sea-room,  to  steer  due  north  or  south, 
according  to  your  destination. 

Therefore,  in  coming  from  the  Sandwich  or  the  Society  Islands,  or  California  to  Cape  Horn, 
the  rule  should  be  to  go  south  as  fast  as  possible,  in  order  to  get  in  the  NW.  trade-wind  region 
of  that  ocean  with  its  heaving  swells.  Until  you  get  into  the  region  of  these  winds  no  course 
can  be  given: — aim  to  get  south  and  shape  your  course  according  to  the  winds.  The  best 
passages  are  to  be  made  by  crossing  the  trades  with  topmast  studding-sails  set. 

And  in  illustration  of  this  I  might  refer  to  the  abstract  log  of  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas, 
as  well  as  of  the  Comet  and  the  Flying  Dutchman,  from  California.  The  last  two  ships,  though 
they  lost  the  SE.  trades  in  about  30°,  did  not  get  the  regular  westerly  winds  for  some  ten  days 
afterwards,  near  the  parallel  of  48°  or  50°. 

All  three  of  these  ships  were  in  this  debatable  ground  of  Capricorn  in  the  Atlantic  from 
two  to  three  days;  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  making  only  68,  84,  and  72  miles  a  day;  the  Comet, 
27  and  43  miles  on  two  successive  days;  the  Flying  Dutchman,  46  and  104.  Indeed,  it  may  be 
said  that  these  ships  fell  in  with  the  baffling  winds  of  the  horse  latitudes  on  the  3d  of  April, 
when  they  lost  the  NW.  trades. 

Returning,  therefore,  to  the  route  to  Australia,  and  thence  home  via  Cape  Horn,  I  beg  to 
impress  navigators  with  the  fact  that  I  am  not  prepared  to  speak  outside  of  the  ice  table,  p. 
580,  as  to  the  ice  that  may  be  expected  so  low  down  as  the  parallel  of  55°  or  60°  south, 
between  the  meridians  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Van  Dieman's  Land;  and,  therefore, 
those  who  take  these  Sailing  Directions  for  their  guide  must  judge  for  themselves  as  to 
dangers  from  the  ice  by  the  route  of  which  I  am  now  treating.  I  have  no  reliable  information 
upon  that  subject,  except  such  as  I  have  already  quoted  at  pp.  58-1. 


804 


THE  WIND  AND  CUKEENT  CHARTS. 


The  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  (L.  McKay,)  from  Honolulu  to  New  YorJe,  1853. 


Date. 


Latitude  at 
noon. 


Longitude  at 
noon. 


Feb.  12 
13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

23 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

Mar.    1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

S9 

30 

31 

April  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


19  21    N. 
18  10 

16  20 
12  27 
8  13 

4  20 
2  40 
0  47 

2  27  S. 

5  47 

8  32 

9  22 
11  44 
16  25 

20  42 
24  34 

27  ^D.B 
30  17 
32  41 
37  14 
42  00 
45  04 
47  07D.R 


Dist.  per 
log. 


10 


48  26 
48  25 
48  15 
48  19 
48  40 

48  58 

49  00 

49  40 

50  25 
52  12 

55  18 

56  18 
56  23 
55  17 
54  37 
52  42  S. 
50  15 
47  53 
44  39 
41  50 
39  19 
37  30 
3')  28 
34  10 
32  13 
31  09 
29  47 
28  39 
27  33 
26  24 
24  19 
22  18 
21  II 


158  16  W. 

159  10 

159  43 

160  28 

159  00 

157  42 

158  49 

160  50 
157  35 

159  38 

160  03 
160  11 
160  10 

159  54 

160  59 

160  41 
159  36D.R 
159  20 
159  40 

161  15 

163  21 

164  00 


156  23 
151  24 
143  44 
136  30 
129  19 
125  02 
118  46 
109  28 
101  58 

91  28 

84  03 

76  58 

69  00 

64  50 

60  30 

53  15  W, 

47  47 

43  05 

43  24 

38  30 

34  20 

31  18 

29  57 

28  11 

30  47 

29  16 
27  55 
27  47 

26  49 

27  12 

28  47 

30  20 

32  21 


120 
265 
301 
302 
166 
156 
211 
199 
164 

82 
140 
307 
308 
231 
179 
173 
150 
311 
308 
198 
129 

96 
169 
271 
332 
312 
284 
207 
275 
396 
311 
411 
360 
267 
307 
172 
146 
251 
203 
168 

190 


THER.9A.M. 


Air.  Water. 


237 
183 
188 
161 
171 
105 
135 
124 
143 
84 
128 
156 
149 


30.10 
30.10 
30.05 
30.00 
30.00 
30.00 
30.00 


30.00 
30.10 
30.00 
29.95 
29.90 


29  90 


29.90 
29.92 
29. CO 
29.82 
29.80 
29.93 


29.90 
30.05 
30.05 
29.89 
28.95 


30.05 


29.72 
29.60 
29.60 
29.70 
29.75 
29.78 
30.47 
2&.95 
29.95 
30.10 
30.52 
29.95 
29.90 
30.12 
30.15 


30.18 


30.12 
30.11 
30.10 
30.10 


78 


First  part. 


NE 

E.  toE.SE., 

SE 

S.SE 

E.byS 

NE.  byE  ... 
SE.  byE..., 

SE 

E.NE 


E 

E.SE.... 
E.NE... 
Variable . 


E 

NE.  to  SE. 

NE 

SE.  by  E.. 

S.SE 

S.SE 

S.SE 

SE.  byE.. 
NE.  by  E.. 

N 

N.W 

N.W 

W.SW.... 
W.SVV.... 
W.NW.... 
W.SVV.... 

NW 

NW .. 

NW 

NW 

WNW 

N.NW 

N.NW 

NW 

N.NW 

N.NW 

W.NW 

W.NW..., 


NE.  byN. 

N 

N 

N.NE 

N.byE... 
N.  byE... 
N.  by  W.. 

N 

N.  byE... 
N.NW.... 

E 

N.byE... 
N.NE 


Middle  part. 


Variable . . 

SE 

S.SE 

S.SE 

E.  byS... 
NE.  byE. 

SE 

SE 

E.NE 


E 

Variable... 
Variable.., 

E 

E 

E 

E.SE 

NE 

E 

S.SE.... 

S.SE 

E 

SE.  byE.. 
NE.  by  E 

NW 

NW 

NW 

W.SW.... 
N.NW.... 

NW 

W.SW.... 

NW 

NW 

NW 

W 

W.NW.... 
N.NW.... 
N.NW.... 
N.NW.... 

NW 

W.NW... 

W .. 

N.NE.... 


NE 

N 

N.NE.  .. 
N.NE... 
N.NE... 
N.  by  W. 
N.byE.. 
N.byE.. 
N.byE.. 

SE 

E.NE.... 
E.NE.... 
E.NE.... 


Latter  part. 


E 

E.  toNE... 

S.SE 

E.  by  S.... 

E.NE 

E.  to  E.SE. 

SE 

i*E.  byE.. 
E.NE 


E 

S.SE 

Variable... 

E 

E 

ENE 

NE 

NE 

E 

S.SE 

S.SE 

E.  byN.... 
SE.  byE... 
NE.  by  E.. 

NW 

NW 

NW 

W.SW.  ... 
N.NW  .... 

SW 

W.SW 

NW 

NW 

NW 

W 

W.NW 

NW 

N.NW 

N.NW 

NW 

NW 

W.N.W.... 
NW 


E.NE 

N.byE.... 
N.NW.... 
NW.  by  N.. 

NE 

N 

N.byE.... 

N 

N.  by  W... 

N.NE 

N.NE 

N.NE 

NE 


Sailed  from  Honolulu. 

First  part,  squally  ;  ends,  light. 

Nearly  calni. 

Nearly  calm  ;  fine  and  clear. 

Ends,  fresh  and  squally. 

Heavy  breezes  and  cloudy  weather. 

Strong  breezes  ;  rough  sea. 

Moderate  weather. 

Pleasant  weather  and  light  breeze. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Light  and  variable. 
Squally  with  rain. 
Ditto,  fresh,  with  heavy  rain. 

Do. 
Steady  breeze  and  clear. 
Variable  winds ;  ends,  fresh. 
Light  winds,  with  heavy  rain. 
Ditto ;  ends,  pleasant. 
Squally ;  sprung  fore-topmast. 
Strong  breezes  and  squally. 

Do. 
Moderate ;  fished  fore-topmast. 
Moderate. 

Moderate  and  pleasant. 
Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Strong  gales  and  heavy  squalls. 
Strong  breezes  throughout. 
Fresh  breezes. 
Fresh  gales  and  heavy  sea. 
Fresh  breezes  and  cloudy. 
Strong  breezes  and  cloudy,  with  rain. 
Strong  breezes  and  heavy  sea. 
Strong  breezes  and  rough  sea. 
Strong  westerly  winds  and  heavy  sea. 
Strong  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant.f 
Light  breezes  and  warm  weather. 
Fresh  and  foggy. 
Moderate  breeze  and  foggy. 
Steady  breezes  and  pleasant  weather. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Light  breezes  and  cloudy. 
Light  breezes  and  heavy  sea. 
Moderate  breezes  and  cloudy. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Strong  breezes  and  squally;  rain. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Light  breezes  and  rain  sqnalls. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Squally,  with  rain  ;  ends,  clear. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant ;  rain. 
Light  variable  winds  and  pleasant. 


>  The  distances  in  this  column  are  the  distances  as  given  by  the  log. 


f  This  day,  made  Diego  Ramirez,  bearing  E.  by  S.,  distant  15  miles. 


FROM  THE   SANDWICH  AND   SOCIETY  ISLANDS    HOME. 


BOS 


The  Sovereign  of  the  Seas — Continued. 


Date. 

Latitude  at 
noon. 

Longitude  at 
noon. 

Dist.  per 
log. 

Bar. 

TRER.9A.  M. 

WINDS. 

Remarks. 

Air. 

Water. 

First  part. 

Middle  part. 

Latter  part. 

Apr.  11 
12 
13 

0  / 

19  53  S. 
12  31 

9  37 

7  03 

4  50 
3  14 
2  20 

1  46 
0  48 

0  49  N. 

1  21 

2  42 

5  34 

0           1 

33  24  W. 

34  37 
34  17 

34  22 

35  20 
37  25 

39  05 

40  00 

40  37 

42  22 

41  18 

43  42 
45  15 

207 

280 

196 

141 

152 

166 

99 

61 

98 

77 

53 

106 

237 

293 

285 

282 

286 

273 

188 

153 

196 

199 

30.10 
30.00 
30.00 
29.90 
29.90 
29.95 
30.00 
30.00 
30.00 
30.10 
30.10 

79 
76 
76 
82 
83 
85 
89 
89 
89 
90 
90 

79 
76 
76 
82 
82 
84 
87 
89 
89 
88 
90 

NE.  byE.... 

E 

E.... 

NE.  byE.... 

E 

N.NE 

E 

NE.  byE.... 

E 

E 

Moderate  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Fresh  and  cloudy. 
Moderate  ;  ends,  squally,  with  rain. 
Light  and  pleasant. 

14 

E 

S.E        

15 

SE 

SE 

S.E 

16 

SE 

E.SE 

E.NE 

N.NE. 

E.NE. 

N.NE 

SE 

E 

Light  winds  and  clear. 

Calm  and  squally,  with  light  rain. 

Light  breezes  and  squalls. 

Calm,  wilh  passing  squalls  of  rain. 

Light  airs  and  sultry. 

Light  airs  and  passing  clouds ;  rain. 

Calms  and  squalls. 

Fine  breezes,with  occasional  squalls. 

17 
18 
19 
.  20 
2] 

E.NE 

E.NE 

Variable 

N.NE 

N.NE 

Calm 

NE.  byN.... 
N.NE 

E.NE 

Calm 

Variable 

N.NE 

Calm 

N.NE 

w 

22 

N.NE 

NE 

23 

30.14 

85 

85 

24 

N.NE 

N.NE 

25 

13  20 
16  10 
19  42 
23  21 
26  00 

28  10 

29  53 
31  43 

33  13 

34  *2 

37  22 

52  23 
54  55 
59  02 

61  35 

62  40 
64  00 
68  03 
71  26 

73  26 
71  47 

74  35 

26 

30.15 
30.12 
30.00 
30.15 

85 
86 
83 
86 

85 
85 
83 
86 

E.NE 

E 

E 

E 

Fresh  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Strong  breezes  and  passing  clouds. 
Pleasant  breezes,  with  a  rough  sea. 
Light  breezes  and  pleasant. 
Ends  rainy,  with  thick  weather. 
Ends  rainy,  with  moderate  breezes. 
Pleasant,  with  passing  clouds. 
Weather  cool  and  pleasant. 

27 

E 

E 

28 

E 

E 

E 

29 
30 

E.SE 

SE 

W.iS 

SE 

S.E    

S.E 

N.NE 

N.NE 

May    1 

30.00 
30.12 

77 
68 

.77 
71 

SE 

NE 

2 
3 

N.byE 

N.NE 

4 

5 

rate  breezes. 

6 

Made  Bamegat  light  at  1  a.  m.;  took 
a  pilot  on  board,  and  stood  in  ;  at 
3  p.  m.  anchored  in  East  river. 

806  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Captain  Hoff,  of  the  United  States  ship  John  Adams,  in  a  letter  to  me,  dated  at  sea, 
April  19,  latitude  34°  34'  N.,  longitude  71°  33'  W.,  says: 

"In  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Navy  announcing  to  him  my  ai rival 
at  St.  Helena,  I  ventured  to  express  an  opinion  as  to  the  advantages  which  might  arise  to  the 
mercantile  marine,  especially  the  heavy  laden  guano  ships,  did  they  take  a  route  similar  to 
this  ship  after  passing  Cape  Horn  and  running  off  in  that  belt  of  west  wind  which  you  lay 
down  in  your  plate  XYIII  of  'Sailing  Directions;'*  she  can  then  lay  out  a  direct  course  for  St. 
Helena,  passing  to  the  northward  of  Tristan  d'Acunha,  or  passing  to  the  southward  of  it, 
taking  any  parallel  of  between  40°  and  45°  where  she  is  more  likely  to  keep  this  west  Avind  in 
greater  strength;  and  when  in  the  longitude  of  the  island  steer  north,  cross  the  'calm  belt,' 
and  take  the  SE.  trades,  which,  you  are  fully  aware,  will  allow  her  to  stop  at  the  island  for 
supplies  or  proceed  on,  crossing  such  a  meridian  on  the  line  as  will  enable  her  (per  your  table) 
to  take  the  NE.  trades  at  the  earliest  time,  making  almost  an  uninterrupted  fair  wind. 

' '  The  passage  of  53  days  which  this  ship  made  from  Valparaiso  I  do  not  think  should  be 
taken  as  a  basis  to  form  an  estimate  of  time  in  comparison  to  the  driving  efforts  made  by  the 
mercantile  marine  generally.  We  had  much  boisterous  weather  on  the  Pacific  side,  and  from 
the  general  opinion  of  the  officers  and  of  the  oldest  hands  in  the  ship  that  her  standing  rigging 
'had  the  life  taken  out  it,'  (before  I  joined  her,)  and  necessarily  had  to  be  cautious  in  giving 
it  as  little  strain  as  possible,  hence  you  may  impute  some  delay,  connected  as  it  was  with  much 
severe  weather  and  heavy  gales,  one  of  which  we  had  to  scud  before  for  23  hours,  running  as 
far  south  as  58°  30',  with  two  other  vessels  in  sight  compelled  to  the  same  course.  The  gale 
abating  we  passed  the  Cape  with  a  light  SW.  wind,  and  on  reaching  to  the  eastward  of  it  NE. 
winds  for  five  or  six  days  impeded  us.  Hence  I  am  within  bounds  when  I  say  that  had  the 
'Adams'  met  with  the  usual  summer  weather  on  the  Pacific  side  and  taken  the  strong 
southwesters,  to  run  around  the  Cape,  which  prevail  most  of  the  year,  she  could  have  easily 
made  it  in  ten  days  less  time,  dull  and  heavy  sailer  as  she  is  known  to  be. 

"There  is,  in  my  opinion,  this  much  to  be  said  in  favor  of  this  route;  you  can  run  off  to 
tiiie  eastward  and  avoid  those  boisterous  winds  which  centre  and  are  so  often  felt  with 
dangerous  results  about  the  Falklands — a  vicinity  of  which  Parker  and  Fitzroy,  of  the  royal 
navy,  say,  'a  region  more  exposed  to  storms,  both  in  winter  and  summer,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  mention,  and  during  the  summer  a  calm  day  is  an  extraordinary  event.' 

"It  may  be  proper  for  me  to  state  that  we  sighted  but  one  iceberg,  in  latitude  50°  06'  S., 
longitude  50°  48'  30"  W.,  and  that  one,  in  the  great  ocean  around  him,  seemed  like  some  stray 
individual  who  had  escaped  his  brother  bergs  far  south  of  him. 

' '  It  may  be  as  well  for  me  to  mention  also  that  in  conversation  with  Admiral  Bruce, 
commanding  the  English  fleet  in  the  Pacific,  he  seemed  greatly  alive  to  take  this  route  on 
his  return  to  England,  but  it  was  expected  of  him  to  take  home  the  English  minister  from 
Brazil.  I  understood  the  French  sloop  'Ambuscade'  had  already  orders  to  take  that  route, 
and  was  expected  to  sail  in  a  few  days  after  us.  The  French  consul  informed  me  at  the  island 
that  he  looked  for  her  daily,  having  a  large  quantity  of  letters  in  waiting. 

' '  I  lay  this  route,  somewhat  with  hesitation,  before  you,  feeling  satisfied  that  it  had  not 
escaped  your  attention  before;  but  not  aware  that  any  ships  of  our  navy  had  made  this 
passage,  it  seemed  to  me  a  matter  of  duty  to  call  attention  to  it,  and  on  your  examination  of 

■^  7th  edition. 


FEOM   THE    SANDWICH    AND   SOCIETY  ISLANDS   HOME.  807 

the  '  abstract  logs '  I  trust  it  may  lead  to  one  of  greater  advantage  in  point  of  time  than  the 
one  I  have  passed  over  in  this  ship. 

"I  forward,  also,  the  enclosed  document  of  Lieutenant  McCrea,  an  able  and  observant 
officer,  doing  the  duty  of  master  on  several  passages  of  this  ship,  and  from  his  more  minute 
references  will  greatly  assist  you  in  your  examination  of  the  abstract  logs." 

Also,  Lieutenant  McCrea,  of  the  same  ship,  whose  excellent  remarks  I  have  before  had 
occasion  to  quote,  says: 

"Our  passage  from  Valparaiso  around  Cape  Horn  admits  of  considerable  comment,  and 
though  you  are  so  well  acquainted  with  that  region  I  hope  the  'abstract'  will  give  you  some 
new  data.  Regarding  the  barometer,  it  never  failed  us  while  west  of  Cape  Horn,  and  told  us 
faithfully  the  approach  and  abatement  of  all  the  gales;  off  the  Falkland  islands  it  was  not  so 
correct,  though  we  had  no  gales,  but  drizzling  rainy  weather  and  easterly  winds.  A  ship 
going  to  St.  Helena  from  around  the  Horn  should  first  keep  west,  clear  of  the  Falkland  islands, 
say  four  hundred  miles,  and  not  go  north  of  43°  south  till  she  can  lay  her  course  four  points  to 
windward  in  the  SE.  trades,  and  keep  clear  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  at  least  four  hundred  miles, 
for  the  surrounding  region  is  certainly  under  the  influences  of  Tristan  and  Gough'  s  Island. 

' '  I  would  call  your  attention  to  our  passage  from  St.  Helena  to  this  port :  we  crossed  the 
line  in  34°  16'  longitude  W.,  and  ran  from  one  trade  into  the  other  j  and  in  latitude  21°  30'  N. 
and  longitude  57°  W.  we  had  variable  winds  (the  wind  having  been  south  of  east  for  three  or 
four  days  previously)  for  several  hours,  a  head  sea  from  the  westward,  lightning  in  the 
northward,  and  very  heavy  rains  and  hard  squalls.  Trusting  you  will  appreciate  my  motives 
for  thus  addressing  you, 

"Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

"EDWARD  PRICE  McCREA, 

' '  Lieutenant  United  States  Navy. 

" Lieutenant  M.  F.  Maury,  United  States  Navy.'' 

From  Tahiti  to  Tristan  d'Acunha  the  Great  Circle  passes  through  Terra  del  Fuego,  and 
the  distance  is  about  6,800  miles.  The  route  from  Cape  Horn  homeward  may,  as  Hoff  suggests, 
be  shortened  several  days  by  running  further  to  the  east  and  before  standing  north  after 
passing  the  Falkland  islands.  By  doing  this  a  vessel  will  get  into  a  region  of  better  winds, 
though,  unless  there  is  a  particular  reason,  there  is  no  necessity  for  her  going  as  far  out  as 
Tristan  d'  Acunha  or  even  as  St.  Helena, 

The  best  crossing  in  the  South  Atlantic  of  the  parallel  on  which  Tahiti  stands  is  about 
longitude  25°  W.  Now,  suppose  there  was  a  ship  canal  dug  on  this  parallel  right  straight 
through  South  America.  How  much,  let  me  ask  the  ship  master  who  is  not  fanliliar  with  the 
use  of  the  terrestrial  globe  and  the  projection  of  Great  Circle  routes,  would  this  canal  shorten 
the  route  as  above  around  Cape  Horn  to  the  intersection  of  this  parallel  with  the  meridian  of 
25°  W.  in  the  Atlantic?  I  suppose  he  will  be  surprised  to  hear  that  the  difference  of  distance 
via  Cape  Horn  and  via  the  supposed  canal  would  be  less  than  100  miles,  and  not  more  than  three 
or  four  hours  of  good  clipper  sailing  before  the  "brave  west  winds"  of  the  Cape  Horn  route. 

Homeward  bound  vessels,  both  European  and  American,  will  generally  find  it  to  their 
advantage  after  doubling  the  Horn  to  cross  40°  in  the  Atlantic  about  30°  W.  and  15°  in  about 
25°.  Ice  or  winds  may  sometimes  render  it  inexpedient  to  attempt  much  easting  on  the  polar 
side  of  40°  S.     I  speak  of  the  rule.     The  navigator  who  puts  it  in  practice  will  be  the  best 


808  THE  WIND  AND   CUREENT  CHARTS. 

judge  of  exceptions.     Pass  to  the  east  of  Marten  Vaz  and  you  will  avoid  the  light  airs  along 
the  coast  of  Brazil. 

FROM  CALCUTTA  AND  WESTERN  SUMATRA  HOMEWARD. 

This  route  traverses,  especially  in  the  winter  time,  the  most  remarkable  belts  of  wind  that 
are  anywhere  to  be  found.  Lieutenants  Guthrie,  Newcomb,  and  Houston  are  now  at  work 
mapping  them  down,  so  that  their  limits  may  be  established  as  the  limits  of  the  calm  belts  are 
in  the  Trade-Wind  Chart.  A  vessel  coming  out  of  Calcutta  in  February,  for  instance,  and 
gaining  an  offing,  may  expect  to  pass  through  the  wind  streaks  of  this  route  generally  as  follows: 
First,  taking  the  NE.  trades,  she  will  carry  them  to,  say,  the  parallel  of  about  6°  N. ;  losing 
these,  she  enters  the  belt  of  adjoining  calms,  which  is  a  degree  or  two  broad,  but  shifting; 
clearing  this  belt,  she  comes  to  a  westerly  monsoon  with  northing  in  it.  As  she  proceeds 
south,  this  westerly  monsoon,  with  northing  in  it,  will  gradually  haul  due  west,  and  finally 
become  a  westerly  monsoon  with  southing  in  it.  She  may  carry  these  monsoons  to  6°,  8°,  or 
13°  S. ;  crossing  them,  she  then  enters  the  calm  belt  which  separates  them  from  the  regular 
SE.  trades,  which  she  will  generally  find  in  the  north  winter  time  between  10°  and  15°  S. 

Here  is  a  streak  of  winds  flowing  with  monsoon  regularity  in  mid-ocean,  from  the  west, 
along  the  equator.  This  wind  is  going  to  Sumatra.  The  agents  which  produce  it  seem  to 
have  effectually  concealed  themselves,  so  far,  from  meteorologists,  nevertheless  they  are  to  be 
sought  for  in  some  of  the  many  phases  which  the  equatorial  cloud  rising  assumes  especially 
over  these  seas. 

The  sailing  directions  for  this  route  are  few  and  simple.  Make  the  best  of  your  way  south 
until  you  get  the  SE.  trades,  then  join  the  Rodriguez  route,  and  cross  the  parallel  of  20°  S. 
near  the  meridian  of  60°  E.,  taking  care  to  cross  the  various  belts  of  light  airs  and  calms  as 
nearly  at  right  angles  as  practicable. 

At  20°  S.  this  route  falls  in  with  the  route  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  Bally,  etc.,  to  the 
Fair  Way  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  thence  to  the  oiEngs  of  the  Cape  the  two  routes  are  one. — 
(See  page  814,  et  seq.)  The  following  tables  of  times  and  crossings  were  compiled  by 
Lieutenants  Young  and  McCauley. 


PEOM   CALCUTTA   HOMEWARD, 


809 


Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  offings  of  Good  Hojpe. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Grey  Feather..., 

Newton 

Panther , 

Isabella 

John  Knox 

Mount  Vernon . . . 

Gloriana 

Panther 

Bremen   

Emerald 

Syren 

Goddess ..... , ... 

Cohota 

Culloma 

Messenger 

George  Saunders. 

Mara 

Emerald 

Staffordshire , 

Dover 

John 

Arcole 


Mean  crossing. 


Mean  of  ten  best. 

Restitution,  (Sumatra) . 

liowther,  (Penang) , 

Falcon,  (Penang) , 


Date  of  sailing 


Jan.    1,1852 

1,1852 

1,1855 

2,1850 

4, 1857 

8, 1835 

10, 1856 

15,1857 

17,1853 

18. 1829 
20,1857 
21,1857 
21,1855 
22, 1852 
22, 1856 
23, 1825 

25. 1830 
26,1828 
26,1853 
27, 1841 
30,1793 
30,1852 


Days.  Lat.  S. 


Jan.  13,1825 
21,1816 
22, 1855 


21 

27 

23 

32 

26 

23 

28t 

25i 

34 

20 

26i 

28 

m\ 

30 

22 

25i 

20 

26 

17 

19 

33 

25 


24.0 


19i 

19 

18i 

18 

16 

17 

151 

17 

16 

15 

17 

19 

15 

15 

15 

19 

13 

18 

10 

164 

14 

13 


70°  E. 


Days.  Lat.  S 


3^ 

5 

5i 

3i 

3 

5i 

5i 

4 

6 

3 

3J 

4 

2i 

5 

5 

3 

9 

5J 

4 

4 

6 

4 


4.5 


3.9 


Days.  Lat  S 


26 

24 

23J 

25 

261 

23^ 

26 

27 

27 

23 

25 

25 

23 

23 

25 

23 

231 

24 

23 

26 

24 

24 


Days.  Lat.  S 


241 


4.3 


27 

27 

261 

261 

28 

28 

271 

29 

32 

25 

29 

2-1 

26 

28 

27 

27 

26 

27 

27 

30 

28 

29 


Days.  Lat.  S 


27 


3.2 


Days.  Lat.  S 


29| 


20°  E. 


Days.  Lat.  S 


4.6 


4.1 


34 

331 

33 

33 

22 

34 

33 

32 

34 

331 

33 

34 

34 

32 

32 

35 

34 

33 

34 

341 

33 

33 


33i 


4.5 


35 

47 

37 

54 

34 

51 

35 

561 

35 

47 

35 

54 

35 

581 

35 

45 

35 

C6 

35i 

42 

35 

47 

35 

5U 

36 

91 

341 

64i 

35 

53 

35 

51 

33 

531 

36 

53^ 

35 

39 

35 

46 

35 

68 

35 

57 

6         35 


54.3 

48.1 


43i 

50 

45J 


Alexander 

Samuel  Laurence 

Navigator 

Heraclide , 

Arno 

Hurricane , 

Sartelle 

Game  Cock 

Herbert 

Live  Yankee  . . . , 
George  Saunders . . 
William  Allston... 
George  Saunders., 

Eben  Preble 

Argo 

Lucknow  

Judge  Shaw 

Cato 

Trimountain 

Catharine 

Oxnard 

General  Palmer ... 


Mean  crossing. 


Mean  of  ten  best. 


Endeavor,  (Sumatra) Feb.  15, 1823 

Graaon,  (Sumatra) 25,1849 


>.    1,1842 

1,1856 

2,1851 

3,1834 

4,1849 

4,1855 

4,1847 

5, 1857 

6,1854 

9,1856 

12, 1828 

13,1849 

13, 1824 

,14,1839 

14, 1851 

16,1856 

18, 1854 

21,1842 

25,1857 

25,1853 

25,1854 

27,1837 


281 

24 

36 

25 

281 

24 

30 

201 

36 

27^ 

21 

37 

271 

23 

25 

42 

22 

36 

38 

27 

39 

32J 


29.5 


24.3 


VOL.    II- 


22 
20 

-102 


14 

13 

1'6 

12 

18 

14 

18 

12 

14 

19 

16J 

12 

15 

17 

14 

16 

15 

17 

14 

14 


4.3 


4.5 


20 
18 
22 
18 
21 
20 
22 
19 
22 
20 
21 
21 
20 
19 
21 
24 
20 
21 
22 
22 
20 
22 


4.4 


3.8 


22 

23 

26 

21 

25- 

24 

25 

24 

25 

25 

26 

25 

23 

23 

25 

27 

24 

24 

25 

25 

24 

27 


23f 


4.3 


27 
27 
27 
24 
27 
27 
29 
28 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
26 
27 
29 
26 
27 
29 
27 
27 
30 


261 


26i 


4.2 


3.6 


29 

30 

30 

29 

29 

31 

33 

31 

29 

29 

31 

30 

29 

291 

30 

30 

29 

30 

30 

29 

30 

31 


29J 


6 
6 
4 
6 
5 

•Si 
5 
3i 
4 

5^ 
.    4 
7 
3i 
3J 
4 
9 
3i 
4i 
10 
4 
5 


5.2 


331 


33 


3 
6 

3? 
5 
4 
6 
6i 
8 
5 
1\ 
6 
3i 
5 
6i 
10 
4J 
5i 
9 
8| 
3i 
7 


6.0 


4.8 


%\\ 

53 

67 

51i 

55 

48 

62 

46 

63 

51 

48^ 

72 

47i 

51i 

55i 

81 

44} 

62 

77 

55} 

64} 

70 


58.5 


49.7 


810 


THE   WIND   AND   CUEEENT   CHAETS. 
Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  ofings  of  Good  Hope — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


George  Saunders. 

Albany 

Petrea 

R.  C.  Winthrop.. 

Dou^lasB 

Derby 

Grace  Darling. ... 

Arno , 

Sea  Eagle 

Elsinore , 

India 

Annie  Burknan.., 

Magnolia 

Flying  Dragon,.,, 

Colorado 

Live  Yankee 

Josiab  Bradlee.... 

Beverley 

Cyclone 

Grenada 

FaneuilHall 

Lewis  Henry 

Cohota 

Hornet . . . . 


Mean  crossing  , 


Mean  of  ten  best. 


Raven,  (Sumatra) 


Date  of  sailing. 


Mar. 


1,1849 

3,1855 

7,1856 

7,1853 

7,1849 

9,1857 

9,1855 

10, 1848 

12,1856 

16,1852 

18,1836 

19. 1855 

19. 1856 

20. 1855 
20,1856 
21,1855 
24,1855 
25,1857 

25. 1856 
26,1855 
27,1847 
29,1856 
30,1850 
31,1856 


Days.    Lat. 


26i 

35J 

31 

27 

35 

26 

23 

43 

37i 

56 

52 

45^ 

28J 

30 

31 

29 

38i 

28^ 

32 

39 

16 

as 

26 
31 


33.3 


17i 


15 
10 
16 
13 
12 
16 
17 
14f 
14 
13 
11 
14 
17 
16 
Hi 
7 
14 
10 
20 
14 
15i 
15i 
10 
16* 


70"  E. 


Days.    Lat 


12| 


18 


4.2 


2.5 


22 

19 

20 

19 

19 

21 

25 

19J 

21 

20 

16 

19 

22 

19 

18 

17i 

19i 

14 

23 

20i 

18 

20 

18 

20* 


19i 


21i 


Days.    Lat. 


3.6 


26 

23i 

23 

24 

23 

23 

23 

33 

24 

24i 

21 

22 

25 

22 

24 

22 

23 

19 

25 

24 

24 

24 

23 

23J 


23J 


24 


50°  E. 


Days    Lat, 


3.4 


2.5 


29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

26 

27 

27 

26i 

28i 

25i 

25 

28 

26 

25 

27 

25i 

S4 

271 

26J 

25J 

27 

26 

27 


26i 


26i 


Days.    Lat, 


3.9 


2.5 


31 

30 

30 

29 

27 

28 

29 

29A 

38i 

32 

28 

29 

29f 

30 

27 

29 

29 

28 

29J 

29 

29 

30i 

30 

3U 


29f 


29^ 


30 


20°  E. 


Days.    Lat. 


5 
6 

■  3* 

5 

7 

9 

6 

6i 

4 
11 
10 

5i 

8i 

4 

6 

4 

5 

8 

6i 

7 

4 

6 


6.1 


2.5 


Days.    Lat. 


34 

33 

33 

32 

32 

33 

32i 

33 

33i 

33i 

33A 

34 

33 

32 

^i 

32 

33J 

32i 

34 

33 

32 

32 

33 

33i 


4 

7 

3i 

6 
14 

9 

64 

4 
17 

5 


7 

Hi 

14 
13 
3 


35 

35 

36 

35 

36 

36 

35 

35 

331 

351 

37 

36 

35 

35 

35 

32 

361 

36 

361 

35J 

35 

35 

36 

3ei 


5'Ji 

64 

53i 

49i 

72J 

63 

50 

71 

66 

97 

98 

74 

59 

52 

72 

54 

65 

53? 

63 

75 

48 

71 

60 

56 


32J 


8.5 


6.0 


351 


35 


4.5 


35 


53.3 


35 


Azzen 

Sweden 

Morgiana 

Reetitution 

Witch  of  the  Wave  . .. 

Sazonville 

Congress 

Beejapore 

Sartelle 

Blandiua  Dudley 

Sabine 

Cyrus 

Cato 

Sartella 

Witch  of  the  Wave. .. 

Empire 

Taralinta 

Wm.  A.  Banks 

Lady  Isabella , 

Lady  Franklin , 

Ellen  Noyes 

Rome 

Black  Sea 

Flying  Dragon 

Winged  Arrow 

Weymouth 

Bald  Eagle 

Mean  crossing  . . . . 

Mean  of  ten  best. 


April  1,1857 

1,1856 

1,1850 

1,1817 

1,1854 

4,5857 

4,1837 

5,1856 

8,1851 

10,1857 

10, 1855 

10,1821 

11,1849 

12,1849 

13,1853 

13,1854 

14,1856 

19,1857 

19,1851 

19,1854 

21,1851 

22, 1849 

24,1856 

24,1856 

25, 1853 

25,1857 

25, 1857 


41 

48 

33 

35 

28 

43 

41i 

47i 

38 

ai 

45i 

21 

35 

38^ 

17i 

29 

43 

25J 

37 

34 

38 

29 

34 

31J 

28 

27J 

27 


34.4 


28.9 


15 
15 
12 

^ 

14f 

12i 

12 

10 

16 

12 

10 

14 

13 

15J 

12 

15 

14 

14 

12| 

12 

13* 
16 
12i 
14 
6 
10 


12^ 


lii 


4.3 


3.8 


19 

23 

201 

15i 

19 

19 

17 

18 

19J 

19 

17* 

18 

20 

19* 

17* 
20 

191 

20 

18i 

17* 

18J 

20 

20i 

30 

18 

15* 

15 


m 


17* 


4 
6 

4 

5i 

5 

^ 

7 
6 
4 
4 
lOJ 

y, 

3 

2i 

6 

7 

5 

3 

5 

4 

6 

8 

5 

3 

4 

2i 


4.9 


21 

24* 

23* 

20* 

21i 

23 

21* 

22 

23 

23 

23* 

24 

22i 

22J 

23 

24 

21 

24 

22* 

22J 

^2i 

24 

21 

22J 

22 

23 

21i 


4.1 


22* 


221 


5 

14 

4 

5 

1i 

5J 

5 
11 

6 

5 

8 

9 

4i 

5 

5 

7 

4 

4i 

2i 

3i 

5i 

4 

9 

4i 

5 

4 


5.3 


25 

25 

261 

25* 

26 

27 

26i 

27 

26^ 

27* 

24 

27i 

251 

26i 

27 

26J 

26 

28 

27 

26 

261 

26 

25* 

261 

24 

25* 

24* 


26 


4.2       26 


4 

7 

9 

5 

4 

6 

3i 

6- 

4 

5 

5 

4J 

6 

5 

31 

5 

6 

5 

7 

51 

6i 

5 

6 

6 

5i 

5 

3i 


5.3 


30 

29J 

29 

391 

30 

29* 

29 

301 

28i 

32 

29 

30^ 

28|. 

301 

29 

251 

30 

30 

30 

28i 

30 

28 

29 

31* 

28 

29 

26 


29i 
29i 


13* 
3 
8 
6 

6* 
9 


6.1 


32 

33 

341 

32* 

33 

33 

32* 

32 

34 

33* 

33 

33* 

32 

35 

32 

31* 

32 

34 

32* 

34 

33 

32* 

32* 

33* 

32 

33 

32 


151 

6 

4 

7 

8* 

9 

7 
13 

6 
15 

7 
11 

3* 

5* 
10 

5 

4* 

6* 

4 

9 
10 

7* 

7 
8* 
10 


35 

35 

35* 

34* 

36 

35 

35 

35 

37 

35* 

35* 

36 

27 

38 

35 

36* 

36 

35 

35 

36* 

37 

34* 

34* 

35 

34* 

35 

35 


794 

95 

87 

63 

56* 

78 

73* 

95 

73 

72 

77 

71 

67 

74 

37 

61* 

84 

52* 

65* 

61 

65 

67 

71 

71 

54* 

60 

55 


8.2 


35i 


69.1 


32* 


35 


FROM   CALCUTTA   HOMEWARD.  811 

Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  ojings  of  Good  Hope — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ann  Maria,  (Penang). 

Dolphin do. ... 

Tsar do.... 

Romeo do. ... 

Caroline,  (Sumatra).. 

Raven do 

Cohota do 

Vancouver  . . do 


80° 

E. 

70° 

E. 

60° 

E. 

50° 

E. 

40" 

E. 

30° 

R. 

20° 

E. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

„ 

o 

0 

„ 

„ 

„ 

o 

April  15,1856 

52 

13i 

6 

191 

5 

24 

4 

27 

8 

.30 

12 

321 

211 

35J 

10,1857 

26 

14J 

3h 

19 

3^ 

21 

4i 

241 

4 

m 

6 

321 

12 

35 

21,1855 

30 

16J 

4 

20 

4k 

23 

5i 

28 

7 

29* 

5 

34 

5 

351 

26, 1853 

53 

14 

5 

201 

4 

24 

5 

27 

6 

28i 

9 

32i 

11 

35 

8,1815 

29 

15 

6 

20 

6 

21 

H 

25 

Gi 

27i 

6 

32i 

^ 

35 

15,1854 

13i 

18 

5 

21 

4i 

23 

7 

25 

3 

29 

5i 

3i 

7 

35 

10, 1853 

15i 

17 

31 

201 

3i 

23 

3i 

26 

4 

28 

4i 

32 

4i 

36 

14, 1846 

20 

17 

H 

m 

4h 

21 

4h 

26J 

3^ 

29 

5 

31 

13 

35 

George  Lee 

Arabella 

West  Wind 

Chamberlain.... 
John  Flemming . 

Plymouth 

Grafton 

Petrel 

Medford 

Bengal 

Pontiac 

Zcnobia   

Arcole 

Rrooklyu 

Element 

Corinne 

Ringleader 

Saxonville 


Mean  crossing.... 
Mean  of  five  best . 


Lucy  Elizabeth,  (Penang) . 

Grafton,  (Sumatra) 

Malay,  (Sumatra) 

Raven,  (Sumatra) 

Flying  Fish,  (Sumatra)... 
Restitution,  (Sumatra)  . .. 


May    1,1856 

1,1854 

2,1856 

4, 1855 

5,1844 

7, 1845 

9, 1852 

11,1855 

11,1855 

12,1807 

13,1851 

16,1845 

17, 1850 

19,1848 

24, 1852 

25, 1855 

25,1855 

31, 1855 


May  14,1856 

2,1853 

4, 1833 

10,1855 

20, 1855 

24, 1826 


301 

391 

311 

M 

25i 

331 

28 

49 

38 

38 

40 

37 

50 

471 

24 

37^ 

28 

36 


36.8 


27.9 


11 

11 

111 

111 

11 

10 

16i 

13 

17J 

15 

12 

11 

13 

13 

13 

13 

121 

Hi 


12i 


12* 


11* 

17 

15 

16 

14 

14 


17 

21" 

17 

19 

16 

16 

19* 

18^^ 

23 

181 

19 

161 

19 

171 

m 

18* 

17 

17i 


181 


191 

20 

19J 

191 

17* 

19 


3.8 


3.3 


201 

25 

20 

24 

20 

20 

22 

241 

26 

221 

22 

21 

23J 

201 

23 

241 

21 

23 


221 


25* 

28 

26 

24 

25 

28 

26i 

26 

25 

25i 

28 

29 

26 

28 

27 

26* 


261 


241 

25 

281 

26i 

241 

26 


4.6 


39* 

31 

29 

31 

30 

271 

29i 

3U 

30 

30 

28 

28 

31 

31 

30 

31J 

29 

291 


301 


30 

28 
32 
30 

28i 
29 


5.6 


5.2 


33 

32 

33* 

33 

32 

3li 

33 

33i 

34 

321 

o2 

32 

341 

a2i 

33^ 
33i 
35 
32 


32 


12 
10 

6 

7 

^ 

121 
6i 
4 

10 


7.6 


7.1 


35^ 

35 

36 

37 

35 

35 

32 

36 

35 

351 

a5 

35 

35* 

35 

35 

36 

36 

35 


351 


35 


35ji 

35i 

35 

35 

35 

34* 


Eagle 

Geneva 

Granite  State 

Tsar 

Valparaiso 

Skylark 

Malay 

Cohota 

James  Perkins 

J.  Montgomery 

Monsoon 

Walpole 

Morgiana 

Sabine 

Jennie  W.  Paine 

Fleetwood 

Typhoon  

Vision 

Element 

Hornet . . 

Wm.  Frothingham 

Mean  crossing  . . . 

Mean  of  six  best. 


June  1. 


1,1852 
5,1849 

6. 1856 

8. 1857 
8,1855 
8, 1854 
8, 1854 

12,1854 
12,1839 
13, 1857 
13, 1853 
14,1850 
14,1857 
14,1856 
15,1855 
16,1855 
18, 1852 

20. 1856 
21,1851 

28. 1857 
29, 1855 


301 

21i 

381 

50 

35 

26i 

28 

23 

431 

52 

22 

40 

44 

57 

291 

4Ci 

14 

30 

39 

281 

30 


34.6 


14 
61 
15 
11* 

9i 
13 
13 
12* 
111 
10 
13i 
15* 
16^ 
11 

9 

8 
13i 

IH 
12 
15 
12^ 


12 


3.9 


23.7  13i 


19 
16 
19 
151 
15^ 
18 
20 

20 

18 

21 

201 

20i 

161 

16 

18 

16* 

18* 

181 

19 


J8 


3.9 


23 

22 

22i 

221 

21 

21 

23 

211 

21 

24 

23 

24 

21* 

22^ 

21i 

21 

22 

2-4 

22 

211 

25 


H 
5 
4 
5 
4 

101 
3 
4 
5 
21 
4 


27i 

25 

27 

27 

26J 

25 

26 

25* 

25 

27 

25 

27 

251 

27 

25^ 

261 

24 

26* 

26 

25.} 

30 


29 

26i 

30 

29 

31 

29 

28 

27i 

29 

29 

30 

30i 

271 

30 

28i 

30 

28* 

27 

30 

28 

34 


261 


251 


28J 


32 

3i 

32 

33i 

32 

33 

33i 

32* 

^21 

33i 

33 

33 

32 

35 

32* 

34i 

33i 

34 

33 

321 

35 


6i 
5 
11 
6 

3* 
Ci 


36i 

351 

351 

35* 

36 

33 

36 

36 

35i 

36 

35i 

35 

351 

36 

35 

35i 

36 

37 

36 

36 

35 


33 


6.8 


33 


351 


812 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 


Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  offiings  of  Good  Hope — Continued. 


Date  of  sailing. 

80° 

E. 

70° 

E. 

60' 

B. 

50° 

E. 

40° 

E. 

30° 

E. 

20° 

E. 

1 

■a 

Days 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

Days. 

Lat. 

5 

June  15, 1855 
15,1832 
16,1833 
20,1842 

16 
16 
18 
22 

13 
16 
13 

15J 

^ 

4 
5 

^ 

17 
19 
21 
20 

3J 
5 
3 

5i 

20J 
2H 
24 
23J 

4 

3 
6 

251 
25 
26 
264 

7 

64 

5 

7 

28 
284 
30 
294 

4 
5 
64 
10 

32 

33 

32 

'  31 

54 
11 
4 
6 

35 
354 
36 
354 

441 

52 

444 
61 

Brazil,  (Sumatra) 

Walpole 

July    1,1851 
1,1832 
8, 1857 
10,1855 
11,1851 
16,1854 
20,1857 
23,1857 
24,1854 
26,1851 
28,1843 
30,1844 

41 

39 

33 

37 

44 

20 

43 

321 

321 

38 

43 

28 

141 
13 

6t 
15 

in 

9 
14 
111 
14 

lOJ 

5 

3^ 

6 

3 

5 

3i 

6 

4 

5 

6 

4 

4 

19 

18 
151 
21 

m 

20 
17 

18 
20 
18 
19 
181 

4 

3i 

4 

2 

6 

^ 

4 

3 

5 
4 

4 

22J 

23 

22i 

23 

23i 

25 

231 

211 

20 

22^ 

221 

241 

4 
5 
^ 
3| 
10 
3i 
5 
4* 

5 

4 
4 

27 

274 

26 

251 

284 

29 

28 

26 

20 

25* 

26* 

27* 

4 
5 

34 

24 
8 

34' 

54 

4 

6 

7 

5 

5 

294 

301 

281 

284 

33 

34 

311 

30 

264 

30 

254 

314 

5 

4 

5 

4 

54 

44 

54 

54 

5 

6 

6 

54 

33 

33* 

334 

35 

35 

34 

344 

33 

304 

331 

324 

34 

84 

7 

7 

7 

7 

54 

7 

4* 

5 

8 

8 

44 

35 

35 

351 

354 

371 

35 

36 

35 

34 

35 

35 

354 

71' 

67 

63 

Malay , 

59 

85' 

45 

76 

581 

Jobn  Gardner 

684 

Wessacumoon 

75 

Gentoo , 

74 

Charles 

55 

35.9 

11 

4.6 

m 

4.3 

22J 

5.1 

261 

4.9 

30 

5.1 

331 

6.6 

351 

66.5 

July    5,1819 
11,1857 
13,1847 

Mean  of  three  best 

26.8 

101 

3.8 

181 

3.8 

23^ 

4 

274 

4.2 

31* 

5.2 

33* 

4.9 

•  35 

52.7 

Aldebaran,  (Penang) 

29 
23 
37 

14 

14* 

131 

3i 

4 

4i 

18 
21 
17 

4 
6 
1i 

23 
24 
23 

5i 
44 

26 

261 

26 

5 
6 
64 

284 
384 
29 

9 
4 
5 

334 
334 
34 

74 
34 
64 

36* 
354 
34* 

634 

Escort,  (Penang) 

51* 

684 

Tsaiah  Orowell , 

Pontiac 

Pequat 

Pleiades 

Windward 

Art  Union . 

John  Gilpin , 

Columbia 

Anna  Kimball , 

Euterpe , 

Samuel  Appleton  ... 

Windward 

Western  Continent 

Grey  Feather 

Dashing  Wave 

Anglo  Saxon 

Morning  Light 

Hannibal 

Alert 

Art  Union 

Cyren 

Marathon 


Mean  crossing 

Mean  of  seven  best 

Fenelon,  (Sumatra) |  Aug.  11,1854 


Aug.  1,1855 

1,1852 

2,1855 

2,1857 

3,1856 

7,1855 

7, 1853 

10,1851 

12, 1857 

12,1856 

13,1854 

19,1855 

24. 1855 
25,1854 
25,1854 
26,1856 
26,1855 
26, 1&52 

28. 1856 
28,1856 
28, 1854 
28,1851 


52 

281 

264 

63 

23 

28 

174 

34 

361 

18 

34 

241 

3|i 

29 

25 

32 

31 

39 

17 

31 

27 

48 


22. G 


161 


12* 
15 
10 

S'4 
164 
10* 
15 

4 
Jl 

7- 
11* 
13 
14 

34 

4 

164 
11* 
12 
13 
14 

6* 
18 


lU 


4 
3 

54 
74 
&4 
4 
3 
14 
3 
44 
4 

34 
34 
5 
44 
3 
3 
.4 
6 
3 
4 
4 


4.6 


174         34 


18* 

18 

191 

21 

23 

18 

19 

20 

16 

15 

18* 

18 

20 

134 

14 

204 

181 

174 

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19 

17* 

23 


184 


181 


3.9 


3.7 


224 

22 

23* 

23 

23 

221 

23 

24 

20 

22 

22 

244 

244 

204 

224 

214 
22 

22 

24 

224 

254 

26 


231 


281 

244 

27 

26 

28 

264 

26 

27 

26 

27 

244 

27 

271 

244 

27 

26 

26 

29 

28 

261 

29 

271 


4.2 


3.5 


23 


26 


3.9 


3.6 


31 

27 

31 

284 

31 

29 

284 

29 

29 

30 

28 

31 

29* 

28 

29 

30 

31 

314 

28 

28 

304 

291 


29 


5.1 


4.1 


94 


344 

30* 

34 

324 

34 

334 

33 

33 

32 

33 

^4 

34 

334 

35 

354 

34 

34 

34 

34 

33 

33 


6 

74 
7 
64 
4* 
5 
24 
11 
5* 
3 
44 
24 
3 
64 
7 
6 
5 
7 
5 

24 

7 
4 


36* 

34* 

35 

35 

36 

351 

36 

35 

35* 

36 

374 

36 

36 

35 

35 

36* 

36 

37 

36 

35* 

35 

35 


35* 


FROM   CALCUTTA  HOMEWARD. 
Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  offings  of  Good  Hope — Continued. 


813 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ambassador Sept.  1,1850 


Victory  

Mary  Goodall. 

Octavius 

Farewell 

£.  Kimball ... 
Rambler...,.., 

H)fppogriff 

Flying  Dragon 

Corinne 

Ganges , 


Mean  crossing. 


Mean  of  two  best. 


Pamelia,  (Penang). 
Caroline,  (Penang).. 
Oriental,  (Sumatra). 

Hull,  (Sumatra) 

Oriental,  (Sumatra), 
null,  (Sumatra) 


Date  of  sailing. 


1, 1856 

3,1855 

6,1856 

8,1842 

11,1856 

11,1848 

16, 1854 

16, 1857 

17,1856 

30,1856 


Sept.  2,1854 
12, 1848 
17, 1854 
17, 1845 
28, 1856 
30,1846 


i.  Lat.S 


31 
27 
30 
42 
39 
22 

35 

26i 

38 

274 


31.8 


28 

44i 

20 

lOJ 

12| 

14 


11 

13 

14 

16 

12 

12 

16 

134 

13 

124 

13 


154 

13J 

12 

SI 

12 


70°  E. 


Days.  Lat.S 


3.8 


18 

18 

19 

19i 

17 

204 

21j 

18 

26 

19 

18 


19 

20 

20 

164 

234 

164 


Days.  Lat.  S 


3.9 


3.3 


234 

22i 

23 

23f 

204 

25 

24 

22 

24 

25 

23 


23i 


234 

23 

2r> 

20f 

254 

204 


50°  E. 


Days.  Lat.  8 


4.8 


4.5 

44 

6 

44 

74 

44 

5 


28 

26 

26 

27 

25 

27 

27 

254 

29 

29 

27 


27 


26 

274 

27i 

24J 

274 

24 


Days.  Lat.S 


30 

29 

304 

28? 

27 

SO4 

31 

27 

30 

31 

294 


29J 


294 

29 

28 

274 

30 

274 


30°  E. 


Days.  Lat.S 


33 

33 

33 

334 

33 

344 

33 

34 

34 

34 

33 


384 


334 


30i 

33 

33 

32 

32f 

32 


20°  E. 


Days.  Lat.S. 


4.7 


4.3 


354 

36 

36 

35 

35 

354 

35 

35 

35 

36 

35 


351 


35 


35} 
35 

an 

344 

35 

34} 


55 

52 

504 

724 

644 

52 

684 

564 

494 

624 

49 


49.3 


52 

744 

514 

43 

434 

50 


Uienzi .« 

Queen  of  the  East. 

Massonomo 

Scargo 

Orissa 

Union 

Saxonville 

'Fair  Wind 

Scargo 

Anna  Kimball 

Coringa 

Mary 

R.  C.  Winthrop... 
Cohota 


Mean  crossing. 


Mean  of  foar  best. 


U.  S.  S.  Plymouth,  (Penang", 

Dutchess,  (Penang) 

Borneo,  (Penang) 

Lucilla,  (Sumatra) 


Oct,    1,1850 
1,1855 

4,1851 

8,1854 

9,1856 

9,1857 

14,1853 

15,1856 

15,1853 

15, 1853 

17,1854 

19,1856 

28, 1851 

29,1849 


Oct. 


3,1854 

8,1854 

29, 1851 

23,1848 


29 
25 

47 

30 

204 

25 

^ 

264 

21 

334 

344 

214 

29 

18 


28.1 


21.1 


54 
154 
174 

8^ 
12 
144 
14 
15 

8 
15 
11 
12 
184 
11 


4.4 


3.8 


20 

20 

214 

13} 

18 

18 

20 

22 

16 

204 

204 

18 

21 

19 


194 


184 


20A 
22} 
23 

18 


5.4 


4.4 


24 

234 

25 

204 

24 

21 

20 

234 

224 

25 

244 

24 

24 

24 


23 
264 
27 
224 


4.1 


4.6 


27 

254 

26} 

244 

274 

27 

264 

254 

26 

264 

284 

274 

264 


264 


26} 


264 
28 
2?} 
26 


4.3 


29 

28 

29 

284 

29} 

304 

304 

30 

294 

294 

31 

31 

304 

294 


29} 


294 
30} 
30 
29 


10 
5 
6 
6 
4 
5 
5 
7 
5 
5 
44 
64 
5 
3 


5.5 


33 

34 

33 

33 

334 

32 

34 

324 

33 

33 

33} 

31 

334 

33 


334 


34 
334 
34 
324 


5.6 


4.4 


^5 

7i 
U 


35 

364 

35 

354 

35 

35 

36 

35 

36 

36 

364 

34 

354 

35 


354 


35^^ 


35 
354 
354 
35 


684 

47 

81 4 

61 

424 

534 

681 

54 

48 

65 

58} 

53 

57 

47 

57.4 


46.1 

45 
614 
76 

564 


John  Haven  .... 
Saxonville...... 

Union 

John  Gilpin 

Henry  Ware,... 

D.ay  light 

Sabino 

Thomas  Church 
Robert  Burton  . . , 
Huma 


Nov.  1,1854 

2,1848 

3,1853 

5,1854 

5,1854 

8,1856 

15, 1852 

18,1853 

20, 1&53 

22,1851 


34 

234 

28 

184 

28 

244 

26 

254 

37 

26 


11 
15 
14} 
144 
9 
16 
16 
17 
16 
17} 


204 

64 

25 

54 

27 

4 

291 

22 

54 

244 

34 

26} 

5 

m 

20} 

5 

25 

34 

28 

4 

31 

21 

24 

24 

34 

28 

34 

304 

18 

5 

23 

5 

28 

34 

31 

204 

5 

244 

4 

27 

6 

39} 

20 

5 

24 

4 

26 

4 

294 

23 

44 

27 

34 

r  274 

64 

294 

20} 

8 

25 

7 

29 

5 

31} 

214 

34 

23 

6 

254 

5 

294 

334 

6 

35 

33 

94 

364 

.33 

54 

36 

334 

24 

35 

34 

54 

35 

34 

74 

354 

32 

54 

36 

34 

5 

36 

33 

34 

35 

334 

64 

35 

664 

574 

55 

874 

574 

554 

53 

54 

70 

584 


814 


THE   WIND   AND    CURRENT   CHARTS. 
Crossings  from  Calcutta  to  the  offings  of  Good  Hope — Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Golden  Rule... 

Hannibal 

Josiah  Bradlee. 

Huma 

Gertrude 


Mean  crossing  . 


Mean  of  five  best. 


Thetis,  (Sumatra) 
Hollander.. do ..... 


Date  ofsailing. 


Nov.  523, 1855 

24. 1850 
25, 1857 
27,1849 

28. 1851 


Nov.  7,1857 
21,1856 


80°  E. 


Days.   Lat. 


22 


19 
12^ 


15J 

16i 
16i 


Ui 


16i 


sJ  Lat 


4.4 


Days.   Lat, 


4.8 


3.8 


26 

25 

25^ 

24 

26i 


24i 


34f 


Days.    Lat 


29 
27 
28 
26^ 
28 


27A 


271 

28i 


40' E. 


Days.   Lat. 


4.4 


31 
31 

30 

29i 

30J 


31 


Days.   Lat 


33 

34 

33i 

33 

33J 


33 
331 


20°  E. 


Days 


5.7 


Lat 


35 

371 

35^ 

35 

351 


35i 


351 


38 
35J 


64J 
55 

51 
46 
47 


55.2 


46.7 


Gratia 

Ganges 

Orion 

Asia 

Juniata 

Bathina 

Arab < 

Judge  Shaw  . . . , 
Ellen  Norris..., 

Norwester , 

Colchis 

Milton 

Gertrude 

Escort 

Thoi.  B.  Wales , 
Milton  ......... 

Huma 

HippogrilT. 

Henry  Pratt . . . . 

Equator 

Medusa 

Oregon 

Milton 

Fortitude , 

Delhi 


Mean  crossing..., 
Mean  of  ten  best. 


Franklin,  (Sumatra) 
Falcon,  (Penang) ... 


,1856 
,1857 
,1856 
1,1849 
1,1854 
,1851 
,1839 
,1855 
,1856 
,1855 
,1847 
,1851 
,1853 
,1856 
,1852 
,1851 
,1850 
1,1855 
,1851 
,1851 
,1864 
i,1853 
,1849 
,1835 
,1848 


Dec  22,1843 
31,1855 


19 

30 

41 

19 

25 

25 

31 

25 

12 

2H 

24 

18 

24 

18 

27 

18 

24 

29 

19 

20 

19 

22 

16 

25 


22.8 


19.8 


271 
13 


13 

11 
19 
17 
11 
14 
17 
17^ 
18 
6 
15 
10 
14 
14 
14J 
17 

15 

14i 

11 

8 
16 
14 

8* 


131 


4 
3 
5 
6 
5 
4 
4 
5 
4 
9 
4 
8 
4 
3i 
3^ 
4 
8 
3 
10 
7 
6 
3i 
4 
^ 


5.3 


4.2 


20 

18 

23 

22 

21 

19 

20 

22 

21 

161 

211 

22 

18 

21 

20 

21 

20 

19 

24 

18 

17 

21 

19 

17 

21 


19; 


5.2 


26J 

24 

25 

27 

28 

23 

231 

26 

25 

23 

24 

25 

22 

26 

24 

24 

25 

23 

25 

211 

22 

26J 

23 

21 

23 


5.2 


4.2 


28i 

28 

27 

29 

291 

26 

27 

28 

28 

27 

26 

27 

25 

28 

27i 

28 

27 

27 

27 

25 

27 

28 

27 

26 

26 


27} 
271 


3.7 


30i 

30 

30 

31 

31 

30 

30 

30 

37 

30J 

29 

30 

27 

29 

SO 

29 

29 

30 

30 

28 

30 

31 

30 

28 

30 


30 


3h 
7 
5 
4 
3i 
8 
4 
5 
6 
4 
3 
5 
5i 
^h 
6i 
6 

^ 

3i 

4 

5 

5 

4 

41 
^j 

4 
5 


4.9 


4.6 


32 

34 

34 

34 

33 

33 

33 

34 

34 

33 

32 

34 

33 

34 

33i 

34 

33 

33 

33 

32 

33 

33 

33 

34 

33 


33 


3i 
3 

3^ 

3 

7 

6 

4} 

3 

91 

5 

3 
5 
3J 
11 
21 
31 
4 
5 
6 
5 
84 
3^ 
5 


5.1 


35 

35 

35 

35J 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35i 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

36 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 


42i 

45 

56J 

74i 

47 

68 

52 

64. 

59 

50J 

48 

524 

44 

50 

41i 

63 

45 

49 

60 

56 

55 

45 

52 

421 

56 


52.6 


FROM  THE  STRAITS  OF  SUNDA  HOMEWARD. 

In  Lieutenant  Van  Gogh's  "  Uitkomsten  van  Wetenschap  en  Ervaring,"  published  in  1858,  from  the  Meteorological 
Institute  of  Utrecht,  we  have  the  crossings  of  550  vessels  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda  and  Bally  to  the  oflfings  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Of  these  550  vessels,  120  were  from  the  Straits  of  Bally.  The  following  tables  contain  the  crossings  of  458 
American  vessels  en  route,  from  crossing  to  crossing,  for  the  meridian  of  every  10th  degree,  from  100°  to  20°  E.,  with  the  time 
from  the  Straits  of  Sunda  to  the  offings  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  also  the  like  by  550  Dutch,  with  the  time  and  crossings 
of  the  best  passages. 


FROM   THE    STRAITS    OF    SUNDA   HOMEWARD. 


815 


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THE    WIND   AND    CUEEENT    CHAETS. 


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THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


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FROM   THE   STRAITS    OF    SUNDA     HOMEWARD. 


829 


These  tables  shoAv  a  well  beaten  track,  and  we  have  now,  I  thought,  the  means  of  com- 
paring the  Dutch  and  American  vessels  as  to  speed,  and  of  ascertaining  whether  the  difference 
between  them  in  the  Atlantic  (p.  369)  be  owing  to  difference  of  winds  or  of  speed.  Assuming 
the  mean  monthly  track  for  the  vessels  under  each  flag  to  be  the  same,  we  obtain  from  the  Dutch 
crossings  and  the  American,  data  for  the  following  tabular  statement  as  to  the  speed  of  vessels, 
the  average  time  from  100°  E.  to  20°  E.,  and  the  average  distance  made  good  per  day. 


AMERICAN    VE8«EL8. 

DDTCH    VESSELS. 

Vessels. 

Days. 

Miles  per  day. 

Vessels. 

Days. 

Miles  per  day. 

Daily  difference. 

55 
31 
27 
41 
39 
29 
2-2 
28 
20 
45 
65 
66 

30.5 
33.0 
32.0 
36.1 
37.8 
33.3 
33.2 
30.6 
30.5 
31.7 
34.3 
34.0 

150 
138 
J  43 
126 
124 
137 
138 
149 
150 
144 
133 
134 

57 
51 
37 
38 
30 
29 
34 
39 
49 
57 
64 
64 

36.6 
37.9 
36.6 
42.9 
45.9 
40.1 
38.6 
33.2 
36.8 
39.8 
39.0 
39.2 

123 
120 
125 
106 
99 
114 
118 
126 
124 
115 
117 
116 

18      " 

20      « 

Mav 

25      " 

June 

July 

23      « 
go     « 

23      " 

September 

26      " 
29      " 

16      " 

18      " 

458 

33.1 

138 

549 

39  1 

117 

21  miles. 

It  would  appear  from  this  that  the  average  difference  of  speed  between  the  Dutch  and 
American  vessels  in  this  part  of  the  acean  is  about  20  miles  a  day  or  nearly  a  knot  an  hour  in 
favor  of  the  American. 

Here  is  a  difference  that  is  too  constant  to  be  accidental.  The  mean  monthly  tracks  of  the 
Dutch  and  Americans  do  not  coincide  exactly.  They  are  in  some  parts  of  the  route  several 
degrees  apart.  With  the  view,  therefore,  of  settling  this  question  as  to  speed,  I  selected 
those  parts  of  the  route  through  which  the  march  of  both  fleets  happened  to  be  on  the  same 
water  and  through  the  same  winds.  Such  coincidences  are  found  in  which  the  extreme 
divergence  of  the  two  paths  did  not  exceed  a  degree.  From  these  coincidences  Lieutenant 
McCauley  constructed  the  following  table,  in  which  are  compared  the  rate  of  sailing  of  Dutch 
and  American  vessels  through  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Rale  of  sailing  of  Dutch  and  American  vessels  on  the  same  water  and  through  the  same  winds,  compared. 


Month. 


January  . . . 
February.  , 
March 

Do 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . . 
September 
October  . . . 

Uo 

November. 
December  . 


From — 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


28  S. 

20 

28 

30 

lOi 

9 
30 
10 
28 
30 

9 


50  E. 

80 

80 

40 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

40 
100 

50 

40 
100 


Latitude.  Longitude, 


35  S. 

35 

35^ 

35i 

35i 

35i 

35i 

35J 

35 

35i 

25 

34J 

35 

35i 


20  E. 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

60 

20 

20 

20 


Dutch  vessels. 


No.  Days.        Miles  per  day 


27 
18 
20 
17 
33 
30 
29 
31 
39 
40 
53 


13.8 

27.2 

17.9 

14 

42.7 

45  9 

40.1 

38.6 

36.2 

11.2 

16.9 

18 

13.2 

36.8 


111 

116 

85 

75 

103 

96 

110 

114 

122 

75 

133 

85 

80 

121 


American  vessels. 


Miles  per  day.       Days.  No, 


130 
125 
107 
101 
122 
117 
131 
133 
144 
86 
151 
104 
108 
146 


11.8 
25.3 
14.3 
10.4 
36.1 
37.8 
33.3 
33.2 
30.6 

9.8 
14.9 
14.9 

9.7 
30.5 


55 
31 
21 
20 
41 
29 
29 
22 
28 
66 
65 


830 


THE   WIND   AND   CUREENT   CHARTS. 


By  this  table  it  appears  that  the  average  speed  of  the  homeward  bound  American  vessels 
is  20  miles  a  day  greater  than  the  homeward  bound  Dutch  vessels.  When  they  were  out  of  the 
Straits  of  Sunda  on  the  outward  voyage,  the  speed,  p.  — ,  of  the  two  through  the  SE.  trades 
was  identical. 

I  referred  the  case  to  friend  Jansen,  and  he  accounts  for  it  in  this  way: 

"In your  letter,"  says  he,  "of  June  10,  you  ask  my  opinion  about  the  comparative  sailing 
qualities  of  Dutch  and  American  vessels  in  the  Indian  trade.  Dutch  vessels,  outward  bound, 
are  in  light  trim,  and  sail  uncommonly  well.  As  you  observe,  there  is  but  little  diiference 
between  them  and  your  ships  in  the  trades.  But  they  are  but  small;  but  few  are  larger  than 
1,000  tons,  and  homeward  bound  from  Java  they  have  invariably  a  heavy  cargo,  and  as  much 
as  they  can  carry.  Small  ships  with  a  heavy  cargo  cannot  make  so  much  progress  as  larger 
ships,  and  decidedly  are  they  inferior  in  sailing  to  larger  ships  with  a  tea  cargo  or  with 
coolies,  and  many  of  the  American  ships  in  your  crossings  are  from  China.  Very  few  Dutch 
ships  are  in  the  China  trade." 

It  so  happens  that  we  have  the  time  and  crossings  of  233  American  vessels  from  Calcutta 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  track  of  these  falls  in,  on  60°  E.,  with  the  track  from  the 
Straits  of  Sunda.  Consequently,  from  60°  to  20°  E.  the  homeward  path  of  the  American  fleet 
from  Calcutta  and  Sunda  lies  on  the  same  routes  and  through  identically  the  same  winds.  It 
appears  from  the  following  statement,  that  the  American  vessels  that  pass  through  the  Straits 
of  Sunda  out  sail  the  fleet  from  Calcutta.  From  this  statement  it  appears  that  we  should 
expect  an  average  of  at  least  15  miles  a  day  of  the  American  over  the  Dutch  after  they  double 
the  Cape  and  enter  the  long  stretch  through  the  South  Atlantic  from  the  line.     We  shall  see. 

Average  miles  '•'■made  good^'  daily,  from  60°  E.  to  20°  E.  {of  Cape  Good  Hope.) 


January. 

1 

'  February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Septemb'r. 

October. 

Novemb'r. 

December. 

ByCaleuttaships... 
gunda  ships  .... 

130 
143 

I        108 

124 

1 

93 
124 

90 
102 

103 
101 

107 
118 

103 
119 

120 
129 

126 
132 

114 
124 

112 

117 

113 
122 

Difference 

23 

1          16 

31 

12 

—2 

11 

16 

9 

8 

10 

5 

9 

Making  a  mean  average  difference  of  12  miles  in  favor  of  the  ships  via  Straits  of  Sunda. 
Thus  we  are  entitled  to  conclude  that  the  difference  in  favor  of  the  China  traders  is  owing,  not 
to  difference  of  winds,  but  rather,  as  Jansen  suggests,  to  difference  of  cargo. 

Having  established  the  fact  that  the  difference  of  distance  made  good  on  the  homeward 
passage  through  the  Indian  ocean  by  Dutch  and  American  vessels  is  not  an  affair  of  winds  by 
the  way,  we  may  proceed  to  examine  into  the  question  of  choosing  a  quicker  route  from  Sunda 
to  the  offings  of  the  cape.  Preliminary  to  this  the  following  table,  prepared  by  Lieutenant 
McCauley,  is  presented. 


PROM  THE   STRAITS   OP   SUNDA  HOMEWARD. 


831 


Average  speedy  hy  crossings^  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda  to  the  Fairioay  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


Month. 

STRAITS  OF  SDNDA  TO— 

i 

Long.  100° 

Long.  90° 

Long.  80° 

Long.  70° 

Long.  60° 

Ijong.  50° 

Long.  40° 

Long.  30° 

Long.  20° 

d 

Distance  run,  (miles)... 

Lat.  12i'> 
511 

5.8 
88 

Lat.  16° 
612 
4 
153 

Lat.  19° 
590 
3.4 
174 

Lat.  29*° 
603 
3.6 
167 

Lat.  25° 
571 
4 
143 

Lat.  27i° 
557 
3.7 
150 

Lat.  301° 
555 
3.3 
166 

Lat.  331° 
552 
4 

138 

Lat.  351° 
511 
4.5 
114 

55 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Distance  run,  (miles)  .. 

Lat.  14° 
590 
7.2 

82 

Lat.  18° 
621 
4.2 

148 

Lat.  21° 
598 
3.4 
176 

Lat.  23° 
563 
3.7 
152 

Lat.  25^° 
564 
3  8 

148 

Lat.  28° 
572 
3.8 
150 

Lat.  30A» 
534 
4.1 

130 

Lat.  33° 
541 
4.5 

120 

Lat.  351° 

516 

5.4 

96 

31 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

March 

Distance  run,  (miles)  .. 

Lat.  12i° 
535 
5.1 
105 

Lat.  16i° 
607 
3  5 
173 

Lat.  19r 
596 
3.3 
181 

Lat.  22r 
590 
3.7 
159 

Lat.  24*° 
555 
3.6 
154 

Lat.  23i° 

582 

4 

146 

Lat.  27i° 
573 
3.8 
151 

Lat.  29*° 
544 
4.3 
126 

Lat  33° 
550 
4.4 
125 

Lat.  351° 
528 
5.6 
94 

27 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

April 

Distance  run,  (miles) . . 

Lat.  101° 
440 
4.2 
105 

Lat.  14i° 
605 
3.5 
173 

Lat.  18° 
630 
3.1 
206 

Lat.  21° 

588 
3.6 
163 

Lat.  26° 
569 
4.5 
127 

Lat.  29° 
556 
4.4 
126 

Lat.  33° 

571 
5.3 
108 

Lat.  35|° 
511 

7.7 
67 

41 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

May 

Distance  run,  (miles)  .. 

Days 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Lat.  9^° 
408 
3 
136 

Lat.  13i° 
637 
3.6 
177 

Lat.  16*° 
608 
3.3 
184 

Lat.  20i° 
600 
3.4 
176 

Lat.  23° 
579 

145 

Lat.  25*° 
625 
4.7 
133 

Lat.  29° 
562 
5 
112 

Lat.  321° 
548 
5.8 
94 

Lat.  351° 
520 
8 
65 

29 

Distance  run,  (miles)  . . 
Days 

Lat.  91° 
421 
2.4 
175 

Lat.  13i° 
636 
3.6 
177 

Lat.  17° 
588 
3.1 
190 

Lat.  20° 
583 
3.2 

182 

Lat.  23° 
604 
3.5 
173 

Lat.  26i° 
604 
3.9 
155 

Liit.  291° 
543 
4 
136 

Lat.  33° 
556 
5  2 

107 

Lat.  351° 
511 
6.8 
75 

29 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

July 

Distance  run,  (miles)  . . 

Days 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Lat.  10° 
401 
2.3 
174 

Lat.  14° 
637 
3.3 
193 

Lat.  16° 
616 
3 
205 

Lat.  19*° 
600 
3.1 
194 

Lat.  23° 
580 
3.5 
166 

Lat.  26i° 
582 
4.3 
135 

Lat.  291° 
564 
3.8 
149 

Lat.  32*° 
571 
4.7 
1J2 

Lat.  35i° 

516 

7.5 

69 

23 

Distance  run,  (miles)... 

Lat.  9i° 
407 
2.2 
185 

Lat.  13J° 
623 
3.3 
189 

Lat.  17° 
606 
2.9 
209 

Lat.  20° 
600 
3.2 

188 

Lat.  23° 
580 
3.2 
181 

Lat.  27° 
592 
3.7 
160 

Lat.  29*° 
554 
3.8 
145 

Lat.  331° 
559 
4.5 
124 

Lat.  351° 
511 
6 

a5 

28 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Distance  run,  (miles)... 

Lat.  9f° 
418 
2.1 
199 

Lat.  13J° 
625 
3.1 
201 

Lat.  17i° 
610 
2.9 
210 

Lat.  20*° 
604 
3.3 
183 

Lat.  23*° 
572 
3.6 
160 

Lat.  27° 
585 
3.6 
163 

Lat.  29*° 
554 
4 
139 

Lat.  331° 
559 
4.4 
125 

Lat.  a5i' 
511 
5.4 
95 

20 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Distance  run,  (miles)... 

Lat.  9i° 
401 
2.2 
182 

Lilt.  13^^° 
639 
3.2 
200 

Lat.  17i° 
625 
3 

208 

Lat.  20i° 
580 
3.3 
176 

Lat.  22r 
565 
4.1 
138 

Lat.  26i° 
593 
4.4 
135 

Lat.  29i' 
556 
4 
139 

Lat.  32*° 
561 
4.6 
li2 

Lat.  35° 
509 
5.1 
lUO 

45 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Distance  run,  (miles;  .. 

Lat.  10° 
421 
3  4 
124 

Lat.  14° 
636 
3.3 
193 

Lat.  18° 
625 
3.3 
190 

Lat.  21i° 
588 
3.8 
153 

Lat.  24i° 
572 
4.5 
127 

Lat.  27i» 
564 
4  5 
131 

Lat.  30° 
555 
4 
139 

Lat.  3:}° 
5U 

4.8 
113 

Lat.  351° 
512 
6.1 

84 

65 

Daily  run,  (miles) 

Distance  run,  (miles)... 

Days 

Daily  run,  (miles> 

Lat.  lli° 
480 
5  6 
86 

Lat.  15i° 
622 
4 
156 

Lat.  19° 
610 
3.5 
174 

Lat.  22° 

590 

4 

148 

Lat.  24*° 
509 
4.5 
124 

Lat.  27' 
519 
4.3 

128 

Lat  30° 
556 
3.9 
143 

Lat.  33° 

5a 

4.4 
123 

Lat.  351° 

562 

5.4 

95 

66 

Average  daily  n 
Average  latitude 

n,  (miles) 

,  (degrees) 

14(1 
10* 

178 
14* 

192 

18 

170 

21 

150 
23* 

143 

26* 

138 

29* 

118 
33 

87 

458 

832  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 

Uniformly,  the  best  run  for  each  month  is  from  the  meridian  of  90°  to  80°  E.,  and  tliis 
part  of  the  route  is  between  the  parallels  of  14°  45'  and  18°.  The  average  miles  made  good 
in  this  section  is  192  a  day,  whereas  for  the  section  both  before  and  after  the  daily  run  is  13 
miles  less,  and  so  on  diminishing  until  you  reach  the  meridian  of  60°.  From  70°  to  60°,  the 
average  daily  run  is  54  miles  less  than  it  is  from  90°  to  80°.  The  run  from  70°  to  60°  E.  lies 
between  the  parallels  of  21°  and  23°  45'. 

We  infer  from  this  that  the  SE.  trade  winds  of  the  Indian  ocean  blow  with  their  greatest 
strength  between  the  parallels  of  15°  and  18°  S. 

Now,  suppose  ship  masters  on  the  homeward  route  from  Batavia,  the  Straits  of  Sunda, 
Bally,  &c.,  when  they  reach  this  streak  of  freshest  trades,  were  to  run  along  with  it  due  east 
until  they  cross  the  meridian  of  60°  in,  say  20°  S.,  then  stand  away  for  20°  E.  at  the  usual 
crossing  of  35°  15'  S.,  they  might  gain  in  time,  though  they  would  lose  in  distance. 

The  distance  by  this  route  is  about  120  miles  greater  than  by  the  usual  track;  the  time,  I 
think,  would  be  about  two  days  and  a  half  shorter. 

Ship  masters  disposed  to  try  this  route,  which  they  will  perceive  passes  near  the  island  of 
Rodriguez,  should  steer  about  SW.  from  Sunda,  Bally,  &c.,  until  they  cross  15°  S.  From 
this  place  they  should  steer  straight  for  60°  E.  in  20°  S.  Arriving  there,  they  should  make  the 
best  of  their  way  to  the  offings  of  the  cape  in  20°  E. 

If,  from  the  crossing  of  60°  E.,  vessels  can  sail  at  the  same  average  rate  that  they  now  do 
from  60°  E.  and  23°  45'  S. — and  they  ought  to  sail  faster — they  will  certainly  save  by  the 
Rodriguez  route  two  days  and  a  half,  and  probably  more,  of  the  time  they  now  take  from  the 
Straits  of  Sunda,  &c.,  to  the  offings  of  the  cape  in  20°  E. 

The  question  naturally  arises,  in  what  part  of  the  route  between  the  Straits  of  Sunda  and 
the  "fair  way"  off  the  cape  does  this  gain  of  six  days  by  the  American  upon  the  Dutch  fleet 
take  place  ?     As  answer  to  this.  Lieutenant  McCauley  prepared  the  subjoined  table. 

By  this  it  appears  that  the  Dutch  fleet  holds  its  own  best  between  the  Straits  of  Sunda 
and  the  meridian  of  100°  E.  In  this  stretch  it  drops  astern  on  the  average  about  ten  hours, 
though  in  August  it  actually  head  reaches  seven  hours  and  a  quarter.  This  is  the  only  stretch 
and  occasion  that  it  does  head  reach.  In  the  next  stretch  it  drops  twelve,  in  the  next  thirteen 
and  a  half,  in  the  next  fourteen  and  a  half,  and  so  on  until  it  gets  to  the  last,  which  is  between 
30°  and  20°  E.,  when  it  is  dropped  one  day  and  seven  hours,  making  a  total  average  for  the 
whole  distance  of  upwards  of  six  days. 

It  appears  that  the  track  of  the  Dutch  fleet  crosses  the  meridian  of  60°  E.  a  degree  and  a 
half  to  the  south  of  the  American  crossing.  This  brings  them  out  of  the  trades  sooner,  and 
this  may  help  to  account  for  the  accelerated  rate  at  which  the  Americans  gain  on  them.     This 

fact  proves  the  idea  of  crossing  60^  still  further  to  the  north,  as  in  20°. 


FROM   THE    STRAITS    OF   SUNDA  HOMEWARD. 


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VOL.   II- 


-105 


834  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHART3. 

DOUBLING  THE  CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE  ON  THE  HOMEWARD  ROUTE. 

We  have  now  brought  the  track  of  all  homeward-bound  vessels  that  double  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  into  one.  We  left  them  on  the  meridian  of  20°  E.,  near  its  intersection  with  the 
parallel  of  35°  15'  S.  —P.  815. 

By  the  time  the  Indian  and  China  traders  reach  the  meridian  of  40°  E.,  which  they 
generally  do  between  28°  30'  and  30°  S.,  they  have  passed  out  of  the  trade-wind  region  of  the 
Indian  ocean  and  entered  the  debatable  ground  between  the  trades  and  the  "brave  west  winds." 
Doubling  the  Cape,  they  recross  the  parallel  of  30°  in  the  Atlantic,  near  the  meridian  of  ll''  20' 
E.  Between  these  two  crossings  of  30°  S.  lies  the  most  difficult  part  of  the  homeward  route. 
They  have  to  make  about  1,800  miles  ^^good"  to  accomplish  this  section,  which  they  do,  on  the 
average,  in  21  days,  and  at  the  rate  of  85  miles  a  day.  That  is  the  Cape  Horn  rate.  From 
October  to  March  is  the  most  favorable  time  for  good  runs.  The  average  passage  for  this 
season  is  18  days,  and  the  average  run  100  miles  "good."  February  gives  the  largest  average. 
For  the  other  six  months  the  average  time  and  distance  is  24  days  and  75  miles.  June,  with 
27.4  days,  giving  the  highest  average. 

The  subjoined  summary  of  average  monthly  crossings  and  daily  distances  has  been  prepared 
by  Lieutenant  May  from  the  Dutch  tables*  which  give  the  runs  of  no  less  than  583  vessels 
along  this  part  of  the  route.  I  have  not  had  the  force  to  get  out  American  crossings  to 
compare  with  them;  there  is  probably  not  much  difference  here  in  their  rate  of  sailing;  at  any 
rate,  there  is  not  much  room  for  choice  along  this  part  of  the  route.  The  navigator  must  "take 
things  as  he  finds  them,"  and  do  his  best  to  make  westing.  The  general  daily  average  stated 
above  is  a  little  less  than  the  average  of  Mr.  May's  table,  (p.  835,)  owing  to  the  circumstance 
that  the  table  gives  the  miles  ' '  made  good' '  from  crossing  to  crossing,  which  is  a  sort  of  zigzag 
from  30°  S.  in  the  Indian  to  30°  S.  in  the  Atlantic  ocean;  whereas  the  miles  "made  good,"  as 
above,  are  counted  on  the  shortest  route  possible  from  one  crossing  of  lat.  30°  to  the  other 
crossing  of  the  same  parallel. 

"  "  Uitkomsten  van  Wetenschap  en  Ervaring  Aangaaade  Wlnden  ea  Zeestroomingen  ia  Sommige  Gedeelten  van  den 
Oceaan,  Uitgegeven  door  het  Koninklijk  Nederlandsch  Meteorologlsch  Instituut.  Bockdrnkkerij :  Keraink  en  Zoon  te  Utrecht, 

1858." 


FAIRWAY   OFF   THE   CAPE    OF    GOOD   HOPE. 


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836  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS.   ^ 

FROM  THE  OFFINGS  OF  THE  CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE  HOME. 

After  having  doubled  the  Cape  and  crossed  the  parallel  of  30°  S.  in  the  Atlantic  we  come 
to  a  fork  in  the  track  of  homeward-bound  Indiamen.  Arriving  at  this  fork  in  the  road,  the 
European  fleet  bears  to  the  right,  and  crosses  the  equator  at  a  mean  near  long.  21°  25'. 
The  American  fleet  keeps  to  the  left  and  has  its  average  crossing  of  the  equator  near  the 
meridian  of  33°  30'  W.  Such  are  the  mean  crossing  places  of  the  two  fleets.  To  reach 
the  line  the  American  fleet  has  to  run  by  an  air  line  about  500  miles  further  than  the 
Dutch;  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  ^  a  knot  an  hour  in  average  speed,  which  reduces 
the  difierence  in  time  to  the  line  to  a  day  and  a  half.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  American 
fleet  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  sailing  on  the  same  water  and  with  the  same  winds  down  the 
Indian  ocean,  beats  the  American  fleet  from  Calcutta  12,  and  the  Dutch  fleet  from  Batavia  and 
the  Straits  of  Bally  20  miles  a  day  on  the  average.  The  two  American  fleets  sail  over  the 
same  ground  after  reaching  the  offings  of  the  Cape.  Consequently,  their  joint  average,  con- 
sidering the  number  of  sail  in  each,  should  exceed  the  average  miles  "made  good"  by  the 
Dutch  fleet  in  the  Atlantic  by  16  or  17  miles  a  day  over  the  same  water  and  with  the  same 
winds. 

I  shall  discuss  the  homeward  route  from  the  Fairway  of  Good  Hope,  both  to  Europe  and 
America,  in  this  chapter,  and,  as  preliminary  thereto,  offer  the  following  tables  of  crossings  from 
long.  0°  to  the  line,  and  thence  to  30°  N. ;  they  were  compiled  by  Lieutenants  Guthrie, 
Young,  and  Forrest: 


FROM  THE  OFFINGS  OF  THE  CAPE  TO  THE  LINE. 


837 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeward-hound  Indiamen  from  30°  ;S'.  to  0°. 

JANUARY. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Ariel 

Australia 

Saxonville 

Starlight 

Siam 

Susquehanna  . . 

Goddard 

John  Haven  . . . 

Houqua  

Hollander 

Daylight 

Daring 

Eagle  Wing  ... 
E.  F.  Willetts.. 

E.Kimball 

R.  B.  Forbes  ... 

Sabine 

Josiah  Quincy. 

Swordfish 

Surprise 

Union 

Joshua  Bates. . 

Santiago 

Maria 

Kobin  Hood  . . . 
Restitution  . . . . 
Maria 


Port  from — 


Shanghai 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

Manilla 

....do 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

Canton 

Padang 

Calcutta 

Shanghai , 

....do 

Foo-choo  Foo. 

Calcutta 

Canton 

Calcutta 

Manilla 

,...do 

Shanghai 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Foo-choo  Foo.. 

Sumatra 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Sumatra 


Days. 


67 
75 
73 
59 
80i 
73 
661 
70 
62i 
44 
591 
68 
49 
64i 
55 
53^ 
57i 
111 
561 
50 
59 
68J 
80^ 
43 
49 
74 
4-2 


Long. 


9 

lOJ 

9r 

6 
11 
11 
10 
lOJ 


12 
9 
10 
14 

m 

7 

m 

10 

101 

11 

101 
Hi 

11* 

10| 


10. OG. 


Days. 


3.4 


25°  S. 


Long.    Days 


JE. 
2  W. 
2  E. 
3 

4 

4  W. 

41 E. 

4 

41 

3* 

2i 

n 

3| 
* 
3 
3 
2 

2  W. 
0 
0 

4   B. 
1 
1 

4i 
3 
4i 


20°  S. 


Long.    Days. 


10  W, 
Hi 

3 

3 

1 
15 

1 

li 
1 

2 
5 
2 

H 

10 
5* 
8? 
1 

6i 
3 
4i 
3 
3 


2, IE.'    3.3         4.5         3.6       11.2         4.1       19.5 


15°  S. 


Long. 


171 W. 
17 

7i 
8i 

8* 
231 

8S 

8* 

7J 

71 

7 
10 
10 

9? 
121 

8 
12 
17 
19 

m 

16 

7 

15 
141 
10 
11 

9* 


Days. 


Long. 


231 W, 

24i 

13i 

18i 

18f 

301 

18 

19 

15 

16 

16 

17 

21 

m 

18 

16 

171 

231 

26 

20 

23 

141 

24 

20i 

19i 

18 

19i 


Days. 


5°S. 


Long. 


311 W. 

29i 

241 

241 

271 

35i 

24 

29i 

24f 

22f 

27* 

25 

28 

25 

26 

24j 

221 

28 

31 

291 

28i 

24 

30i 

28 

26 

23i 

281 


Days. 


2 

Si 

4 

3 

3i 

3i 

5i 

4 

3i 

4i 

5 

5i 

3 

3 

4i 

4 

2i 
2i 
2i 
3i 

4i 

2 

3i 

5i 

2 


351 

351 

30 

301 

32 

401 

31* 

35* 

32 

30 

35 

31i 

33 

30i 

33i 

34 

281 

31  i 

37 

32 

34* 

29i 

35i 

31* 

34 

32 

30i 


3.8       32. t    21. e 


FEBRUARY. 


Gertrude 

Ino 

Audubon 

Uippogriffe 

Jalawar 

Lantao 

Panama 

Star  of  the  Union. 

Oriental 

Orion 

Surprise 

Thos.  B.  Wales.. 

Bay  State 

Boston 

Boston  Light 

Thomas  Church  . 

Eficort 

Fleetwood 

Oregon 

Restitution 

Sancho  Panza ... 
8.  H.  Waterman . 

Sweepstakes 

Swordfish 

Sen  Serpent 


Calcutta 

Manilla 

Shanghai 

Calcutta 

Manilla 

Canton 

Shanghai 

...do , 

Padang 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Calcutta ., 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Shanghai , 

Calcutta 

,...do 

Shanghai 

Calcutta 

Java  Head.  ... 
Foo-choo-Foo 

Manilla 

Shanghai 

Hong  Koug.... 
....do , 


49 

56i 

73i 

56 

78i 

58i 

60 

63 

,"561 

60 

49i 

45i 

73 

68 

54 

64 

60 

51 
49 
66 
73i 

551 
43i 
40i 


8*E. 
10} 
12 

1   W. 

6iE. 

6 

6* 

6i 

6 

8 

1   W, 
11    E. 
13 
15 

lly 
9 
9i 

Hi 

8* 
Hi 
12f 
Hi 

5i 
lOi 
lU 


3 

3i 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3i 

H 
4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

2 

2 

4i 

3i 

4i 

4 

2i 

4i 

2 

21 

3 

3.5 


2}E. 
3i 

3JW. 

1  E. 

3  W. 

2* 

1 

2 

HiW 

4  E. 
3* 
9* 
5i 

4 

2  W. 
4  E. 
2* 

4 

1 

iW. 
1.0  E. 


8 

5i 

4i 

3i 

3i 

3i 

3i 

5 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

2i 

6 

4 

4 

4 

3 

2 

4i 

4.2 


4iW, 

H 

H 

7 

10 
10 
10 

9i 

9* 

18 

* 

n 

2iE. 
1  W 
2 
8i 
1* 
lOi 

* 
li 
2 
5i 
1 
12 

5.4W. 


5 

3i 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3i 

3 

5 

4 

5 

3 

4 

3 

3 

6i 

4i 

3 

4 

3 

3i 

3 

3.7 


151 
12* 

u 

13 

11* 

12 

16 

16 

16 

15i 

23i 

9i 

7ir 

6*W 

7i 
8i 
15 

24i 

8i 

7 
9i 

151 
12.0 


4i 

3i 

6 

3i 

2i 

2i 

2 

3 

4i 

3 

n 

H 

5 

5 

5 

6 

2i 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4i 

2i 

4i 

2 

3.9 


23 

20 

17i 

19J 

16 

18 

2Ii 

21i 

24 

21 

27i 

17J 

18i 

6i 
18 
18* 
20* 
14* 
331^ 
16 
171 
17 
14i 
20i 
24 

19.5 


3 

3 

4i 

3 

3 

6i 

2i 

3i 

3i 

2 

n 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

2i 
5 
3 

3i 
4i 
3 
3i 
2i 
2 

3.4 


29 

27 

26i 

25i 

22 

33 

27 

29 

30 

24* 

30i 

24i 

26i 

24 


26 

24i 

35 

22* 
29i 
26 
21i 

27 
28* 


2i 

3 

2i 

2 

4i 

3i 

3 

4 

4 

3i 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4i 

3i 

3i 

3 

3.4 


34i 

34 

31i 

30i 

26* 

351 

33i 

35 

36 

29* 

35 

30* 

33 

29* 

36 

31 

30* 

32i 

41 

30 

34 

341 

321 

38 

34i 


838 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeiuard-bound  Indiamen,  &c. — Continued. 

MARCH. 


30° 

S. 

25° 

S. 

20° 

S. 

15° 

S. 

10° 

S. 

5° 

3. 

^ 

Name  of  vessel. 

Port  from — 

Days. 

o 

■a 

Long. 

Days. 

Long. 

Days. 

Long. 

Days. 

Long. 

Days. 

Long. 

Days. 

Long. 

Days. 

to 

s 

o 

, 

o 

0 

o 

„ 

o 

„ 

Endeavourer 

Shanghai 

54 

91 E. 

6 

liE 

3* 

6  W. 

3i 

141 W. 

4^ 

221 W. 

3} 

31  W. 

3 

37* 

24 

Peiiang 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

481 

60 

69 

11 
12 
10 

2} 
4 
3 

3} 

'li: 

3 

2} 

3 

5 

2 
2 
2} 

3 

4 
4 

8 
61 

4} 

6 

5 

17} 
14* 
16 

4 
4 

4} 

25} 

21 

251 

4 
4 

7 

32* 
24} 
32} 

20} 

25 

Judge  Shaw 

28} 

Singapore 

Calcutta 

....do 

671 

47 
471 

531 
491 

101 

10 

191 

10 

7 

3 
5 
2 
4 
3 
2 

4 

41 W. 
4   E. 
4 
2 
2i- 

3 

3} 
4i 
2 

3i 
3 

3 
12 

7 
1 

5* 
5 

3 

3i 

4 

3 

21 

3 

10 
18J 
13i 
7 
13 
12 

4} 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

18} 

23* 

19} 

14 

19 

21 

4 

2} 

4} 

4 

2} 

4} 

26 

28 

30 

23 

261 

29* 

4 

3} 

2} 

3} 

7 

4} 

35 
33} 
341 
31} 
32} 
36 

21} 

21 

20} 

Highflyer 

Canton 

Fuhchau  

Shanghai 

19} 

21} 

Golden  State 

20 

....do 

55 
55 
54 

8 

8i 

4 
2} 

5i 

2JW. 
IE. 
1   W. 

4 

3i 

3 

11 

^ 

3 
4 

3i 

18 

161 

161 

4 

3i 

3} 

26 
24 
24 

3} 
4i 
4 

31} 
30* 
33 

4 
3 
3} 

40 
34 

38* 

221 

Calcutta.. 

Canton 

21 

Messenger 

23 

Staffordsliire 

Calcutta 

43} 

10 

3 

1    E. 

3 

6 

3 

12 

3 

19 

3 

25 

5} 

301 

20} 

....do 

70 

12J 

4} 

8 

21 

i 

5 

7i 

4} 

19} 

3| 

27 

3} 

a?} 

23} 

....do 

55 
43 

n 

8 

3| 
3 

2 
0 

3} 
2i 

9 

7 

2 
3 

14J 
15* 

2} 
2 

20 
21 

4 
3 

291 
26 

4 
3^ 

32} 
31} 

19* 

Hong  Kong.... 
Shanghai   

17 

White  Swallow.... 

541 

n 

3 

21 W. 

3 

10 

2i 

17} 

3 

23} 

2i 

29} 

4 

35} 

18 

Syren 

Calcutta 

53 

121 

21 

4iE. 

3 

3* 

3 

lU 

3} 

20 

4 

30 

4 

36} 

20 

Oneida..  

Shanghai 

611 

101 

3 

2 

4} 

'k 

3i 

14} 

3 

21} 

3 

25} 

^ 

31} 

21} 

Swordfish 

Manilla 

53} 

*J 

3i 

Uw. 

3| 

10 

21 

16* 

3 

23* 

3 

30* 

3} 

38 

19 

Shanghai 

63 

11* 

^ 

8   E. 

3i 

1 

4| 
3.4 

13} 

4 

22 

3 

29} 

3} 

34 

23 

9.8E. 

3.5 

1.9E. 

3.3 

5.8  W. 

12.8 

3.6 

20.5 

3.6 

27.9 

4.1 

33.5 

21.4 

APRIL. 


Fleet  Wing 

Golden  West 

Game  Cock 

Hurricane 

Horseburgh 

Herbert 

Judge  Shaw 

Alboni 

John  Bertram 

Oneida 

Romance  of  ihe  Sea. 

Siri 

Niobe 

Trenton 

Sarah 

Charles 

Navigator 

St.  Lawrence 


Whampoa  . . 

Manilla 

Calcutta  . .  . 
Hong  Kong. 
Batavia  .  . . . 

Calcutta 

....do 

Shanghai... 

Canton 

Shanghai  . , . 

....do 

Manilla 

Columbo  . . . 
Canton ...   . 

Manilla 

Canton 

Calcutta. ... 
Manilla 


61} 

51 

49 

57 

43} 

71 

48} 

63 

52 

77} 

57} 

50 

50} 

56} 

64 

48} 

65} 

58} 


7E. 
10 
6 

10 

10 

10* 

13 

10 

13} 

101 

9 

10* 
10 
11 
10} 
10} 
101 

81 


2E. 
4 
2  W, 

3}  E 

2} 

4 

5 

2} 

~'i 

li 

3 

3i 

2* 

4* 

4 

3J 

3i 


3 
2 
3 
3 

4i 

2} 

3} 

4* 

4 

5 

6 

4 

3 

4 

3} 

5 

3} 

2} 

3.7 


3W. 
1 
10 
3J 

7 

* 

2} 

5i 

5 

4i 

5 

6} 

4 

5f 

2i 

2 

2 

2 

4.0W. 


3.9       11.2 


11* 

14 

14} 

lU 

14 

151 

12 

12} 

10 


21 

17* 

25* 

15 

22 

181 

181 

21 

23 

18} 

21* 

25 

191 

201 

17* 

14} 

171 

16} 

19.6 


3 

3} 

5 

2 

3 

3} 

3} 

3} 

2} 

3 

2} 

3} 

3 

3} 

3} 

4 

4 

4 

3.4 


28 
25 
31 

20} 

30 

24 

261 

28* 

28} 

25} 

28} 

31 

26 

27* 

25 

20 

25} 

24* 

26.4 


331 

31} 

36 

251 

36} 

28 

31 

341 

341 

31} 

341 

36 

32 

30* 

33* 

26 

30} 

30} 

31.9 


FROM   THE   OFFINGS   OF   THE   CAPE   TO   THE   LINE. 


839 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeivard-hound  Lidiamen,  (&c. — Continued. 

MAY. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Port  from— 

Tenang 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Grace  Darling 

Matanzas 

Whistler 

Calcutta 

Whampoa 

..  do 

Wizard 

N.  U.  Palmer 

Anna  Bucknam 

Wild  Duck 

Shanghai 

Canton 

Shanghai 

Whampoa 

CaUutta 

,...do 

Flying  Dragon 

Kobt.  C.  Winthrop.. 

....do    

Argyle 

Canton.... 

Means. 


Days. 


61 

59i 

36 

6U 

631 

61 

511 

481 

66 

68i 

61 

571 

58 

65 

58 

671 

49J 

59 

46 


Long. 


lUE. 
lOJ 

8 
13 

9 

8J 

9 

9 

l()i 
12 
121 

8i 

7 

111 
13J 
13 
121 
10} 
111 


Days. 


Long.    DaySc 


4E. 
41 
3i 
8 
1 

101 
4 
3J- 
H 
6 
6 
3i 
HW 
61 E. 
8 

7 

3i 

3* 


4.7B 


3.6 


Long      Days 


2W. 
2 
6^ 
0 

2  E. 
61 W. 
2 

1  E. 
21W. 
1  E. 

U 
11  W. 
1  E. 
7W. 
2 
1 
2 
2 


4.2 


Long. 


81 W 

^i 
15 

9  W. 
11} 

6}W, 
121 
U 

low 

111 

81 W, 
101 
32} 
lOiW. 
15 

7 

7} 

?j 

61 


10. 6W. 


Days. 


Long.     Days 


161  \v. 

22} 

23 

20 

20 

l"i 

22i 

211 

181 

18} 

191 

2U 

26} 

181 

221 

21} 

ISi 

l.ij 

161 


Long.    Days 


26  W. 

3U 

30 

29} 

301 

29 

30 

301 

251 

27 

28 

291 

31} 

27J 

27} 

291 

271 

23 


3.6       28.4 


2J 

2J 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3J 

3 

3i 
3 

3i 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3h 

4 

4 

3.1 


311 
35 

as 

35i 

36 

34i 

35 

371 

331 

34 

.ISi 

33} 

35} 

33 

321 

33} 

34} 

31 

32i 


JUNE. 


William  Chamberlain 

Cahota 

Cyclone 

Derby 

Albany 

Josiali  Bradlee 

Bcvtrly 

Sweepstakes 

War  Hawk 

Northern  Crown 

Ilambet 

Hornet 

Lucknow 

Siam 

Trinduntain 

Magnolia 

Witch  of  the  Wave. 
Wild  Pigeon  ..:. 

N.  B.  P.ilmer 

Samuel  RusscI 

Sea  Eagle 

Winged  Arrow 

Western  Continent.. 

Wild  Pigeon  , 

Witch  of  the  Wave 

Winged  Arrow , 

Ucstitution 

Raven  

N.  B.  Palmer 


Means . 


Calcutta . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

. .  do     .. . 

...do 

Canton..  . 
Leratown  . 
Manilla  ... 

,...do 

Calcutta  .. 

...do 

Manilla... 
Calcutta  ., 

....do 

,...do 

Anger  .... 
Batavia.. . 
Canton.... 
Calcutta , , 
Manilla... 

....do 

Canton.... 
Calcutta.., 
Manilla... 
Calcutta. . 
Padanjr... , 
Manilla  .. 


731 

65 

69 

551 

68 

76 

62 

53i 

661 

57i 

74 

62 

88 

681 

87 

65i 

41 

46 

50J 

6U 

77 

74 

641 

61 

6.5^ 

701 

51 

56 


21 E. 
151 

7i 

6} 
11 
13i 
11 
11 
12 
13 
101 

8} 
10} 

14 

Hi 

14} 

12 

11 

141 

12J 

10} 

m 

9 
9 

10} 
151 

n.iE. 


2iW. 
91 E. 
4  W. 

4}E. 

U 

7y 

4 

2 

61 

3i 

7i 

11 

6y 

8 

6 

9 

9 

<i 

11 

6 

4i 

9 

5} 

n 

3 

2i 
3i 
5 
101 

4.7  E 


3.7 


5  W. 
2  E. 
15  W. 
1 

7 
* 
5 
61 

5 
2i 


0 

0 

2 

i  W. 

•7* 

5 

1 

H 

1 

I* 
4} 

}  E, 
3}W 
3  E 


161 
61W. 
21} 

8i- 
141 

61 
12 
12} 

51 
12 
124 
12i 

71 W. 

8 

7 

6i 

18 
13i 
12 
13} 

7} 

H 

lOi 

8 
12 

6}W. 
12 

8  W. 


3.6   9.9 


3.7 


271 

13 

26} 

161 

20i 

16} 

19 

23 

18} 

20 

21} 

21 

19 

20 

18} 

151 

17} 

28 

18 

211 

21 

17i 

17 

17 

17} 

19 

14 

m 

21 1 


2 

2i 

2^^ 

2i 

4 

3 

2i 

2 

•i 

3 

3i 

3 

4 

4 

3i 

31 

3 

2 

2 

H 

3i 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3i 

2 

5 

4i 

3.2 


31 
19 

30} 

23 

291 

23 

25 

28 

27 

27} 

29i 

27 

281 

29^ 

26} 

23 

251 

33 

24i 

31 

a7i 

27} 

231 

27 

26i 

28 

2H 

281 

341 

27.1 


2i 

3 

21 

4 

3 

4i- 

21 

H 

2i 

4 

3| 

U 

4 

3} 

4 

4 

2i 

1 

2 

2i 

4 

3i 

2i 

3i 

2i 

4 

2 

3 

n 


36} 

231 

33 

^i 

36i 

32 

31 

32} 

33 

361 

36i 

aoi 

35i 

35} 

34} 

33 

32 

35 

30 

34i 

34 

37i 

28} 

34* 

33} 

35} 

281 

35i 

41 

34.2 


840 


THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeivard-hound  Indiamen,   &c. — Contimied. 

JULY. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Bald  Uagle 

Albany  

Qelestial 

Cyclone 

Dragon     

Don  Quixote.  .. 
Lady  Franklin . . 

Raven 

Reindeer 

Saxonvillc 

Horatio 

Resolute. 

Sabine 

West  Wind 

Dolphin 

Flying  Fish  ..... 
Fleetwood  .... 
Flying  Dragon  .. 

Grafton 

Golden  City  .... 

Granada 

George  Lee  .... 
Golden  City  .... 

Ringleader 

Thos.  W.  Sears. 

Reindeer 

Ellen  Noyes  .... 

Fenelon 

Tsar 

Winged  Arrow  . 

Eureka 

Winged  Arrow  . 


Means 


Port  from — 


Calcutta 

Manilla 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

....do 

Fouchow 

Calcutta 

Pad.ing 

Anger 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Foo-choo  Foo. 

Calcutta 

....do 

Penang 

Padang 

Calcutta 

...do 

Sumatra 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

...do 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Singapore 

Manilla , 

Calcutta 

Shanghai , 

Penang 

Calcutta 

Whampoa. ... 
Manilla 


Days. 


59 
731 

78i 

^^ 

75i 

64 

66^ 

43 

52i 

87 

85 

78* 

83* 

67i 

65* 

38* 

82 

76 

64* 

63* 

81 

69 

70* 

71* 

55* 

87* 

75* 

93 

67 

60* 

65 

59* 


30°  S. 


Long. 


12*  E 
12 

9 

13* 
12 
13 
11* 
13J 
12 
11* 

6J 
11 
13 

7 
11* 
Hi 

9i 

6* 
10 
10* 
13* 
lOf 

8 

7 
11 
11? 
II* 

6i 
10* 

lU 

9J 

12* 


10. 7E. 


Days. 


3.6 


Long.     Days 


5    E 
5* 
2* 
3 

n 

^x 

7* 

2i 

4* 

* 

6* 

1 

6 

3 

2} 

0 

3 

1* 
8 

4? 
2 

i 
2 

5 
3J 

5f 

7 


4. IE. 


3.8 


20°  S. 


Long. 


6*W 
H 


0 
3 
2 

* 
7 
3 
5 

3J 
* 

1 
2 

2} 
5 

li 

4 

1*E. 

1*W. 

4* 

6 

6 

8* 

4 

2  E. 

1  W 
2 

2  E. 
1  W. 


3.1W 


Days 


3.4 


Long.     Days. 


13*  W, 
9 

15* 
16} 

5  W, 
8 

6f 

^ 

14} 

13 

13 

9i 
7 
10 

1\ 

li 

9 
11 

^ 
7* 

7*W 

7 

12* 
13} 
11* 
18* 
12* 

6  W. 
6* 
8* 

10  W 
10 


10. 1 


4.0 


10°  s. 


Long.     Days 


19  W. 

18 

24 

23 

17 

17} 

16* 

19* 

22 

20} 

20 

18* 

16* 

19* 

1"? 

14* 

16 

20 

16 

20* 

18* 

15} 

18 

21 

21 

30* 

19} 

13* 

16* 

20} 

20} 

19* 


5"  8. 


Long. 


24}  W. 

25} 

28} 

29* 

24} 

27 

26} 

28* 

29 

26* 

27 

36 

26} 

26* 

26* 

24} 

24} 

28* 

23} 

29* 

30 

23* 

28* 

29* 

29* 

34} 

27* 

25 

24* 

32* 

28* 

30} 


Days. 


31 

32* 

31} 

34 

31* 

34} 

32* 

36* 

34 

30} 

34 

33 

33 

33 

32} 

31 

31 

38 

31} 

35 

38 

29* 

36 

36 

35* 

39} 

32 

32 

33 

40* 

37* 

37* 


34.0 


AUGUST. 


M.  Homes 

Lowell 

A.  Heard 

Lucy  Elizabeth  . . 

Lowell 

Jennie  W.  Paine  , 

Malay 

Mahota 

Wild  Duck 

Arabella 

Borneo 

Corrinne 

Daniel  Webster. 

Siam 

Monsoon 

Medford 

Northern  Light  . , 

Skylark , 

Raduga 


Penang.... 
Padang.... 
Manilla..., 
Penang.... 
Batavla  . . . 
'  aleutta. . 

..do 

....do 

Shanghai.. 
Calcutta. . 
Penang . . . . 
Calcutta. . 
Singapore 
Anger .... 
Calcutta.. 

..  do 

Manilla.  . 
Calcutta. . 
Manilla... 


74* 

11*  E. 

3* 

1}E. 

4 

8*W. 

3i 

16 

3i 

23 

3* 

30 

2* 

36* 

72 

11} 

4 

7* 

4i 

1* 

4 

9 

4i 

17} 

5 

28* 

4* 

37* 

81* 

10 

3* 

4i 

4 

2 

3i 

9* 

3* 

17* 

4 

25} 

3 

31} 

87 

14 

6 

5} 

4 

u 

3* 

71 

5 

17 

4i 

25} 

44 

34* 

47 

'i 

4^ 

0 

4* 

6i 

7 

16* 

4 

23} 

4 

30 

3 

35* 

67* 

9 

3* 

*W. 

3* 

7 

3* 

15 

3 

23 

34 

30* 

3 

36 

60* 

7* 

3 

0 

3* 

6} 

3 

13* 

3 

20* 

2* 

26 

24 

31} 

55* 

11 

2* 

4*E. 

2* 

1 

3 

7 

3 

13 

3 

19 

24 

24* 

83i 

12* 

2 

8} 

2* 

2}E. 

4i 

8  W 

54 

21* 

^ 

33* 

2 

37 

92 

11 

6 

7* 

5 

2}W. 

4 

11 

5 

20* 

5 

29 

4 

37 

98 

11* 

4 

^i 

4 

u 

4 

8* 

4 

17 

4 

25 

44 

33 

68 

10} 

3 

4i 

3 

n 

3 

8 

6 

17 

4 

25* 

3 

31* 

49* 

10* 

3 

2 

6* 

7 

54 

14* 

3 

21* 

3 

2? 

3 

33 

51* 

13* 

4 

5* 

4* 

» 

5 

6* 

3* 

12} 

4 

20 

44 

29* 

54* 

10} 

5 

6 

3* 

4 

5i 

12 

3 

20 

24 

26 

3 

32} 

76* 

11 

4* 

2i 

7 

4* 

4 

12 

3 

17* 

3* 

21* 

34 

27 

71* 

11 

3 

2  W. 

3i 

12 

4* 

21 

2 

25 

24 

30 

3 

36* 

59* 

8 

3 

1 

3 

74 

3 

14* 

3 

21* 

3 

28} 

2* 

35 

72* 

12} 

3 

7  E 

3* 

u 

2* 

6* 

3 

14* 

24 

20} 

2* 

23} 

10. 8B. 

3.2 

3.2E 

4.0 

3.3W. 

4.0 

11.4 

3.7 

19.1 

4.2 

26.4 

3.2 

^.8 

FROM   THE    OFFINGS    OF    THE    CAPE    TO   THE   LINE. 


841 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeward-hound  Indiamen,  dtc. — Continued. 

SEPTEMBER. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Aurora 

Anna  Maria 

Black  Prince..., 
Southern  Cross  , 

Cornet 

Escort 

Wizard , 

Hindoostan 

Lurch 

Fire  Fly , 

John  Gilpin 

John  Gardner. ., 

Maria 

Malay 

Mameluke  . 

Quick  Step 

Santiago 

Storm , 

Tsar 

Malay 


Means. 


Port  from— 


Manilla.... 
Penang.... 
Singapore  . 
Manilla.... 
Canton .... 
Penang.... 
Manilla.... 
Calcutta. . . 

Padang 

Manilla..., 
Calcutta. ., 

....do 

Bencoolen . 

Anger 

Manilla.. .. 
Whampoa. 
Canton . . . 
Manilla..,. 
Calcutta. .. 
....do  ..... 


Days. 


60 
115 
58i 
69i 
83 
60i 
45i 
70i 
53^ 
88 
54i 
58| 
35 
36^ 
74 
7i 
90i 
62i 
83 
65 


Long. 


6JE. 
13 
10 
11 

12 
13 
12 
13J 
lOi 
3 
10 

9i 

8* 
14 


Hi 
lOi 


10.2 


Days. 


25°  S. 


Long. 


3iE 
6 

'ff 

IW. 

4^E. 

3i 

4 

m 

4 
8  W. 

2  E. 
5 

2 

2i 
li 

Sj 
3 


3.7 


Days. 


3.6 


20°  S. 


Long.     Days 


4W. 

1  E. 
U 
2* 

7JW. 
1 

6 

* 
3 

H 

23 

i  E. 
3JW. 
7 

2  E. 
0 

7W. 
i  E. 
1  W. 


3.3 


3.8 


15' 8. 


Long. 


m 

7iW, 

8 

8i 
17 

8i 
15i 
lOJ 
10} 
12 
28 
14 

7* 
10 

m 

10 
14i 

6? 

8 


Days. 


3.5 


10°  S, 


Long.     Days 


22 

15i 

17 

18* 

24 

17^ 

29^ 

19i 

22 

18 

32 

32^ 

17i 

18 

28i 

18 

16i 

20 

16i 

17i 


Long. 


3.2 


29i: 

23 

28i 

26 

28f 

26J 

34i 

28 

29 

23J 

35 

28 

25i 

25 

34f 

28 

27 

26i 

23J 

25 


Days. 


2* 
3J 
4 

li 
2 

3i 

2 

4i 

4 

3i 

U 

2i 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

4 

3 


38 

31 

35J 

31 

37 

34 

38i 

38 

37 

31 

38 

34 

30 

31i 

39i 

34i 

34 

30| 

30 

32J 


27.8 


2.9 


34.2 


18* 

25^ 

24i 

1« 

18 

21 

20 

Xjt 

28 

22i 

17i 

18i 

18 

19 

21 

20i 

20 

15i 

26 

18 

20.8 


OCTOBER. 


Dashing  Wave. 

Fenelon 

Hus.sar 

Ocean  Pearl  , . . 
Northern  Light . 

Rubicon 

Art  Union 

Boston 

Morning  Light. 

Mandarin 

Maria 

Windward  .  . . . 

Sabine 

Aldebaran 

Amity . , 

Panther 

Goodwin 

Sappho 


Calcutta 

Padang 

Canton 

Manilla 

....do 

Calcutta 

....do 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

Foo-choo  Foo  . 

Batavia 

Calcutta 

....do 

Penang 

Manilla 

....do 

Bombay 

Canton 


59 

67i 

76J 

73 

64 

86i 

65 

47 

54 

75J 

391 

55i 

96i 

75i 

76J 

70 

45 

71 


11  E. 
10* 
11 
101 

9f 
lU 

9* 
12 
101 

9 

lU 

9 

111 
10 

8 

181 
11 
lOJ 

10.8 


2i 
4 
4 
5 
4 
2 
4 
5i 
2 
3 

4 

3 

3i 

5 

24 

4i 

3i 

3.6 


4  E. 

4? 

3 

51 

u 

6 

2} 
51 
4 

n 

7 

4i 

2f 

11 
11 
5 
2i 

4.7 


3 

34 

3 

21 

4 

3 

5 

3 

24 

3 

34 

3 

7 

44 

44 

4 

4 

3 

3.7 


4W. 
2 
6 
4  E. 

7JW. 

11 

3f 

i 

1 

3 

0 

11 

1 

2 

5 

0 

1 

1* 

2.3 


12i 

7^ 
12 

7iW, 
17* 

74 
104 

8 

64 
8 
6* 
84 
9* 
74 
114 
6 
6J 
74 

9.0 


24 

54 

4 

5 

3 

5 

6 

5 

4 

5 

5 

44 

34 

4 

4 

74 

6 

44 

4.7 


20 

18J 

211 

184 

24* 

19* 

22 

16 

174 
23 

194 

19 

151 

154 

18* 

184 

194 

184 

19.2 


3 
4 
3 

44 
3 

54 

4 

3 

44 
3 

34 

5 

34 

5 

3 

34 

44 

4 

3.9 


25i 

26J 

281 

30* 

31 

29 

20* 

28* 

31* 

26* 

30 

20* 

231 

26* 

25* 

35 

28 

26.9 


2 

6 

3 

5 

3* 

3 

34 

3 

3* 

24 

3 

3 

4 

4 

34 

3 

5 

3 

3.5 


331 

34* 

33* 

39 

35 

35* 

354 

26 

39 

38 

30* 

37 

28* 

29* 

33* 

31 

34* 

34* 


16 

26* 

19* 

25* 

20* 

23 

25* 

23* 

19 

18* 

20 

22* 

24* 

24* 

23* 

25* 

28 

21* 

22.6 


VOL.   II- 


-106 


842 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


Crossings  and  time  of  homeivard-bound  Indiamen,  dec. — Continued. 

NOVEMBER. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Anglo  Saxon 

Art  Union 

Jacob  Bell 

Samuel  Russel . . , 

Pamelia 

Hippogrippe  . . . . . 
Josiah  Crowell . . , 
Mary  Goodell. ... 

Horatio 

Shooting  Star..., 
Young  America. , 
Samuel  Russel . . , 

Victory 

White  Swallow  , 
Samuel  Russel . . , 

Oriental 

Syrcne 

Sea  Serpent 

Greenfield 


Means. 


Port  from- 


Oalculta 

....do 

Manilla 

Foo-choo  Foo  . 

Penang 

Calcutta 

....do 

....do 

Shanghai 

Wbampoa...,. 

Manilla 

Foo-Chow 

Calcutta 

Foo-choo  Foo  . 

....do 

Padang 

Calcutta 

Whampoa 

Manilla 


Days. 


63 

61 

75 

61i 

57i 

60i 

90 

112 
6H 
54i 
79i 
53i 
70 
76J 
56 
56i 
57i 
73i 


30°  S. 


Long. 


9iE. 
Si 

Hi 


9 

101 
11* 
13 

6 
101 

n 

5^ 

9 

12* 
11 

9 


9.3E. 


Days. 


3.0 


25°  S. 


Long. 


41 E. 
3 

0 

H 

2  W 
5  E. 
3? 
iW 
HE. 
11 
0 

3 

4 

2i 

4 

4* 

3i 

IfW. 


2.6E. 


Days 


3.2 


20°  S. 


Long. 


3*W, 

5 

7^ 

'i 

8 

^ 

1 

8 

5i 

2*E. 

5|W. 

8i 

5 

7 

4 

0 

1 

2 


4.4  W. 


Days. 


3.4 


15°  S. 


Long.     Days 


10 

14 

14 

10* 

141 

13 

7 

131 
14 

71 W. 
17i 
18i 
11* 
14i 
131 

7iW. 

61 

7 
14 


12. OW. 


3.9 


Long. 


211 

221 

2U 

20* 

221 

19* 

16* 

23J 

20i 

161 

241 

241 

18 

96 

19* 

15 

17* 

16* 

19* 


20.2 


Days, 


3.1 


5°S. 


Long. 


Days 


311 

29 

27 

30 

27 

27 

26 

29 

28i 

27 

311 

30 

23 

30i 

261 

241 

26J 

23 

24 


2 
3^ 
3i 
2 

2i 
3 

4 

2i 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4i 

4 

3 

3 


35 

35 

35 

331 

31 

33 

34 

35 

341 

341 

34* 

331 

28i 

35 

Z-il 

32* 

341 

30 

30 


27.4 


2.9 


.33.2 


DECEMBER. 


Candace 

Coringa 

Coeur  de  Lion 

Challenge 

Corinne 

Dashaway 

Electric 

Fair  Wind 

Game  Cock 

Ganges 

Haidee 

Stag  Hound 

Seargo 

Mischief 

Seaman's  Bride.... 

Seargo 

Ariel 

John  Bertram 

Candace 

Falcon 

Tingua 

Orissa 

Octavius 

Pontiac 

Restitution 

Messenger 

Mary 

Western  Continent. 
Thos.  W.  Sears.... 

Means 


Shanghai ..... 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

....do 

Shanghai 

Calcutta 

Shanghai    .... 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Canton 

Calcutta 

Foo-choo- Foo 

Manilla 

Calcutta 

Shanghai 

Manilla 

Shanghai 

Anger 

Shanghai 

Calcutta.  ...,•, 

....do , 

....do 

Batavia 

Shanghai 

Calcutta. 

....do  , 

Singapore  . . . . . 


46 

71  E. 

4 

5  W. 

65 

6 

3 

i 

78 

8i 

3 

21 E. 

75^ 

5 

5 

3  W. 

66 

9i 

4 

2* 

46 

m 

3 

21 E. 

551 

11 

3i 

2i 

57 

7* 

^ 

34  W. 

72 

7* 

3 

4 

51 

9 

3i 

2*E. 

66 

% 

3i 

4 

51 

12i 

3i 

4 

53 

9* 

6 

44 

73^ 

8 

4 

1 

72i 

n 

2 

3 

66i 

8i 

^ 

a  w. 

67 

9i 

5 

21 E. 

47 

6i 

3 

4  W. 

76 

8i 

6 

3  E. 

38i 

m 

21 

64 

73 

9* 

3k 

34 

47i 

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850 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


From  these  tables  we  may  deduce  the  following  comparative  statement  of  the  average 
monthly  runs  of  American  and  Dutch  vessels  through  the  trade  winds  of  the  Atlantic. 


FROM  30°  S.  TO  THE  LINE. 


FROM  THE  LINE  TO  30°  N.  AND  TO  PORT. 


January    

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Means 


AMERICAN. 


Prom3U' 

S. 


10    E 

8.8 

9.8 
10.0 
10.6 
11.1 
JO. 7 
10.8 
10.2 
10.8 

9.3 

9.2 


10.1 


Days.   {To  Line 


21.8 
22.1 
21.4 
22.4 
22.2 
20.7 
21.4 
22.4 
20.8 
22.6 
19.6 
21.1 


21.5         33.5 


32.yW 

33.2 

33.5 

31.9 

34.3 

34.2 

34 

32.8 

31.2 

34.9 

33.2 

33 


Prom  38* 
S. 


IIJE 

lU 
lOf 

Hi 
Ui 

Hi 
Hi 

lU 
Hi 

lU 
Hi 
11 


11.3 


Days. 


20.7 

20.5 

20 

20.1 

20.9 

19.8 

20.4 

20.1 

19.1 

18.1 

19.7 

19.4 


20 


To  Line. 


21W 

20i 

20J 

20j 

Slj 

21i 

21i 

20J 

20| 

20i 

20i 

20i 


21.4 


AMERICAN. 


Days. 


17.9 

19 

17 

18 

17.6 

17.8 

19 

23.2 

22.8 

20 

21.6 

18.8 


19.3 


From  80' 

N. 


68  W. 

65.6 

67 

67 

6S.6 

63.7 

66.7 

64.5 

64.6 

65.7 

68.9 

68.1 


66.4 


To  port. 


Days. 

29.2 

30.2 

25.7 

24 

23.7 

26 

28,5 

32.9 

33.8 

28.8 

32.4 

32 


28.9 


Days. 


20.6 
18.5 
18.4 
20.1 
20.9 
20.5 
19.1 
18  6 
19.5 
20.4 
19.8 
19.5 


19.7 


ProraS 

N. 


37i 

38 

38J 

38 

33i 

38i 

38 

35J 

34f 

35A 

34i 

35i 


36.9 


To 
port. 

Days. 
41.4 
42.6 
41 

41.4 
41.6 
41.8 
41.7 
41.2 
42 
41 

38.6 
35.2 


American:  From  30°  S.  and  10°. 1  E.  to  Line  in  33°.5. 
Dutch:  From  30°  S.  and  llo.3  E.  to  Line  in  21°.9 


American :  From  0°  and  33°.5  to  30°  N.  and  66°.4  W. 
Dutch  :  From  0°  and  21°.4  to  30°  N.  and  36°.9  W 


American :  From  30°  N.  and  66°. 4  W.  to  New  York. 
Dutch:  From  30°  N.  and  36° .9  W.  to  Lizard 


Dayn. 

21  5 

Distance 

20 

Distance 

19.3 

Distance. 

19.7 

Distance 

9.5 

21.1 

Distance. 

Miles. 

Per  day 

360 

=  142 

2,600 

=  130 

2,620 

=  137 

2,030 

=  1U3 

730 

=    77 

1,830 

=   87 

Referring  to  this  table  it  appears  that  the  average  difference  of  speed  through  the  SE. 
trades  of  the  Atlantic,  instead  of  being  about  three-quarters  of  a  knot  an  hour  in  favor  of  the 
American  fleet,  as  according  to  the  estimate  it  should  be,  is  only  one-half  a  knot.  It  was 
three-quarters  of  a  knot  and  more  over  the  same  route  and  through  the  same  winds  in  the 
Indian  ocean  j  but  in  the  South  Atlantic  the  two  fleets  have  separated  and  the  Dutch  have  the 
wind  a  little  more  quartering. 

From  this  circumstance  we  are  entitled  to  infer  that  in  that  portion  of  the  South  Atlantic 
which  lies  between  the  forks  of  the  road  made  by  the  homeward  bound  Dutch  and  American 
East  Indiamen  there  is  no  appreciable  difference  in  the  average  strength  of  the  SB.  trades. 

However  this  may  be  as  to  the  average  strength  of  the  whole  belt,  it  appears  that  the 
average  strength  of  the  winds  between  15°  and  10°  S.  is  at  a  maximum  along  the  American 
and  at  a  minimum  along  the  European  track,  for  the  Dutch  crossings  may  be  taken  fairly  to 
represent  the  homeward  track  of  all  European  Indiamen.  Between  10°  and  15°  S.  the 
American  average  speed  is  149,  the  Dutch  122  miles  a  day.  The  mean  of  a  still  greater  num- 
ber will  probably  reduce  this  difference  by  increasing  the  Dutch  average  somewhat,  which, 
between  these  parallels,  is  only  122  miles,  if  it  do  not  decrease  the  American  average,  which  is 
149  miles  a  day.  It  would,  therefore,  perhaps  be  more  correct  to  say  that  the  band  of  freshest 
winds  in  the  South  Atlantic  lies  between  the  parallels  of  5°  and  15°  for  the  American,  and 
between  10°  and  the  equator  for  the  European  route. 


FEOM  THE  CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE  HOMEWARD. 

Average  crossings,  Dutch  and  American,  from  30°  S.  to  the  Line. 


851 


30° 

s. 

25° 

S. 

20° 

S. 

15° 

8. 

10° 

S. 

5° 

S. 

Line. 

No.  ofvessels 

Month. 

c 
a 

'C 
a 

S 
< 

.s 

o 

3 

n 

s 
a 

V 

■a 
S 

.a 
2 

i 

1 

3 

s 

V 

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a 
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.c 

V 

3 

Q 

c 

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< 

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A 

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•c 

s 
< 

1 

o 

•c 
B 

3 

n 

§ 
o 

•a 

e 

< 

o 

3 

a 

Longitude,  (degrees)..,. 
Days 

E. 
10 

E. 

E. 

2 

3.4 
159 

E. 

5 

3.2 
140 

3.3 

146 

w. 

1 

3.4 
132 

w. 

3.6 
139 

w. 

6} 
3.5 
126 

6i 
3.3 
128 

w. 

19i 
4.1 
139 

W. 

124 

3.8 
119 

w. 

2? 
3.7 
144 

W. 

171 

3.4 
121 

W. 
33 

3.8 

118 

w. 

21 
3.4 
127 

27 

64 

8* 

February 

Longitude,  (degrees) . . . 

IH 

1 
3.5 
145 

5 
3.2 

140 

5i 
4.2 
108 

n 

3.4 
136 

12 
3.7 
133 

19i 
3.9 
147 

•12i 
3.9 
177 

27 
3.4 
160 

16} 
3.3 
120 

331 
3.4 
120 

20i 
3.4 
126 

25 

61 

Runs,  (miles) 

Longitude,  (degrees), . 

9* 

lOJ 

2 
3,5 

146 

4} 
3.2 
138 

6 
3.3 

158 

1 
3.2 

137 

12} 
3.4 
146 

6i 
3.1 
141 

20i 
3.6 
149 

12i 
3.8 
119 

28 
3  6 
149 

171 
3.1 
139 

33i 
4.1 
110 

20} 
3,6 
117 

22 

49 

April 

Longitude,  (degrees)... 
Days 

10 

Hi 

3i 
3.6 
136 

H 
3.6 
126 

4 
3.7 
133 

i 
3.7 

118 

Hi 
3.9 
131 

6i 
3.4 
134 

19i 
3.5 
160 

121 
3.5 
130 

261 
3.4 
134 

17 

3 

135 

32 
4.4 
102 

20i 
2,9 
145 

18 

48 

May 

Longitude,  (degrees) , . . 

lOi 

in 

4i 
3.7 
116 

5 

3.8 
121 

2i 
3.6 
136 

1 
3.9 
115 

lOi 
4.2 
137 

6i 
3.6 
1-25 

20 

4 

156 

121 
3.8 
119 

28i 
3.6 
160 

17i 
3.1 
142 

34i 
3.1 
148 

21} 
2.9 
116 

19 

37 

June 

Longitude,  (degrees),... 

11 

Hi 

3.5 
129 

5} 
3.4 
126 

2J 
3.7 
137 

i 
3.5 
127 

10 
3.6 
142 

6i 
3.7 
114 

m 

3.7 
168 

121 
3.5 
131 

27 
3.2 
156 

17i 

3 

146 

34i 
2.9 
177 

21i 
2.7 
165 

29 

40 

July 

Longitude,  (degrees).... 

10} 

lU 

4 
3,6 
128 

6 
3.6 
115 

6 
3.8 
108 

3 

3.8 
129 

i 
3.5 
126 

lU 
3.4 

149 

6i 
3.6 
133 

19 

4 

151 

121 
3.6 
127 

27i 
3.7 
156 

17 
3.1 
130 

34 

3 

161 

21i 

3 

143 

32 

34 

Longitude,  (degrees)... 

10* 

lu 

3i 
3,2 
154 

3i 
4 

118 

0 
3.7 
119 

Hi 

4 

140 

6i 
3.6 
133 

19 
3  7 
146 

12i 
3.4 
135 

26i 
4.2 
126 

17 
2.8 
144 

32} 
3.2 

167 

20} 
2.8 
150 

19 

40 

September. 

Longitude,  (degrees)... 

m 

Hi 

3| 
3.7 
121 

6i 
3.2 

148 

3i 
3.6 
135 

3.3 

137 

3.1 
127 

11} 
3.8 
150 

6} 
3.3 

138 

20i 
3.5 
168 

12i 
3.3 
131 

27} 
3.2 
164 

17 
3.1 
134 

34J 
3.9 
164 

20} 
2.9 

148 

20 

45 

Longitude,  (degrees).... 

10* 

Hi 

4i 
3.6 
121 

5i 
2.9 
129 

2i 
3.7 
128 

9 
3.4 
144 

6} 
3.3 
138 

19J 
4.7 
128 

12i 
3.4 
129 

27 
3.9 
132 

17 
2.8 
143 

35 
3.5 
157 

20i 
2.6 
161 

18 

50 

November 

Longitude,  (degrees) . . . 
Days 

9i 

lU 

2i 

3 

155 

5 
3.4 
135 

4i 
3.2 
155 

3,5 
131 

12 
3.4 
157 

6i 
3.3 
128 

20i 
3.9 
151 

12i 
3.7 
124 

27i 
3.1 
133 

17 

3 

134 

^1 
2.9 
157 

20i 
2.8 
150 

19 

40 

December 

Longitude,  (degrees).... 
Days 

H 

11 

9 
3.8 
140 

4} 
3.3 
136 

5i 
3.7 
131 

1 
3.3 
132 

13 
3.8 
139 

6i 
3.2 
136 

20 
3.4 
150 

12 
3.6 
120 

27 
3.3 
154 

17 
3.3 
132 

33 
3.1 
149 

20i 
3.8 
111 

29 

30 

Average  time  duri 

3.5 
137 

3.4 
130 

3.7 
132 

3.5 

128 

3.7 
141 

3.4 
130 

3.8 
149 

3.6 
122 

3.5 

148 

3.1 
134 

3.4 

140 

3.1 
139 

Average  daily  run 

during  the  year 

852 


THJe  WIND  AND  CUERENT  CHARTS. 


This  table,  (p.  851,)  compiled  by  Lieutenant  McCanley,  is  very  instructive,  and  the  navigator 
who  studies  it  day  after  day  as  he  is  running  down  these  ' '  crossings' '  will  not  only  find  in  it  useful 
information,  but  some  good  and  practical  suggestions  also;  and  it  will  prove  the  more  suggestive 
and  beneficial  as  he  compares  it  with  the  following,  prepared  by  Lieutenant  May  for  the  North 
Atlantic. 

Average  crossings,  times,  and  runs  from  the  Line  to  35°  N. 


Line. 

5° 

N. 

10° 

N. 

'15° 

N. 

20° 

N. 

25' 

N. 

30° 

N. 

35' 

N. 

No.  of  runs. 

Month. 

■n 

1 
< 

S 

3 

c 

« 

V 

S 
< 

J3 
o 

3 

a 

CO 

< 

o 

3 

c 
a 

(J 

S 
< 

o 

3 

Q 

B 

e 
o 

■c 

s 
< 

J3 
3 

Q 

c 
cs 
_o 

91 
< 

3 

Q 

c 
a 

*C 

a 

< 

J3 
o 
3 

Q 

37J 
3.0 
102 

c 

(8 

S 
< 

3 

Q 

B 
cd 

1 

3 

o 

January.... 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

321 

21 

381 
3.3 
135 

23J 
5.5 
62 

44 
2.7 
167 

28* 
3.7 
115 

50 
2.4 
150 

321 
2.6 
143 

561 
2.7 
179 

35 
2.7 
123 

631 
3.3 

147 

381 
3.1 
100 

68 
3.5 
112 

71* 
4.6 

78 

35 
3.7 

87 

30 

50 

Daily  runs, (miles) 

February.. . . 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

33i 

21i 

38 
3.5 
120 

24^ 

6.1 

59 

44J 
2.5 
197 

30 
4.3 
104 

50* 
2.6 
181 

33* 
2.6 
143 

56* 
3.1 
146 

361 
2,5 
137 

61* 
3.4 
122 

37* 
2.8 
110 

65J 
3.9 
95 

38 
3.0 
100 

68* 

3.7 

86 

35* 

3.3 

97 

14 

44 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

March 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

33J 

21 

39* 
3.0 
163 

24* 

6.3 

60 

46 
2.3 
203 

31 
4.2 
114 

5U 
2.3 
192 

34* 
2.5 

148 

56.6 
2.5 
170 

371 
2.6 
129 

621 
3.5 
126 

38* 
3.0 
103 

67 
3.4 
114 

38* 
3.4 
86 

701 
3.4 
101 

37 
3.1 
100 

SO 

53 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

April 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 
Days 

Daily  juns,(miles) 

32 

20J 

39i 
3.0 

180 

23J 
5.5 
63 

45i 
2.0 
230 

30 
4.4 
112 

50i 
2.5 
172 

34 
2.6 
147 

561 
3.2 
138 

36i 
2.4 
139 

6U 
4.1 
102 

38 
2.8 
HI 

67 
3.2 
133 

38 

3.1 

97 

70* 
2.7 
132 

36^ 

3.3 

92 

13 

44 

May 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

34i 

20f 

38J 

4.1 

98 

23 
4.2 

79 

44^ 
2.5 
186 

28i 

5.6 

80 

50J 
2.3 
198 

33 
3.0 
134 

56^ 
2.8 
163 

35* 
2.4 
142 

61* 
2.7 
157 

37* 
2.9 
110 

661 
3.2 
123 

38i 
3.3 
92 

69^ 
2.6 
129 

36i 
4.2 

75 

15 

48 

Daily  runs,  (miles) 

June 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

341 

21J 

37 
3.0 
119 

231 
2.8 
117 

421 
3.4 

128 

25i 
5.8 
56 

48i 
2.2 
215 

31i 
4.2 
111 

541 
2.3 
193 

34i 
2.3 
152 

58* 
3.1 
126 

36* 
2.4 
136 

63* 
3.8 
105 

38i 
3.7 

84 

68 
3.4 

108 

37* 
4.4 
69 

26 

33 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

July 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

34 

21* 

38i 
2.6 
160 

23J 
2.5 
131 

41 
4.3 

77 

241 

3.4 

89 

47i 
3.6 
133 

291 

5.7 

74 

53i 
2.4 
191 

331 
2.9 
132 

59 
2.8 
153 

361 
2.5 
1.37 

66* 
3.3 
156 

381 
3.1 
102 

671 

3.4 

89 

38i 
4.6 
65 

30 

25 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

August 

Long.  W.,  (deg.) 

32J 

211 

38 
2.9 
146 

23J 
2,7 
121 

40J 
4.0 

85 

24 
2.5 
121 

47i 
4.5 
116 

27i 

5.2 

70 

531 
3.0 

148 

31i 
3,0 
127 

59 
3.9 
113 

341 
2.4 
140 

64^ 
4.9 

86 

35* 

3.6 

86 

69 

4.1 

93 

35* 
3.8 
79 

16 

34 

Daulyruns,(miles) 

September . . 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

34i 

20J 

38f 
2.9 
140 

22* 
2.7 
122 

41i 
4.0 

85 

24 
3.8 

82 

47i 
3.9 
129 

28 
4.4 

87 

54 
3.4 
142 

32 

2.7 
141 

591 

4.2 

98 

33* 
3.1 
102 

64i 

4.4 

95 

34* 

3.3 

92 

69i 

4.8 

93 

35 
4.4 

68 

18 

33 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

October  .... 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

35 

20^ 

38 
3.2 
113 

221 
2.8 
113 

41 

3.9 

89 

24 
5.1 
63 

47i 
2.9 
166 

281 
3.6 
109 

541 
3.1 
161 

311 
2.8 
125 

60 
3.1 
145 

331. 
2.9 
110 

65* 
3.8 
112 

351 
3.7 
86 

70 

3.8 

99 

35 
3.4 

88 

13 

40 

Daily  runs,(miles) 

November.. 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

33i 

20 

38 
2.7 
157 

22 
3.0 
108 

42* 
3.2 
127 

25 
4.2 

84 

49i 
3.4 
142 

29 
2.6 
146 

67* 
3.8 
149 

32 
2.4 
146 

64* 
4.7 
106 

33J 
3.1 
101 

69 
3.8 
107 

34i 

3.7 

83 

72J 
4.2 

78 

331 

3,3 

93 

19 

33 

Daily  runs,(miles) 



December . . 

Long.  W.,  (deg.). 

33 

20i 

381 
2.7 
163 

22* 
3.3 
102 

44 
2.8 
157 

26i 
3.9 
96 

501 
3.4 
141 

30i 
2.5 
153 

571 
3.1 
162 

33i 
2.4 
142 

63* 
3.4 
134 

35 

2.6 
121 

68 
3.4 
113 

351 
2.9 
104 

711 
4.4 

77 

33* 
3.2 
97 

18 

34 

Daily  runB,(miles) 



General  aver 

* 

3.1 
139 

3.9 
90 

3.1 
132 

4  2 
90 

3.0 
157 

3.5 
113 

3.0 
160 

2.6 
135 

3.5 
126 

2.8 
114 

3.7 
111 

3.3 

92 

3,8 
93 

3.7 

83 

Daily  runs... 

FROM   THE   LINE   HOMEWARD — AMERICAN   ROUTE.  853 

This  table  is  in  striking  accord  with  the  Pilot  and  the  Trade -Wind  Charts.  It  had  been 
well  established  by  these  that  the  belt  of  light  airs  and  calms  which  separate  the  "trades" 
in  the  Atlantic  is  wedge-shaped,  having  the  base  of  the  wedge  turned  towards  Africa,  the 
edge  towards  America.  The  Dutch  cross  on  the  African  side  in  the  thick  part  of  the  wedge; 
their  average  speed  the  year  round,  from  the  line  to  10°  N.,  is  90  miles  only,  whereas  the 
American  average  between  the  same  parallels  is  upwards  of  130  miles  a  day.  The  greatest 
contrast  as  to  the  strength  of  the  winds  between  the  same  parallels  on  the  African  and  American 
side  appears  to  be  from  January  to  April,  inclusive,  when  the  "  doldrums  rage"  between  the 
equator  and  5°  N.  On  the  American  side,  for  these  four  months,  the  average  daily  run  is  from 
60  to  117  miles  greater  by  the  American  or  western  crossing  than  it  is  by  the  European  or 
eastern  crossing. 

We  thus  see  where  to  look  for  the  lightest  airs;  now  let  us  search  for  the  belts  of  freshest 
winds,  and  inquire  also  which  blow  with  the  greatest  strength,  the  NE.  or  the  SE.  trades. 

The  freshest  trades  in  the  north  Atlantic  the  year  round  are  between  the  parallels  of  10°  and 
20°.  They  give  to  the  homeward  bound  American  ships  a  higher  daily  average  in.  miles  ' '  made 
good"  than  the  SE.  trades  do  ;  but  it  should  not  be  inferred  from  this  fact  that  the  NE.  are 
therefore  the  fresher.  Before  forming  any  conclusion  as  to  the  relative  strength  of  these  two 
winds  the  navigator  will  take  into  consideration  this  circumstance,  viz  :  the  American  fleets, 
which  in  this  case  afford  us  the  best  data  for  comparing  the  relative  strength  of  the  NE.  and 
SE.  trades — indeed,  I  might  say  the  absolute  nautical  strength  of  the  two  winds — run  through 
the  SE.  trades  with  the  wind  aft,  through  the  NE.  with  the  wind  a  little  abaft  the  beam,  and 
still  the  difference  between  the  greatest  average  daily  runs  with  these  two  winds  the  year 
round  is  only  ten  miles  a  day,  or  say  half  a  knot  an  hour. 

Through  the  freshest  part  of  the  SE.  trades  a  ship  sailing  before  them  will  average  the  year 
round  6|-  knots.  Suppose  you  bring  the  same  wind  a  point  abaft  the  beam,  she  would  average 
not  less  than  8  or  9  knots,  say  200  miles  a  day.  Through  the  freshest  part  of  the  NE.  trades 
the  actual  yearly  average  with  the  wind  just  abaft  the  beam  is  6|  knots  the  hour,  or  161  miles 
a  day.  Thus  is  confirmed  by  a  new  and  beautiful  proof,  the  fact  that  has  been  treated  in 
previous  editions  of  this  work :  that  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic  are  stronger  winds  than 
the  NE. 

It  appears  that  the  average  strength  of  the  SE.  trades  from  30°  S.  to  the  line  is  sufficient 
to  drive  a  ship  before  them  144  miles  a  day — say  6  knots — and  that  the  average  strength  of  the 
NE.  trades  from  the  line  to  30^  N.  is  sufficient  to  drive  a  ship  sailing  through  them  with  the 
wind  just  abaft  the  beam  at  the  rate  of  140  miles  a  day,  or  not  quite  6  knots.  The  average 
propelling  power  of  the  SE.  trades  in  the  Atlantic,  taken  just  abaft  the  beam,  is,  according 
to  estimate,  about  8  knots,  or  at  least  two  miles  an  hour  greater  than  the  NE.  trades.  Thus 
we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  to  which  other  investigations  had  pointed  us,  viz  :  that  the  SE. 
trades  are  fresher  than  the  NE.  The  excess  of  land  in  the  northern  hemisphere  will  help 
to  account  for  this  phenomenon. 

The  shortest  sailing  distance  from  the  line,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  American  fleet,  to  New 
York  is  about  3, 350  miles.  The  practical  sailing  distance  from  the  European  crossing  to  the 
Lizard  is  500  miles  greater,  and  yet  the  average  difi"erence  of  time  in  making  the  run  is  12  days  ! 

It  is  well  to  follow  this  up,  that  the  cause  of  this  difference  may  be  unmasked.  From  the 
line  to  30°  N.  the  European  bound  fleet  hugs  the  wind,  while  the  American  "spanks  it  off" 


854  THE   WIND   AND   CUERENT   CHARTS. 

with  flowing  sheets.  The  result  is  a  general  average  the  year  round  of  35  miles  "good'*'  per 
day  in  favor  of  the  American.  Still,  both  fleets  reach  30°  N.  just  about  the  same  time.  From 
this  parallel  to  port,  the  path  is  first  through  the  debatable  ground  between  the  trades  and  the 
variables,  and  then  through  the  variables,  which  prevail  from  the  west.  This  reverses  the 
condition,  by  bringing  the  American  fleet  closer  to  the  wind  and  letting  that  for  Europe  go  free. 
The  result  is,  the  average  speed  of  the  latter  is  ten  miles  a  day  greater  than  the  former — 87 
against  77.  This  is  shameful  performance  on  both  sides,  butespecially  on  the  American.  Vessels 
struggling  to  get  to  the  westward  against  the  currents,  the  west  winds,  and  high  seas  off  Cape 
Horn,  make  better  headway  than  do  our  homeward  bound  vessels  from  30°  N.  to  New  York  ! 
The  key  to  this  difficulty  is  in  leaving  the  trade  wind  belt  too  soon.  Vessels  should  run  further 
to  the  ivest  in  them,  and  never  of  choice  cross  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  to  the  east  of  72°  W. 

One  can  see  by  table  page  852  where  the  freshest  trades  are  usually  to  be  found  for  any 
month  ;  and  the  parallels  between  which  they  blow  are  the  parallels  between  which  the  navi- 
gator should  run  doAvn  most  of  his  westing.  Thus,  in  March  and  April  the  best  runs  (203  and 
230  miles)  are  made  ;  and  consequently  the  freshest  trades  are  found  between  5°  and  10°  N. 
Whereas  in  July,  August,  September,  and  October,  the  worst  runs,  and  consequently  the 
lightest  winds,  are  found  between  these  parallels.  The  daily  average  here  at  this  season  is 
from  77  to  89  miles  a  day.  In  these  four  months,  these  would  be  the  worst  parallels  possible 
for  running  down  longitude ;  whereas  in  February,  March,  and  April  they  are  the  very  best. 

In  January,  July,  August,  and  December,  the  freshest  trades  are  usually  between  the 
parallels  of  15°  and  20°  N. 

In  May,  June,  and  October  they  are  between  10°  and  15°;  and 

In  February,  March,  and  April  between  5°  and  10°. 

In  September  and  November  the  freshest  trades  in  the  northern  hemisphere  are  between 
the  equator  and  5°.     But  these  are  the  SE.  trades. — (See  Trade-Wind  Chart.) 

Let  us  take  the  calm  belt  in  July  to  illustrate  the  advantage  of  hastening  straight  across 
the  belts  of  baffling  airs  to  make  latitude,  and  of  running  along  the  belts  of  "spanking"  winds 
for  longitude.  In  this  month  the  average  course  from  5°  to  10°  N.  is  N.NW.  |  W.,  distance 
330  miles,  and  speed  3$  knots.  The  best  course  and  shortest  distance  is  due  north  300  miles. 
In  crossing  it,  therefore,  as  per  table,  the  vessels  make  67  miles  of  westing,  which,  at  the 
average  rate  of  77  miles  a  day  N.NW.  ^  W.  good,  requires  9  hours. 

Now,  the  average  speed  and  course  in  July,  from  15°  to  20°,  is  eight  knots  an  hour  NW.  |- 
W.  But  if  the  course  be  altered  half  a  point  more  to  the  west,  the  vessel  sailing  at  the  rate  of 
191  miles  a  day  will  take  ten  hours  longer  to  clear  these  parallels ;  but,  instead  of  67,  she  will 
in  those  ten  hours  make  105  miles  of  longitude. 

But  with  such  statistics  as  are  presented  in  these  tables,  the  American  navigator  will  know 
exactly  what  is  that  "furthest  way  round  which  will  make  the  shortest  way  home."  He  will 
be  at  no  loss  in  deciding  when  to  turn  out  of  the  beaten  track,  what  course  to  steer,  and  what 
increase  of  distance  v/ill  give  the  greatest  decrease  of  time. 

He  should,  however,  bear  this  in  mind,  viz:  the  table  (page  852)  presents  a  system  of 
averages.  The  freshest  trades,  therefore,  are  not  to  be  invariably  found  between  the  parallels 
which  give  the  greatest  average  runs.  Tables  p.  843  abundantly  prove  this.  Therefore, 
when  a  navigator  intends  to  turn  out  of  the  beaten  track  of  the  tables,  to  make  longitude  in 
streaks  where  the  trades  are  freshest,  he  should  take  them  wherever  he  finds  them  fresher 
than  the  freshest  on  the  average,  whether  he  be  in  the  latitude  for  the  freshest  on  the  average 
or  not.     Thus,  suppose  he  be  on  this  part  of  the  homeward  route  in  September;  according  to 


FROM  THE   LINE  HOMEWARD. EUROPEAN   ROUTE.  855 

the  table,  the  freshest  trades  in  this  month  are  found,  on  the  average,  between  the  parallels  of 
15°  and  20°.  There  they  give  him  an  average  speed  of  six  knots  an  hour.  Now,  suppose  that 
he  finds  between  the  line  and  latitude  5°  a  wind  that  will  give  him  a  greater  speed;  by  all 
means  he  should  take  it  to  get  west,  and  not  wait  until  he  reaches  the  parallel  where  the 
freshest  trades  are  raost  generally  found;  for  when  he  gets  there  he  may  find  "catspaws,"  in 
their  place  ;  the  exception,  not  the  rule.  Of  all  the  months  August  and  September  give  the 
most  feeble  expression  to  the  NB.  trades. 

As  a  rule,  however,  navigators  on  the  American  route  should  do  this:  aim  to  cross  20°  N., 
not  to  the  east  of  60°,  but  as  much  to  the  west  as,  on  account  of  the  Leeward  Islands  and  the 
winds  encountered  between  the  equator  and  20°  N.,  it  may  be  prudent  to  go. 

Having  made  this  crossing,  then  strike  for  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  in  about  72°-4°  W., 
taking  care  to  cross  the  light  airs  of  the  horse  latitudes  by  a  due  north  course.  In  late  winter 
and  early  spring  they  will  generally  be  found  south  of  30°  and  north  of  this  parallel  from  mid- 
summer to  early  autumn.     From  this  crossing  the  Gulf  Stream  will  help  along. 

Of  course  the  homeward  bound  Indiaman  will  take  advantage  of  fresh  streaks  of  trades  to 
make  westing  in  the  South  Atlantic.  The  meridian  of  40°-3°  is  not  too  far  west  when  SE. 
trades  are  fresh  either  for  the  homeward  bound  Indiaman  or  the  Pacific  cruiser  to  cross 
the  line. 

Navigators  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  detour  here  recommended  will  tell  best  from  August 
to  March,  inclusive.  The  average  run  to  New  York,  from  the  usual  crossing  of  30°  N.,  during 
that  season,  is  9.4  days;  during  the  other  months  it  is  only  7  days. 

By  following  these  directions,  with  the  "Wind  Charts"  and  "Time  Tables"  for  his 
guide,  the  intelligent  navigator  will  find  himself  possessed  of  an  auxiliary  power  which  is  all 
head  work,  and  which  costs  Jiim  a  little  study  and  owners  nothing,  but  which  will  enable  him, 
from  October  to  March,  to  reach  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  in  the  same  time  from  the  offings  of  the 
African  Cape  of  Good  Hope  that  he  now  does,  and  save  him  thence  to  New  York  three  or  four 
days.  From  30°  N.  and  74°  W.  the  average  run  to  Sandy  Hook  should  not  exceed  five  or  six 
days  at  any  season  of  the  year. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  Dutch  crossing  tables  and  to  the  homeward  route  to  Europe. 

The  homeward  route  to  America  intersects  the  doldrums  between  5°  and  10°  N.  during 
the  months  of  July,  August,  September,  and  October.  That  to  Europe  intersects  them  5  ' 
more  to  the  nothward,  except  in  October.  The  American  vessels  take  four  days  to  cross  them; 
the  Dutch,  five.     The  American  cross  them  by  a  course  N.NW.  ^  W. ;  the  Dutch,  NW.  |  N. 

On  the  American  route  the  runs  afford  no  other  marked  traces  of  the  doldrums.  On  the 
European  route  they  are  well  marked  for  every  month  except  December. 

Time  occupied  and  westing  made  hy  the  Dutch  in  crossing  the  doldrums  in — 

January between    0°  and    5°  N.,  5.5  days,  165  miles  westing. 

February •  • between    0°  and    5°  N.,  6.1  days,  195 

March between    0°  and    5°  N.,  6.3  days,  195 

April between    0°  and    5°  N.,  5.5  days,  165 

May between    5°  and  10°  N.,  5.6  days,  330 

June between    5°  and  10°  N.,  5.8  days,  120 

July between  10°  and  15°  N.,  5.4  days,  270 

August between  10°  and  15°  N.,  5.2  days,  210 

September between  10°  and  15°  N.,  4.4  days,  240 


856  THE   WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 

October between    5°  and  10°  N.,  5. 1  days,  105  miles  westing. 

November between    5°  and  10°  N.,  4.2  days,  180  " 

December between  — °  and  — °  N.,  — .  days,  " 

The  mean  route  of  the  Dutch  across  the  calm  belt  of  the  equator  is  NW.  by  N.  I  cannot 
account  for  this.  The  American  fleet  wants  to  make  westing,  the  European  fleet  wants  to 
make  easting,  and  yet  in  crossing  this  calm  belt  the  European  fleet  makes  more  westing  than 
the  American.  The  airs  of  the  doldrums  are  southwardly,  and  a  north  course  is  practicable 
for  both  fleets.  The  Dutch  "dally"  there,  on  the  average,  five  days  and  a  quarter  every  voyage, 
making  69  miles  a  day,  or  a  total  of  362.     They  thus  tarry  there  one  day  longer  than  need  be. 

The  passage  from  the  line  to  the  Lizard  resembles  the  passage  from  the  line  in  the  Pacific 
to  San  Francisco.  Before  experience  proved  otherwise,  it  was  thought  that  the  meridian  of 
90°  W.  was  about  the  best  place  to  cross  the  equator  on  that  voyage;  but  it  appears  that  the 
meridian  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  afibrds  a  crossing  which  will  give  better  runs  than  the 
meridian  of  90°. — (See  that  chapter.)  On  the  run  from  the  line  to  the  Lizard,  the  continent 
of  Africa  afibrds  a  lee  as  that  of  America  does  for  the  run  to  California. 

It  will  afford  an  interesting  inquiry  to  investigate  this  route  more  thoroughly  as  soon  as  an 
opportunity  for  so  doing  is  afforded.  In  the  mean  time  the  question  to  which  I  shall  now 
address  myself  is  this:  Will  not  a  vessel — that  crosses  the  equator  between  25°  and  30°  W., 
that  crosses  the  NE.  trades  with  foretopmast  studding  sail,  and  that  cares  not  to  make  easting, 
unless  with  "brave  winds,"  until  she  gets  on  the  polar  side  of  40°  N. — make  on  the  average 
a  better  run  from  the  line  to  the  Lizard  than  vessels  by  the  present  route  do  ? — (See  Lieut. 
Van  Gough's  Uitkomsten,  1858.) 

By  this  route  she  will  find  more  regular  trades;  that  is  certain.  By  this  route,  I  conjecture, 
she  could  reach,  from  the  line  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  in  40°-45°  W.  in  17  days — two  days 
sooner  than  the  Americans  reach  it  in  66°  W.  By  this  route  it  would  take  her  a  day  longer 
from  Good  Hope  to  the  line  than  it  does  to  the  present  crossing  in  21°. 4,  (p.  850  ;)  but  then, 
by  making  the  best  of  her  way  to  the  parallel  of  40°  N.  and  thence  to  the  Lizard,  I  compute 
the  gain  at  two  or  three  days  more,  say  total  gain  five  days. 

I  will  not,  in  the  present  state  of  our  information  concerning  the  winds  along  this  route, 
do  more  than  call  the  attention  of  navigators  to  it.  Forty -one  days  from  the  line  to  the 
Lizard  is  too  great  an  average. 

And  this  may  be  shortened  somewhat,  even  without  crossing  the  line  any  further  west 
than  22°;  if  navigators  will  not,  on  clearing  the  NE.  trades,  be  in  such  haste  to  make  easting. 
When  they  clear  the  trades  they  are  in  the  horse  latitudes.  Instead  of  being  enticed  to 
attempt  easting  by  the  uncertain  winds  of  these  latitudes,  they  should  hurry  north  in  search 
of  better  ones. — (See  the  route  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  California.)  The  Sandwich 
Islands  are  in  23°  N.;  they  are  west  of  San  Francisco.  Now,  a  vessel  in  36°-9°  W. — the 
present  crossing  of  30°  N.  on  the  route  from  the  Line  to  the  Lizard — is  nearer  to  the  Lizard 
than  the  Sandwich  Islands  are  to  California,  and  yet  the  run  to  the  Lizard,  in  consequence  of 
the  course  pursued  through  the  horse  latitudes,  is  three  days  longer  than  the  average  from 
Honolulu. 

The  Dutch  give  the  names  of  49  ships  that,  from  September  to  March,  passed  east  of  the 
Western  Islands.  Their  average  run  from  the  line  to  the  Lizard  is  a  day  and  a  half  shorter  than 
the  average  of  those  that  went  west  during  the  same  seasons  of  the  year. 


AVERAGE  FORCE  OF  THE  TRADE-WINDS.  857 


AVERAGE  FORCE  OF  THE   TRADE-WINDS. 

No  navigator  ever  sailed  from  one  hemisphere  into  the  other  without  passing  through 
calm  places  and  streaks  of  winds.  The  pilot  charts  and  the  track  charts  both  indicate  the 
neighborhood  wherein  those  streaks  are  to  be  found;  but  what  might  be  the  strength  of  the 
wind  in  them  the  charts  do  not  attempt  to  show. 

To  determine  the  average  strength  of  the  wind  in  the  various  parts  of  the  ocean  is  an 
interesting  physical  problem,  and  it  is  a  nautical  one  the  true  solution  of  which  will  be 
regarded  as  of  high  value  to  commerce  and  navigation.  To  vessels  whose  course  lies  west 
through  the  trade-winds,  as  it  does  on  the  voyage  from  Europe  and  Africa  to  the  West  Indies; 
as  it  does  on  the  voyage  from  the  west  coast  of  America  to  China,  India,  and  Australia;  or 
as  it  does  for  all  vessels  whose  courses  lie  to  the  west  through  the  westerly  winds  of  the  extra- 
tropical  regions  of  either  hemisphere — as  from  America  to  Europe,  from  Asia  to  America,  from 
the  offings  of  Good  Hope  to  Australia,  and  from  Australia  to  the  meridian  of  Cape  Horn,  such 
knowledge  will  be  of  the  greatest  importance,  for  it  will  enable  the  shipmaster  possessing  it 
to  place  his  ship  at  once  between  those  parallels  where  the  best  winds  for  his  purposes  are  to 
be  found. 

Such  knowledge  would  also  no  doubt  help  us  to  understand  atmospherical  laws. 

The  tables  of  time  and  crossings  for  those  routes  that  lie  through  the  trade-wind  regions 
afford  us  a  pretty  good  measure  of  the  force  of  the  trade-winds  taken  in  belts  5°  of  latitude  in 
breadth,  and  gauged  for  each  month.  These  tables  contain  the  time  from  crossing  to  crossing, 
through  the  trade-winds,  of  2,235  runs  made  by  vessels  at  all  seasons  and  in  various  years. 
The  time  from  crossing  to  crossing  is  also  given,  and  we  have  but  to  measure  the  average 
distance  from  one  crossing  to  the  other,  and  then  divide  it  by  the  time  involved,  to  get  a 
measure  of  the  trade-wind  force  for  any  belt  at  any  season.  The  trade-wind  force  thus 
obtained  is  expressed  by  the  average  number  of  knots  which  the  several  squadrons  comprising 
this  fleet  of  2, 235  sail  make  by  the  day  or  the  hour  in  any  given  belt. 

When  we  say  that  the  average  strength  of  the  SE.  trade-winds  in  the  belt  between  the 
equator  and  5°  S.  is  sufficient  to  send  a  vessel  sailing  along,  with  studding  sails,  before  it,  at  the 
rate  of  7^  knots  the  hour  in  June,  but  only  4^^  in  April,  we  convey  to  the  mariner  as  clear  an 
idea  as  to  the  force  of  the  wind  as  we  would  to  the  meteorologist  by  telling  him  that  its  force 
was  equal  to  a  pressure  of  ten  pounds  the  square  foot  in  June,  and  of  three  in  April. 

Therefore,  as  these  tables  give  correct  ideas  as  to  the  relative  and  general  movement  of 
the  atmosphere  over  certain  seas,  they  may  be  considered  to  contain  information  which  cannot 
fail  to  possess  a  certain  degree  of  interest  both  among  navigators  and  meteorologists;  this 
interest  is  sufficient  to  justify  a  recast  of  them.  Such  a  recast,  with  the  assistance  of  Lieutenant 
May,  I  am  now  enabled  to  present  in  the  shape  of  the  following  tables  showing  the  mean 
strength  of  the  trade-winds,  as  determined  by  the  average  knots  made  per  hour  by  American 
vessels  sailing  through  them: 

VOL.  II 108 


858 


THE    WIND   AND   CURRENT   CHARTS. 


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<    02    o    as    o 


AVERAGE  FORCE  OF  THE  TRADE-WINDS.  863 

These  tables  show  the  average  rate  of  sailing  from  crossing  to  crossing  in  the  trade-wind 
belts  for  each  month  along  several  grea;t  highways.  They  show  the  relative  strength  of 
the  trade-winds  of  the  two  hemispheres.  Reason  had  led  us  to  infer  that  the  SE.  trade-winds 
of  the  Atlantic  are  fresher  than  are  their  congeners  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  equator. — 

These  tables  prove  that  this  conjecture  is  founded  on  fact;  for  instance,  the  homeward- 
bound  Indiamen  average,  with  the  wind  dead  aft,  through  the  trade-winds  of  the  South 
Atlantic,  six  knots  the  hour;  through  the  trades  of  the  North  Atlantic,  with  the  wind  abeam, 
or  somewhat  abaft,  their  average  is  5.6.  The  difference  in  the  strength  of  these  two  winds  is 
equal  to,  at  least,  2  or  2^  knots  an  hour:  that  is,  a  vessel  with  average  sailing  qualities 
that  can  go  5.6  knots  with  the  wind  dead  aft  through  the  SE.  trades,  would,  if  she  were  to 
head  up  so  as  to  bring  the  wind  just  abaft  the  beam,  go  at  least  eight  knots,  instead  of  5.6. 
Hence,  we  perceive  how  very  much  stronger  are  the  SE.  than  the  NE.  trades  of  the  Atlantic. — 

These  tables  show  that  the  band  or  belt  of  freshest  trades  the  year  round,  is,  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  between  the  parallels  of  10°  and  15°,  and  in  the  North  between  15°  and  20°;  that  the 
month  of  freshest  trades  is  June  for  the  SE.,  between  the  equator  and  5°  S.,  and  in  the  North 
Atlantic  it  is  April,  between  5°  and  10°  N. — 

These  tables  also  show  that  the  streak  of  weakest  winds  in  the  trades  along  the  homeward 
route  to  the  United  States  is  found  in  July  between  5°  and  10°  N. ;  that  on  the  outward-bound 
route  the  weakest  winds  are  between  the  same  parallels  in  September,  when  the  average  speed 
of  the  ship  is  but  2^  knots  an  hour  for  375  miles. — 

They  also  show  that  the  NE.  trades  are  much  fresher  along  the  homeward  route  than  they 
are  on  the  outward-bound  route,  where  the  course  through  them  is,  from  the  United  States,  on 
a  bow-line;  from  Europe,  with  flowing  sheets.  Thus  we  are  again  reminded  that  longitude, 
especially  in  the  trade-wind  region  of  the  Atlantic,  has,  as  well  as  latitude,  something  to  do 
with  the  force,  as  well  as  with  the  direction  of  winds. — 

These  tables  will  serve  as  a  landmark,  both  to  navigators  and  ship  builders,  by  which 
they  may  in  time  to  come,  judge  of  the  progress  which  shall  be  made  in  the  shortening  of 
passages.  Such  progress  may  be  the  result  of  improvements  in  ship  building,  as  they  affect 
sailing  qualities  of  ships;  or  it  may  be  the  result  of  improvements  as  to  the  standard  of  qualifi- 
cations among  navigators;  or  it  may  be  owing  to  the  effect  which  these  tables  themselves  may 
have  in  stimulating  navigators,  and  keeping  them  up  to  their  mettle  on  the  race,  upon  which 
all  who  use  these  tables  at  sea  will  feel  themselves  to  have  entered,  against  time.  Progress 
from  this  cause,  in  the  shortening  of  voyages  and  saving  of  time,  will  probably  be  the  first  to 
be  perceived.  The  rage  for  clipper  ships  of  high  speed,  and  at  any  cost,  appears  to  have 
passed  the  flood,  and  to  be  now  on  the  ebb;  so  that  any  shortening  of  voyages  in  consequence  of 
improvements  in  the  average  sailing  qualities  of  ships  can  scarcely  be  expected  within  any  very 
short  time. 

Nevertheless,  these  tables  are,  in  some  respects,  abundantly  instructive;  they  are  also 
suggestive. 

The  Royal  Society  and  the  British  Association  have  recently  applied  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment for  the  establishment  of  anemometrical  observations  at  certain  stations.  The  matter 
has  been  referred  to  Admiral  Fitz  Roy,  of  the  meteorological  department  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  (and  Admiralty.)  The  Admiralty  have  placed  two  superb  anemometers,  costing  X65 
each,  at  his  disposal,  one  for  Halifax  and  the  other  for  Bermuda.     The  observations  with  them 


864  THE  WIND  AND  CUEEENT  CHARTS. 

will  commence  at  midsummer  of  1859,  and  continue  daily  for  12  months,  and  in  connexion  with 
a  regular  plan  which,  at  the  instance  of  the  societies  aforesaid,  is  about  to  be  undertaken  under 
the  auspices  of  the  British  government  for  the  ' '  investigation  of  atmospheric  laws  throughout 
the  Atlantic  ocean."  "During  this  interval  of  twelve  months,"  writes  Admiral  Fitz  Roy,  "a 
collection  of  meteorological  information  will  be  sought  for  every  part  of  the  Atlantic  ocean — 
from  ships  and  from  every  observer  on  its  coasts  and  islands." 

I  hope  American  shipmasters  who  are  co-operating  with  me,  will  be  true  to  themselves 
and  our  cause  in  this  matter  and  give  to  the  noble  enterprise  all  the  aid,  co-operation,  and 
encouragement  which  it  may  be  in  their  power  to  bestow.  Explanations  as  to  the  particular 
information  sought  at  their  hands  will  be  given  at  length  through  other  channels. 

In  reply  to  the  Admiral's  letter  (February  25,  1859,)  apprising  me  of  this  important  meteo- 
rological enterprise,  I  found  occasion  to  go  at  length  into  an  explanation  of  these  tables, 
and  into  the  suggestions  which  they  already  afford  touching  the  objects  of  his  "intended 
investigation."  Therefore,  in  further  explanation  of  these  tables,  I  refer  to  that  letter,  slightly 
amended : 

"I  had  not  heard  anything  of  the  meteorological  move  which  your  government  is  making; 
I  rejoice  at  it.  Of  course  you  may  rely  on  me  as  a  friend  of  the  measure,  and  count  on  me 
for  whatever  service  in  the  way  of  co-operation  it  may  be  in  my  power  to  render. 

"It  so  happens  that  I  have  of  late  been  going  into  the  question  as  to  the  force  of  winds,  to 
which  your  expedition  in  part  relates.  The  tables  of  time  and  crossings  (chap.,  p.  143,  vol.  II, 
8th  edition  Sailing  Directions)  have  led  me  into  the  discussion.  Mine  is  a  rude  way  of  getting 
at  the  force  of  the  wind.  It  is  not  so  good  as  your  X65  anemometers,  nevertheless  it  is  better  than 
nothing,  and  it  is  only  one  of  those  "make  shifts"  to  which  those  who  deal  much  with  the  sea 
so  often  find  themselves  compelled  to  resort.  In  my  straits  for  a  measure  for  the  wind,  I  was 
driven  to  the  expedient  of  using  fleets  of  ships  as  an  anemometer,  and  I  find  that  ship  sailing 
in  the  wake  of  ship,  voyage  after  voyage,  year  after  year,  and  in  great  numbers,  will,  under 
certain  circumstances,  and  through  certain  winds,  make  pretty  good  anemometers. 

"They  serve  this  purpose  best  in  the  trade-winds,  and  along  routes  for  which  these  winds 
are  fair.  There  their  average  speed  in  knots  per  hour  will  express  to  the  mariner,  in  the  most 
intelligible  terms,  the  force  of  the  wind,  while  it  will  afford  to  the  philosopher,  in  convertible 
figures,  the  means  of  expressing,  in  his  peculiar  way,  the  average  pressure,  force,  or  velocity  of 
the  trade-winds.  Let  me  take  as  an  illustration  the  tables  of  time  and  crossing  of  the  home- 
ward-bound American  ships  after  they  have  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  p  860. 

"Their  mean  crossing  place  of  30°  S.  is  about  10°  E. ;  of  the  equator  it  is  near  33^  "W. ; 
and  of  3^°  N.  it  is  about  66^°  W.  This  gives  them,  from  30°  S.  to  the  equator,  a  course  about 
NW.  by  W.,  which  you  observe  leads  them  through  the  belt  of  SE.  trades  with  a  following 
wind.     Indeed,  for  this  part  of  the  voyage  the  wind  is  at  a  mean  just  about  "dead  aft." 

"From  the  equator  to  30°  N.  their  course  is  about  NW.  A  ship  steering  NW,  through 
the  NB.  trades  will  have  the  wind  a  little  abaft  the  beam. 

' '  The  average  speed  through  the  SE.  trades  with  the  wind  aft  is  6  knots.  What  would  it 
be  with  identically  the  same  wind  if  the  ship  were  hauled  up  so  as  to  bring  it  a  little  abaft  the 
beam  as  it  is  on  the  run  through  the  NE.  trades? 

"Fairly  to  compare  the  strength  of  these  two  systems  of  winds  with  ships  for  anemometers, 
this  question  needs  to  be  answered.  For  the  present,  however,  we  must  guess  at  the  answer, 
knowing  full  well  that  a  guess  will  be  an  approximation.     As  a  rule,  all  ships — and  we  are 


AVERAGE  FORCE  OP  THE  TRADE  WINDS. 


865 


dealing  with  averages  derived  from  multitudes  of  individual  cases — will  §ail  faster  with  the 
wind  just  abaft  the  beam  than  they  will  with  the  wind  "dead  aft."  Taking  one  ship  with 
another,  and  after  putting  her  before  a  wind  that  will  send  her  six  knots  through  the  water,  and 
then  hauling  her  up  so  as  to  bring  the  wind  abaft  the  beam  as  above,  and  you  will  increase 
her  speed  about  two  knots;  perhaps  not  quite  so  much,  perhaps  a  little  more;  but  few,  I 
imagine,  would  contend  for  an  increase  of  less  than  a  knot  or  for  one  more  than  three :  therefore  I 
say  it  is  a  case  in  which  we  may  approximate  by  estimation.  Hence  we  assume  that  the 
average  rate  of  speed  that  vessels  would  make,  if  they  were  to  sail  on  the  same  angle  across 
the  path  of  the  wind  in  the  SE.  that  they  do  in  the  NE.  trades,  would  be  8  instead  of  5.6  knots. 

"It  is  very  desirable  that  some  of  our  men-of-war  co-operators  should  give  us  a  practical 
answer  to  this  question  by  repeatedly  bringing  the  wind,  when  she  is  running  five  or  six  knots 
before  it,  just  abaft  the  beam,  and  then,  when  she  gets  everything  set  and  trimmed,  heave  the 
log,  and  enter  her  rate.  A  few  well-conducted  trials  of  this  sort  at  various  times  and  with  winds 
of  various  strength,  during  an  ordinary  cruise,  would  really  enable  us  to  use  ships  as  anemo- 
meters at  sea  with  decided  benefit  to  philosophy  as  well  as  to  navigation. 

"But  to  return  to  our  ^jicry'  anemometers  as  they  are. 

"This  homeward  fleet,  after  it  crosses  the  line  and  brings  the  wind  nearly  abeam, 
averages  5. 6  knots  an  hour.  If  the  SE.  trades  were  brought  nearly  abeam,  they  would,  let  it 
be  assumed,  make  ships  average  about  8  knots,  instead  of  5.6.  Here  therefore  is  a  great 
difierence  in  the  average  force  of  the  trade  winds  in  the  North  and  South  Atlantic.  The 
difference  expressed  by  this  new  formulary  being  as  an  8-knot  breeze  is  to  one  of  5.6  knots. 

' '  These  averages,  you  will  observe,  are  derived  from  a  great  number  of  cases.  I  have 
taken  American  ships  only  for  this  inquiry,  in  order  to  have  each  individual  case  to  embrace, 
as  far  as  possible,  the  main  features  of  all  the  rest.  Besides,  the  logs  of  American  vessels  are 
the  most  plentiful  with  me. 

' '  To  make  myself  clear  I  epitomize  from  the  tables  aforesaid  the  following : 

Average  daily  runs  through  the  trade-winds  from  latitude  30°  /S.,  longitude  10°  E.,  via  33^°  W.  on 
the  equator ^  to  latitude  30°  -A'',  and  longitude  6Q^  W. 


FROM  LAT.  30°  SOUTH  THKOUGH  THE— 

Months. 

800THBAST   TRADES    TO    SOUTH    LAT 

- 

NORTHEAST  TRADES   TO   NORTH  LAT 

— 

25°. 

20°. 

15°. 

10°. 

5°. 

0°. 

Knots. 

Course. 

5°. 

10°. 

15'. 

20*. 

25°. 

30*. 

Knots. 

Course. 

Miles. 
159 
145 
146 
136 
116 
129 
128 
154 
121 
121 
155 
140 

Miles. 
146 
108 
158 
133 
136 
137 
129 
118 
135 
128 
155 
131 

Miles. 
139 
133 
146 
131 
137 

149 
140 
150 
144 
157 
139 

MUes. 
139 
147 
149 
160 
156 
168 
151 
146 
168 
128 
151 
150 

Miles. 
144 
160 
149 
134 
160 
156 
156 
126 
164 
132 
133 
154 

Miles. 
118 
120 
110 
102 
148 
177 
161 
167 
164 
157 
157 
149 

Pr.hr. 
6 
5i 
6 
5i 
6 

e 

6 

6i 

5i 

6i 

6 

N.  54  W... 
N.55  W... 
N.  55  W... 
N.  53  W... 
N.  55  W... 
N.  55  W... 
N.55  W... 
N.  65  W... 
N.  55  W... 
N.56  W... 
N.  55  W... 
N.55  W... 

Miles. 
135 
120 
163 
180 
98 
119 
160 
146 
140 
113 
157 
163 

Miles. 

167 

197 

203 

230 

186 

128 

77 

85 

85 

89 

127 

157 

MUet. 
192 
181 
192 
172 
198 
215 
133 
116 
129 
166 
142 
141 

Miles. 
179 
146 
170 
138 
163 
193 
191 
148 
142 
161 
149 
162 

MUes. 
147 
122 
126 
99 
157 
126 
153 
113 
98 
145 
106 
134 

Miles 
112 
92 
114 

i:s 

122 
105 
156 
86 
95 
112 
107 
110 

Pr.hr. 

6 

6J 

H 

6i 

6 

6 

4f 

4f 

54 

6 

N.  49  W... 

February. 

March 

N46  W.,.. 
N.47W... 

N.48  W... 

May  • . . . 

N.  46  W... 

N.43  W... 

julv 

N.  46  W... 

N.  46  W... 

N.  50W,.. 

N.  45  W... 

N.  49W... 

N.48W... 

137 

137 

142 

151 

147 

144 

6 

N.  55  W... 

149 

144 

156 

163 

197 

112 

6 

N.  47  W... 

VOL.   II- 


-109 


866  THE   WIND  AIJD   CURRENT  CHARTS. 

"This  epitome  is  derived  from  the  performance  of  520  vessels.  It  tells  in  its  own  peculiar 
way  what  we  had  learned  from  the  Pilot  and  other  Charts,  viz :  that  in  the  Atlantic,  the  SE.  are 
much  more  steady  than  the  NE.  trades.  They  are  stronger  too.  And  it  shows  the  parallels 
between  which  vessels  bound  from  England  and  Europe  to  the  West  Indies,  Spanish  Main,  and 
Caribbean  Sea  may  run  down  the  trades  at  the  highest  speed  for  each  month.  For  instance,  a 
vessel  passing  the  Lizard  on  her  way  to  one  of  the  Guayanas,  in  April,  should  go  as  though  she 
were  bound  to  India  until  she  should  cross  the  parallel  of  10°  N.  Between  this  and  5°  the 
sailing  force  of  the  wind  is  230  miles  a  day — 9^  knots;  but  between  these  parallels,  in  July, 
it  is  only  77  miles  a  day — 3j-  knots.  In  July,  the  best  belt  for  running  down  longitude  is 
between  15°  and  20°,  where  the  average  strength  of  the  trades  is  that  of  an  8-knot  breeze. 

"There  are  other  peculiarities  in  these  two  systems  of  winds  which  this  table  brings  out  in 
a  very  striking  manner.  One  of  them  is  the  difference  between  the  calms  of  Capricorn  and  of 
Cancer  in  the  Atlantic.  The  average  rate  which  vessels  make  between  the  parallels  of  25° 
and  30°  is,  5|  knots  in  the  south  Atlantic,  4|  in  the  north. 

"I  have  tabulated  (p.  867)  the  average  speed  of  vessels  from  Calcutta  and  the  Straits  of 
Sunda  through  the  SE.  trades  of  the  Indian  ocean,  also  of  the  outward  bound  vessels  from  30° 
N.  to  the  line,  both  from  this  country  and  from  Europe.  The  outward  bound  vessels  from 
America  cross  30°  N.  in  about  43 '^  W.  and  the  line  in  about  30^.  Their  course  (made  good)  is 
to  the  southward  and  eastward.     Let  us  call  this  Route  A. 

' '  The  vessels  from  Europe  are  divided  into  two  fleets.  One,  going  inside  of  the  Cape 
Verde  islands,  crosses  30°  N.  in  20^°  W.,  and  the  equator  in  23°,  (Route  C.)  The  other,  going 
outside  of  these  islands,  crosses  the  same  parallel  in  21°  W.,  and  the  equator  in  26°,  (Route  B.) 
The  average  course  of  these  two  fleets  is  to  the  west  of  south,  with  the  wind  quartering;  while 
of  the  former  it  is  to  the  east  of  south,  with  the  wind  close,  through  the  trades.  Neither  of 
these  fleets  average  as  much  as  the  homeward  bound  India  fleet,  (H,  p.  865.)  Its  track  lies  along 
the  west  side  of  the  Atlantic;  that  of  the  outward  bound  American  fleet  (Route  A)  lies  nearly 
midway  of  that  ocean,  while  the  fleet  from  Europe  lays  its  track  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  average  rate  of  sailing  for  these  fleets  is  greatest  on  the  western  side,  less  in 
the  middle,  and  (notwithstanding  the  sharply  braced  yards  of  A)  least  on  the  eastern  side,  as 
the  following  synoptical  table  will  show : 


AVEEAGE  FORCE   OP    THE  TRADE  WINDS- 


867 


Average  rate  of  sailing  from  30°  N.  across  the  northeast  trade-wind  belt  of  the  Atlantic. 


Mean. 

Month. 

Route. 

Tolat.25°. 

Lat.20». 

Lat.  15°. 

Lat.  10*. 

Lat.  5°. 

Lat.  0'. 

Course. 

Daily. 

Hourly. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Knots, 

.     0 

January , ., 

A. 
B. 

116 
115 

118 
99 

133 
158 

183 
139 

149 
146 

9t 
70 

132 
121 

6i 
5 

S.22E. 

S.12W. 

C. 

109 

88 

136 

131 

91 

57 

105 

4J 

S.  13  W. 

February , ; 

A. 
B, 

118 
129 

121 
164 

159 

144 

167 
138 

176 
147 

93 
49 

139 
129 

5} 
5i 

S.  23E. 

S.  12  W. 

C. 

120 

101 

122 

151 

90 

60 

107 

4i 

S.  12  W. 

March •.... ,,, 

A. 
B. 

95 
125 

113 
160 

158 
140 

180 
152 

174 
140 

82 
50 

134 

128 

5i 
5| 

S.  25  E. 

S.  IIW. 

C. 

175 

141 

137 

137 

93 

38 

120 

5 

8.  5W. 

April 

A. 

n. 

105 
154 

129 
137 

158 
147 

187 
151 

137 
129 

72 

70 

131 
131 

5i 
5i 

S.  19  E. 

S.  12  W. 

c. 

109 

162 

151 

201 

55 

119 

133 

5i 

S.  15  W. 

May 

A. 
B. 

107 
131 

125 
149 

158 
151 

173 
132 

90 
62 

69 
81 

120 

118 

5 
5 

S.  19E. 

*^«»j  ••■•  •••■ •••• ■•••  •«••  ••••  •••«.• ...... 

S.  11  W. 

C. 

135 

158 

137 

111 

52 

68 

110 

4i 

S.  8W. 

June •■ 

A. 
B. 

87 
147 

147 
159 

148 
145 

118 
105 

63 
61 

96 
106 

110 
121 

5 

S.  21  E. 

S.  13  W. 

C. 

206 

139 

123 

57 

48  , 

81 

109 

n 

S.  9W. 

July 

A. 
B. 

93 

138 

165 
137 

179 
145 

106 
101 

74 
70 

107 

88 

122 
113 

5 

4i 

S.  24  E. 

S.  9W. 

C. 

155 

138 

112 

87 

58 

78 

105 

4t 

S.  6W. 

August 

A. 
B. 

86 
135 

130 
171 

157 
128 

100 
106 

78 
79 

88 
70 

100 
115 

44 
4* 

S.  27  E. 

S.  12  W. 

C. 

185 

154 

151 

66 

79 

96 

122 

5 

S.  5W. 

September 

A. 

83 

88 

129 

117 

58 

75 

92 

3* 

S.  22  E. 

B. 

131 

162 

132 

100 

57 

60 

107 

4i 

S.  10  W. 

C. 

73 

.  '^ 

151 

75 

73 

37 

81 

3i 

S.  4E. 

October , 

A. 
B. 

95 
113 

'l02 
124 

111 
139 

112 
126 

79 
61 

70 
83 

95 
108 

4 

4i 

8.  19E. 

S.15W. 

C. 

150 

150 

150 

100 

58 

83 

115 

4* 

S.  12W. 

November 

A. 
B. 

99 

147 

97 
86 

128 
114 

138 
112 

110 
70 

77 
88 

108 
103 

4i 
4i 

S.  21  E. 

S.  19  W. 

C. 

147 

116 

200 

166 

92 

64 

131 

5i 

S.  9W. 

December 

A. 
B. 

129 
127 

113 

148 

144 
139 

184 
145 

145 
150 

85 
67 

133 
129 

5i 

5i 

S.  23  E. 

S.  10  W. 

C. 

A. 
B. 

102 

90 

150 

176 

125 

49 

115 

4J 

S.  9W. 

r 

100 
134 

126 
135 

147 
141 

141 
123 

93 
83 

82 
70 

115 
114 

Yearly  averages \ 

\ 

C. 

131 

119 

142 

105 

70 

63 

1C5 

V 

"The  speed  along  the  Routes  B  and  C  is  not  deduced  from  a  sufficient  number  of  indi- 
vidual cases  to  give  fair  averages.  (B  is  the  average  of  126  and  C  of  34  runs  only.)  But  the 
indications  are  significant  enough.  Another  circumstance  should  be  borne  in  inind  while  we 
are  drawing  inferences  as  to  the  difference  of  trade-wind  force  along  these  three  routes,  which 
is  this:  Many  vessels  that  take  the  Route  A  are  on  a  bowline  until  they  reach  the  belt  of  equa. 
torial  calms.  From  this  point  to  the  equator  their  course  is  west  of  oouth.  Whereas  along 
Routes  B  and  C  the  wind  is  free,  quartering  all  the  way  through  the  trades.  As  an  example, 
in  June,  Route  A  crosses  5°  N.  in  27^°  W.  by  a  course  from  30°  N.  of  S.  30°  E.,  and  the 
equator  by  a  course  from  5°  N.  of  S.  30°  W.,  (instead  of  S.  21°  E.  as  by  the  table.) 

' '  Still,  I  have  put  down  the  course  in  the  tables  from  the  crossing  on  30°  to  the  crossing 
on  the  line.  It  may  be  set  down  as  a  rule,  however,  that  all  the  ships  of  Route  A  run  through 
the  trades  with  their  yards  braced  sharp.  Bearing  this  fact  in  mind,  your  quick  eye  will  catch 
at  a  glance  the  peculiar  aspects  of  the  difference  in  the  trade-wind  force  according  to  longitude. 
The  homeward  route  (H,  p.  865)  and  Route  A  afford  the  best  averages,  because  these  are  derived 


868 


THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


from  the  greatest  number  of  runs,  (1,111.)  As  a  rule,  the  belt  of  strongest  trades  lies  further 
to  the  north  along  Route  A  than  it  does  along  the  homeward  route.  Thus,  in  January  and 
February,  May,  July,  August,  September,  and  October,  the  belt  of  strongest  trades  is  between 
the  same  parallels  for  both  routes;  in  the  other  months  it  is  generally  more  decidedly  to  the 
north  along  Route  A.  Consequently,  a  vessel  bound  from  Europe  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  in 
June,  should  find  the  strongest  trades  between  the  parallels  of  30°  and  20°  N.  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Atlantic  and  between  20°  and  10°  on  the  western.  These  tables  appear  to  settle 
the  question  as  to  the  best  parallels  for  '  running  down  the  trades '  in  the  north  Atlantic  at 
any  given  time  of  the  year. 

' '  I  will  not  trouble  you  further  at  present  with  this  mode  of  measuring  the  trade-wind 
strength  in  different  parts  of  the  ocean,  if  you  will  allow  me  to  lay  before  you  the  following 
comparative  statement  of  average  speed  through  the  BE.  trade-winds  of  the  Indian  and  Atlantic 
oceans.  The  average  course  of  the  route  through  the  former  is  about  W.SW. ;  through  the 
latter,  NW.  by  W.,  as  already  stated.  The  wind,  therefore,  is  aft  through  the  trades  of  the 
South  Atlantic,  and  quartering  through  those  of  the  South  Indian  ocean.  Supposing  these 
two  winds  to  be  of  the  same  force,  the  average  speed  in  the  Indian  ocean  should  be  greater. 
Hqw  much  ?  a  knot  ?     I  should  judge  about  that,  (rather  under  than  over. ) 

"The  time  tables  for  the  South  Indian  ocean  were  not  got  out  for  the  parallels  of  5°,  10°, 
15°,  and  so  on,  as  the  others  are;  they  were  got  out  for  the  meridians  of  100°,  90°,  80°  E., 
and  so  on.  But  the  mean  crossings  of  100°,  90°,  70°,  60°,  and  40°  E.  are  respectively  so  near 
the  even  parallels  of  10°,  15°,  20°,  25*^,  and  30°,  that  they  will  answer  present  purposes  nearly 
as  well  as  though  the  crossing  had  been  exactly  upon  the  even  parallel. 

Average  daily  runs  of  4i5S  American  vessels  through  tJie  southeast  trades. 


Months. 


January  .. 
February . 
March.... 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
Si'ptember 
October... 
November 
December. 


SOUTH  1NDI1.N  OCEAN,  BETWEEN  8CNDA  AND — 


10» 


MUes. 
88 
82 
105 
105 
136 
175 
174 
185 
1S9 
183 
124 
86 


15' 


Miles. 
153 
148 
173 
173 
197 
177 
193 
189 
201 
200 
193 
156 


20*. 


Milet. 
171 
164 
170 
186 
180 
186 
200 
200 
197 
192 
172 
161 


25* 


MUes, 
143 
148 
154 
146 
145 
173 
166 
181 
160 
138 
127 
124 


30° 


Miles. 
159 
140 
139 
127 
123 
146 
142 
153 
151 
137 
135 
lb6 


Means. 


Daily.  Hourly. 


Miles, 
141 
136 
148 
147 
152 
171 
155 
182 
182 
166 
150 
133 


Knots. 
6 

5i 
6i 
6i 
6i 
7 

7 


Course. 


NW.byW. 
..  .do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
...  do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 


SOOTH   ATLANTIC  OCEAN,   BETWEEN  5°  AND — 


10°. 


Miles. 
144 
160 
149 
134 
160 
156 
156 
126 
164 
132 
133 
154 


Miles, 
139 
147 
149 
160 
156 
168 
151 
146 
168 
128 
151 
150 


Miles. 
139 
133 

'146 
131 
137 
142 
149 
140 
150 
144 
157 
139 


25* 


Mile^. 
146 
108 
158 
133 
136 
137 
129 
118 
135 
128 
155 
131 


30». 


Miles. 
159 
145 
146 
136 
116 
129 
128 
154 
121 
121 
155 
140 


Means. 


Daily.  Hourly. 


Miles, 
145 
139 
145 
139 
141 
146 
141 
137 
148 
131 
150 
141 


Knots. 
6 

5* 

6J 

5* 

6 

6 

6 

5* 

6^ 

5i 

H 

6 


Course. 


W.SW.. 
...do..., 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
..  do.... 
....do.... 


"  The  belt  of  strongest  SE.  trades  in  the  Indian  ocean  lies  between  the  parallels  of  14^°  and 
17°  S.  Here  the  average  speed,  as  indicated  by  the  runs  of  458  vessels,  is,  the  year  round, 
192  miles  a  day — 8  knots;  the  highest  monthly  average  between  these  parallels  being  209,  and 
the  lowest  174  miles  a  day.  So  here  is  a  streak  of  remarkably  strong  and  steady  trades.  In 
the  South  Atlantic  the  belt  of  strongest  trades  is  between  10°  and  15°;  but  they  vary  in  their 
monthly  averages  from  128  to  168  miles  a  day.  The  force  of  the  wind,  as  indicated  by  the 
average  speed  from  Sunda  to  10°  S.  in  the  Indian  ocean,  should  not  be  compared  with  the  force 
as  indicated  between  5°  and  10°  S.  in  the  Atlantic,  because  in  the  Indian  ocean  the  run  is  from 


AVERAGE   FORCE    OF   THE   TRADE   WINDS.  869 

the  Straits  of  Sunda  to  10°  S;  consequently,  the  land  and  the  trouble  of  getting  an  offing 
interfere  with  both  wind  and  ship. 

"We  may  from  this  table — for  it  is  derived  from  the  performance  of  some  458  vessels,  as 
aforesaid — conclude  that  the  SB.  trades  of  the  Indian  ocean  are  stronger  in  the  middle,  but 
weaker  near  the  southern  edge;  so  are  those  of  the  Atlantic.     Curious  fact  this. 

' '  Upon  second  thought  it  is  not  so  curious  either.  "Where,  but  in  the  middle  of  the 
stream,  should  we  look  for  the  strongest  part  of  the  current  ?  May  not  the  calm  belts  retard 
the  edges  of  the  trade -winds,  as  the  still  waters  of  the  ocean  do  the  edges  of  the  Gulf  Stream  ? 

"The  Pacific  and  Indian  oceans  are  broad;  the  Atlantic  is  a  narrow  sea,  compared  with 
them.  Hence,  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  land,  the  belt  of  strongest  trades  in  the  South 
Atlantic  may  well  be  somewhat  nearer  to  the  equator  than  it  is  either  in  the  Pacific  or  Indian 
ocean. 

' '  By  this  use  of  daily  runs  at  sea,  and  with  observations  with  good  anemometers  at  suitable 
stations — as  Heard's  islands,  in  the  route  to  your  golden  colony,  as  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
Amsterdam,  and  the  station  already  at  Hobarton — we  could  pick  out  for  every  season  the  best 
streak  of  winds  to  and  from  Australia.  Perhaps  you  may  think  it  worth  while  some  day  to 
establish  temporarily  meteorological  stations  on  these  or  some  other  points  in  the  region  of  the 
"brave  west  winds"  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  I  know  of  no  enterprise  in  the  meteorological 
way  that,  at  so  small  an  expenditure  of  time  and  money,  gives  promise  of  richer  rewards  than 
this  does,  both  practically  to  the  mariner  and  scientifically  to  the  philosopher. 

"Are  you  aware  that  Heard's  islands  have  never  been  surveyed,  or  visited  even,  by  any 
man-of-war?  I  have  called  the  attention  of  American  officers  to  the  importance  of  at  least  estab- 
lishing the  position  of  this  group  correctly.  But  it  has  not  happened  to  be  convenient  for  any 
American  surveyor  to  go  that  way.  These  islands  were  discovered,  November  25,  1853,  by 
Captain  Heard,  of  the  American  barque  Oriental;  they  are  right  in  the  fair  way  to  Australia. 
Perhaps  some  of  her  Majesty's  men-of-war,  on  their  way  to  Australia,  may  find  it  convenient 
to  touch  there  and  establish  position. 

"What  a  boon  would  it  be  to  navigation  to  push  these  ship-measures  of  the  wind  along  the 
brave  west  winds  to  and  from  Australia,  and  across  the  trade-wind  belts  in  other  parts  of  the 
ocean,  so  that  the  navigator  should  never  be  in  doubt  as  to  the  parallels  between  which  to  place 
his  vessel  in  order  to  be  sure  of  his  chances  for  the  best  winds  for  'running  down  his  longitude.' 

' '  I  have  been  only  beating  the  bush  by  the  side  of  the  field  you  propose  to  occupy  and  to 
traverse.     The  promise  in  it  is  fine,  and  I  wish  you  success  with  all  my  heart. 

' '  Ships  may  be  used  in  the  same  way  to  measure  the  force  of  the  variables,  if  in  getting  out 
averages  we  will  group  results  according  to  the  wind,  whether  it  be  ahead,  abeam,  quartering, 
or  aft,  and  classing  storms  to  themselves.  It  is  the  average  condition  of  wind  and  weather 
which  is  really  the  main  object  of  our  investigation;  and  if  this  investigation  were  carried  out 
at  sea,  with  the  observations  on  land  which  you  have  in  contemplation  to  refer  to,  and  with 
your  anemometers*  as  standards,  it  would  give  mariners  much  valuable  and  useful  knowledge. 

"The  observations,  therefore,  which  you  are  planning  will  have  an  important  bearing 
upon  this  question,  touching  the  force  of  the  prevailing  winds  in  difi'erent  parts  of  the  ocean. 
It  is  a  question  of  great  practical  importance  to  commerce  and  navigation." 

o  A  good  anemometer,  that  can  be  used  on  board  ship  at  sea,  with  all  winds,  is  a  very  great  desideratum.  Your  inge- 
nious countryman,  Piazzi  Smyth,  the  Astronomer  Royal  of  Edinburgh,  has  been  giving  his  thoughts  to  the  invention  of  one. 
Surely  the  ingenuity  of  the  age  is  equal  to  this  want.    To  satisfy  it  would  be  a  high  honor. 


870  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS. 


CONDITIONS  UPON  WHICH  THE  WIND  AND  CURRENT  CHARTS  ARE  FURNISHED 

TO  NAVIGATORS. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Maritime  Conference  at  Brussels  have  given  a  new  impulse 
to  the  Wind  and  Current  Charts,  and  greatly  increased  the  number  of  laborers  in  this  field  of 
research.  To  enlarge  the  corps  of  observers  and  to  extend  the  benefits  of  this  sj^stem  of 
observations,  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Dobbin,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  authorized  the  merchant  vessels 
of  all  friendly  nations  trading  upon  the  high  seas,  to  be  put  upon  a  footing  with  American 
vessels  as  it  regards  these  charts. — (See  below.) 

He  moreover  commanded  the  abstract  log  recommended  by  the  Conference  at  Brussels 
to  be  used  on  board  of  every  man-of-war;  and  he  recommended  the  same  to  be  done  by  mer- 
chantmen, as  per  the  following: 

GENERAL  ORDER. 

Navy  Department,  November  3,  1853. 
The  form  of  the  "Abstract  Log"  recommended  by  the  late  Maritime   Conference  at 
Brussels  is  hereby  approved  and  adopted  for  use  in  the  Navy  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  recommended  to  navigators  generally,  and  will  be  faithfully  kept  on  board  of  all 
vessels  in  the  naval  service. 

Commanding  officers  of  vessels  are  especially  charged  with  the  execution  of  this  order; 
and  they  will  transmit  copies  of  the  abstract  kept  on  board  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ordnance  and  Hj'^drography,  at-the  end  of  the  cruise,  and  at  such  other  times  as  he  may  direct. 

J.    C.    DOBBIN, 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

To  entitle  the  navigator  to  a  copy  of  these  Charts,  or  rather,  of  such  sheets  as  relate  to 
his  cruising  ground,  and  a  copy  of  the  Sailing  Directions,  he  should  be  able  to  show  that  he  - 
is  qualified  and  prepared  to  make  the  observations  required  of  him;  or,  in  other  words, 
that  he  is  provided  with  the  requisite  instruments,  which  should  be,  at  least,  one  good  steering 
compass,  one  good  sextant,  one  mercurial  barometer,  and  three  air  and  water  thermometers. 
I  say  at  least,  because  the  above  enumeration  includes  only  the  instruments  that  are  essentially 
necessary  to  enable  the  navigator  to  comply  with  his  part  of  the  agreement;  and  his  part  of 
the  agreement,  it  should  be  distinctly  understood,  does  not  terminate  with  one  voyage,  nor 
with  two,  but  it  is  intended  to  be  binding  upon  him  as  long  as  materials  are  required  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  Avork.  On  arriving  in  any  port  of  the  United  States,  those  leaves  only  of 
the  abstract  log  that  are  occupied  with  the  records  of  the  voyage  should  be  cut  from  the 
pamphlet,  and  mailed  to  me  at  the  Observatory,  Washington.  If  mailed  as  "ship  letters," 
which,  by  post  office  regulation  they  are  considered  to  be,  they  will  come  without  the 
prepayment  of  postage.  Those  masters  who  arrive  in  New  York,  however,  are  requested  to 
hand  their  journals  over  to  to  the  agent  of  this  office,  or  to  Messrs.  Eggart  &  Son,  chronometer 
makers  in  that  city. 


NATIONS    THAT    CO-OPERATE.  871 

New  charts  are  in  process  of  construction  or  publication  all  the  time.  Co-operators, 
therefore,  when  they  arrive  in  the  United  States,  should  report  as  to  their  next  voyage,  in 
order  that  they  may  be  supplied  with  the  latest  publications.  These  are  to  be  had  by 
application  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Observatory,  or  to  the  chart  agent  in  New  York. 

In  foreign  countries,  the  following  named  offices  or  establishments  are  charged  with  the 
distribution  of  the  Charts  and  Sailing  Directions  to  ship  masters,  each  to  those  of  the  nation 
to  which  the  distributing  office  belongs : 

Holland. — Meteorological  Institute,  Utrecht.     Lieutenant  Andreau. 

England. — Meteorological  Department,  Board  of  Trade  and  Admiralty,  London.  Admiral 
Robert  Fitz  Roy,  R.  N.  ,  ^ 

France. — Captain  De  La  March.     Office  of  the  Minister  of  Marine. 

Portugal. — Polytechnic  School,  Lisbon.     Dr.  G.  J.  A.  D.  Pegado. 

Russia. — Hydrographical  Office,  St.  Petersburg. 

Sweden  and  Norway. — Marine  Department. 

Denmark. — Hydrographical  Office,  Copenhagen.     Captain  P.  Rothe. 

Spain. — Minister  of  Marine,  Madrid. 

Papal  States. — Minister  of  Marine,  Rome.     . 

Belgium. — Minister  of  Marine,  Brussels. 

Sardinia. — Minister  of  Marine,  Turin. 

Brazil. — Minister  of  Marine,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Chili. — Minister  of  Marine,  Santiago. 

Austria. — Board  of  Trade,  Trieste. 

Bremen. — Marine  Department. 

Hanover. — Minister  of  Public  Instruction. 

Oldenburg. — Minister  of  Marine. 

These  charts,  it  cannot  be  too  often  repeated,  are  based  upon  information  collected,  for 
the  most  part,  by  private  ship  owners  and  masters.  The  information  being  furnished  to  the 
government  gratuitously,  the  government  incurs  the  expense  of  publishing  it,  and  of  making 
it  available  to  navigators.  The  government  then  offers  a  copy  of  the  chart  so  published  to 
every  navigator,  upon  condition  that  he  will  continue  to  keep  and  forward  to  this  office  abstract 
logs  of  his  voyages,  which  abstracts  are  required  to  be  kept  according  to  the  form  prescribed 
at  pp.  340-'l,  vol.  I. 

Every  navigator  who,  after  receiving  a  copy  of  the  Charts,  fails  to  comply  with  these 
conditions,  viz:  to  keep  abstracts  of  his  voyages,  as  per  form,  and  to  transmit  them  to  me,  at 
the  National  Observatory,  on  his  return  to  the  United  States;  or,  on  his  return  to  his  own 
country,  to  transmit  them  to  the  person  appointed  to  receive  them,  forfeits  his  claim,  not  only 
to  all  future  publications,  but  is  bound  to  surrender  up  those  he  may  have  received. 

Why  do  so  many  American  navigators  fail  to  fill  properly  with  observations  the  three 
columns  in  the  Brussels  form  of  the  abstract  log,  headed  (p.  192)  "Forms  and  Direction  op 
Clouds."  "Proportion  of  Sky  Clear."  "Hours  op  Fog,  Rain,  Snow,  Hail."?  I  ask  the 
question  because  I  judge  the  impression*  has  got  out  that  these  columns  are  but  of  little 
consequence.  If  any  such  notion  has  gone  abroad  it  is  both  erroneous  and  mischievous.  The 
information  called  for  by  these  columns  is  of  great  value  and  importance,  and  I  hope  they  will 
not  be  slighted  hereafter.  [This  request,  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  say,  most  of  my  co-operators 
now  (1859)  comply  with.] 


872  THE   WIND  AND   CUERENT  CHARTS. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  the  receipt  which  every  navigator  is  required  to  sign  for  such 
Charts  as  he  may  receive : 

FORM  OF  RECEIPT. 

Received  this  day  of  185 

from  one  Abstract  Log^  one  copy  of 

Maury' s  Sailing  Directions,  edition,  and 

sheets  Nos.  (Series  A.) 

do.      do. 

do.      Ho. 

do.      do. 

do.      do. 

do.      do. 
Maury's  Wind  and  Current   Charts;  for  and  in  consideration  of  which  I 
promise  to  keep,  in  the  manner  and  form  prescribed,  a  journal  of  my  voyages, 
and,  on  my  return,  to  transmit  the  same  to  the  National  Observatory,  Washington. 


(  ' 

'      B.) 

(  ' 

'    c.) 

(  ' 

'     D-) 

(  ' 

'      E.) 

(  ' 

F.) 

Commanding 

of 

Bound 


Navigators  will  please  bear  in  mind  that  the  abstract  logs  which  they  return  to  this  office 
are  to  be  bound,  and  to  be  preserved  for  use  and  reference  for  an  indefinite  period.  There- 
fore, it  is  desirable  that  care  should  be  used  with  the  abstract  on  board  ship,  so  that  it  may  be 
returned  in  good  condition  for  preservation. 

For  these  reasons,  it  is  desired  that  the  abstract  log  should  be  returned  only  at  the  end  of 
the  voyage,  and  not,  as  heretofore,  when  the  voyage  has  been  half  completed.  Vessels,  there- 
fore, in  the  California  trade,  are  requested  not  to  return  their  logs  from  San  Francisco,  but  to 
continue  them,  and  transmit  them  on  their  return  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

It  may  be  proper  to  add  here,  that  the  navigator  who  receives  a  copy  of  the  Charts  and 
Sailing  Directions  is  expected  to  give  his  co-operation  by  keeping  an  abstract  log,  not  only  for 
the  voyage  upon  which  he  may  then  be  bound,  but  for  all  subsequent  voyages,  or  until  he  shall 
be  informed  that  no  further  co-operation  is  desired. 

And  whalemen  will  please  recollect  that  their  abstracts  must  embrace,  for  every  day  that 
they  are  not  at  anchor,  a  regular  record  of  their  latitude  and  longitude,  force  and  direction  of  the 
wind  three  times  a  day,  temperature  of  air  and  water,  and  mention  of  whales  whenever  seen. 
It  is  also  desirable  that  every  vessel  should  give  her  position  in  the  abstract  log,  not  by  the 
bearings  of  the  land,  but  by  latitude  and  longitude,  though  the  land  may  be  close  aboard. 


STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  CHAETS  THAT  HAVE  BEEN  PUBLISHED,  ETC.      873 

STATEMENT   SHOWING   THE    CHARTS   THAT  HAYE   BEEN   PUBLISHED,    AND 
STATE  OF  FORWARDNESS  OF  THOSE  REMAINING  TO  BE  PUBLISHED. 

NoETH  Atlantic  Track  Charts,  in  eight  sheets,  extending  from  20°  E.  to  100°  W.,  and 
from  the  equator  to  65°  30'  N.  Nos.  2,  3,  6,  and  7,  have  been  re-engraved.  Marginal 
numbers  1  to  8,  inclusive.  All  published. 

North  Atlantic  Thermal  Charts,  in  eight  sheets,  and  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the 
Track  Charts.     Marginal  numbers  14  to  21,  inclusive.  All  published. 

North  Atlantic  Pilot  Charts,  in  two  sheets,  extending  from  0°  to  100°  W.,  and  from 
the  equator  to  70°  N.     Second  edition.     Marginal  numbers  9,  10.  All  published. 

Trade  Wind  Chart  of  the  North  Atlantic,  in  one  sheet,  extending  from  10°  W.  to 
100°  W.  Published. 

Storm  and  Rain  Chart  of  the  North  Atlantic,  in  one  sheet,  extending  from  10°  E.  to 
100°  W.,  and  from  the  equator  to  60°  N.     Marginal  number  119.  Published. 

South  Atlantic  Track  Charts,  in  six  sheets,  extending  from  20°  E.  to  70°  W.,  and  from 
the  equator  to  65°  30'  S.  Sheets  1,  2,  and  3  are  a  second  edition.  Marginal  numbers  22,  23, 
24,  25.  Four  published. 

South  Atlantic  Thermal  Charts,  in  six  sheets,  and  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  Track 
Charts.     Marginal  numbers  72,  73,  74,  75.  Four  published. 

South  Atlantic  Pilot  Charts,  in  two  sheets,  extending  from  20°  E.  to  70°  W.,  and  from 
the  equator  to  70°  S.     Marginal  numbers  12,  13.  All  published. 

Pilot  Chart  for  the  Coast  of  Brazil,  in  one  sheet,  extending  from  29°  W.  to  39°  W., 
and  from  1°  S.  to  25°  S.     Marginal  number  11.  Published. 

Cape  Horn  Pilot  Chart,  in  two  sheets,  extending  from  55°  W.  to  91°  W.,  and  from  50° 
S.  to  62°  S.     Marginal  numbers  117,  118.  Published. 

Storm  and  Rain  Chart  of  the  South  Atlantic,  in  one  sheet,  extending  from  20°  E.  to 
70°  W.,  and  from  the  equator  to  60°  S.     Marginal  number  120.  Published. 

North  Pacific  Track  Charts. — This  series,  when  completed,  will  consist  of  eleven  sheets, 
extending  from  70°  W.  to  110°  E.,  and  from  the  equator  to  65°  30'  N.  Of  these,  all  are 
published,  except  No.  1.  No.  1  has  Plan  and  Title  engraved.  Marginal  numbers  from  50  to 
59,  inclusive. 

North  Pacific  Thermal  Charts,  in  eleven  sheets,  and  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the 
Track  Charts.  Considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  the  construction  of  this  series;  but 
the  work  upon  them  has  been  suspended  for  the  present,  for  want  of  office  force. 

vol.  II 110 


874  THE   WIND   AND   CUEKENT   CHARTS. 

North  Pacific  Pilot  Charts,  in  six  sheets,  extending  from  15°  E.  to  75°  W.,  and  from 
the  equator  to  70°  N.  Of  these,  sheets  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  5,  and  6,  have  been  published.  Sheet 
No.  4  is  in  process  of  construction.  Nos.  1  and  2  are  superseded  by  No.  "1  and  2"  North 
Indian  Ocean.     Marginal  Nos.  of  sheets  3,  5,  6,  are  68,  70,  71. 

Storm  and  Kain  Charts  for  the  North  and  South  Pacific  Oceans  are  being  constructed. 

South  Pacific  Track  Charts. — This  series  will  consist  of  ten  sheets,  extending  from  140° 
E.  to  70°  W.  Sheets  Nos.  5,  9,  and  10  have  been  published.  Nos.  1  and  3,  plan  work  done; 
No.  4,  projection  onlj.     Marginal  Nos.  43,  47,  48. 

South  Pacific  Pilot  Charts. — This  series  will  consist  of  six  sheets,  of  which  Nos.  1,  2, 
5,  and  6  have  been  published.  The  remaining  sheets  are  now  under  construction.  Marginal 
Nos.  60,  61,  64,  65. 

Indian  Ocean  Track  Charts. — This  series  will  consist  of  eleven  sheets,  extending  from 
20°  E.  to  140°  E.  Of  these,  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  0,  10,  and  11  have  been  published,  and  the 
Coast  Line  has  been  engraved  for  the  remaining  sheets.     Marginal  Nos.  81  to  38,  inclusive. 

Indian  Ocean  Thermal  Charts. — The  series  will  consist  of  eleven  sheets,  and  will  be  of 
the  same  dimensions  as  the  Track  Charts.  Considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  the  pre- 
paration of  all  the  sheets  of  this  series;  but  the  work  upon  them  has  been  suspended  for  the 
present,  for  want  of  material. 

Pilot  Charts  for  the  South  Indian  Ocean  are  included  under  the  head  of  South  Pacific 
Pilot  Charts. 

Pilot  Charts  for  the  North  Indian  Ocean,  in  one  sheet,  numbered  "1  and  2,"  covers 
the  same  ground  with  Nos.  1  and  2  North  Pacific,  which  it  supersedes.  Marginal  No.  ^'■QQ 
and  67." 

I 
Whale  Chart  of  the  World,  in  four  sheets.    Marginal  Nos.  79  to  82,  inclusive. 

All  published. 

Programme  Whale  Chart,  in  one  sheet.     Marginal  No.  78.  Published. 

Physical  Map  of  the  Ocean,  in  four  sheets — in  process  of  construction. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Number  of  sheets  already  published 68 

Number  of  sheets  in  the  hands  of  the  engraver 20 

Number  of  sheets  projected  and  in  process  of  construction 32 


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